RUFINO, Neki Lora B.

Locker Number: 22F

Experiment 1: Density of Beverages September 18, 2019

Abstract
When dealing with measurements, accuracy and precision are important where
accuracy refers to the closeness of the experimental value to the theoretical value and precision
refers to the closeness of several measurements to each other. For this experiment, the
researcher’s objective was to find the most accurate and precise instrument used to measure
the experimental value closest to the theoretical value of water and sucrose. For the first part,
experimental values for the density of water with three different instruments, graduated
cylinder, pipette, and burette, were measured. The experimental density 1.147 g/mL using the
pipette came closely to the theoretical density of distilled water 0.996060 g/mL at 28.6oC
however, the instrument with the highest precision was the burette. For the second part,
different solutions of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose percentage and unknown soda samples
were measured to test the relationship of the density of the solution to the added solute content.
This resulted to a linear relationship whereas the concentration of the solution has a direct effect
on the density of the solution which lead to the identification of the two unknown soda samples
as diet coca cola based on observations and the equation from the linear regression.

Introduction
Quantitative measurements are what prove science and its theories. Two of these are
accuracy and precision which determine the quality of data in science. Accuracy refers to the
adjacent similarity of a measured value to the standard value while precision refers to the
similarities of two or more measurements with each other (1). Density is defined as the ratio
of two extensive properties — mass per unit volume. It is answered by the measurement of its
mass and volume followed by dividing the mass by the volume.

(Equation 1)
!
r= "

Where r is density, m is the mass of the distilled water, and v is the volume of the
distilled water. To be able to find which is the most precise instrument, the formula for standard
deviation was used using the trial values and mean values and to find the most accurate
instrument, percentage error was used using the experimental values and theoretical value of
the density of distilled water 0.996060 g/mL at 28.6oC (2).

(Equation 2)
∑-*./(𝑥* − 𝑥̅ )1
𝑠 = &
𝑛−1
(Equation 3)
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

In the addition of solutions with sucrose content for the second part of the experiment,
the higher the concentration of the solute added to the solution, the higher its density would be.
The concentration can be identifiable in percent by mass (% m/m) and its linear relationship
with the density of the solution.
Methods
Volumetric glasswares of different types were used in this experiment to measure the
densities of different liquids and test the accuracy of these instruments. A graduated cylinder,
pipette, and burette were used for the first part of the experiment of measuring the density of
the distilled water. A top-loading balance was used to measure the weight of the distilled water
placed in a beaker and the graduated cylinder. Three trials beginning at 0 mL were made per
instrument where in every trial 5 mL was added to the container and 10 mL was added per trial
using the pipette. Experimental densities were calculated and compared to the theoretical value
using the formula for standard deviation and % error to determine the accuracy and precision
of each glassware.

The second part of the solution tested five different solutions of different sucrose
concentrations two of which are unknown. Each measurement was done in two trials and the
data was plotted in Microsoft Excel to construct a calibration curve. The results were used to
calculate the % (m/m) sucrose for the two unknown soda samples.

Results
Table 1. Data on Density of Distilled Water Using a Graduated Cylinder
Trials Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Total Volume (mL) 5 10 15
Total Mass (g) 119.42 124.49 128.67
Mass of Graduated Cylinder (g) 116.47 116.47 116.47
Mass of Distilled Water (g) 2.95 8.02 12.2
Density (g/mL) 0.59 0.802 0.813

Table 2. Data on Density of Distilled Water Using a Pipette

Trials Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Total Volume (mL) 9.95 19.90 20.89
Total Mass (g) 116.9 126.00 135.80
Mass of Beaker (g) 106.41 106.41 106.41
Mass of Distilled Water (g) 10.49 19.59 29.39
Density (g/mL) 1.05 0.98 1.41

Table 3. Data on Density of Distilled Water Using a Burette

Trials Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Total Volume (mL) 5.05 10.08 15.09
Total Mass (g) 114.44 122.56 130.77
Mass of Beaker (g) 106.41 106.41 106.41
Mass of Distilled Water (g) 8.03 16.15 24.36
Density (g/mL) 1.59 1.602 1.614

Table 4. Precision and Accuracy of Measured Density

Density (g/mL) Mean Standard % Error
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Density Deviation
(g/mL)
Graduated 0.59 0.802 0.813 0.735 0.126 26.20
Cylinder
Pipette 1.05 0.98 1.41 1.147 0.231 15.15
 Burette 1.59 1.602 1.614 1.602 0.012 60.83

Figure 1. Densities of Distilled Water Using Three Different Instruments

Density of Distilled Water

4.5
4
3.5
3
Graduated Cylinder 2.5
Pipette 2
Burette 1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Table 5. Density of Standard Sucrose Solutions

Trial Solution 1 Solution 2
Total Total Mass of Density Total Total Mass of Density
Volume Mass Solution (g/mL) Volume Mass Solution (g/mL)
(mL) (g) (g) (mL) (g) (g)
1 5.00 106.41 0.03 0.006 5.14 115.51 8.1 1.58
2 9.99 114.50 8.09 0.809 10.15 122.93 16.52 1.63
Trial Solution 3 Solution 4
Total Total Mass of Density Total Total Mass of Density
Volume Mass Solution (g/mL) Volume Mass Solution (g/mL)
(mL) (g) (g) (mL) (g) (g)
1 4.9 115.03 8.19 1.64 5.14 115.18 8.75 1.702
2 9.7 127.93 17.42 1.80 10.15 123.80 17.30 1.704

Table 6. Density of Unknown Solutions

Trial Solution 1 Solution 2
Total Total Mass of Density Total Total Mass of Density
Volume Mass Solution (g/mL) Volume Mass Solution (g/mL)
(mL) (g) (g) (mL) (g) (g)
1 4.98 14.70 8.19 1.65 5.14 115.18 8.75 1.702
2 9.98 123.09 16.58 1.66 10.15 123.80 17.30 1.704

Table 7. Density and Concentration of Sucrose Solutions

Solutions Density Density (𝑥̅ ) % (m/m) sugar
Trial 1 Trial 2 (g/mL)
Solution 1 0.006 0.809 0.4075 5%
Solution 2 1.58 1.63 1.605 10%
Solution 3 1.64 1.80 1.66 20%
Solution 4 1.702 1.704 1.703 30%
 Unknown 1 1.65 1.66 1.655 0.7490585
Unknown 2 1.702 1.704 1.703 0.7510121

Figure 2. Density vs % Mass Sucrose of Standard Solutions

Density vs % Mass Sucrose of Standard Solutions
2
1.8 y = 0.0407x + 0.6817
1.6 R² = 0.5216
1.4
Density (g/mL)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% Mass Sucrose

Discussion
Density is a physical property used to identify a particular substance or mixture. The
density of distilled water was identified in this experiment through different trials using the
graduated cylinder, pipette, and burette. Prior to the measurements, room temperature was first
measured with the measurement of 28.6oC. The importance of measuring the temperature of
the surroundings during the experiment is due to the varying effect of temperature to the
particles receiving higher kinetic energy which tends to increase the amount of volume
they occupy (AtQ 5). The experimental values were compared to the accepted theoretical
value of distilled water at (28 ± 0.5) oC. As shown in figure 1, the values collected using the
burette were closer to each other and it has the lowest value computed using standard deviation
as shown in table 4. Also shown in table 4, the pipette is the most accurate instrument and the
graduated cylinder being the least precise and accurate based on their standard deviation and
percentage error. The precision of volumetric glasswares also depend on the dimensions and
graduating divisions whereas instruments like the pipette and burette have smaller diameters
compared to that of a graduated cylinder. These instruments are more precise because the same
difference of the liquid level corresponds to a smaller difference in volume (AtQ 1). The values
calculated from the percentage error of the instruments showed non-minimal errors where the
smallest was at 15.15% and the biggest was at 60.83% possible sources of error are caused by
the following: limit of measuring device, parallax error, and rounding-off calculations (AtQ 2).

The density of a solution is dependent on its concentration and on how much solute is
dissolved in the solvent where the higher the concentration is the greater the density of the
solution is (3). As shown in figure 2, the density of the solution increased with its concentration
making the relationship direct. Using the equation derived from the linear regression of the
%(m/m) sucrose, the first unknown had a density of 1.655 g/mL and a 0.7490585%(m/m)
sucrose and the second unknown had a density of 1.703 g/mL and a 0.7510121%(m/m) sucrose.
Both values were similar to each other and closely comparable to the solution with 5%(m/m)
sucrose. Diet soda has a different density more likely is close to 0% than that of sugar
containing beverages because diet sodas aren’t made with sugar and calories (AtQ3). The
possible identity of the two given unknown sodas are either diet Pepsi or diet Coca Cola also
basing from their colors (AtQ4).

Sample Calculations
1. Mass of solution = mass of container with solution – mass of empty glassware
!CDD EF DEGHI*E-
2. Density = "EGH!J EF DEGHI*E-
DH! EF KJ-D*I*JD FLE! JCMN IL*CG
3. Mean Density = -H!OJL EF IL*CGD
∑T
RUV(QR SQ̅ )
W
4. Standard Deviation = 𝑠 = P -S/

JQXJL*!J-ICG "CGHJSINJELJI*MCG "CGHJ
5. % Error = % 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = INJELJI*MCG "CGHJ
𝑥 100

Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that from this experiment, volumetric glasswares with the
smaller diameters, the pipette and burette, from the several experimental trials using three
volumetric glasswares showed to be the most precise and accurate of measurements regardless
of several parallax errors made. Based on the calibration curve made by the scatter plot, there
is a linear relationship between density and percent by mass of a solution. The equation from
this graph helped determine the percent by mass of two unknown soda beverages.

References
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Temp.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0CKy8JhRtPyB8HgnTUfvsMIsiFkJGVjTDMnMYiGOZKHaiCZoP
k19m530E
Chem Libretexts [Internet]. [Place Unknown]; 2018[updated 2019 Jun 6; cited 2019 Sep 4].
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_Fundamentals_of_Chemistry/03%3A_Matter_and_Energy/2.4%3A_Density_and_its_Appli
cations