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Introduction (Theory of Elastic Stability)
Presentation · February 2019
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Sheelan Hama
University of Anbar
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Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
Introduction
THEORY OF ELASTIC STABILITY
Stability is not easy to define:
Every structure is in equilibrium – static or dynamic. If it is
not in equilibrium, the body will be in motion or a
mechanism.
A mechanism cannot resist loads and is of no use to the civil
engineer.
Stability qualifies the state of equilibrium of a structure.
Whether it is in stable or unstable equilibrium
A stable structure is the one which remains stable for any imaginable
system of loads
Therefore, we do not consider the type of loads, their numbers and their
point of applications to decide whether the structure is stable or not.
Normally internal and external stability of the structure is checked. If it
meets the criteria of stability then the structure is checked for the total
degree of indeterminacy.
The concept of the stability of various forms of equilibrium of a
compressed bar is frequently explained by considering the equilibrium of
a ball (rigid body) in various positions, as shown in Fig. 1:
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
Figure 1: Illustration of stable, neutral and unstable equilibrium.
In the case of a rigid body the total potential energy is just the potential
energy: ∏= mgh = C u2
where u is the horizontal displacement of the ball from the resting
position. Let's calculate the first and second variation of the function ∏
(u): δ∏ = 2Cuδu
δ2∏ = 2Cuδuδu
At the origin of the coordinate system u = 0, so the first variation of ∏ is
zero no matter what the sign of the coefficient C is. In the expression for
the second variation, the product δuδu= δu2 is always non-negative.
Therefore, the sign of the second variation depends on the sign of the
coefficient C. From Fig.1 we infer that C > 0 corresponds to a stable
configuration. The ball displaced by a small amount δu will return to the
original position. By contrast, for C < 0, the ball, when displaced by a
tiny amount δu, will roll down and disappear. We call this an unstable
behavior. The case C = 0 corresponds to the neutral equilibrium. Then
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
Structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do not
cause large movements like a mechanism. Structure vibrates about
it equilibrium position.
Structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations
produce large movements – and the structure never returns to its
original equilibrium position.
Structure is in neutral equilibrium when we can't decide whether it
is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Small perturbation cause large
movements – but the structure can be brought back to its original
equilibrium position with no work.
Thus, stability talks about the equilibrium state of the structure.
A physical phenomenon of a reasonably straight, slender member
(or body) bending laterally (usually abruptly) from its longitudinal
position due to compression is referred to as buckling.
BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
Change in geometry of structure under compression – that results
in its ability to resist loads – called buckling.
Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under
compressive loads.
The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium in state-1.
As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to
deformation state-2 at some critical load Pcr.
The structure buckles from state-1 to state-2, where state-2 is
orthogonal (has nothing to do, or independent) with state-1.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
What has buckling to do with stability?
The question is - Is the equilibrium in state-2 stable or
unstable?
Usually, state-2 after buckling is either neutral or unstable
equilibrium
The equilibrium state becomes unstable due to:
Large deformations of the structure
Inelasticity of the structural materials
P<Pcr P=Pcr P>Pcr
P
δ
P P P δ
Figure 2: Illustration of buckling state of column.
TYPES OF INSTABILITY
Structure subjected to compressive forces can undergo:
1. Buckling – bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation state-1 to
state-2. Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and
symmetric frames under gravity loads only. When member or
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
structure subjected to loads. As the load is increased, it reaches a
critical value where:
The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.
And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.
At post-buckling load-deform, paths are symmetric about load axis so:
If the load capacity increases after buckling then stable
symmetric bifurcation.
If the load capacity decreases after buckling then unstable
symmetric bifurcation.
Figure 3: Illustration of buckling bifurcation
2. Failure due to instability of equilibrium state-1 due to large
deformations or material inelasticity
a. Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames
subjected to gravity and lateral loads.
b. Inelastic instability can occur for all members and the frame.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
The structure stiffness decreases as the loads are increased. The change is
stiffness is due to large deformations and / or material inelasticity.
The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.
The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.
Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable
equilibrium when stiffness is negative.
Structural stability failure – when stiffness becomes negative.
DESECREPTION OF THE COURSE
The subject of this course is the stability of structures subjected to
external loading that induces compressive stresses in the body of the
structures. The structural elements examined are beams, columns, beam-
columns and frames. Emphasis is on understanding the behavior of
structures in terms of load-displacement characteristics; on formulation of
the governing equations; and on calculation of the critical load.
Buckling is essentially flexural behavior. Therefore, it is imperative to
examine the condition of equilibrium in a flexurally deformed
configuration (adjacent equilibrium position). The governing stability
equations are derived by both the equilibrium method and the energy
method.
Stability analysis is a topic that fundamentally belongs to nonlinear
analysis. The fact that the eigenvalue procedure in modern matrix and/or
finite element analysis is a fortuitous by-product of incremental nonlinear
analysis is a reaffirming testimony. The modern emphasis on fast-track
education designed to limit the number of required credit hours for core
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
Theory of Elastic Stability Introduction
courses in curriculums left many budding practicing structural analysts
with gaping gaps in their understanding of the theory of elastic stability.
Many advanced works on structural stability describe clearly the
fundamental aspects of general nonlinear structural analysis. There is a
need for understanding the fundamentals of structural stability analysis
within the context of elementary nonlinear flexural analysis. It is believed
that a firm grasp of these fundamentals and principles is essential to
performing the important interpretation required of analysts when
computer solutions are adopted.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sheelan M. Hama
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