BEE QUESTION PAPER SOLUTION
MAY 2018(CBCGS)
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Q1] a) What is the difference ideal source and actual source? Illustrate the concept using
the V-I characteristics of voltage and current source. (4)
Solution:-
A voltage source is a two terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is constant and is
independent of the current drawn from it.
Ideal voltage source have zero internal resistance practically an ideal voltage source cannot be obtained.
Source having some amount of internal resistance are known as practical voltage source due to this
internal resistance voltage drop takes place and it causes the terminal voltage to reduce.
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Q1] b) In a balanced three phase circuit the power factor is 0.866. what will be the ratio
of two wattmeter reading if the power is measured using two wattmeter (4)
Solution:-
Pf = 0.866
cos𝜑 = 0.866
𝜑 = cos −1 0.866
𝜑 = 30.00
tan 𝜑 = tan(30.00) = 0.57735
(𝑊 −𝑊 )
tan 𝜑 = √3 ( 1 2)
𝑊 +𝑊 1 2
0.57735 (𝑊1 −𝑊2 )
= (𝑊1 +𝑊2 )
√3
0.333((𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ) = (𝑊1 − 𝑊2 )
0.333𝑊2 + 𝑊2 = 𝑊1 − 0.333𝑊1
𝑊1 1.333
=
𝑊2 0.667
𝑊1
= 1.9985
𝑊2
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Q1] c)calculate 𝑹𝑨𝑩 (4)
Solution:-
15+60 = 75Ω …………..( resistors are in series)
30+30 = 60Ω ……………….(resistors are in series)
Now, resistor 75Ω and 60Ω are in parallel,
75 || 60 = 33.33Ω
Now 33.33Ω and 40Ω are in series.
33.33 + 40 = 73.33Ω
R = 73.33Ω
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Q1] d) Derive the equation for resonance frequency for a parallel circuit in which a
capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil having resistance R and inductive reactance
𝑿𝑳 . What is the resonance frequency if inductor is ideal? (4)
Solution:-
Consider a parallel circuit consisting of a coil and a capacitor as shown below. The impedances of two
branches are:-
̅̅̅
𝑍1 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ̅̅̅
𝑍2 = −𝑗𝑋𝐶
1 1 𝑅−𝑗𝑋 1 1 𝑗
𝑌̅1 = ̅̅̅
= = 𝑅2+𝑋𝐿2 𝑌̅2 = ̅̅̅
= =
𝑍1 𝑅+𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝐿 𝑍2 −𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶
Admittance of the circuit 𝑌̅ = 𝑌̅1 + 𝑌̅2
𝑅−𝑗𝑋 𝑗 𝑅 𝑋 1
𝑌̅ = 𝑅2+𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑋 = 𝐿
− 𝑗 (𝑅2+𝑋 2 −𝑋 )
𝐿 𝐶 𝑅2 +𝑋𝐿2 𝐿 𝐶
At resonance the circuit is purely resistive. Therefore, the condition for resonance is.
𝑋𝐿 1
−𝑋 =0
𝑅2 +𝑋𝐿2 𝐶
𝑋𝐿 1
=𝑋
𝑅2 +𝑋𝐿2 𝐶
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2
1
𝜔0 𝐿 𝜔 = 𝑅2 + 𝜔0 2 𝐿2
0𝐶
𝐿
𝜔0 2 𝐿2 = − 𝑅2
𝐶
1 𝑅2
𝜔0 = √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓0 = √ − 𝐿2
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
Where 𝑓0 is called as the resonant frequency of the circuit.
If R is very small as compared to L then
1
𝜔0 = √𝐿𝐶
𝟏
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪
DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE OF A PARALLEL CIRCUIT.
𝑅
At resonance the circuit is purely resistive the real part of admittance is 𝑅2 +𝑋 2 . Hence the dynamic
𝐿
impedance at resonance is given by,
𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑍𝐷 =
𝑅
At resonance ,
𝐿
𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑳
𝒁𝑫 =
𝑪𝑹
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Q1] e) What are the classification of DC motor? Specify one application for each one. (4)
Solution:-
Depending upon the method of excitation of field winding ,DC machine are classified into two classes:-
1) Separately excited machines.
2) Self excited machines.
SEPARATELY EXCITED MACHINES
In separately excited machines the field winding is provided with a separate DC source to supply the field
current as shown in figure.
SELF EXCITED MACHINES
In case of self excited machines no, separate source is provided to drive the field current, but the field
current is driven by its own emf generated across the armature terminals when the machine works as a
generator self excited machine are further classified into the three types, depending upon the method in
which the field winding is connected to the armature:
a) SHUNT WOUND MACHINES
b) SERIES WOUND MACHINES
c) COMPOUND WOUND MACHINES
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Q1] f) Derive emf equation of a single phase transformer (4)
Solution:-
EMF EQUATION.
As the primary winding is excited by a sinusoidal alternating voltage, an alternating current flows in the
winding producing a sinusoidally varying flux 𝜑 in the core.
𝜑 = 𝜑𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction an emf 𝑒1 is induced in the primary winding.
𝑑𝜑
𝑒1 = −𝑁1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑒1 = −𝑁1 (𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑒1 = −𝑁1 𝜑𝑚 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = −𝑁1 𝜑𝑚 𝜔sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°) = 2𝜋𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚 𝜔sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°)
Maximum value of induced emf = 2𝜋𝑓𝜑𝑚 𝑁1
Hence, rms value of induced emf in primary winding is given by,
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝜋𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚
𝐸1 = = = 4.44𝑓𝑁1 𝜑𝑚
√2 √2
Similarly rms value of induced emf in the secondary winding is given by,
𝐸2 = 4.44𝑓𝑁2 𝜑𝑚
𝐸 𝐸
Also, 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚
1 2
Thus emf per turn is same in primary and secondary winding and an equal emf is induced in each turn of
the primary and secondary winding.
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Q2] a)Using mesh analysis find current through 5Ω (8)
Solution:-
𝐼3 − 𝐼2 = 6 …………..(1)
Applying KVL to mesh 1
−36 − 12(𝐼1 ) + 6(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
−12𝐼1 + 6𝐼1 − 6𝐼2 = 36
−6𝐼1 − 6𝐼2 = 36
6𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 = −36 …………………..(2)
Applying KVL to mesh 2
-6(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) + 5𝐼2 + 12 = 0
−6𝐼2 + 6𝐼1 + 5𝐼2 + 12 = 0
6𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = −12 ……………………….(3)
From (1), (2) and (3)
𝐼1 = −2.57𝐴 , 𝐼2 = −3.428𝐴 and 𝐼3 = 2.571𝐴
Current through 5Ω = 3.428(←)A
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Q2] b) An emf of 250V is applied to an impedance 𝒁𝟏 = (𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟐𝟎)Ω. An impedance
𝒁𝟐 is added in series with 𝒁𝟏 , the current become half of the origin and lead the supply
voltage by 20°. Determine 𝒁𝟐 (8)
Solution:-
V = 250∠0° 𝑍1 = 12.5 + 20𝑗
̅
𝑉 250∠0° 250∠0°
𝐼1 = ̅̅̅
𝑍
= 12.5+20𝑗
= 23.5849∠57.99
1
𝐼1 = 10.600∠ − 57.99
250∠20°
𝐼2 = 𝑍2
𝐼1 250∠20°
=
2 𝑍2
500∠20°
𝑍2 = 𝐼1
500∠20°
𝑍2 = 10.600∠−57.99
𝑍2 = 47.1698∠77.99
𝑍2 = 9.815 + 46.131𝑗
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Q2] c) Determine the potential difference 𝑽𝑨𝑩 for the given network (4)
Solution:-
The resistor of 3Ω is connected across a short circuit. Hence it gets shorted.
5
𝐼1 = = 2.5A
2
𝐼2 = 2𝐴
Potential difference, 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
Writing KVL equation for the path A to B,
𝑉𝐴 − 2𝐼1 + 8 − 5𝐼2 − 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝑉𝐴 − 2(2.5) + 8 − 5(2) − 𝑉𝐵 = 0
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 7
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 7𝑉
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Q3] a) When a voltage of 100V, 50Hz is applied to an impedance A current taken is 8A
lagging and power is 120W. When it is connected to an impedance B the current is 10A
leading and power is 500W. what current and power will be taken if it is applied to the
two impedances connected in series. (8)
Solution:-
Coil A : 𝑉𝐴 = 100𝑉 𝐼𝐴 = 8𝐴 𝑃𝐴 = 120𝑊
Coil B : 𝑉𝐵 = 100𝑉 𝐼𝐵 = 10𝐴 𝑃𝐵 = 500𝑊
𝑉𝐴 100
For coil A , 𝑍𝐴 = = = 12.5Ω
𝐼𝐴 8
𝑃𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴2 𝑟𝐴
120 = 82 × 𝑟𝐴
𝑟𝐴 = 1.875Ω
𝑋𝐴 = √12.52 − 1.8752 = 12.36 Ω
𝑉𝐵 100
For coil B, 𝑍𝐵 = = = 10Ω
𝐼𝐵 10
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵2 𝑟𝐵
500 = 102 × 𝑟𝐵
𝑟𝐵 = 5Ω
𝑋𝐵 = √102 − 52 = 8.66 Ω
When coils A and B are connected in series,
𝑍̅ = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑗𝑋𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 + 𝑗𝑋𝐵
𝑍̅ = 1.875 + 𝑗12.36 + 5 + 𝑗8.66
𝑍̅ = 6.875 + 𝑗21.02
𝑍̅ = 22.11∠71.89°
Z = 22.11Ω
𝜑 = 71.89°
𝑉 100
𝐼= = = 4.52𝐴
𝑍 22.11
P = 𝐼 2 (𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 ) = 4.252 × 6.8752 = 140.64𝑊
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Q3] b) Find current through 10Ω using Thevenin’s theorem (8)
Solution:-
(1) Calculation of 𝑉𝑇𝐻
Applying KVL to mesh 1
−100 + 40𝐼1 + 20𝐼1 + 30(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
40𝐼1 + 20𝐼1 + 30𝐼1 − 30𝐼2 = 100
90𝐼1 − 30𝐼2 = 100 ………………(1)
Applying KVL to mesh 2
30(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) + 30𝐼2 + 40𝐼2 + 50 = 0
30𝐼2 − 30𝐼1 + 30𝐼2 + 40𝐼2 = −50
-30𝐼1 + 100𝐼2 = −50
30𝐼1 − 100𝐼2 = 50 ……………………….(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
𝐼1 = 1.049 and 𝐼2 = −0.185
𝑉𝑇𝐻 equation:-
𝑉𝑇𝐻 − 30𝐼2 − 20𝐼1 = 0
𝑉𝑇𝐻 − 30(−0.185) − 20(1.049) = 0
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 15.43𝑉
(2) Calculation of 𝑅 𝑇𝐻
20×30
𝑅1 = 20 + 30 + = 70Ω
30
20×30
𝑅2 = 20 + 30 + = 70Ω
30
30×30
𝑅3 = 30 + 30 + = 105Ω
20
40 || 70 = 25.4545
105 || 40 = 28.9655
25.4545+28.9655 = 54.42Ω
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 30.617Ω
(3) Calculation of 𝐼𝐿
15.43
𝐼𝐿 = 30.617+10
𝐼𝐿 = 0.3798𝐴
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Q3] c) With the help of equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer show how total
copper loss can be represented in primary of a transformer. (4)
Solution:-
Copper Loss:- This loss is due to the resistances of primary and secondary windings.
𝑊𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼12 𝑅1 + 𝐼22 𝑅2
Where, 𝑅1= Primary winding resistance
𝑅2 = secondary winding resistance.
Copper loss depends upon the load on the transformer and its proportional to square of load current of
kVA rating of the transformer.
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Q4] a) Find 𝑽𝑳 using super position theorem (8)
Solution:-
1) When 80V is active
Mesh analysis to mesh 1
−80 + 5𝐼1 + 25𝐼1 + 25(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
55𝐼1 − 25𝐼2 = 80 ………………..(1)
Mesh analysis to mesh 2
−25(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) + 30𝐼2 = 0
25𝐼1 + 5𝐼2 = 0 ………………..(2)
From (1) and (2) we get,
𝐼 ′ = 0.444𝐴
(2) when 2A is active
(25 || 30) = 13.6363Ω
(13.6363 || 5) = 3.6585Ω
Hence we get
3.6585
𝐼 ′′ = 2 × 3.6585+25 = 0.25531𝐴
(3) when 100V is active
5𝐼1 + 25𝐼1 + 25(𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0
55𝐼1 − 25𝐼2 = 0 …………………(1)
−25(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) + 30𝐼2 + 100 = 0
25𝐼1 + 5𝐼2 = −100 ………………..(2)
From (1) and (2)
𝐼 ′′′ = −2.77𝐴
current through 𝑉𝐿 is:
= 0.444 + 0.25531 – 2.77
= -2.07069A
𝐼 = 2.07069𝐴
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Q4] b) In an R-L-C parallel circuit the current through resistor, inductor(pure) and
capacitor are 20A, 15A and 40A respectively. What is the current taken from the supply?
Draw phasor diagram. (4)
Solution:-
𝐼𝑅 = 20𝐴 , 𝐼𝐿 = 15𝐴 and 𝐼𝐶 =40A
To calculate the source current according to phasor diagram,
𝐼𝑆2 = 𝐼𝑅2 + (𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐶 )2
𝐼𝑆2 = 202 + (15 − 40)2
𝐼𝑆2 = 1025
𝐼𝑆 = 32.01 A
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Q4] c) Two sinusoidal source of emf have rms value 𝑬𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 . When connected in series,
with a phase displacement 𝜶 the resultant voltage read on an electrodynamometer
voltmeter 41.1V and with one source reserved 17.52V. When the phase displacement
made zero a reading of 42.5V is observed. Calculate 𝑬𝟏 , 𝑬𝟐 and 𝜶 (8)
Solution:-
̅̅̅
E1 = E1 ∠0°
̅̅̅
E2 = E2 ∠α°
When two sources are connected in series,
√𝐸12 + 𝐸22 + 2𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 41.1
𝐸12 + 𝐸22 + 2𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1689.21 ……………..(1)
When one of the source is reversed,
√𝐸12 + 𝐸22 − 2𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 17.52
𝐸12 + 𝐸22 − 2𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 306.95 ……………..(2)
When phase displacement is made zero,
√𝐸12 + 𝐸22 + 2𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 42.5
𝐸1 + 𝐸2 = 42.5
Adding eqn (1) and (2) we get,
2(𝐸12 + 𝐸22 ) = 1996.16
𝐸12 + 𝐸22 = 998.08
(42.5 − 𝐸2 )2 + 𝐸22 = 998.08
1806.25−85𝐸2 + 𝐸22 + 𝐸22 = 998.08
𝐸22 − 42.5𝐸22 + 404.09 = 0
Solving eq (2) from eq (1),
𝐸2 = 28.14𝑉 or 𝐸2 = 14.36𝑉
𝐸1 = 14.36𝑉 or 𝐸1 = 28.14𝑉
Subtracting eqn (2) from eqn (1),
4𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1382.26
4 × 14.37 × 28.14𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1382.26
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 0.855
𝛼 = 31.24°
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Q5] a) Prove that the power in a balanced three phase delta connected circuit can be
deduced from the reading of two wattmeter. Draw relevant connections and vector
diagrams. Draw a table to show the effect of power on wattmeter. (8)
Solution:-
Given figure shows a balanced star-connected load, the load may be assumed to be inductive. Let 𝑉𝑅𝑁 , 𝑉𝑌𝑁 ,
𝑉𝐵𝑁 be the three phase voltages. 𝐼𝑅 , 𝐼𝑌 , 𝐼𝐵 be the phase currents. The phase currents will lag behind their
respective phase voltages by angle 𝜑. Current through current coil of 𝑊1 = 𝐼𝑅
Voltages across voltage coil of 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑅𝐵 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 + 𝑉𝑁𝐵 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 − 𝑉𝐵𝑁
From the phasor diagram, it is clear that the phase angle between 𝑉𝑅𝐵 and 𝐼𝑅 is (30° − 𝜑)
𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑅𝐵 𝐼𝑅 cos(30° − 𝜑)
Current through current coil of 𝑊2 = 𝐼𝑌
Voltage across voltage coil of 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝑌𝐵 = 𝑉𝑌𝑁 + 𝑉𝑁𝐵 = 𝑉𝑌𝑁 − 𝑉𝐵𝑁
From phasor diagram, it is clear that phase angle between 𝑉𝑌𝐵 and 𝐼𝑌 is (30° + 𝜑)
𝑊2 = 𝑉𝑌𝐵 𝐼𝑌 cos(30° + 𝜑)
But 𝐼𝑅 , = 𝐼𝑌 = 𝐼𝐿
𝑉𝑅𝐵 = 𝑉𝑌𝐵 = 𝑉𝐿
𝑊1 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos(30° − 𝜑)
𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos(30° + 𝜑)
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos(30° − 𝜑) + 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos(30° + 𝜑)
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠30°𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)
P(active power) = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)
Thus the sum of two wattmeter reading gives three phase power
MEASUREMENT OF POWER FACTOR BY TWO-WATTMETER METHOD
(1) Lagging power factor
𝑊 +𝑊
Pf = cos𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 {tan−1 (√3 𝑊1−𝑊2)}
1 2
(2) Leading power factor
𝑊1 +𝑊2
(3) Pf = cos𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 {tan−1 (−√3 )}
𝑊1 −𝑊2
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Q5] b) A 5kVA 200/400, 50Hz single phase transformer gave the following test results.
OC test on LV side 200 V 0.7 A 60 W
SC test on HVside 22 V 16 A 120 W
1. Draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer and insert all parameter values.
2. Efficiency at 0.9 pf lead and rated load.
3. Current at which efficiency is maximum. (8)
Solution:- 1) Equivalent circuit of the transform and parameters
From OC test(meters are connected on LV side i.e. primary)
𝑊𝑖 = 60𝑤 𝑉1 = 200𝑉 𝐼0 = 0.7Am
𝑊 60
cos𝜑0 = 𝑉 𝐼𝑖 = 200×0.7 = 0.43
1 0
sin𝜑0 = (1 − 0.432 )0.5 = 0.9
𝐼𝑤 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑜 = 0.7 × 0.43 = 0.3𝐴
𝑉1 200
𝑅𝑂 = = = 666.67Ω
𝐼𝑤 0.3
𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑜 = 0.7 × 0.9 = 0.63Am
𝑉1 200
𝑋𝑜 = = = 317.46Ω
𝐼𝜇 0.63
From SC test (meters are connected on HV side i.e. secondary)
𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 120𝑤 𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 22𝑉 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 16𝐴
𝑉𝑠𝑐 22
𝑍02 = = = 1.375Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐 16
𝑊𝑠𝑐 120
𝑅02 = 2 = = 0.47Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶 162
𝑋02 = (𝑍02 2 − 𝑅02 2 )0.5 = (1.3752 − 0.472 )0.5 = 1.29Ω
400
𝐾= =2
200
𝑅02 0.47
𝑅01 = 2
= = 0.12Ω
𝐾 4
𝑋02 1.29
𝑋01 = = = 0.32Ω
𝐾2 4
2)Efficiency at rated load and 0.9 pf leading
𝑊𝑖 = 60𝑤 = 0.60𝑘𝑤
Since meters are connected on secondary in SC test,
5×1000
𝐼2 = = 12.5𝐴
400
𝑊𝐶𝑢 = 𝐼22 𝑅02 = 12.52 × 0.47 = 73.43𝑊 = 0.073𝑘𝑊
x = 1 pf = 0
x × full load KVA × pf
%η = × 100
(x × full load KVA × pf) + Wi + x 2 Wcu
1 × 5 × 0.9
%η = × 100
1 × 5 × 0.9 + 0.06 + 1 × 0.073
%𝛈 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟑%
Regulation at rated load and 0.9 pf load,
cos𝜑 = 0.9
sin𝜑 = 0.44
𝐼2 (𝑅02 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑋02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)
% regulation = × 100
𝐸2
12.5(0.47 × 0.9 − 1.29 × 0.44)
% regulation = × 100
400
% 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟓%
Current at maximum efficiency,
𝑊𝑖 = 𝐼22 𝑅02
𝑊 60
𝐼2 = √𝑅 𝑖 = √0.47 = 11.3 A
02
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Q5] c) Prove that if the phase impedance are same, power drawn by a balanced delta
connected load is three times the power drawn by the balanced star connected load. (4)
Solution:-
Let a balanced load be connected in star having impedance per phase as 𝑍𝑝ℎ .
For a star-connected load
𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑝ℎ =
√3
𝑉 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝑍𝑝ℎ = => 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑝ℎ √3𝑍𝑝ℎ √3𝑍𝑝ℎ
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿2
Now, 𝑃𝑌 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = √3 × 𝑉𝐿 × × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
√3𝑍𝑝ℎ 𝑍𝑝ℎ
For a delta-connected load
𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝐿
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝑍𝑝ℎ = 𝑍 𝐿 => 𝐼𝑝ℎ = √3𝐼𝐿 = √3 𝑍 𝐿
𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝑉 𝑉2
Now, 𝑃∆ = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = √3 × 𝑉𝐿 × √3 𝑍 𝐿 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 3 𝑍 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 3𝑃𝑌
𝑝ℎ 𝑝ℎ
𝟏
𝑷𝒀 = 𝑷∆
𝟑
Thus, power consumed by a balanced star-connected load is one third of that in the case of delta-
connected load.
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Q6] a) Three identical coils each having a reactance of 20Ω and resistance of 10Ω are
connected in star across a 440V three phase line. Calculate for each method:
1. Line current and phase current.
2. Active , reactive and apparent power.
3. Reading of each wattmeter connected to measure the power. (8)
Solution:- 𝑋𝐿 = 20Ω R = 10 Ω 𝑉𝐿 = 400V
1. LINE CURRENT AND PHASE CURRENT.
𝑉𝐿 400
𝑉𝑝ℎ = = = 230.94 V
√3 √3
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑍𝑝ℎ = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 10 + 𝑗20
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑍𝑝ℎ = 22.3606∠63.4349°
𝜑 = 63.4349°
Power factor = cos 𝜑 = cos(63.4349°) = 0.44721
𝑉𝑝ℎ 230.94
𝐼𝑝ℎ = = = 10.3279A
𝑍𝑝ℎ 22.3606
𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝐼𝐿 = 10.3279 A
2. Active, Reactive and apparent power.
Reactive power(Q) = √3𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = √3 × 400 × 10.3279 × sin(63.4349)
= 6399.962W
Active power(P) = √3𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = √3 × 400 × 10.3279 × cos(63.4349)
= 3199.957 W
Apparent power(S) = √3𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 = √3 × 400 × 10.3279
= 7155.3790 W
3. Readings of 2 wattmeter
Active power(P) = √3𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = √3 × 400 × 10.3279 × cos(63.4349)
= 3199.957 W
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 = 3199.9570 ………………(1)
𝑤 −𝑤
Also, tan𝜑 = √3 𝑤1+𝑤2
1 2
𝑤1 −𝑤2
tan(63.4349) = √3 3199.9570
𝑤1 − 𝑤2 = 3694.9841 …………..(2)
From (1) and (2) we get,
𝑤1 = 3447.47055 w
𝑤2 = 247.51355 w
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Q6] b) A series resonant circuit has an impedance of 500Ω at resonance frequency. The
cut of frequency observed are 10kHz and 100Hz, Determine:
1. Resonant frequency
2. Value of R,L and C.
3. Q factor at resonance (6)
Solution:- R = 500Ω 𝑓1 = 100Hz 𝑓2 = 10kHz
1. RESONANCE FREQUENCY.
BW = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 = 10,000 − 10 = 9900𝐻𝑧
𝑅
𝑓1 = 𝑓0 − 4𝜋𝐿 ……………….(1)
𝑅
𝑓2 = 𝑓0 + ……………….(2)
4𝜋𝐿
Adding (1) and (2),
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 = 2𝑓0
𝑓1 +𝑓2 10+10000
𝑓0 = = = 5050𝐻𝑧
2 2
2. Values of R, L and C
R = 500Ω
𝑅
BW = 2𝜋𝐿
500
9900 = 2𝜋𝐿
L = 8.038mH
𝑋𝐿0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 5050 × 8.038 × 10−3 = 255.05Ω
At resonance , 𝑋𝐿0 = 𝑋𝑐0 = 255.05Ω
1
𝑋𝐶0 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝐶
0
1
255.05 = 2𝜋×5050×𝐶
𝐶 = 0.12𝜇𝐹
3. QUALITY FACTOR.
1 𝐿 1 8.038×10−3
𝑄0 = √ = √ = 0.5176
𝑅 𝐶 500 0.12×10−6
𝑄0 = 0.5176
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Q6] c) Draw and illustrate transformer phasor diagram for lagging power factor. (6)
Solution:-
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