Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease
ORDER OF VALVULAR INVOLVEMENT IN RHD
Commonest acquired heart disease in children
Chronic sequelae of rheumatic fever
1) Valve involvement
Order of valve involvement in RHD is
– MV AV TV PV
– Why because the stress for the valves are only when they
are closed
2) Pericardial involvement
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MITRAL STENOSIS
• Primarily a result of rheumatic fever
• Scarring & fusion of valve apparatus
• Pure or predominant MS occurs in approximately
40% of all patients with rheumatic heart disease
• Two‐thirds of all patients with MS are female
• Reduction of valvular size to 25% or less
• Rarely it may occur in 6 months to 2 years (juvenile
mitral stenosis)
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MITRAL STENOSIS:PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Normal valve area: 4‐6 cm2
• Mild mitral stenosis:
– MVA 1.5‐2.5 cm2
– Minimal symptoms
• Mod mitral stenosis
– MVA 1.0‐1.5 cm2 usually does not produce
symptoms at rest
• Severe mitral stenosis
– MVA < 1.0 cm2
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RHEUMATIC MS
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PATHOLOGY
• Fibrosis of the mitral ring with contracture of valve
leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles and
commissural fusion
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MITRAL STENOSIS : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Right Heart Failure: Pulmonary HTN
Hepatic Congestion Pulmonary Congestion
JVD LA Enlargement
Tricuspid Regurgitation Atrial Fib
RA Enlargement LA Thrombi
LA Pressure
RV Pressure Overload
RVH LV Filling
RV Failure
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MITRAL STENOSIS : SYMPTOMS
• Palpitations • Atrial fibrillation
• Cough • Systemic embolism
• Left sided failure • Worsened by conditions
– Orthopnea that cardiac output.
– PND – Exertion, fever,
• Pulmonary infection anemia, tachycardia,
• Right sided failure Atrial fibrillations,
– Hepatic Congestion pregnancy,
– Edema thyrotoxicosis
• Hemoptysis
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RECOGNIZING MITRAL STENOSIS
Palpation:
• Small volume pulse
• Tapping apex‐palpable S1
• +/‐ palpable opening snap (OS)
• RV lift
• Palpable S2
ECG:
• LAE, A Fib, RVH, RAD
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Auscultation:
Loud S1‐ as loud as S2 in aortic area
A2 to OS interval inversely
proportional to severity
Diastolic rumble: length
proportional to severity
In severe MS with low flow‐ S1,
OS & rumble may be inaudible
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PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• S1_____________S2__OS________________S1
• First heart sound (S1) is accentuated and snapping
• Opening snap (OS) after aortic valve closure
• Low pitch diastolic rumble at the apex
• Pre‐systolic accentuation (esp. if in sinus rhythm)
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MITRAL STENOSIS:NATURAL HISTORY
• Progressive, life long disease,
• Usually slow & stable in the early years.
• Progressive acceleration in the later years
• 20‐40 year latency from rheumatic fever to symptom
onset.
• Additional 10 years before disabling symptoms
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INVESTIGATION
ECG :‐
• LAE
• RVH
• Premature contractions
• Atrial flutter and/or fibrillation
– freq. in pts with mod‐severe MS for several
years
– A fib develops in 30% to 40% of pts with
symptoms
• X ray chest
• Echocardiogram
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MITRAL STENOSIS:THERAPY
• Medical
– Diuretics for LHF/RHF
– Digitalis/Beta blockers/CCB: Rate control in A Fib
– Anticoagulation: In A Fib
– Endocarditis prophylaxis
• Balloon valvuloplasty
– Effective long term improvement
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MITRAL STENOSIS:THERAPY
• Surgical
– Mitral
commissurotomy‐
ideal for pliable valve
– Mitral Valve
Replacement‐
calcified valve
• Mechanical
• Bio prosthetic
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MITRAL REGURGITATION
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PATHOLOGY
• Loss of valvular structure and shortening of chordae
tendinae
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MR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Chronic LV volume overload compensatory LVE
initially maintaining cardiac output
• Decompensation (increased LV wall tension) CHF
• LVE annulus dilation increased MR
• Backflow LAE, Afib, Pulmonary HTN
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MR SYMPTOMS
• Similar to MS
• Dyspnea, Orthopnea,
PND
• Fatigue
• Pulmonary HTN, right
sided failure
• Hemoptysis
• Systemic embolization
in A Fib
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RECOGNIZING CHRONIC MR
• Pulse: • Murmur‐Fixed MR:
– brisk, low volume – pan systolic
• Apex: – Loudest, apex to axilla
– hyperdynamic – no post extra‐systolic
– laterally displaced accentuation
– palpable S3, +/‐ thrill • Murmur‐Dynamic MR(MVP)
– late parasternal lift – mid systolic
2 to LA filling
– +/‐ click
• S 1 soft or normal
• S 2 wide split (early A2) – upright
unless LBBB • S 3 / flow rumble if severe
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RECOGNIZING ACUTE SEVERE MR
• Acute severe dyspnea, • RV lift
CHF & hypotension • Chordal or papillary
• LV size normal muscle rupture/tear
• LV may/may not be – Infarction with
hyper dynamic
papillary muscle
• Loud S1 ischemia or tear
• Systolic murmur
may/may not be pan‐ – Infectious endocarditis
systolic with leaflet perforation
• Inflow/rumble or disruption or
chordal tear
• S3 present‐may be only
abnormality – Flail MV segment
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RECOGNIZING ACUTE SEVERE MR
• ECG: • CXR:
– LA enlargement – LV
– A fib – LA
– LVH (50% pts. With – pulmonary
severe MR) vascularity
– RVH (15%) – CHF
– Combined
hypertrophy (5%)
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MR ECHOCARDIOGRAM
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MR STAGES
LV size and function defined by echo
• Stage 1‐compensated:
– End‐diastolic dimension less 63mm, ESD less
42mm
– EF more than 60
• Stage 2‐transitional
– EDD 65‐68mm, ESD 44‐45mm, EF 53‐57
• Stage 3‐decompensated
– EDD more than 70mm, ESD more than 45mm, EF
less than 50
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MITRAL VALVE SURGERY
• Only effective treatment is valve repair/replacement
• Optimal timing determined:
– Presence/absence of symptoms
– Functional state of ventricle
– Feasibility of valve repair
– Presence of A fib/PHTN
– Preference/expectations of patient
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MV REPAIR VS REPLACEMENT
• Lower operative
mortality
• Better late outcome
• Curative
• Avoids anticoagulation
unless atrial fibrillation
• Open A fib ablation
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CONTD:
• Valve replacement: • Valve repair
– Mortality 2‐7% – Mortality 2‐3%
– Anti‐coagulation – No anticoagulation
– Decreased LVEF (unless Afib)
• Tissue prosthetic valve – Preservation of LVEF
degeneration • Valve repair always
• Mechanical prosthetic preferable
valve dysfunction/ – Feasible in 70‐90% of
thrombosis patients
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Sclerosis of aortic valve and retraction of cusps
• Left ventricular enlargement
• Mild cases are asymptomatic
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SYMPTOMS
• Orthopnea
• Wide pulse pressure
• Exertional angina
• Heaving apex
• Blowing early diastolic murmur in aortic area‐ best
heard in expiration
• Austin Flint murmur – apical presystolic murmur due
to large flow across mitral valve
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INVESTIGATIONS
• X‐ ray
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac catheterization
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TREATMENT
• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Decongestive‐ vasodilators, ACE inhibitors (digoxin
increases the regurgitation)
• Infective endocarditis prophylaxis
• Valve replacement if left ventricular function is
progressively reducing
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AORTIC REGURGITATION
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SYMPTOMS
• Orthopnea
• Wide pulse pressure
• Exertional angina
• Heaving apex
• Blowing early diastolic murmur in aortic area‐ best
heard in expiration
• Austin Flint murmur – apical presystolic murmur due
to large flow across mitral valve
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INVESTIGATIONS
• X‐ ray
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac catheterization
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TREATMENT
• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Decongestive‐ vasodilators, ACE inhibitors (digoxin
increases the regurgitation)
• Infective endocarditis prophylaxis
• Valve replacement if left ventricular function is
progressively reducing
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VALVULOPLASTY
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PERICARDITIS
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Noninflammatory involvement of pericardium
• Accumulation of fluid in the cavity more than 10 to
15 ml
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PERICARDITIS
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CLINICAL FEATURES
• Precordial pain
• Cough
• Dyspnea
• Pericardial rub
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INVESTIGATION
• X ray chest – water bottle appearance of heart
• ECG – low voltage of QRS complexes, elevation of ST
segment and T wave inversion
• Echocardiography
• Pericardial tap
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TREATMENT
• Bed rest
• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Steroids
• Aspiration of pericardial effusion
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THANK YOU
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