MATHEMATICS

With Casio fx 991-ES plus Calculator Techniques

SESSION 6

Engr. Broddett B. Abatayo, GE, REA

SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES
 SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES

EXAMPLE: How many sides have a polygon, if the sum of

the interior angles is 1080°?

a. 5 b. 6
c. 7 d. 8

Ans. D
CENTRAL ANGLE OF A REGULAR POLYGON
CENTRAL ANGLE OF A CIRCLE
 NUMBER OF DIAGONALS

n=3 n=4 n=5

Diagonal = 0 Diagonal = 2 Diagonal = 5
 NUMBER OF DIAGONALS

EXAMPLE 82: How many diagonals are there in a polygon of

20 sides.

a. 200 b. 170
c. 100 d. 158

Ans. B
 NUMBER OF DIAGONALS

EXAMPLE 83: The number of diagonals of a polygon is 275.

The number of sides of the polygon is

a. 23 b. 24
c. 25 d. 26

Ans. C
 AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

Area = ½ bh
a c

Heron’s formula

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪
𝑿= : 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝟐
 AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

EXAMPLE 84: The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm,

and 14cm. Determine the area of the triangle.

a. 10.89 b. 28.59
Ans. D
c. 25.23 d. 39.19

8 10

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 14
𝑿= : 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝟐
 AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

EXAMPLE 85: The two sides of a triangle are 5cm, and

6cm. And the area is 14.70cm². Determine the unknown
side.
a. 7 b. 8 Ans. A
c. 9 d. 10

5 6

Area = 14.70

HERONETT’s formula
x
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪
𝑿= : 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝟐
ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR

a b
h = altitude

a b
m = median

c/2 c/2

c
a
B = bisector
ᴓ/2
ᴓ/2
b
 ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR
ALTITUDE

2𝐴
h=
b 𝑎
𝑏
a h h h

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶
𝟐 𝑪
 ALTITUDE

EXAMPLE 86: The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm and

12cm. What is the length of the altitude perpendicular
to the 10cm.
a. 7.94cm b. 8.89cm
Ans. A
c. 7.79cm d. 8.06cm

8 h? 10

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 12
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶
𝟐 𝑪
 ALTITUDE

EXAMPLE 87: The sides of a triangle are 5cm, 10cm and

13cm. What are the length of the altitudes.

a. 8.98, 4.50 & 3.54cm b. 8.89, 4.50 & 3.45cm

Ans. D c. 8.98, 4.05 & 3.45cm d. 8.98, 4.50 & 3.45cm

5 10

HERONETT’s formula 13
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶
𝟐 𝑪
 ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR
MEDIAN

1
2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑎
m = 2 2𝑎 𝑏2
2
b
a m
m m

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
 MEDIAN

EXAMPLE 88: The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm

and 12cm. What is the length of the median along side
8cm.
a. 9.98cm b. 10.30cm
Ans. B
c. 10.75cm d. 9.56cm

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
 MEDIAN

EXAMPLE 89: The sides of a triangle are 6cm, 10cm and

15cm. What are the length of the medians.

a. 12.93, 10.27 & 3.43cm b. 12.39, 10.72 & 3.43cm

c. 12.39, 10.27 & 3.43cm d. 12.39, 10.27 & 3.34cm
Ans. C

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
 ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR
ANGLE BISECTOR

2 𝑎𝑐𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
𝑏𝑐𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
B= ;s= 2
b 𝑎+𝑐
𝑏+𝑐

a
B
B B

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏 𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐 ∶
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩
 ANGLE BISECTOR

EXAMPLE 90: The sides of a triangle are 7cm, 13cm and

17cm. What is the length of the angle bisector along
side 13cm.
a. 7.91cm b. 9.71cm
c. 7.19cm d. 9.17cm Ans. D

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏 𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐 ∶
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩
 ANGLE BISECTOR

EXAMPLE 91: The sides of a triangle are 6cm, 10cm and

15cm. What are the length of the angle bisectors.

a. 11.89, 8.43 & 2.69cm b. 11.89, 8.34 & 2.96cm

c. 11.89, 8.34 & 2.69cm d. 11.98, 8.34 & 2.69cm

Ans. C

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏 𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐 ∶
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩
ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR

𝜃/2
𝜃/2

b
a
median

altitude

angle bisector

c/2 c
c/2
 ALTITUDE, MEDIAN and ANGLE BISECTOR

EXAMPLE 92: The sides of a triangle are 8cm, 10cm and

12cm. What is the length of the altitude, median and angle
bisector along side 12cm.
a. 6.61, 6.78 & 6.76cm b. 6.61, 6.78 & 6.67cm
c. 6.61, 6.87 & 6.67cm d. 6.16, 6.78 & 6.67cm

Ans. B

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝟐𝒀 𝟏 𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑪)
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ ∶ 𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑩𝟐 − 𝑪𝟐 ∶
𝟐 𝑪 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩
 TRIANGLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE

a c

A = rs
HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 TRIANGLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 93: The sides of a triangle circumscribing a circle

are 8cm, 10cm and 12cm. What is the area of a triangle and
what is the radius of a circle.
a. 39.69cm² & 2.65cm b. 39.65cm² & 2.68cm
c. 39.72cm² & 2.63cm d. 39.67cm² & 2.63cm

Ans. A 10
8

HERONETT’s formula
12
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 TRIANGLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 94: The sides of a triangle circumscribing a

circle are 6, 8, 10 units. What is the area of a triangle, the
radius, area, circumference of the circle.
a.24, 2, 4𝜋, 2𝜋 c. 24, 2, 4𝜋, 4𝜋
b.24, 2, 2𝜋, 4𝜋 d. 24, 4, 2𝜋, 4𝜋
6 8
Ans. C r

10
HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 TRIANGLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE

Ans. B

8 14

HERONETT’s formula
x
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

c
a
r

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝑨𝑩𝑪
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 96: The sides of a triangle inscribed in a circle are

8cm, 10cm and 12cm. What is the radius of a circle.

a. 3cm b. 5cm
Ans. C
c. 6cm d. 2cm
10

12

r
HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝑨𝑩𝑪
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 97: What is the area in sq. cm of the circle

circumscribing about an equilateral triangle with a side
10cm long?
a. 105.7 b. 106.7
c. 107.7 d. 104.7
10

Ans. D r
10

10

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝑨𝑩𝑪
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 98: The circumference of a circle circumscribing

a triangle is 31.42. What are the side of the triangle?

a. 3, 4 and 5 b. 4, 6 and 8
c. 6, 8 and 10 d. 8, 10 and 12
b
Ans. C
a

r
HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝑨𝑩𝑪
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 99: The area of a triangle inscribed in a circle is

39.19cm² and the radius of the circumscribed circle is
7.14cm. If the two sides of the triangle are 8 and 10cm,
respectively. Find the third side?
a. 10cm b. 12cm
c. 16cm d. 14cm
10

Ans. D 8 A = 39.19

HERONETT’s formula r = 7.14

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝑨𝑩𝑪
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 TRIANGLE WITH ESCRIBED CIRCLE

r
a A = r(s-c)
c

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿−𝑪
 TRIANGLE WITH ESCRIBED CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 100: The sides of a triangle are 12, 14 and 16cm.

The radius of the escribed circle along the 12cm is?

a. 6.61cm b. 8.56cm
c. 9.27cm d. 9.04cm

Ans. D 14
r =?

12

16

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪 𝒀
𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿(𝑿 − 𝑨)(𝑿 − 𝑩)(𝑿 − 𝑪) ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿−𝑪
 TRIANGLE WITH ESCRIBED CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 101: Two of the three escribed circles of a triangle

have radii of 2.835cm and 3.969cm respectively and the
radius of its incircle is 1.323cm. Find the radius of the third
escribed circle?
a. 6.615cm b. 4.452cm
c. 3.217cm d. 5.237cm
r₁
r₂
Ans. A a r b

r₃=?
 QUADRILATERAL

Parallelogram Rectangle

Rhombus
Square

Trapezium Trapezoid
 QUADRILATERAL

Rectangle

a
Area = ab

b
 QUADRILATERAL

SQUARE

a
Area = a²

a
 QUADRILATERAL

PARALLELOGRAM

Area = bh
d₁ d₂
a
h

b
 QUADRILATERAL

RHOMBUS

Area = ah
d₂ d₁
a Area = ½ d₁d₂
h

a
 QUADRILATERAL

TRAPEZOID

h Area = ½ (a+b)h

b
 QUADRILATERAL

TRAPEZIUM

d₁
d₂
 TRAPEZIUM
𝑨= 𝒔 − 𝒂 𝒔 − 𝒃 𝒔 − 𝒄 𝒔 − 𝒅 − 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽

b
B 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝒔 =
A 𝟐
c
a 𝑨+𝑪 𝑩+𝑫
𝜽= 𝒐𝒓
𝟐 𝟐
D
C
d

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 𝑬+𝑭
𝑿= ∶𝒀= : 𝑿 − 𝑨 𝑿 − 𝑩 𝑿 − 𝑪 𝑿 − 𝑫 − 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒀)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 TRAPEZIUM
EXAMPLE 102: Find the area of a quadrilateral have sides 12,
20, 8 and 16.97m if the sum of the opposite angles is equal
to 225⁰.
a. 100 m² b. 124 m²
Ans. C
c. 168 m² d. 158 m²

20

12
8

HERONETT’s formula 16.97

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝑿= ∶𝑬= : 𝑿 − 𝑨 𝑿 − 𝑩 𝑿 − 𝑪 𝑿 − 𝑫 − 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑬)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 QUADRILATERAL INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

d
(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒅)(𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅)(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
𝒓=
r
𝟒𝑨
a
c
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑨 = (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅)

b 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝒔=
𝟐

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 (𝑨𝑩 + 𝑪𝑫)(𝑨𝑪 + 𝑩𝑫)(𝑨𝑫 + 𝑩𝑪)

𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿−𝑨 𝑿−𝑩 𝑿−𝑪 𝑿−𝑫 ∶
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 QUADRILATERAL INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 103: The sides of the quadrilateral inscribed in a

circle are 10, 15, 18 and 20cm. Find the radius of a circle?
a. 10.15 cm b. 12.56 cm 15
c. 16.24 cm d. 11.43 cm
r=?
Ans. D 10 18

20

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 (𝑨𝑩 + 𝑪𝑫)(𝑨𝑪 + 𝑩𝑫)(𝑨𝑫 + 𝑩𝑪)

𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿−𝑨 𝑿−𝑩 𝑿−𝑪 𝑿−𝑫 ∶
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 QUADRILATERAL INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 104: The sides of the cyclic quadrilateral are 12, 14,
18 and x. Find x if the radius of the circumscribing circle is
9.39?
a. 5 b. 6
Ans. B 14
c. 20 d. 8
12
18

r = 9.39
x

HERONETT’s formula

𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 (𝑨𝑩 + 𝑪𝑫)(𝑨𝑪 + 𝑩𝑫)(𝑨𝑫 + 𝑩𝑪)

𝑿= ∶𝒀= 𝑿−𝑨 𝑿−𝑩 𝑿−𝑪 𝑿−𝑫 ∶
𝟐 𝟒𝒀
 QUADRILATERAL CIRCUMSRIBING A CIRCLE

𝑨 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 = 𝒓𝒔
r
a
c
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝒔 =
𝟐
b

HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 𝒀
𝑿= ∶ 𝒀 = 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 QUADRILATERAL CIRCUMSRIBING A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE 105: The sides of the quadrilateral circumscribing a

circle are 12, 14, 18 and x. Find x if the radius of the inscribed
circle is 7.33?
a. 10 b. 20
Ans. D
c. 8 d. 16
18

r = 7.33
14

x=?
HERONETT’s formula
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 𝒀 12
𝑿= ∶ 𝒀 = 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 ∶ 𝑴 = ∶ 𝝅𝑴𝟐 ∶ 𝟐𝝅𝑴
𝟐 𝑿
 REGULAR POLYGON

𝟏
Area = 𝑷𝒂 ; P = ns
𝟐

Triangle Square
(n = 3) (n = 4) Where: n is number of side
s is the side length
P is the perimeter
a

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑨𝑩𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟒 𝑨
Pentagon Hexagon
(n = 5) (n = 6)
 REGULAR POLYGON

EXAMPLE 106: One side of a regular octagon is 2. Find the

area of the octagon?

a. 19.31 b. 13.24
Ans. A
c. 11.22 d. 14.33

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑨𝑩𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟒 𝑨
 REGULAR POLYGON

EXAMPLE 107: The area of a circle circumscribing a regular

hexagon is 9𝜋. Find the length of one side of a regular hexagon?

a. 3 b. 4
c. 5 d. 6

Ans. A
 REGULAR POLYGON

EXAMPLE 108: The area of a regular pentagon circumscribing

a circle is 32.69. Find the area of a circle?

a. 5𝜋 b. 7𝜋
c. 9𝜋 d. 12𝜋

Ans. C
 REGULAR POLYGON

EXAMPLE 109: The area of a circle inscribed in a regular

pentagon is 9𝜋. Find the area of a regular pentagon?

a. 32.96 b. 36.29
c. 39.26 d. 32.69

Ans. D
ARC LENGTH OF A CIRCLE

Where: 𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏
AREA OF A SECTOR OF A CIRCLE

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒓𝒔
𝟐

Since S = rθ

𝟏 𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒓 𝜽
𝟐

𝜽
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎
AREA OF A SEGMENT

segment = sector - triangle

 AREA OF A SEGMENT

EXAMPLE 110: Find the area of a segment of a circle if the

radius is 5 and the central angle is 97⁰?

a. 7.98 b. 9.55
c. 8.75 d. 6.69
Ans. C