GENERAL BIOLOGY REVIEWER Cytoskeleton “cellular skeleton”

- can assemble and disassemble by the addition or removal

•Discovery of Cell theory of proteins. They appear only at certain time in the cell
cycle. Three elements: microfilaments, intermediate
Robert Hooke Theodore Schwann filaments, and microtubules. Maintain cell and organelles
Observes cell of a cork All animals are made up shape and the cell to move.
of an oak tree through of cells
a primitive microscope
Ribosomes “protein manufacturers”
1665 1839 - lie free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER. Two
1838 1858 subunits (small and large) assemble into one where protein
synthesis takes place.
Mattias Jacob Schleiden Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow
All plants are composed Cell arise from other living cells Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
of cells that divide - forms a membranous tiny canal, which is connected to the
nuclear membrane and branches throughout the
cytoplasm, thus, serves as passageway through which
- Robert Hooke structure of cells from the Latin
substances are transported within the cell.
word cellulae or cella, meaning small room.
Rough ER – attached ribosomes that cause its rough
appearance. The ribosome produce proteins.
• Parts of Cell Smooth ER – without ribosomes

Nucleus “ Control Center”

- is the most obvious part of the cell seen under the
microscope. Golgi apparatus – modifies, packages, stores, and
- It contains the DNA- the genetic material that controls distributes proteins coming from the ER. The Golgi
most of the activity of other parts of the cell. apparatus produce lysosomes.
- Spherical shape is more resistant to pressure, makes the
DNA more protected. Vesicles - membrane that detaches from the Golgi
apparatus envelopes the modified proteins that form tiny
spheres. It carries the modified proteins moves to the
plasma membrane where it discharges its contents.

Lysosome “suicide bag”

- contains hydrolytic enzymes – enzymes that are capable
of breaking down or dissolving materials. It protects the cell
from microorganisms like bacteria and other foreign
materials.

Peroxisomes – single membrane vesicle. It self-replicates

Nuclear Membrane or envelope – double membrane that by enlarging and then dividing. It protects cell by
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. detoxifying substances.
Nuclear Pores – opening of nuclear membrane, where
materials from nucleus exits in to the cytoplasm. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse”
Nucleolus – synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA). - Made up of two membranes (inner and outer). Inner
membrane forms folds called cristae. Its matrix is filled with
Centrioles – composed of two sets of microtubules lying at a gel like fluid that contains enzymes. These enzymes help
right angle to one another within an area called to break down food molecules (e.g., glucose, carbs, fats)
centrosome. It also guides the movement of chromosomes into usable energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
during cell division. molecules.
Microtubule – small cylinders made of a globular protein
called tubulin.
Plastids (found in plant cells) Centriole Consist of rod- Aids in the
•Leucoplasts – colorless plastids, store starch, thus foods shape structures chromosome
rich with starch contains numerous leucoplasts. which are at the movement during
•Chloroplast – the colored plastids, has green pigments right angle to each cell division.
called chlorophyll. It has outer and inner membranes. other
Inside this organelle, are the thylakoids. Thylakoids are Cytoskeleton Made up of fibrous Maintains the
piled up, and each pile is called granum. The grana contains elements shape of the cell;
chlorophyll. Around it is the fluid-filled space called stroma. from movement of
It plays vital role in completion of photosynthesis process. cell organelles and
cell
Vacuole “liquid tank”
- Stores water and plant toxins. Also add support to the cell Vacuole Fluid-filled cavity Contains a watery
to make it firm. that is surrounded solution called cell
by a membrane sap; maintains cell
Cell Wall shape and serves
- Plant cell walls vary in thickness, depending on the as storage area
function and age of the individual cell. All plant cell walls
have two layers: the middle lamella and the primary wall.

Parts of Typical Cell and their Functions Cell Types

Structure Description Function Prokaryotic Cells

Nucleus Generally spherical Directs most of the - Prokaryote came from the Greek word which means
and centrally cell’s activities; “before nuclei”. It is Primitive cells that found in bacteria
located and cyanobacteria.
Ribosome Dot like structures Produces proteins - The three major shapes of this are rod, spiral and
that may be free or spherical.
attached to the ER. - Do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
Endoplasmic Network of canal- Serves as channels organelle.
Reticulum: like passage through which
•smooth ER between the cell materials are Eukaryotic Cells
•rough ER membrane and the transported. - Eukaryote is a Greek term which means “truly nuclear”.
nucleus - It is present in living things like animals and human.
Golgi Stacked Collects, packages - Contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.
Apparatus membranes with and distributes
interconnected materials
networks of vesicle manufactured by Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Typical Animal
of tubules. the cell; modifies Eukaryotic Cell
proteins. Cell Membrane Yes Yes
Lysosome Spherical sacs or Destroy old cells Cell Wall Yes No
vesicles and harmful
Centrioles No Yes
foreign bodies
Chromosomes One long DNA Many
taken in by the cell
strand
Peroxisomes Single membrane detoxification
Cilia or Flagella Yes, simple Yes, complex
vesicle
Endoplasmic R. No Yes (some
Chloroplast Oval-shape Manufacturers exception)
structures sugar through
Golgi complex No Yes
photosynthesis
Lysosomes No Common
Mitochondrion Round to avoid Produces ATP from Mitochondrion No Yes
membranous chemical energy of Nucleus No Yes
vesicle filled w/ food Peroxisomes No Common
hydrolytic enzymes Ribosomes Yes Yes
Plasma Outer membrane Controls the exit
Membrane that envelops the and entry of
cell materials to and
from the cell
Cell Wall Lies outside the Provides rigidity;
plasma membrane for protection
of a plant cell
REMEMBER: Anaphase

•Biology – study of living things - The centromeres split and the sister chromatids
•Cytology – study of cell are pulled apart by their spindle fiber to each
•Cell respective pole. Each chromatid is now separate
- Basic unit of life chromosome.
- Can’t live without other cell
Telophase
- Comes from pre-existing cell
•Robert Hooke compares the cell to school of - Final stage of mitosis, two daughter cells are
monks. formed. Each daughter cell has exactly the same
•Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics number and kind of chromosomes as the mother
•DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Carries Genes) cell. The nucleus and the nuclear envelop
•RNA – Ribonucleic Acid reappear. A cell membrane starts to divide into
•Microscope – use to see microorganisms that two.
can’t see by our naked eye. Invented by Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek. Cytokinesis

- This phase completes the process of cell division.

The cytoplasm and its organelles are divided
MITOSIS between the two daughter cells. In animal cells,
the plasma membrane forms a cleavage furrow
- All cells of eukaryotes undergo cell division called along the equator dividing the cell into two
mitosis. identical cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms at
- This type of cell division is true only for body cells the equator and joins the old cell wall until the cell
or somatic cells. divided into two.

Interphase
MEIOSIS
- Also called resting phase and is actually the
longest phase in the cell cycle. During this stage - Occurs only in cells which are to become gametes
the amount of cytoplasm and the number of or sex cells.
organelles increase (doubles). At the end the - Haploid – cell with half number of chromosomes
chromosomes of the cell are replicated. of its parent cell and represented by the symbol n.
- Diploid cell – cell containing a pair of
- Chromosomes – carry the genetic material of the
chromosomes from both parents, represented by
organism. Replication is the process in which exact the symbol 2n.
copies of the genetic material is made. - All sex cells contain only half the chromosomes
- Sister Chromatid – the identical copy of each number. During the process of sexual
chromosome. It is joined together at a point called reproduction, the haploid egg cell from the female
the centromere. and haploid sperm cell unite becomes diploid.
- After this, mitochondria and other cell organelles - Homologous chromosome – that are similar in
structure found in diploid.
needed for cell division are produced.
Phases of Meiosis
Prophase
Two major stages : Meiosis I and Meiosis II
- The sister chromatids appear thicker. The nucleus
Meiosis I
disappears as the nuclear envelop and the
nucleolus breaks apart. In animal cell, small, dark
Interphase
round bodies called centrioles move to the
- Just like in mitosis, the cell does its usual activities
opposite end of the cell. As it moves, the spindle
and replicates its chromosomes. The
fibers start to assemble and form.
chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids
held together by a centromere.
Metaphase
Prophase I
- Chromosomes begin to condense
- Centrioles are in opposite end of the cell. The
- Homologous chromosome
chromosomes attached in spindle fibers in the
- Pair crossing over occurs
middle of the cell.
- Recombinant chromosomes
 - Chromosomes become thick and visible.
Homologous chromosomes form a four part Criterion Mitosis Meiosis
structure called Tetrad. Two chromosomes joining 1. Number of cell 1 2 (Meiosis I
together form four chromatids. division involved and Meiosis II)
- Crossing-over– process of which the four
chromatid pair exchange of genetic material. 2. Number of 2 4
These results to a new combination of genes not resulting daughter
like those found in the original chromosome. cell
3. Number of Diploid (2n) Haploid (n)
- The nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle Chromosomes of
fiber form. resulting daughter
cells
Metaphase I 4. Presence or Absent Present
- The homologous chromosomes are lined up absence of crossing-
together at the equator. Tetrad formation still over
maintained. 5. Types of cells Body cells or Cells which are
- Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes involved somatic cell to become sex
- Chromosomes line up in the center of cell cells or
gametes
Anaphase I
- The tetrad formation splits and each set of sister
chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to the
opposite ends. This means that each new cell will
get only one of the pair homologous
chromosomes.

Telophase I
- A nuclear envelope forms for each new cell. Two
new cell are formed each having half number of
chromosomes of the original cell.
- Cytokinesis – cell division occurs.

Meiosis II

Prophase II
- Spindle fibers form in each of the two cells.
- Chromosomes begin to condense.
- Nuclear membrane dissolve

Metaphase II
- Double stranded chromosomes line up at the
equator of the cell

Anaphase II
- Centromere divides and each daughter chromatid
moves to the opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase II
- The nuclei form, spindle fibers disappears and
cytoplasm divides. Four haploid daughter cells are
produced and each carries a certain set of
character traits from its parent cell.

Spermatogenesis – meiosis focused on the development of

sperm cell.

Oogenesis – development of the egg cell through meiosis.