2

3
4
Lesson Objectives
 Convert a verbal description of a physical situation
involving uniform acceleration in one dimension into
a mathematical description.
 Recognize whether or not a physical situation invol
ves constant velocity or constant acceleration
 Interpret velocity and acceleration, respectively, a
s slopes of position vs. time and velocity vs. time cu
rves
 Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving
one-dimensional uniformly accelerated motion

5
Kinematics: Describing Motion
–> branch of physics which deals with motion of objects and
related concepts of force and energy

–> description of how objects move

-> deals with what causes objects to move

7
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Aspects of motion

 Displacement
 Velocity
 Time
 Acceleration

9
-> change in position (∆x, ∆y, ∆z)
initial position
x  x  x0

final position

Example: Find the change in position of the skier.

x
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m

x  (3m)  (2m)  5m

10
∆𝑥𝐴 = 7 − 0 = +7

∆𝑥𝐵 = 7 − 12 = −5

∆𝑥𝐶 = 10 − 2 = +8

∆𝑥𝐷 = 5 − 9 = −4

11
 𝐷𝐴 = 7

𝐷𝐵 = 5

𝐷𝐶 = 8 + 2 + 2 = 12

𝐷𝐷 = 4 + 2 = 6

𝐷 = 𝑋1 − 𝑋2

12
 𝐴=𝑙×𝑤
𝐴 = 4𝑚/𝑠 × 0.5𝑠
𝑨 = 𝟐m

13
 𝑏×ℎ
𝐴=
2
1𝑠 × −5𝑚/𝑠
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = −2.5 𝑚(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

14
 𝑏×ℎ
𝐴=
2
2𝑚
1𝑠 × (− ) 0.5𝑠 × 1𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 = 𝑠 𝐴2 =
2 2
𝐴1 = −1𝑚 𝐴2 = 0.25𝑚

𝐴 = −1𝑚 + 0.25𝑚
𝐴 = −0.75 𝑚(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)

Displacement is just the

areas under velocity vs.
time graph
15
-> change in position with respect to change in time (m/s)
x x  x0 v x  v0 x
vave( x )   vave ( x ) 
t t  t0 2

Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.

t0  0 t  5s

x
-4m -3m -2m -1m 0m 1m 2m 3m 4m
x 3m  (2m) m
vave   1
t 5s  0s s

16
Example: Find the average velocity of the skier.
m
v0 x 5
m vx  10
s  s
v

v x  v0 x
vave 
2
(10 ms )  (5 ms )

2
m
vave  7 .5
s +v -> moving towards +x axis
-v -> moving towards -x axis

17
 x

E line  constant velocity

6m

B C AB ( v)
4m
BC ( zero v)
2m
D CD ( v )
A
DE (undefined )
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

slope of the graph 

Δx
(velocity )
Δt
18
What is the average velocity
of the spider between the
times t=4s and t=10s

Ans. 0.5 m/s

19
-> is the distance (D) travelled divided by the time (Δt) taken for the
journey. (m/s)

-> magnitude of the average velocity

S 
D 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑒(𝑥) = 𝜈
ave( x) t

20
Example: James walks 2 km away from home in 30 minutes. He then
turns around and walks back home along the same path, also in 30
minutes. Calculate James' average speed and average velocity.

𝑚
𝜈𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 1.11
𝑠
𝑚
𝜈𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0
𝑠

21
Differences between speed and
velocity
Speed Velocity
1. Depends on the path taken 1. Independent of path taken

2. Always positive 2. Can be positive/negative

3. Is a scalar 3. Is a vector
4. No dependence on direction and so 4. Direction can be determined from
is only positive the sign convention used (positive or
negative)

Additionally, an object that makes a round trip, travels

away from starting point and then returns to the same p
oint has zero velocity but travels at a non-zero speed.
22
 Velocity at a given moment in time
 There are three ways to solve instantaneous velocity

 But before that, instantaneous speed is just the magnitu

de of the instantaneous velocity.

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡

23
slope

24
What was the instantane
ous velocity of the walrus
at the following times: 2s
, 5s and 8s

25
 What is the instantaneous
speed of the bird at t= 6 s ?

Ans. 0 m/s

26
27
28
29
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
30
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
31
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
32
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
33
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
34
𝜈𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜈

𝑋1 − 𝑋2 𝐷
Slope under Area under
𝑡 Position vs Velocity vs
𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊 Time Graph Time Graph
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜈𝑥 + 𝜈𝜊𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝜊
=
2 Δ𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝜊
35
 Average Average Instantaneou Instantaneou
Displacement Distance
Velocity Speed s Velocity s Speed

36
Quiz

37
2. The position of an object as a function of time
is x(t) = −3t2 m.

(a) What is the velocity of the object as a

function of time?

(b) Is the velocity ever positive? (c) What are

the velocity and speed at t = 1.0 s?

38
-> change in velocity with respect to change in time (m/s2)
v x v  v0 x
ax   x
t t  t0

Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier.

m
v0 x  5
m
t 0  0s vx  10 t  5s
s  s
a

vx  v0 x 10 ms  5 ms m +a -> speeding up
a  1 2
t  t0 5s  0s s directed towards +x axis

39
Example: Find the average acceleration of the skier.
m m t  5s
v0 x  10 t0  0s vx  5
s s

a
v x  v0 x
a
t  t0
5 ms  10 ms

5s  0s
m -a -> slowing down (deceleration)
a  1 2 directed towards -x axis
s

40
 vx

E line  constant acceleration

6m/s

B C AB ( a)
4m/s
BC ( zero a)
2m/s
D CD ( a )
A
DE (undefined )
t
2s 4s 6s 8s

slope of the graph 

Δvx
(acceleration)
Δt
41
 x  x0 vx  v0 x vx  v0 x
vave( x )  vave( x )  ax 
t 2 t

vx  v0 x  axt 1
1 2
x  x0  v0 xt  axt 2
2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
2 2
3

 v x  v0 x 
x  x0   t 4
 2 
42
 -> motion with constant acceleration
-> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass)
-> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g)


v y  v y ˆj


a y  ( g ) ˆj

 
a y   g  ˆj v y  (v y ) ˆj

43
-> motion with constant acceleration
-> acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8m/s2) (regardless of mass)
-> acceleration is always directed downwards (ay = -g)

vx  v0 x  a x t v y  v0 y  gt
 v x  v0 x   v y  v0 y 
x  x0   t y  y0   t
 2   2 
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y  v0 y  2 g ( y  y0 )
2 2 2 2

1 1 2
x  x0  v0 xt  axt 2 y  y0  v0 y t  gt
2 2

44
Example: A motorcyclist w/ constant acceleration.
a. What is his position and velocity after 2s?
b. Where is he when his velocity is 25m/s?

Solution:
1
a.  x  x0  v0 xt  axt 2
2
b. v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 )
2 2
 m 1 m
 5m  15 (2s)   4 2 (2s) 2
 s  2 s  v  v0 x
2 2

x  43m x  x0  x
2a x
2 2
 v x  v0 x  a x t  m  m
 25   15 
 5m  
s   s 
m  m
 15  4 2 (2s)  m
s  s  2 4 2 
m  s 
vx  23 x  55m
s
45
Example: A ball is dropped from the top of a building and starts to
fall freely. Compute its position and velocity after 1s, 2s and 3s
Solution:
• at t=1s
1 t=1s
y  y0  v0 y t  gt 2 v y  v0 y  gt
2
1 m  m
 0m   9.8 2 (1s)
 0m  0m   9.8 2 (1s) 2  s 
2 s 
m
y  4.9m v y  9.8 t=2s
s

• at t=2s • at t=3s
y  19.6m t=3s
y  44.1m
m m
v y  19.6 v y  29.4 -y
s s
46
Sample Problems
 A mountain climbing expedition establishes a base camp
and two intermediate camps, A and B. Camp A is 11,20
0 m east of and 3,200 m above base camp. Camp B is 8,4
00 m east of and 1,700 m higher than Camp A. Determin
e the displacement between base camp and Camp B.
Ans. 20,200 m, 14°

47
Sample Problems

48
 The position of an object as a function of time
is x(t) = −3t2 m.

 (a) What is the velocity of the object as a functi

on of time?

 (b) Is the velocity ever positive? (c) What are th

e velocity and speed at t = 1.0 s?

49
What is the average velocity o
f the squirrel between the
times t = 0s and t = 10s

Ans. -0.1 m/s

50
51
52
53
54