SEMINAR REPORT

ON
“NANOTECHNOLOGY”

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

SHRISTI GUPTA(1714321051)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Sulekha Saxena
Prof. Raj Kumar Singh

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

IMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NH-24, ADHYATMIK NAGAR, DASNA, GHAZIABAD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound sense of gratitude to my mentor, Ms. Sulekha Saxena and Mr.
Raj Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
for their systematic guidance, valuable advices, encouragement and suggestions were of
immense help to me throughout my seminar.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Annu Govind, Head of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IMS Engineering College Ghaziabad,
for his valuable advices and help in completion of this seminar.

I would also like to thank all the faculty and staff members of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, who extended full cooperation for completion of this presentation.

I take this opportunity to thank all my friends who helped me through their patient
discussions and suggestion and for their help at various stages in completion of this seminar.

SHRISTI GUPTA

1714321051
 ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale
precision.Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometer (nm) are considered to
be products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.

Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature technology. Focusing
on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, biology ,engineering, chemistry,
computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology centers are
popping uparound the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share
increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of the prefix “nano” in
scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to fabricate computer chips
with smaller features and improve our ability to cure disease at the molecular level
,nanotechnology is here.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iv
List of Symbols & Abbreviations v

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 HISTORY 2
1.3 OVERVIEW
1.3.1 Applications

CHAPTER 2 : NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

CHAPTER 3 : FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 : ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
“Nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of
matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread
description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely
manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred
to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was
subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines
nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to
100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are
important at this quantum-realm technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and
applications whose common trait is size.
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as
diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor
physics, energy storage, microfabrication, molecular engineering, etc. The associated
research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device
physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from
developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the
atomic scale.
Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may
be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as
in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology,
including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their
potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday
scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on
whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
1.2 HISTORY
Richard Feynman

Richard Feynman gave a 1959 talk which many years later inspired the conceptual
foundations of nanotechnology.
The American physicist Richard Feynman lectured, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,"
at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is often
held to have provided inspiration for the field of nanotechnology. Feynman had described a
process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be
developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller
set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise
from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less
important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important.
After Feynman's death, a scholar studying the historical development of nanotechnology has
concluded that his actual role in catalyzing nanotechnology research was limited, based on
recollections from many of the people active in the nascent field in the 1980s and 1990s.
Chris Toumey, a cultural anthropologist at the University of South Carolina, found that the
published versions of Feynman’s talk had a negligible influence in the twenty years after it
was first published, as measured by citations in the scientific literature, and not much more
influence in the decade after the Scanning Tunneling Microscope was invented in 1981.
Subsequently, interest in “Plenty of Room” in the scientific literature greatly increased in the
early 1990s. This is probably because the term “nanotechnology” gained serious attention just
before that time, following its use by K. Eric Drexler in his 1986 book, Engines of Creation:
The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which took the Feynman concept of a billion tiny
factories and added the idea that they could make more copies of themselves via computer
control instead of control by a human operator; and in a cover article headlined
"Nanotechnology", published later that year in a mass-circulation science-oriented
magazine, Omni. Toumey’s analysis also includes comments from distinguished scientists in
nanotechnology who say that “Plenty of Room” did not influence their early work, and in fact
most of them had not read it until a later date.
These and other developments hint that the retroactive rediscovery of Feynman’s “Plenty of
Room” gave nanotechnology a packaged history that provided an early date of december
1959, plus a connection to the charisma and genius of Richard Feynman. Feynman's stature
as a Nobel laureate and as an iconic figure in 20th century science surely helped advocates of
nanotechnology and provided a valuable intellectual link to the past

1.3 Overview

Nanotechnology draws its name from the prefix "nano". A nanometer is -billionth of a
meter—a distance equal to two to twenty atoms (depending on what type of atom) laid down
next to each other. Nanotechnology one refers to manipulating the structure of matter on a
length scale of some small number of nanometers, interpreted by different people at different
times as meaning anything from 0.1 nm (controlling the arrangement of individual atoms) to
100 nm or more (anything smaller than microtechnology). At the small end of this scale, the
structure is controlled to atomic precision—each atom is exactly where it should be for the
optimum function of the material or the device. The Foresight Institute is focused on this
small end of the scale: atomically-precise manufacturing or "molecular manufacturing".

Life is the Existence Proof for Atomically Precise Technology

Chemistry has of course always worked with atomic precision. Molecules are made from
specific arrangements of specific numbers of specific types of atoms. Chemistry mostly deals
with arrangements of several to several tens to several hundreds of atoms. Larger structures
are made by linking together certain molecules into long chains—polymers. Billions of years
before chemists discovered this trick to make plastics and synthetic fibers, nature used this
strategy to invent life. The crucial molecules of life—RNA, proteins, and DNA—are long
polymers each composed of a few types of subunit molecules linked together into a specific
long sequence. Protein and some RNA molecules fold their long chains into specific 3D
shapes that have specific functions. These and many other types of molecules form large
complexes of molecules that associate to form subcellular components that make up cells,
tissues, organs, and individuals. Taken together they perform the myriad functions, including
thought and consciousness, that living organisms are capable of.

In biology, macromolecules self-assemble into the systems of molecular machines that cells
and organisms comprise. Biology thus provides an existence proof for the myriad capabilities
of self-assembled molecular machine systems. Advanced nanotechnology will augment self-
assembly copied from biology with one additional tool: positional control of chemical
synthesis. From Ralph Merkle:
Molecular Manufacturing: Adding Positional Control to Chemical Synthesis

Building to Atomic Precision

Chemistry builds molecules from precise arrangements of atoms. Biology builds cells and
organisms from polymers composed of precise sequences of specific molecules that fold into
specific shapes and associate in specific configurations with specific other biopolymers
according to the information encoded in their sequences. Human ancestors began making
crude stone tools about 2.5 million years ago. Succeeding species learned to make finer and
more complex stone tools, and succeeding cultures of modern humans learned to build more
complex and useful products as they learned ever finer control of the structure of matter. But
it was not until the mid-20th century that a scientist asked what could we build if we could
put atoms wherever we wanted them, consistent with the laws of physics and chemistry.
This level of technology was first described by Richard Feynman in 1959 in a visionary talk
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". "The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do
not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom." He asked "What
would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them…" He
concluded "The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see
what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed—a
development which I think cannot be avoided." This concept was expanded and popularized
in a 1986 book Engines of Creation by K Eric Drexler, who applied the term
nanotechnology to Feynman's vision. Drexler styled nanotechnology as the ultimate
manufacturing technology and described the unprecedented opportunities it will present in
areas from medicine to space colonization, and also risks that could result from accidents or
misuse of the technology. The Feynman-Drexler view of nanotechnology has also been
termed molecular nanotechnology, or molecular manufacturing, or atomically precise
productive nanosystems to distinguish it from broader definitions of less advanced forms of
nanotechnology, already implemented in laboratories and in commerce, that control the
structure of matter to coarser dimensions than atomic precision.
Feynman's Vision, Molecular Manufacturing, and Nanofactories

The term "nano-technology" had been coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguichi to describe
semiconductor processes involving control on the order of a nanometer. Taniguichi was also
looking toward atomic precision: "Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of
separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule." ["On
the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan
Society of Precision Engineering, 1974.]

Progress in Nanoscale Science and Technology

Confidence that atomically precise manufacturing will ultimately be possible is based upon
physics based modeling, which Eric Drexler originally labeled exploratory engineering or
theoretical applied science. Crucial to this optimism has been the explosion of progress in
several areas of nanoscale science and technology during the 1980s. Much of this progress
was highlighted at the Foresight Institute Conferences on Nanotechnology, beginning in
1989. To encourage and reward progress leading toward Feynman's goal for nanotechnology,
the Foresight Institute Feynman Prizes were established in 1993.
A Short History of Nanotechnology
Nobel Paths to Nanotechnology (1987)
Foresight Institute Conferences on Nanotechnology
Foresight Institute Feynman Prizes

Laboratory successes in nanoscale science and technology were not only creating enabling
technologies for the road to advanced nanotechnology, they were also creating abundant
opportunities for current and near- to intermediate-term applications in better materials for
consumer goods, sensors and devices, computer technology, energy, and medicine. The
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies tracks "manufacturer-identified nanotechnology-
based consumer products currently on the market". As of early 2011, "there are currently
1014 products, produced by 484 companies, located in 24 countries."

Since May of 2000, Foresight Institute's blog Nanodot has been tracking progress in enabling
technologies leading to advanced nanotechnology and other emerging technology issues, and,
to a lesser extent, more general progress in nanoscale science and technology. Foresight
publications have also followed nanotechnology progress—the quarterly
Foresight Update from June of 1987 through spring of 2007, and the email Update from
June 2005 through the present. From June of 2005 through January of 2008, the Foresight
Nanotechnology Challenges, followed progress in six areas of nanotechnology application
that are particularly relevant to nanotechnology benefiting humanity.

Rapid progress in nanoscale science and technology during the 1980s and 1990s led to a
consensus that US funding for nanoscale research and development should be greatly
increased (see "Nobel Chemist, Others Issue Strong Call for National Nanotechnology
Initiative"). The US National Nanotechnology Initiative was set up in 2001 and focuses on
"understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications." The large majority of this
support was not targeted to achieving the Feynman-Drexler vision of atomically precise
manufacturing, leading to calls to balance the NNI research and development portfolio
periodically "to ensure a range of low-, medium-, and long-term projects, as well as a wider
range of risk" (see "Balancing the National Nanotechnology Initiative's R&D Portfolio").
Although no one argued against the importance of near- and medium-term projects, there was
considerable skepticism in some sectors of the nanotechnology research community that the
long-term goal of molecular manufacturing was attainable. Highlighting these different
perspectives was a debate in 2003 between Drexler and Richard E. Smalley, a prominent
early supporter of the NNI and winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery
of fullerenes, published in Chemical & Engineering News. For an overview of the issues, see
"Is the Revolution Real?" (2003) and "Nanotechnology: From Feynman to Funding", by K.
Eric Drexler [PDF file, 80 KB], published in the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society,
Vol. 24, No. 1, February 2004, 21-27. In 2006, a report on the U.S. NNI from the National
Academies' National Research Council called for experimentation to explore the potential of
molecular manufacturing more complex than simple self-assembly.
Feasibility of Molecular Manufacturing

The question of whether or not advanced nanotechnology (molecular manufacturing or

atomically precise productive nanosystems) is feasible will be settled by the development and
successful implementation of a roadmap from current capabilities in nanotechnology to
advanced systems. Working from 2005 through 2007, the Foresight Institute and Battelle,
with the support of the Waitt Family Foundation, produced the first such roadmap, the
"Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems".
1.3.1 APPLICATION

Nanotechnology is being The 2000s have seen the beginnings of the applications of
nanotechnology in commercial products, although most applications are limited to the bulk
use of passive nanomaterials. Examples include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics and some food products; silver nanoparticles in food
packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances such as Silver Nano; carbon
nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.[1] As of March 10,
2011, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimated that over 1300 manufacturer-
identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a
pace of 3–4 per week.
used in developing countries to help treat disease and prevent health issues. The umbrella
term for this kind of nanotechnology is Nanomedicine.
Nanotechnology is also being applied to or developed for application to a variety
of industrial and purification processes. Purification and environmental cleanup applications
include the desalination of water, water filtration, wastewater treatment, groundwater
treatment, and other nanoremediation. In industry, applications may include construction
materials, military goods, and nano-machining of nano-wires, nano-rods, few layers of
graphene, etc. Also, recently a new field arisen from the root of Nanotechnology is called
Nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology is the biology-based, application-oriented frontier
area of research in the hybrid discipline of Nanoscience and biotechnology with an equivalent
contribution.

Applications by type

 Nanomedicine
 Nanobiotechnology
 Green nanotechnology
 Energy applications of nanotechnology
 Industrial applications of nanotechnology
 Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
 Nanoart
 Nanoelectronics
 Nanotechnology in warfare
 CHAPTER 2
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
One possible means of bridging the gap between India’s abundant, varied natural resources and
her ever-increasing requirements like clean water, food and rapid, low cost diagnostic
machinery is the use of nanotechnology, write Arindam Ghosh and Yamuna Krishnan in the
international journal Nature Nanotechnology.
But what is nanotechnology? When we modify materials at their atomic and molecular level,
some very unusual and useful properties are generated. Since the dimensions of atoms and
molecule are in nanometers, this technology is called nanotechnology. The resulting materials
are called nanomaterials. Nanomaterials can be used for wide variety of things, ranging from
purification of water to wrinkle free fabrics to curing cancer.
Self reliance in nanotechnology can make good use of the natural and human resources India
has and also help make India self reliant in sectors like defence and anti-terrorism, write Ghosh
and Krishnan. They present data regarding India’s effort thus far to promote nanotechnology
(see accompanying infographic), and further discuss the successes, limitations and the way
forward. The article below is a short summary of their key viewpoints.
Efforts to promote research in nanotechnology in India began early in the millenium. The
“NanoScience and Technology Initiative” started with a funding of Rs. 60 crores . In 2007, the
government launched a 5 year program called Nano Mission with wider objectives and larger
funding of USD 250 million. The funding spanned multiple areas like basic research in
nanotechnology, human resources development, infrastructure development and international
collaboration. Multiple institutions like Department on Information Technology, Defence
Research and Development Organisation, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and
Department of Biotechnology provided the funding to researchers, scholars and projects.
National Centers for Nanofabrication and Nanoelectronics were started in Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai.
The efforts have paid off well. India published over 23000 papers in nanoscience in the past 5
years. In 2013, India ranked third in the number of papers published, behind only China and
USA. There have been 300 patent applications in the Indian Patent Office in 2013, ten times
that of 2006. Clearly, this points to the success of Nano Mission initiative.
But there is lot of room for improvement. The amount India spends on nanotechnology research
is still just a fraction of the research spending of countries like Japan, USA, France and China.
The quality of research has shown only a little improvement from the NSTI phase (till 2006)
to the nano mission phase (post 2007). Only 16 papers from India appeared in the top 1% of
the publications in 2011. Also, the number of patents applied from India to the US patent office
contributes to only 0.2% of the total applications.
Though people look at nanoscience and technology very positively, the number of students
following undergraduate and graduate degrees in the area is low and career prospects still
extremely limited. The number of PhDs awarded in nanoscience and technology is about 150
per year; a very small number compared to the target of producing 10,000 PhD students
annually over the next decade articulated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
The contribution of the private sector to nanotechnology research has been minimal. Research
from academic institutions has indicated how much impact nanotechnology can have on needs
of Indian market. For example, a team from IIT Madras has used nanotechnology for arsenic
decontamination of water. Another team from IIT Delhi has come up with a water based self
cleaning technology for use in textile industry. It is a matter of concern that, in spite of such
enormous potential, the private sector is not investing enough in nanoscience research.
Nano technology holds great potential for India and a multi pronged approach will ensure that
this is fully leveraged. Funding should be increased and long term funding which can
accommodate coherent research programs with high-impact outcome is needed. Various
research centers throughout India must work together so that the collective efforts can lead to
better results. A highly equipped central facility should plan and initiate research activities.
The administrative aspects of new projects should be streamlined. Most importantly,
remuneration for people trained in the field should increase, to attract high calibre work force
to join these research facilities.
The good news is that the Nano Mission has been extended till 2017 as Phase II. Since
nanotechnology is an emerging technology and India has abundant skilled workforce, India can
aim to become a global leader in nanotechnology.

CHAPTER 3

FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Hidden tools are making the world a safer place. Credit: Shutterstock

The past 70 years have seen the way we live and work transformed by two tiny inventions.
The electronic transistor and the microchip are what make all modern electronics possible,
and since their development in the 1940s they've been getting smaller. Today, one chip can
contain as many as 5 billion transistors. If cars had followed the same development pathway,
we would now be able to drive them at 300,000mph and they would cost just £3 each.

But to keep this progress going we need to be able to create circuits on the extremely
small, nanometre scale. A nanometre (nm) is one billionth of a metre and so this kind of
engineering involves manipulating individual atoms. We can do this, for example, by firing
a beam of electrons at a material, or by vaporising it and depositing the resulting gaseous
atoms layer by layer onto a base.

The real challenge is using such techniques reliably to manufacture working nanoscale
devices. The physical properties of matter, such as its melting point, electrical conductivity
and chemical reactivity, become very different at the nanoscale, so shrinking a device
can affect its performance. If we can master this technology, however, then we have the
opportunity to improve not just electronics but all sorts of areas of modern life.

1. Doctors inside your body

Wearable fitness technology means we can monitor our health by strapping gadgets to
ourselves. There are even prototype electronic tattoos that can sense our vital signs. But by
scaling down this technology, we could go further by implanting or injecting tiny
sensors inside our bodies. This would capture much more detailed information with less
hassle to the patient, enabling doctors to personalise their treatment.

Medical nanobots. Credit: Shutterstock

The possibilities are endless, ranging from monitoring inflammation and post-surgery
recovery to more exotic applications whereby electronic devices actually interfere with our
body's signals for controlling organ function. Although these technologies might sound like a
thing of the far future, multi-billion healthcare firms such as GlaxoSmithKline are already
working on ways to develop so-called "electroceuticals".

2. Sensors, sensors, everywhere

These sensors rely on newly-invented nanomaterials and manufacturing techniques to make

them smaller, more complex and more energy efficient. For example, sensors with very fine
features can now be printed in large quantities on flexible rolls of plastic at low cost. This
opens up the possibility of placing sensors at lots of points over critical infrastructure to
constantly check that everything is running correctly. Bridges, aircraft and even nuclear
power plants could benefit.
Worried about your hairline? Credit: Shutterstock

3. Self-healing structures

If cracks do appear then nanotechnology could play a further role. Changing the structure of
materials at the nanoscale can give them some amazing properties – by giving them a
texture that repels water, for example. In the future, nanotechnology coatings or additives will
even have the potential to allow materials to "heal" when damaged or worn. For example,
dispersing nanoparticles throughout a material means that they can migrate to fill in any
cracks that appear. This could produce self-healing materials for everything from aircraft
cockpits to microelectronics, preventing small fractures from turning into large, more
problematic cracks.

4. Making big data possible

All these sensors will produce more information than we've ever had to deal with before – so
we'll need the technology to process it and spot the patterns that will alert us to problems. The
same will be true if we want to use the "big data" from traffic sensors to help manage
congestion and prevent accidents, or prevent crime by using statistics to more effectively
allocate police resources.
From nano tech to global warming. Credit: Shutterstock

Here, nanotechnology is helping to create ultra-dense memory that will allow us to store this
wealth of data. But it's also providing the inspiration for ultra-efficient algorithms for
processing, encrypting and communicating data without compromising its reliability. Nature
has several examples of big-data processes efficiently being performed in real-time by tiny
structures, such as the parts of the eye and ear that turn external signals into information for
the brain.

Computer architectures inspired by the brain could also use energy more efficiently and so
would struggle less with excess heat – one of the key problems with shrinking electronic
devices further.

5. Tackling climate change

The fight against climate change means we need new ways to generate and use electricity,
and nanotechnology is already playing a role. It has helped create batteries that can store
more energy for electric cars and has enabled solar panels to convert more sunlight into
electricity.

The common trick in both applications is to use nanotexturing or nanomaterials (for example
nanowires or carbon nanotubes) that turn a flat surface into a three-dimensional one with a
much greater surface area. This means that there is more space for the reactions that enable
energy storage or generation to take place, so the devices operate more efficiently

In the future, nanotechnology could also enable objects to harvest energy from their
environment. New nano-materials and concepts are currently being developed that show
potential for producing energy from movement, light, variations in temperature, glucose and
other sources with high conversion efficiency.
 CHAPTER 4

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

 Alternative Sources of Fuel Energy Utilizing Indigenous Materials

 The Types of Metals Used in the Oil & Gas Industry
 The Disadvantages of Manufacturing Technology
 Power Alternatives

Understanding, shaping and combining matter at the atomic and molecular scale is called
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology encompasses science, medicine, engineering, computing
and robotics at this scale, called the nanoscale. Nanotechnology offers the potential for new
and faster kinds of computers, more efficient power sources and life-saving medical
treatments. Potential disadvantages include economic disruption and possible threats to
security, privacy, health and the environment.
Manufacturing Advantages

Nanotechnology is already making new materials available that could revolutionize many
areas of manufacturing. For example, nanotubes and nano particles, which are tubes and
particles only a few atoms across, and aerogels, materials composed of very light and strong
materials with remarkable insulating properties, could pave the way for new techniques and
superior products. In addition, robots that are only a few nanometers in length, called
nanobots, and nanofactories could help construct novel materials and objects.
Energy Advantages

Nanotechnology may transform the ways in which we obtain and use energy. In particular,
it's likely that nanotechnology will make solar power more economical by reducing the cost
of constructing solar panels and related equipment. Energy storage devices will become more
efficient as a result. Nanotechnology will also open up new methods of generating and
storing energy.
Advantages in Electronics and Computing

The field of electronics is set to be revolutionized by nanotechnology. Quantum dots, for

example, are tiny light-producing cells that could be used for illumination or for purposes
such as display screens. Silicon chips can already contain millions of components, but the
technology is reaching its limit; at a certain point, circuits become so small that if a molecule
is out of place the circuit won't work properly. Nanotechnology will allow circuits to be
constructed very accurately on an atomic level.
Medical Advantages

Nanotechnology has the potential to bring major advances in medicine. Nanobots could be
sent into a patient's arteries to clear away blockages. Surgeries could become much faster and
more accurate. Injuries could be repaired cell-by-cell. It may even become possible to heal
genetic conditions by fixing the damaged genes. Nanotechnology could also be used to refine
drug production, tailoring drugs at a molecular level to make them more effective and reduce
side effects.
Environmental Effects

Some of the more extravagant negative future scenarios have been debunked by experts in
nanotechnology. For example: the so-called "gray goo" scenario, where self-replicating
nanobots consume everything around them to make copies of themselves, was once widely
discussed but is no longer considered to be a credible threat. It is possible, however, that there
will be some negative effects on the environment as potential new toxins and pollutants may
be created by nanotechnology.
Economic Upheaval

It is likely that nanotechnology, like other technologies before it, will cause major changes in
many economic areas. Although products made possible by nanotechnology will initially be
expensive luxury or specialist items, once availability increases, more and more markets will
feel the impact. Some technologies and materials may become obsolete, leading to companies
specializing in those areas going out of business. Changes in manufacturing processes
brought about by nanotechnology may result in job losses.
Privacy and Security

Nanotechnology raises the possibility of microscopic recording devices, which would be

virtually undetectable. More seriously, it is possible that nanotechnology could be
weaponized. Atomic weapons would be easier to create and novel weapons might also be
developed. One possibility is the so-called "smart bullet," a computerized bullet that could be
controlled and aimed very accurately. These developments may prove a boon for the military;
but if they fell into the wrong hands, the consequences would be dire.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand

new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what we
knew before. The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near
future be real. This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of nanorobots
that will repair every damage that we have in our body.Secondly it will give scientists the
ability to manipulate the combination of atoms in an object and to turn it into a lighter,
stronger, and more durable object than before, just by using carbon nanotubes that are known
to be a hundred times stronger than steel and in addition to that they are very flexible. That
will lead to the creation of objects that can change their forms and have multiple purposes as
the Nokia Morph for example which is a prototype that will soon be out on the market.
Thirdly, Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy
more effectively, for example windmills which are known to have the ability to transform
wind energy into electrical energy, well new windmills that will use Nanotechnology will
have lighter and stronger blades (using carbon nanotubes) that will transform a lot more
energy than before.
Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in the near future, it
is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true like teleportation for example
which scientists are working on today.

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

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Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-19973-5.
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Computation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-57547-4.
3. Hubler, A. (2010). "Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in
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4. Shinn, E. (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene
nanocapacitors". Complexity. 18 (3): 24–
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