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Rheumatic Heart Disease

This document discusses rheumatic heart disease and focuses on mitral stenosis. It notes that rheumatic fever is a chronic sequelae that can lead to valve involvement, most commonly affecting the mitral valve first. It then provides details on the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis, including how it causes right heart failure and left-sided heart failure over time. The document outlines the typical progression of mitral stenosis from mild to severe based on valve area, and describes associated symptoms like palpitations, cough, orthopnea, and pulmonary infection. Diagnosis and treatment options are also summarized, including medical management with diuretics and surgery like balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
294 views43 pages

Rheumatic Heart Disease

This document discusses rheumatic heart disease and focuses on mitral stenosis. It notes that rheumatic fever is a chronic sequelae that can lead to valve involvement, most commonly affecting the mitral valve first. It then provides details on the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis, including how it causes right heart failure and left-sided heart failure over time. The document outlines the typical progression of mitral stenosis from mild to severe based on valve area, and describes associated symptoms like palpitations, cough, orthopnea, and pulmonary infection. Diagnosis and treatment options are also summarized, including medical management with diuretics and surgery like balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement.

Uploaded by

Vickee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

ORDER OF VALVULAR INVOLVEMENT IN RHD

Commonest acquired heart disease in children
Chronic sequelae of rheumatic fever
1) Valve involvement
Order of valve involvement in RHD is 
– MV  AV  TV  PV
– Why because the stress for the valves are only when they 
are closed

2) Pericardial involvement

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 2
MITRAL STENOSIS
• Primarily a result of rheumatic fever
• Scarring & fusion of valve apparatus
• Pure or predominant MS occurs in approximately 
40% of all patients with rheumatic heart disease
• Two‐thirds of all patients with MS are female
• Reduction of valvular  size to 25% or less
• Rarely it may occur in 6 months to 2 years (juvenile 
mitral stenosis)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 3
MITRAL STENOSIS:PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Normal valve area:  4‐6 cm2
• Mild mitral stenosis: 
– MVA 1.5‐2.5 cm2
– Minimal symptoms
• Mod mitral stenosis
– MVA 1.0‐1.5 cm2  usually does not produce 
symptoms at rest
• Severe mitral stenosis
– MVA < 1.0 cm2

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 4
RHEUMATIC MS

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 5
PATHOLOGY

• Fibrosis of the mitral ring with contracture of valve 
leaflets, chordae and papillary muscles and 
commissural fusion

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 6
MITRAL STENOSIS : PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Right Heart Failure:  Pulmonary HTN
Hepatic Congestion Pulmonary Congestion
JVD LA Enlargement
Tricuspid Regurgitation Atrial Fib
RA Enlargement LA Thrombi
 LA Pressure

 RV Pressure Overload
RVH LV Filling
RV Failure

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 7
MITRAL STENOSIS : SYMPTOMS

• Palpitations • Atrial fibrillation
• Cough • Systemic embolism
• Left sided failure • Worsened by conditions 
– Orthopnea that  cardiac output.
– PND – Exertion, fever, 
• Pulmonary infection anemia, tachycardia, 
• Right sided failure Atrial fibrillations, 
– Hepatic Congestion pregnancy, 
– Edema thyrotoxicosis
• Hemoptysis
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 8
RECOGNIZING MITRAL STENOSIS

Palpation:
• Small volume pulse
• Tapping apex‐palpable S1
• +/‐ palpable opening snap (OS)
• RV lift
• Palpable S2
ECG:
•  LAE, A Fib, RVH, RAD

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 9
Auscultation:
 Loud S1‐ as loud as S2 in aortic area

 A2 to OS interval inversely 
          proportional to  severity
 Diastolic rumble: length  
           proportional to severity
 In severe MS with low flow‐ S1, 

 OS & rumble may be inaudible

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 10
PHYSICAL  EXAMINATION

• S1_____________S2__OS________________S1 

• First heart sound (S1) is accentuated and snapping
• Opening snap (OS) after aortic valve closure
• Low pitch diastolic rumble at the apex
• Pre‐systolic accentuation (esp. if in sinus rhythm)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 11
MITRAL STENOSIS:NATURAL HISTORY

• Progressive, life long disease, 
• Usually slow & stable in the early years.
• Progressive acceleration in the later years
• 20‐40 year latency from rheumatic fever to symptom 
onset.
• Additional 10 years before disabling symptoms

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 12
INVESTIGATION
     ECG :‐
• LAE
• RVH
• Premature contractions 
• Atrial flutter and/or fibrillation
–  freq. in pts with mod‐severe MS for several 
years
– A fib develops in   30% to 40% of pts with 
symptoms
• X ray chest
• Echocardiogram
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 13
MITRAL STENOSIS:THERAPY

•  Medical
– Diuretics for LHF/RHF
– Digitalis/Beta blockers/CCB: Rate control in A Fib
– Anticoagulation: In A Fib
– Endocarditis prophylaxis
• Balloon valvuloplasty
– Effective long term improvement

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 14
MITRAL STENOSIS:THERAPY

• Surgical
– Mitral 
commissurotomy‐ 
ideal for pliable valve
– Mitral Valve 
Replacement‐ 
calcified valve
• Mechanical
• Bio prosthetic

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 15
MITRAL REGURGITATION

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 16
PATHOLOGY

• Loss of valvular structure and  shortening of chordae 
tendinae 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 17
MR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Chronic LV volume overload  compensatory LVE 
initially maintaining cardiac output

• Decompensation (increased LV wall tension)  CHF

• LVE  annulus dilation  increased MR

• Backflow  LAE, Afib, Pulmonary HTN

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 18
MR SYMPTOMS

• Similar to MS
• Dyspnea, Orthopnea, 
PND
• Fatigue
• Pulmonary HTN, right 
sided failure
• Hemoptysis
• Systemic embolization 
in A Fib

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 19
RECOGNIZING CHRONIC MR

• Pulse: • Murmur‐Fixed MR:
–  brisk, low volume – pan systolic
• Apex: – Loudest, apex to axilla
– hyperdynamic – no post extra‐systolic 
– laterally displaced accentuation
– palpable S3, +/‐ thrill • Murmur‐Dynamic MR(MVP)
– late parasternal lift  – mid systolic
2 to LA filling
– +/‐ click
• S 1 soft or  normal
• S 2 wide split (early A2)  –  upright
unless LBBB • S 3 / flow rumble if severe
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16
20
RECOGNIZING ACUTE SEVERE MR

• Acute severe dyspnea,  • RV lift
CHF & hypotension • Chordal or papillary 
• LV size normal muscle rupture/tear
• LV may/may not be  – Infarction with 
hyper dynamic
papillary muscle 
• Loud S1 ischemia or tear
• Systolic murmur 
may/may not be pan‐ – Infectious endocarditis 
systolic with leaflet perforation 
• Inflow/rumble or disruption or 
chordal tear
• S3 present‐may be only 
abnormality – Flail MV segment
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 21
RECOGNIZING ACUTE SEVERE MR

• ECG: • CXR:
– LA enlargement –  LV
– A fib –  LA
– LVH (50% pts. With  –  pulmonary 
severe MR) vascularity
– RVH (15%) – CHF
– Combined 
hypertrophy (5%)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 22
MR ECHOCARDIOGRAM

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 23
MR STAGES

LV size and function defined by echo
• Stage 1‐compensated: 
– End‐diastolic dimension less 63mm, ESD less 
42mm
– EF more than 60
• Stage 2‐transitional
– EDD 65‐68mm, ESD 44‐45mm, EF 53‐57
• Stage 3‐decompensated
– EDD more than 70mm, ESD more than 45mm, EF 
less than 50
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 24
MITRAL VALVE SURGERY

• Only effective treatment is valve repair/replacement
• Optimal timing determined:
– Presence/absence of symptoms
– Functional state of ventricle
– Feasibility of valve repair
– Presence of A fib/PHTN
– Preference/expectations of patient

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 25
MV REPAIR VS REPLACEMENT

• Lower operative 
mortality
• Better late outcome
• Curative
• Avoids anticoagulation 
unless atrial fibrillation
• Open A fib ablation

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 26
CONTD:

• Valve replacement: • Valve repair
– Mortality 2‐7% – Mortality 2‐3%
– Anti‐coagulation – No anticoagulation 
– Decreased LVEF (unless Afib)
• Tissue prosthetic valve  – Preservation of LVEF
degeneration • Valve repair always 
• Mechanical prosthetic  preferable
valve dysfunction/  – Feasible in 70‐90% of 
thrombosis patients

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 27
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Sclerosis of aortic valve and retraction of cusps
• Left ventricular enlargement 
• Mild cases are asymptomatic 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 28
SYMPTOMS

• Orthopnea
• Wide pulse pressure 
• Exertional angina 
• Heaving apex 
• Blowing early diastolic murmur in aortic area‐ best 
heard in expiration
• Austin Flint murmur – apical presystolic murmur due 
to large flow across mitral valve 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 29
INVESTIGATIONS

• X‐ ray
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac catheterization 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 30
TREATMENT

• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Decongestive‐ vasodilators, ACE inhibitors (digoxin 
increases the regurgitation) 
• Infective endocarditis prophylaxis 
• Valve replacement if left ventricular function is 
progressively reducing

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 31
AORTIC REGURGITATION

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 32
SYMPTOMS

• Orthopnea
• Wide pulse pressure 
• Exertional angina 
• Heaving apex 
• Blowing early diastolic murmur in aortic area‐ best 
heard in expiration
• Austin Flint murmur – apical presystolic murmur due 
to large flow across mitral valve 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 33
INVESTIGATIONS

• X‐ ray
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac catheterization 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 34
TREATMENT

• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Decongestive‐ vasodilators, ACE inhibitors (digoxin 
increases the regurgitation) 
• Infective endocarditis prophylaxis 
• Valve replacement if left ventricular function is 
progressively reducing

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 35
VALVULOPLASTY

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 36
 PERICARDITIS

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 37
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Noninflammatory involvement of pericardium
• Accumulation of fluid in the cavity more than 10 to 
15 ml

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 38
PERICARDITIS

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 39
CLINICAL FEATURES

• Precordial pain
• Cough
• Dyspnea 
• Pericardial rub 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 40
INVESTIGATION

• X ray chest – water bottle appearance of heart
• ECG – low voltage of QRS complexes, elevation of ST 
segment and T wave inversion
• Echocardiography
• Pericardial tap

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 41
TREATMENT

• Bed rest
• Rheumatic prophylaxis
• Steroids
• Aspiration of pericardial effusion 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 42
THANK YOU

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015‐16 43

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