UNIT 1: MOMENT OF INERTIA Q.5. Define Polar moment of Inertia.
Q.1. Define Moment of Inertia and state its SI unit. “It is defined as the moment of inertia of body about
ANS : Moment of inertia is defined as, its centroidal axis which is perpendicular to the plane
“Second moment of an area about an axis is called of the body.”
Moment of inertia.”
or UNIT 2: SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS
” A quantity expressing the body’s tendency to resist Q.1. State Hooks law and define Moduli of elasticity
angular acceleration, it is equal to sum of product of “Hooke’s law states that within an elastic limit stress is
mass of particles to the square of distances from the proportional to strain.”
axis of rotation.” Within elastic limits,
Stress α Strain
Moment of inertia = Stress
=Constant=Modulus of Elasticity
Strain
This constant is known as Modulus of elasticity..
SI unit of moment of inertia is Based on types of stresses and strains there are three
moduli of elasticity
Q.2. Define radius of Gyration. 1.Youngs modulus: It is ratio of tensil/comp. stress to
ANS : Moment of inertia is defined as, tensile/comp.strain.
“Radius of gyration of a body about an axis is a Tensile/Compressive Stress
Youngs Modulus( E)=
distance such that when square of that distance is Tensile /Compressive Strain
multiplied by the area of that body gives Moment of 2. Shear modulus(Modulus of elasticity): It is ratio of
inertia of that body.” Shear stress to Shear strain.
Shear Stress
Modulus of rigidity (G)=
Shear Strain
3.Bulk modulus: It is ratio of Volumetric stress and
volumetric strain.
Volumetric Stress
Q.3. State Parallel axis theorem. Bulk Modulus (K)=
Volumetric Strain
It states that, Q.2. State the relation between three moduli of
“ The moment of inertia of a lamina about any axis elasticity.
parallel to the centroidal axis is equal to the Moment Relation between E and K and G
of inertia of the body about its centroidal axis plus E=3 K ( 1−2μ )
the product of the area and square of distance E=2 G(1+μ )
between these two axes.” Izz=Ixx+ A . h2 9 GK
E=
G+3 K
Q.3.Draw diagram for the single and double shear.
Q.4. State Perpendicular axis theorem.
It states that,
“ The moment of inertia of a lamina about an axis
perpendicular to plane of lamina about and axis
perpendicular to the lamina and passing through its
centroidal is
equal to sum of
its moment of
inertia about
two mutually
perpendicular
axes lying in
the plane.”
Q.4. Draw stress strain curve for the ductile material
(mild stress).
Limit of proportionality- In the range of OP the strain is Q.6.What do u mean by thermal Stresses?
proportional to the stress and the graph is straight line. Ans : Thermal stresses are the stresses induced in the
Point P is called as the limit of proportionality. It is the body due to change in temperature. But mere change
value of the stress up to which stress and strain has the in temperature does not produces the thermal
constant ratio and the Hook’s law is obeyed.
stresses, but when the expansion/compression due to
Elastic limit- at the point E, the curve deviates from the
straight line and the stress –strain graph from P to E in
temperature changes is prevented, then only thermal
nonlinear. If the load is increased beyond the P up to the stresses are developed. They may tensile or
point E, the material behaves in the elastic manner that is compressive in nature.
on the removal of the load, the whole deformation will The formula for the free expansion of the bar due to
vanish. The value of stress corresponding to point E up to change in temperature is given by,
which the material behaves in an elastic manner is called δ L=α T L
the elastic limit. Thermal Stress is Given by
Upper Yield point: Point Y1 is called upper yield point. σ=α T E
At this point there is an increase in the strain even though Where
there is no increase in stress (load) A formation of creep L= original length of the body,
makes specimen plastic and the material begins to flow. T= Rise in Temperature
the value of stress corresponding to point Y1 is called
E=Young's Modulus
yield stress or yield strength. The yield stress is defined as
α=Coefficient of Linear expansion for tha material
that unit stress which will cause an increase in length
without an increase in load.
δ L=Change of Length
Lower yield point: A load may rise and fall while
yielding occurs. This is indicated by wavy appearance of UNIT 3: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
the stress-strain graph between Y1 and Y2 .Point Y2 ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF METALS
corresponding to lower yield point. after yielding has Q.1. Define the following terms 1)Elasticity 2) Plasticity
ceased at Y2, further stresses and strain can be obtained 3)Ductility 4) Malleability 5) Stiffness 6) Brittleness 7)
by increasing the load. Hardness 8) Toughness 9)Flexibility
Ultimate Load Point-: after increasing the load beyond Ans :
the yield point, the stress-strain curve rises till the point U Elasticity : It is defined as the ability of the material to
is reached which is called ultimate load; the stress regain its original shape and size after deformation, when
corresponding to this point is called ultimate stress or the external forces are removed. Steel is an elastic
ultimate tensile strength. material within elastic limit.
Breaking load point: up to F, the cross-sectional area of Plasticity : It is defined as the ability of the material to
the specimen goes on uniformly decreasing forming a retain the deformation produced under the load on
neck or waist and the load required to cause further permanent basis.
extension is also reduced. As the elongation continues, Ductility : It is defined as the ability of the material to
cross-sectional area becomes smaller and smaller and deform to a greater extent before the sign of crack, when
ultimately the specimen is broken at F into two pieces subjected to tensile forces. Mild steel, copper and
giving cup cone type of ductile fracture. Point F is called alluminum are ductile materials. Ductile metals can be
as breaking load point and the stress corresponding to this formed brawn or bent in required shape.
point is called breaking stress & rupture stress. Malleability : It is defined as the ability of the material to
Q.5.Draw Stress strain diagram for brittle material ? deform to a greater extent before the sign of crack, when it
For brittle material there are no elastic limit or yield is subjected to compressive force. Malleable metals can be
points it fails all of sudden at a stage. so there is only rolled, forged or extruded. Low carbon steel, copper and
ultimate stress. alluminum are examples of malleable material.
Stiffness(or Rigidity) : It is defined as the ability of the δd
material to resist the deformation under the action of Lateral strain d δ d ×l
external load. The material which shows less deformation Poisson ' s ratio= = =
linear strain δ l δ l×d
is more stiff under given load..
Brittleness : it is defined as the property of material l
which shows negligible plastic deformation before Q.5.Define Strain energy, Resilience and Proof
fracture takes place. Brittleness is opposite property to the resilience.
ductility. Strain Energy
Hardness: It is defined as the resistance of the material to When a piece of bar is subjected to a tensile or a
penetration or permanent deformation. It usually indicates compressive load, P, then there is a change in length
the resistance to abrasion, scratching, cutting or shaping. which is proportional to the load P within elastic limit. It
Toughness : Toughness is the ability of a material to is said that work is done and is stored in the form of strain
absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. energy within a bar or material. On removal of the
One definition of material toughness is the “Amount of loading, the material returns to its original position due to
energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before release of stored energy.
rupturing.” It may be defined as
Flexibility : Flexibility is defined as the ease with which The work done by the load in straining material or bar.
material can be deformed or bent. This property is It is denoted by U.
opposite of the stiffness . Resilience
Q.2. Define Creep ? Strain energy per unit volume stored in a material is
Ans: When a component is under constant load, it may called resilience.
undergo slow and progressive plastic deformation over a Proof Resilience
period of time. This time dependent strain is called Strain energy at elastic limit in a material or bar is
CREEP. Creep is defined as slow and progressive known as Proof Resilience.
deformation of the material with time under constant Strain energy is measured in N-m, N-mm or Joule.
stress. Creep deformation is a function of stress level and UNIT 4: SFD-BMD AND SHEAR STRESS
temperature. Therefore, Creep deformation is higher at AND BENDING STRESSES
higher temperature and creep becomes important for Q.1. Define Shear force and Bending moment. (imp)
components operating at elevated temperature. Ans :
Q.3. Define Fatigue. Shear force: The algebraic sum of vertical forces at
Fatigue Failure “The phenomenon of decreased resistance any section of a beam either to the left or to the right
of material to repeated stresses is called fatigue failure.” of the section is called the shear force at that section.
It has been observed that materials fail under fluctuating Bending Moment: The algebraic sum of moments of
stresses, at a stress lower than ultimate tensile strength of all forces a at any section of a beam either to the left
material. Sometimes the magnitude is even smaller than
or to the right of the section is called the bending
yield stress, further the magnitude of stress causing
fatigue failure decreases as number of stress cycle
moment at that section.
increases Shear Force diagram (SFD): A diagram which shows
Q.4.Define and explain Poisson’s ratio the variation of the shear force along the length of the
beam is called the SFD.
Bending moment diagram : A diagram which shows
the variation of the bending moment along the length
of the beam is called BMD.
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Q.2 .State the relation between B.M., S.F. and rate of
loading.
Ans:
1.Relation between rate of loading and Shear force
dQ/dx = -F
The slope of shear force diagram is equal to
magnitude of distributed load.
2. Relation between shear force and bending moment
Poisson’s ratio : The ratio of lateral strain to the dM/dx=Q
longitudinal strain is constant for a given material, The slope of bending moment diagram is equal to
when the material is stressed within the elastic limit. shear force.
This ratio is called Poisson’s ratio and it is generally It means “ rate of change of bending moment is equal
denoted by μ . to shear force”
here F= load, Q= shear force and M= bending
moment.
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Q.3.Define the Point of Contra-flexure ?
Ans:“Point of contra-flexure(POC) is defined as a
point in the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes its sign.”
In other words,bending moment diagram the point
where the bending moment curve cuts the “zero” line
is called the point of contra-flexure.
Q.5.State the assumptions in Pure(simple) bending.
A bending moment diagram may have one or more (VVimp)
points or contra-flexure. Assumptions
The bending moment changes its sign at point of 1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and
contra-flexure. at point of contra-flexure the bending isotropic and follows the Hooke's Law
moment is zero as well as fiber stress is also zero. 2. The transverse section of the beam which is plane
before bending, will remain plane after bending.
3. Young's modulus for the material is same for
Q.4. Show how the following parts of BMD are related
tension and compression
to the shear force and loading
a) Nature of Bmd between two point loads 4. Each layer is free to expand or contract
b) Nature of BM and SF between udl.. independently.
c) BM maximum at a point in a beam and value 5. the beam in initially straight and of constant cross
SF at that point section
ANS :a) If there is no load between two points, then Q 6: State the Flexural formula (Bending Eqn), State
the shear force does not change ( shear force line in meaning of each term in it?
SFD is straight) but bending moment changes The bending equation is given as,
linearly ( in BMD there is inclined line).
Where M= Bending moment in Nmm
I= Moment of Inertia in mm4
f= bending stress in N/mm2
y= Distance of extreme fiber from neutral axis
in mm
E= Young's modulus in N/mm2
R= Radius of curvature in mm
2.If there is a UDL between two points, then the Q.7.What is Neutral axis in case of Bending?
shear force changes linearly (there is inclined line in In a beam subjected to bending, at a level between
SFD) but the bending moment changes in parabolic the top and bottom of beam, there is a layer which is
manner (there is parabolic curve in the BMD) neither shortened nor elongated. This layer has
neither tension nor compression on it, this layer is
called neutral axis.
For a circular crosssection neutral axis is at
centre of circle , for rectangular section the neutral
axis is at a distance of half the thickness from upper
or lower end.
Q:8.What do you mean by Section modulus ? State the
formula for section modulus of rectangular and
circular section.
The ratio of moment of inertia at neutral axis to the
3. BM is Maximum at the point where the shear maximum distance from neutral axis is called section
force is zero.. Modulus. It is denoted by “Z” and its unit is mm3 .
In bending equation,
Q.8.State the formula for Average shear stress and
Maximum shear stress for rectangular and circular
section.
Here z=I/y is called section modulus. ANS:
Section modulus for rectangular 1) Rectangular section :
Average shear stress qav =
Maximum shear stress qmax= qavg
Section Modulus for circular section
2) Circular section :
Q:9. Define the term Moment of resistance . Average shear stress qav =
In a beam
subjected to Maximum shear stress qmax= qavg
bending ,at
any section,
compressive
stresses are Q.7.Draw Bendign stress and shear stress distribution
above/below diagram for the rectangular section?
neutral axis
and tensile
stresses are
below/above. The resultants of these opposite
stresses forms a couple. The moment of these couple
is called moment of resistance.
“The algebraic sum of the moment about neutral
axis of the internal forces developed in a beam due to Beam Bending stress Shear Stress
bending is called the moment of resistance.”
Q.10.What do you mean by Shear Stress in Beams? UNIT 5: TORSION
Q:1: Explain the theory of pure torsion?
“When due to loading on a beam, internal stresses
are developed in a section, which resist shear force When equal and opposite forces are applied
tangentially to the ends of a shaft,it is subjected to a
are called as shear stress.” it is denoted by ‘q’or ‘ ’
twisting moment which is equal to the product of the
Equation of shear stress:
force applied and the radius of the shaft. This causes
the shaft either to remain stationary or to rotate with
N/mm2 constant angular velocity. In either case, the stress
Where q= Shear stress at a section layer ( N/mm2) and strain set up in the shaft will be the same.
F= Shear Force at that section (N) When the shaft becomes subjected to equal and
A = Area of section above that layer (mm2 ) opposite torques at its two ends the shaft is said to be
y= Distance of c.g of area under in torsion and as a result of which the shaft will have
consideration from N-A (mm) a tendency to shear off at every crosssection
I= Moment of inertia (mm4 ) perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. So the effect of
b= width of section in mm torsion is to produce shear stress in the material of
Q.7.Draw Shear stress distribution for different sections the shaft.
Q:2: State the Assumptions in Pure Tension (VVIMP)
The following assumptions are made. while finding
out shear stress in a circular shaft subjected to
torsion:
1) The shaft circular in section remains circular after
twisting.
2) The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
3) A plane section of the shaft normal to its axis
before twist remains plane after the application of
torque.
4) The twist along the length of the shaft is uniform
throughout. Q:6: Draw Shear stress distribution for the Solid and
5) All diameters of the normal crosssection which hollow shaft?
are originally straight remain straight after twisting
and their magnitudes do not change.
5) Maximum shear stress induced in the shaft due to
the application of torque does not exceed its elastic
limit value.
Q:3: Define TORQUE and state its S.I.unit?
Ans : Torque is defined as the “Force that causes
rotation of the body”..In is numerically equal to the Q:7: Define Torsional stiffness?
Force multiplied by the radius at which it acts.
Torsional stiffness is defined as the ,”Torque required
to produce unit angular deflection.”
Q: 4: State the Torsional equation stating the meaning
SI unit of torsional Stiffness is N-m/rad.
of every term in it
UNIT 6: DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES
Concept:
where T= Torque acting on shaft in N-mm
J= Polar moment of inertia in mm4
for solid shaft (J= )
for hollow shaft (J= )
When a member is subjected to load on the centroidal
fs= Shear stress (N/mm2 )
axis only direct stress (either tensile or compressive
r =radius of shaft (mm)
as per load) is produced in the member. But when the
C= modulus of rigidity (N/mm2 )
member is subjected to the eccentric load (load on
axis another than centroidal axis) it results in direct
l = length of shaft (mm) stress as well as stress due to bending.. As shown in
Strength Equations of torsion for the solid and figure above. The bending stress has both tensile and
hollow shaft. compressive stresses..
Now when both direct and bending stresses
For solid shaft
are combined together on one side there is addition
For Hollow shaft because both are of same nature(compressive) and on
k= ration of inside diameter to outside diameter the other end there is subtraction because they are of
Q:5: How power transmitted by shaft is calculated? opposite nature (direct is compressive and bending is
tensile).
Power transmitted by a shaft is calculated in
Q.1. State the formula for the maximum and minimum
following steps
stress intensities in case of Direct and bending stresses.
1) Calculate polar moment of inertia Or.. Sketch the resultant stress distribution at the base
section for condition that direct stress is
for solid shaft (J= ) mm4 equal/greater/less than bending stress
Or State the condition for the NO TENSION at the
for hollow shaft (J= ) mm4 base of column.
2) calculate torque transmission capacity ANS :
T= Direct stress =
3) Power is calculated by formula,
Bending stress =
P=
When these both stresses get combined on one side
there is addition (due to same nature) and on another thickness}
side there is subtraction. so the maximum and
minimum stress formulas are
= Thus the eccentricity for a rectangular section must
Three possible situations of the maximum and be less than b/6..
Similarly if the eccentricity is in plane bisecting
minimum stresses.
width, then the eccentricity will be d/6.
It is diagrammatically shown below.
Core for circular section :
Consider a solid circular section of diameter d as
shown in figure below..
using condition for no tension ,
Q.2. What do u mean by limit of eccentricity?
or State the condition for “No tension at Base”...
If the stresses in the member are to be
completely compressive (both maximum and d4
minimum stresses to compressive),then ,
Thus the eccentricity for the circular section must be
less than d/8 from centre so as to avoid tensile stress.
This is diagrammatically shown below.
e
Thus for the no tension at base the eccentricity must
be less than (or equal to ) .
Q:3: What do you mean by Core or kernel of a section?
Draw core of a section for the rectangular and circular
section.. Q.4. State the “Middle one third rule”.
or Calculate limit of eccentricity for circular section of The rule states that,”for
diameter D for no tension at base a rectangular section if
or Calculate limit of eccentricity for a rectangular the load is applied
section width B and thickness D. within middle one third
ANS : “The area within which the load may be of the section then no
applied so as to avoid tensile stresses is called the tension is developed in
core or kernel of the section”. In other words if the the section.” the above
load is applied within the core then the stresses diagram is explanation of this rule.
produced in the section are both (maximum and
minimum) are of compressive nature.”
Core for rectangular section :
Using the condition of no tension at base
{considering eccentricity in plane bisecting
