Wireless Charger For Mobile phone Devices

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Today we live in an era of Wireless Technology where we use various devices like
mobiles, mp3 players, laptops, etc. These devices no matter how much advanced,
sophisticated and portable consist of batteries that eventually gets exhausted. And to
charge these devices we need a wired charger or wired connection. Though in this 21st
century we may have reached MARS but still we have not been able to eliminate the wired
connection totally. In the past, product designers and engineers have faced challenges
involving power: the continuity of supplied power, recharging batteries, optimizing the
location of sensors, and dealing with rotating or moving joints. Unless we are particularly
organized and good with tie wrap, you probably have a few dusty power cord tangles
around your home. We may have even had to follow one particular cord through the
seemingly impossible snarl to the outlet hoping that the plug you pull will be the right one.
This is one of the downfalls of electricity. While it can make people's lives easier, it can
add a lot of clutter in the process.
One of the major drawbacks in current power distribution system is the losses during the
transmission of electrical energy. As the demands of power are increasing conveniently,
power generation also increases and this leads to increase power loss during transmission.
Wireless charging from the time of Tesla has been an underdeveloped technology. Tesla
had always tried to introduce worldwide wireless power distribution system. But due to
lack of funding and technology of that time, he was not able to complete the task. After
that, different scientists have tried to develop methods of wireless chargingthat could cut
the clutter or lead to clean sources of electricity. Researchers have developed several
techniques for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist only as
theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. This report provides the techniques
used for wireless power transmission.
Wireless charging technology enables wireless power transfer from a power source (e.g., a
charger) to a load (e.g., a mobile device) across an air gap. The technology provides
convenience and better user experience. Recently, wireless charging is rapidly evolving
from theories towards standards, and adopted in commercial products, especially mobile
phones and portable devices. Using wireless charging has many benefits. Firstly, it

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improves user-friendliness as the hassle from connecting cables is removed. Different

brands and different models of devices can also use the same charger. Secondly, it
provides better product durability (e.g., waterproof and dustproof) for contact-free devices.
Thirdly, it enhances flexibility, especially for the devices that replacing their batteries or
connecting cable for charging is costly, hazardous, or infeasible (e.g., body-implanted
sensors). Fourthly, wireless charging can provide on-demand power, avoiding an
overcharging problem and minimizing energy costs. In 2014, many leading Smartphone
manufacturers, e.g., Samsung, Apple and Huawei, release their products equipped with
built-in wireless charging capability. In this seminar Report, we first describe a brief
history of wireless charging. Then, wepresent an overview and fundamentals of wireless
charging technologies. This is then followed by an introduction of two leading
international wireless charging standards, i.e., Qi and Alliance for Wireless Power
(A4WP).

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Chapter 2
Literature Survey

One of the great pioneer who invented radio and is referred to as “Father of Wireless”.
Who is the one who first conceived the idea Wireless Power Transmission and
demonstrated “the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon
electrical conductivity as early as 1891[1].In 1893, Great pioneer demonstrated the
illumination of vacuum bulbs without using wires for power transmission at the World
Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The scientist also gave a theoreticalexplanation by how
it could be achieved by using bigelectromagnetic resonators. An electromagnetic
resonatorgenerates very large electric field. This can be propagated byconduction through
ionosphere through gigantic sparks orthrough the earth via intermediate coupling to earths
charge resonance also known as Schumann Resonance [1].

Fig 2.1: Tesla’s Colorado Spring experiment

The Wardenclyffe tower shown in Fig 2.2was designed and constructed by Tesla mainly
for wireless transmission of electrical power rather than telegraphy [1].

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Fig 2.2: Wardenclyffe Tower, including the partially-complete cupola

The world’s first fuel free airplane powered by microwave energy from ground was
reported in 1987 at Canada. This system is called SHARP (Stationary High – Altitude
Relay Platform) [1].
Although thegreat pioneers had invented the wireless power nearly 100years back, but
what made MIT team revisit this promisingtechnology is when one of the researcher, who
many times used toforget to keep his phone on charge during night and one nighthe
happened to wake up due to the battery low sound that hisphone made and thus as you
would guess this spurred him tothink that wouldn't it be great if phone could charge by
itself!!Thus he led by team from MIT's Department ofPhysics, Department of Electrical
Engineering and ComputerScience, and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN)
hasindeed followed the footsteps of great pioneer. They acknowledged theory of Wireless
Electricity which is implemented bygreat pioneer Coil and moreover this team put forth a
theory thatthere is a way wherein they could make the Wireless powertransfer non
radiative and more prominent even when thedistance between the two coils could be
extended by a few feetby adding magnetic resonance into the picture and achievingbetter
efficiency.They demonstrated the concept of 'WiTricity'[4] which meantthat they could
illuminate a light bulb of 60 Watt which waspractically more or less 2 meters away from
the power sourcealbeit there was no connection between the power source andthe light
bulb.

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Intel in 2008 demonstrated the application of Wireless Powerthat practically has a strong
potential to get rid of chargers,batteries or power chords.Intel presented at Intel Developer
Forum wherein theypowered a 60Watt globe at a distance of 3 feet away from
theresonator with almost 75% efficiency. This technology isbased on Resonant Magnetic
Induction. It is the sametechnology used by the MIT team too. Importantly, theymanaged
to transmit power without any trouble even thoughsome obstacles were made to pass
through the sending andreceiving units. They also maintained that these magneticfields
which form the core principle of this technology are notharmful to humans or animals,
only the electric field whichcan be proved harmful is not used in this technology. Intel
believes that they could well use this Wireless powertechnology on a wider scale including
home use such as topower laptops and other portable electronic devices. Now tocarry out
further research and bring this technology into realuse Intel has partnered with IDT(
Integrated DeviceTechnology, Inc).Apart from this just recently in June2013,Intel has
joined the ‘Alliance for Wireless Power(A4WP) which has been jointly established by
Samsungand Qualcomm to serve the same purpose[9].
MIT team experimentally demonstrates wireless charging, potentially useful for powering
laptops, cell phones without any cords. Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer
is feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other
portable electronics capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged in, freeing
us from that final, ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices might not even need their
bulky batteries to operate. A team from MIT's Department of Physics, Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies
(ISN) has experimentally demonstrated an important step toward accomplishing this
vision of the future. Realizing their recent theoretical prediction, they were able to light a
60W light bulb from a power source seven feet (more than two meters) away; there was no
physical connection between the source and the appliance. The MIT team refers to its
concept as "WiTricity" (as in wireless electricity). Sony Corporation in 2009 announced
the development of a highly efficient wireless power transfer system that eliminates the
use of power cables from electronic products such as television sets. Using this system, up
to 60 Watts of electrical energy can be transferred over a distance of 50cm (at an
efficiency of approximately 80%, approximately 60% including rectifier). This new
wireless power transfer system incorporates a form of contactless electrical energy
transmission technology based on magnetic resonance. With magnetic resonance,

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electromagnetic energy is only transferred to recipient devices that share the identical
resonant frequencies as the energy source, so energy transfer efficiency is maintained,
even when misalignment occurs. Furthermore, even if there are metal objects located
between the transmitter and receiver, no heat induction occurs. With the growth in
networked products, the number of cables used to connect these products has also
increased. While data cables are rapidly being replaced with wireless communication
systems such as Wi-Fi, the demand for wireless power transfer systems is also continuing
to grow. Sony will proceed with its efforts to develop further technologies that meet
customer needs for the wireless transfer of power across a wide range of product, distances
and energy levels [1].

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Chapter 3
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

One of the major issue in power system is that the loss occurring during the transmission
and allocation of electrical power. As the demand drastically increases day by day, the
power generation increases and the power loss is also increased. The percentage of loss of
power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%. The main reason for
power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid.
The efficiency of power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high
strength composite overhead conductors and underground cables that use high temperature
super conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient. According to the World
Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and
distribution losses in the world i.e. around 27%. Numbers published by various Indian
government agencies put that number at 30%, 40% and greater than 40%. This is
attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and theft. It is indeed alarming to know
the level of losses in Indian electricity and transmission business. These losses not only eat
the revenues of the companies but also hinder the financing of future projects, which
require huge capital, because of increased risk.
However, it would be worth knowing the categorization of technical and commercial
losses that add up to the total losses. The theft comes in the latter category. Majority of
theft is happening because the line is open to theft. The pole and the wires are bare and the
voltage is at lower level than transmission and thus useful to run the 240 V equipment
only. The theft always occurs at 400V and 240V level and not on transmission levels. Not
much of energy auditing is done in most of the state utilities. Long low tension (LT) lines
are being pulled to reach villages under much publicized government schemes. Low
tension lines are many times over the High tension lines causing more technical losses.
Transformer are running at less than optimal efficiency when in fact they should have the
efficiency rate close to 99% since they do not have any moving part . To reduce these
loses we have to go for wireless power transmission [1].

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3.1 BASIC TERM RELATED TO WIRELESS CHARGING

3.1.1Magnetic field

Magnetic field is a magnetic effect of electric current and magnetic material.

3.1.2 Magnetic flux

A measurement of the strength of the magnetic field around a magnet or an electric

current, based on the total number of magnetic lines of force that passes through a specific
area that is perpendicular area.

3.1.3 Magnetic Induction

Magnetic flux, in simple terms is any area that has a magnetic field passing through air
gap Changing magnetic flux induces anelectric current in conductor in vicinity of it.
Magnetic fluxcan be altered either by varying the strength of magnetic field or by motion
of conductor through the magnetic field. Suchgeneration of an electric current in a
conductor is called asMagnetic Induction. Some examples of devices based onmagnetic
induction are electric transformers and electricgenerators.

3.1.4Mutual inductance

When an electromagnetic field is produce in the coil because of the change in the current
in coupled coil is called mutual inductance.

3.1.5Electromagnetic coil

Electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as wire in shape of coil. The

advantage of using coil shape is that it increases the strength of magnetic field produce by
given current.

3.1.6Capacitive plates

Capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates which are prevented from touching
each other by an insulating material called dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these
plates an electric current flows charging up one plate with appositive charge with respect
to the supply V and other plate with an equal and opposite negative charge.

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3.1.7Resonance frequency

Resonance means “resound” to sound out together with a loud sound. In physical view
resonance refer to the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some
frequency that at other frequency. Frequency at which response amplitude is relative
maximum one.

3.1.8Mechanical resonance

Mechanical resonance is the tendency of mechanical system to respond at greater

amplitude when the frequency of its oscillation matches the system natural frequency of
vibration.

3.1.9Magnetic loop antenna

Magnetic loop antenna is able to cover all frequency between 3.5 and about 10 MHZ. This
antenna is picking only the magnetic part of the electromagnetic radio waves.[9]

3.2WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNIQUE

Two major techniques for wireless charging are magnetic inductive coupling, magnetic
resonancecoupling. The magnetic inductive and magnetic resonance coupling work onnear
field, where the generated electromagnetic field dominates the region close to the
transmitter or scattering object. The near-field power is attenuated according to the cube of
the reciprocal of the distance.

3.2.1 Magnetic Inductive Coupling

Magnetic inductive coupling is based on magnetic field inductionthat delivers electrical

energy between two coils. Figure 3.1shows the reference model. Magnetic
inductivecoupling happens when a primary coil of an energy transmitter generates
predominant varying magneticfield across the secondary coil of the energy receiver within
the field.The near-field power then induces voltage/current across the secondary coil of the
energy receiver withinthe field. This voltage can be used by a wireless device. The energy
efficiency depends on the tightnessof coupling between two coils. Theadvantages of
magnetic inductive coupling include ease of implementation, convenient operation,

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highefficiency in close distance (typically less than a coil diameter) and safety. Therefore,
it is applicable and popular for mobile device[5].

Fig 3.1: Inductive coupling

3.2.2Magnetic Resonant Coupling

Magnetic resonance coupling, as shown in Figure 3.2, is based onevanescent-wave

coupling which generates and transfers electrical energy between two resonant
coilsthrough varying or oscillating magnetic fields. As the resonant coils, operating at the
same resonantfrequency, are strongly coupled, high energy transfer efficiency can be
achieved with small leakageto non-resonant externalities. Compared to magnetic inductive
coupling, anotheradvantage of magnetic resonance charging is longer effective charging
distance. Additionally, magneticresonant coupling can be applied between one
transmitting resonator and many receiving resonators, whichenables concurrent charging
of multiple devices.In 2007, MIT scientists proposed a high-efficient mid-range wireless
power transfer technology, i.e.,WiTricity, based on strongly coupled magnetic resonance.
It was reported that wireless power transmissioncan light a 60W bulb in more than two
meters with transmission efficiency around 40% [9]. The efficiencyincreased up to 90%
when the transmission distance is one meter. However, it is difficult to reduce thesize of a
WiTricity receiver because it requires a distributed capacitive of coil to operate. This
posesbig challenge in implementing WiTricity technology in portable devices. Resonant
magnetic coupling cancharge multiple devices concurrently by tuning coupled resonators
of multiple receiving coils.This has been shown to achieve improved overall
efficiency.However,mutual coupling of receiving coils can result in interference, and thus
proper tuning is required.

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Fig 3.2: Magnetic resonance coupling

3.3.WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER SYSTEM

Across an application space that spans power levels from less than a watt to multiple
kilowatts, a wireless energy transfer system based on HR-WPT often has a common set of
functional blocks. A general diagram of such a system is shown in Figure3.3.

Fig 3.3:Block diagram of a wireless energy transfer system.

Progressing from left to right on the top line of the diagram, the input power to the system
is usually either wall power (AC mains) which is converted to DC in an AC/DC rectifier

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block. A high efficiency switching amplifier converts the DC voltage into an RF voltage
waveform used to drive the source resonator. Often an impedance matching network
(IMN) is used to efficiently couple the amplifier output to the source resonator while
enabling efficient switching-amplifier operation. The IMN serves to transform the source
resonator impedance, loaded by the coupling to the device resonator and output load, into
such impedance for the source amplifier. The magnetic field generated by the source
resonator couples to the device resonator, exciting the resonator and causing energy to
build up in it. This energy is coupled out of the device resonator to do useful work, for
example, directly powering a load or charging a battery. A second IMN may be used here
to efficiently couple energy from the resonator to the load. It may transform the actual
load impedance intoeffective load impedance seen by the device resonator which more
closely matches the loading for optimum efficiency. For loads requiring a DC voltage, a
rectifier converts the received AC power back into DC.

3.4 STANDARD USED FOR WIRELESS CHARGING

Different wireless charging standards have been proposed. Among them, Qi and A4WP
are two leadingstandards supported by major Smartphone manufacturers. This subsection
presents an overview of thesetwo standards.

3.4.1Qi
Qi (pronounced “chee”) is a wireless charging standard developed by Wireless Power
Consortium(WPC). Qi standard specifiesinteroperable wireless power transfer and data
communication between a wireless charger and a charging device. Qi allows the charging
device to be in control of the charging procedure. The Qi-compliant chargeris capable of
adjusting the transmit power density as requested by the charging device through
signalling.

Qi uses the magnetic inductive coupling technique, typically within the range of 40
millimetres.There are two category for Qi wireless charger.

• Low-power category which can transfer power within 5W on 110 to 205 kHz frequency
range, and

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• Medium-power category which can deliver power up to 120W on 80-300 kHz frequency
range.Generally, a Qi wireless charger has a flat surface, referred to as a charging pad,
which a mobile devicecan be laid on top. As aforementioned, the tightness of coupling is a
crucial factor in inductive chargingefficiency. To achieve tight coupling, a mobile device
must be strictly placed in proper alignment withthe charger. Qi specifies three different
approaches for making alignment.

• Guided positioning, i.e., a one-to-one fixed-positioning charging, provides guideline for

a chargingdevice to be placed, for attaining an accurate alignment. The Qi specification
achieves this by usinga magnetic attractor. This approach is simple; however, it may
require implementation of a piece ofmaterial attracted by a magnet in the charging device.

• Free-positioning with movable primary coil, is also a one-to-one charging that can locate
the chargingdevice. This approach requires a mechanically movable primary coil that
tunes its position to makecoupling with the charging device.

• Free-positioning with coil array, allows multiple devices to be charged simultaneously

irrespectiveof their positions.Though offering the advantage of user-friendliness, this
approach incurs more implementation cost[5].

3.4.2 Alliance for wireless power

A4WP aims to provide spatial freedom for wireless power [5].This standard proposes to
generate a larger electromagnetic field with magnetic resonance coupling. Toachieve
spatial freedom, A4WP standard does not require precise alignment and even allows
separationbetween a charger and charging devices. The maximum charging distance is up
to several meters.Moreover,multiple devices can be charged concurrently with different
power requirement. Another advantage ofA4WP over Qi is that foreign objects can be
placed on an operating A4WP charger without causing anyadverse effect. Therefore, the
A4WP charger can be embedded in any object, improving the flexibility ofcharger
deployment.

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3.5 FIELD OF TRANSMISSION

3.5.1 Short Distance Induction

These methods can reach at most a few centimetres the action of an electrical transformer
is the simplest instance of wireless energy transfer. The primary andsecondary circuits of a
transformer are electrically isolated from each other. Thetransfer of energy takes place by
electromagnetic coupling through a process knownas mutual induction[6]. (An added
benefit is the capability to step the primary voltageeither up or down.)
By using mutual induction we can recharge several devices at once. For example,the
Splashpower recharging mat and Edison Electric's Power desk both use coils tocreate a
magnetic field. Electronic devices use corresponding built-in or plug-inreceivers to
recharge while resting on the mat. These receivers contain compatiblecoils and the
circuitry necessary to deliver electricity to devices' batteries.

Fig. 3.4 A Splashpower mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices

simultaneously

3.5.2 Moderate Distance Resonance

Household devices produce relatively small magnetic fields. For this reason, chargershold
devices at the distance necessary to induce a current, which can only happen ifthe coils are
close together. A larger, stronger field could induce current from fartheraway, but the
process would be extremely inefficient. Since a magnetic field spreadsin all directions,
making a larger one would waste a lot of energy.
An efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters is thatwe
could extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. It's easy

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to get objectsto vibrate at their resonant frequency and difficult to get them to vibrate at
otherfrequencies.
Induction can take place a little differently if the electromagnetic fields around thecoils
resonate at the same frequency. The theory uses a curved coil of wire as an inductor.
Acapacitance plate, which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of thecoil. As electricity
travels through this coil, the coil begins to resonate. Its resonantfrequency is a product of
the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the plates.

Fig 3.5 The wireless power project uses a curved coil and capacitiveplates

Electricity, travelling along an electromagnetic wave, can tunnelfrom one coil tothe other
as long as they both have the same resonant frequency.
In a short theoretical analysis they demonstrate that by sending electromagneticwaves
around in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are produced whichcarry no
energy. An evanescent wave is near field standing wave exhibiting exponentialdecay with
distance. If a proper resonant waveguide is brought near the transmitter,the evanescent
waves can allow the energy to tunnel (specifically evanescent wavecoupling, the
electromagnetic equivalent of tunnelling to the power drawingwaveguide, where they can
be rectified into DC power. Since the electromagneticwaves would tunnel, they would not
propagate through the air to be absorbed ordissipated, and would not disrupt electronic
devices.

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As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, sincethe fields
around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly,if the two
coils resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if tworesonating coils with
the same frequency get within a few meters of each other,streams of energy move from the
transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According tothe theory, one coil can even send
electricity to several receiving coils, as long as theyall resonate at the same frequency. The
researchers have named this non-radioactiveenergy transfersince it involves stationary
fields around the coils rather than fieldsthat spread in all directions.

Fig.3.6 Resonant inductive recharging

According to the theory, one coil can recharge any device that is in range, as longas the
coils have the same resonant frequency."Resonant inductive coupling"[2] has key
implications in solving the two mainproblems associated with non-resonant inductive
coupling and electromagneticradiation, one of which is caused by the other; distance and
efficiency.Electromagnetic induction works on the principle of a primary coil generating
apredominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a currentis
induced within its coils.

3.6 ADVANTAGES

The interest in highly resonant wireless power transfer comes from many markets
andapplication sectors. There are several motivations for using such technology, and these
oftenfall into one or more of the following categories:

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 Wireless charging replaces the use of power cables and batteries thus installation
cost reduces and we get cheaper electricity.
 More Convenient and Reliable
 More Environmentally Friendly. It eliminates mess ofcords, reduces toxic battery
waste, reduces use of plastics,rubber and metals.
 Less accidents and instances of electrocution
 It could eliminate the use of all the usage of batteries.
 Energy Transfer via Magnetic near Field is non-radiative mode of transfer.
Magnetic field tend to interact very weaklywith the biological tissues of the body
and so are not prone tocause any damage to any living beings.

3.7. DISADVANTAGES

 Currently the system is like the efficiency decreases asdistance between source and
capturing device increases.

 Currently this technology is limited to small home appliances.

 Capital cost for practical implementation of wireless charging to be very high.

3.8 APPLICATIONS
3.8.1Consumer Electronics

Fig. 3.8.1Photographs of a wirelessly powered laptop computer (left) and a D-Cell

formfactorbattery with wireless charging built in (right).

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The laptop PC shown in the left photo in Fig3.7 is being powered directly by a wireless
powersource deployed behind the cork board, delivering over 20 watts of power over a 40
cmdistance. The source and device resonators are oriented perpendicular to each other. In
thephoto on the right in Fig3.7, the D cell form factor battery shown charging is enabled
forwireless energy capture, and can charge at a distance of over 10 cm from the wireless
chargingsource.
3.8.2 LED Lighting

Fig 3.8.2 Photographs showing LED lights directly powered byhighly resonant
wireless energy transfer system

LED (light emitting diode) lights can be directly powered with wireless electricity,
eliminating the need for batteries in under-cabinet task lighting, and enabling architectural
lightingdesigners to create products that seemingly float in mid-air, with no power cord.
The LEDfixture shown in the left photo in Fig 3.8.2 is powered by a 10 W source mounted
above theceiling, and using two resonant repeaters (the white disks) to improve the
efficiency of theenergy transfer.

3.8.3 Wireless Charging of Devices

Wireless energy transfer has been thought about for decades by scientists all over the
world. There were many experiments done and some are successfully till some extent. In
2007, US researchers have successfully tested an experimental system to deliver power to
devices without the need for wires. The experimental setup consisted of two 60cm (2ft)

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diameter copper coils, a transmitter attached to a power source and a receiver placed 2m
(7ft) away and attached to a light bulb. WiTricity, as it is called, exploits simple physics
and could be adapted to charge other devices such as laptops The bulb was even made to
glow when obstructions such as wood, metal and electronic devices were placed between
the two coils .Fig 11.3 shows the experimental setup for charging of bulb [4].

Fig.3.8.3Charging of bulb

Again one of the applications is that we can charge laptop wirelessly. Power from mains to
antenna, which is made of copper antenna, resonates at a frequency of about 10MHz,
Producing electromagnetic waves. Tails of energy from antenna tunnel‘up to 2m is
transmitted (6.5ft).Electricity is picked up by laptop‘s antenna, which must also be
resonating at 10MHz. Energy is used to recharge device. Energy not transferred to laptop
is re-absorbed by source antenna. People/other objects are not affected as not resonating at
10MHz.

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Chapter 4
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 CONCLUSIONS

Wireless charging systems are constantly evolving as more and more practical option for
conveniently charging smart phones and mobile devices. Userexperiment is the key factor
that derives technology development, paving the way of safer and more convenient
devices accompanying us in everyday life.

 Wireless charging is quickly becoming a viable reality.

 Future improvement in wireless technology offer world changing implication.

 The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and
get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The Future With such a wide-ranging application space, we feel that the use of resonance
to enhance wireless power transfer will be prevalent in many areas of life in the coming
years. Electronics companies are already developing the necessary core components that
will help speed the introduction of the technology into more cost constrained applications.
This will stimulate additional creative ways in which to apply the technology, not only
bringing convenience to some everyday tasks such as battery charging, but also enabling
uses in ways only limited by one’s imagination.

The market for some specialty applications has already started (e.g., medical applications),
while application to automotive charging is rapidly developing and industry leaders are
meeting to discuss standardization of vehicle-charging infrastructure. For mobile
electronics, a consortium of companies has already developed a common specification for
traditional inductive charging. Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) are now
developing interoperability guidelines for highly-resonant wireless charging to ensure that
mobile devices from different vendors can charge anywhere in a common wireless
ecosystem. As these efforts progress, expect to see wireless power technology deployed in
these and many more applications.

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