PRESENTED BY:

DR. KALPAJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE

 Introduction

 Epidemiology

 Etiology

 Histogenesis

 Morphogenesis

 Genetics

 Classification

 Benign tumours
 Tumors of the salivary glands are:

-Most heterogeneous group of tumors.

-Greatest diversity of morphologic features.

 Relatively uncommon.
 The majority of these neoplasms are benign 80% and only 20%
are malignant.
 The various types of salivary gland tumors are best
distinguished by their histologic patterns.
 A broad morphologic spectrum exists between different tumor
types and sometimes even within an individual tumor mass.

 Certain neoplastic processes have obvious histologic,

functional, immunohistochemical, and/or ultrastructural
markers that allow pathologists to assemble nonologic
groupings that function somehow like a taxonomic system.
 The inherent complexity, together with the relative
infrequency of salivary gland tumors, contributes to a
situation in which diagnostic dilemmas are almost
inevitable and unfortunately occur all too frequently.
 uncommon neoplasms
 2%-6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms.
 Global annual incidence varies from 0.4-13.5 cases per 100000
people.
 Most salivary gland tumors originate in the parotid glands
(64%-80%), malignancy (15%- 32%).
 7-11% occur in the submandibular glands, malignancy (37%-
45%).
 less than 1% in the sublingual glands, malignancy (70%-90%)
 9%-23% in the minor glands.
 Benign tumors account for 63% to 78% of all salivary gland
neoplasms.
 Most common benign tumor: Pleomorphic adenoma
-53%-77% of all cases occurs in parotid glands.
 Warthin’s tumor- 6%-14% of all cases
 Most common malignancy- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
 Most common minor salivary gland tumor site: Palate, (42%-
54%).
 The proportion of malignant tumors varies significantly by site
and is the greatest in the sublingual glands, tongue, floor of the
mouth, and retromolar area.
 Most common among children: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Rule of 80’s:

-80% of parotid tumors are benign

-80% of parotid tumors are Pleomorphic adenomas

-80% of salivary gland Pleomorphic adenomas occur in the

parotid

-80% of parotid Pleomorphic adenomas occur in the superficial

lobe

-80% of untreated Pleomorphic adenomas remain benign

 Viruses- EBV, CMV, Polyoma virus,
 Ionizing radiation.
 Increased occupational risks- asbestos, nickel compounds or
silica dust.
 Employment in the woodworking, rubber industries and beauty
saloons.
 Lifestyle- Warthin’s tumors showed a strong association with
cigarette smoking.
 Endogenous hormones.
Definition:
Cell of origin for a neoplasm rather than the
developmental process underlying the tumor
The formation or development of tissue from the
undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the
embryo.
Theories …….

 Basal cells of both excretory and intercalated duct

responsible for differentiation of functional units.

 Batsakis
 Basal cells of excretory duct responsible for development of all
remaining salivary gland units.
 The outer (basal) layer of cells give rise to the inner (luminal)

layer.

 Eversole in 1971, refined by Batsakis and colleagues.

 2 Cells- excretory duct reserve cells
intercalated duct reserve cells.
- were presented as the hypothetical cells of origin for salivary gland
neoplasm.
 From Excretory duct - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma,
Primary SCC and
Salivary duct carcinoma
 From Intercalated duct- Pleomorphic and monomorphic adenoma
Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma,
Basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCA),
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and
Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC).
 Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) (AdC NOS) - arise
from either of these reserve cells.

 carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma - uncertain histogenesis.

 Myoepithelial cells were responsible in part for the wide histologic

variation of these neoplasms.

 Acinar secretory cell play a minimal role in the parencymal renewal

and thus, was incapable of a significant role in tumor induction.
 Differentiated cells at all levels of the gland, including acinar
and basal cells, are capable of cell division and metaplastic
alterations.
Definition:
 The process of differentiation inherent in the neoplasms and the
resulting histopathology characteristic for that particular tumor.
 The evaluation and development of form, as the development
of the shape of a particular organ or part of a body or
developments undergone by individuals who attain the type to
which the majority of the individuals of the species
approximate.
 Luminal (acinar
and ductal cells)

Salivary
gland
Abluminal
(myoepithelial and
basal cells).
 Ducto-acinar concept:

Patterns of tumor differentiation reflect the bilayered cells

composed of luminal or acinar cells and outer basal and/or
myoepithelial cells.
 Cell differentiation results in three basic models of benign or
malignant salivary gland neoplasms.

1) In one form of differentiation, tumor cell population results in

a dual population that combines recognizable luminal and/or
acinar cells with myoepithelial and/or basal cells
2) A second pattern results primarily in luminal/glandular cells
that resemble to some extent normal duct epithelial and/or
acinar cells
3) The third process produces tumor cells resembling normal
myoepithelial and/or basal cells.
Myoepithelial cells :

 Physiologically and functionally modified epithelial cells

located between the luminal cells and basement membrane.

 Stellate shaped with cytoplasmic processes embracing the

acini, or spindle shaped surrounding the intercalated ducts.

 Possess a dual epithelial and smooth muscle phenotype.

 Produce an extracellular matrix.

 Exert an anti-invasive effect in a neoplasm promoting epithelial

differentiation, secreting proteinase inhibitor and suppressing

angiogenesis
 P-63, high molecular weight cytokeratin (CK-14) are positive
for myoepithelial cells.
 Other myoid markers are calponin, actin, myosin, S-100 and
Glial Fibro Acidic Protein (GFAP).
 CD117/c-kit is negative in the normal salivary gland cells,
however, is interestingly positive in the luminal (glandular)
cells of various types of salivary gland tumors.
Luminal cells:
 Readily highlighted by immunostaining for cytokeratin,
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and epithelial membrane
antigen (EMA).
Abluminal cells :
 Basal cells that differs ultastructurally from myoepithelial cells
in the absence of myofilaments.
 Maintain the capacity of multidirectional differentiation and
play an important role in regeneration and metaplastic changes.
 Immune reactive for p-63 and high molecular weight
cytokeratin.
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Monomorphic adenomas
1) Chromosomes 3p21, 8q12 and 12q13-15 rearrangements and
the PLAG-1 and HMGI-C genes in pleomorphic adenomas

2) Translocations of chromosomes 11q21 and 19p13 in both

Warthin tumour and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

3) Structural and molecular alterations at 6q, 8q, 12q in adenoid

cystic and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma.

4) Elevated HER-2 gene expression and gene amplification in

mucoepidermoid, salivary duct and adenocarcinomas
CLASSIFICATION OF
SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
Adenomas
 Sebaceous adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma
 Ductal papilloma
Myoepithelioma
Basal cell adenoma -Inverted ductal papilloma

Warthin tumor -Intraductal papilloma

(adenolymphoma) -Sialadenoma papilliferum

Oncocytoma (oncocytic  Cystadenoma

adenoma) -Papillary cystadenoma

Canalicular adenoma -Mucinous cystadenoma
Carcinomas
 Oncocytic carcinoma
 Acinic cell carcinoma
 Salivary duct carcinoma
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
 Adenocarcinoma
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma

 Polymorphous low-grade  Malignant myoepithelioma

adenocarcinoma  Carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma
 Epithelial-myoepithelial
 Squamous cell carcinoma
carcinoma
 Basal cell adenocarcinoma
 Small cell carcinoma

 Sebaceous carcinoma  Undifferentiated carcinoma

 Papillary cystadenocarcinoma  Other carcinomas
 Mucinous adenocarcinoma
Nonepithelial tumors
Malignant lymphomas
Secondary tumors
Unclassified tumors
Tumor-like lesions
 Sialadenosis

 Oncocytosis

 Necrotizing sialometaplasia (salivary gland infarction)

 Benign lymphoepithelial lesion

 Salivary gland cysts

 Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the submandibular gland (Küttner tumor)

 Cystic lymphoid hyperplasia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Malignant epithelial tumors • Oncocytic carcinoma
 Acinic cell carcinoma • Salivary duct carcinoma
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma
specified
 Polymorphous low-grade
adenocarcinoma • Myoepithelial carcinoma
 Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma • Carcinoma ex pleomorphic
 Clear cell carcinoma not otherwise adenoma
specified
• Carcinosarcoma
 Basal cell adenocarcinoma
• Metastasizing pleomorphic
 Sebaceous carcinoma
adenoma
 Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma
 Cystadenocarcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma
 Low-grade cribriform • Small cell carcinoma
cystadenocarcinoma • Large cell carcinoma
 Mucinous adenocarcinoma
• Lymphoepithelial carcinoma
• Sialoblastoma
Benign epithelial tumors • Ductal papillomas
 Pleomorphic adenoma
-Inverted ductal papilloma
 Myoepithelioma
-Intraductal papilloma
 Basal cell adenoma
-Sialadenoma papilliferum
 Warthin tumour
• Cystadenoma
 Oncocytoma
Soft-tissue tumors
 Canalicular adenoma

 Sebaceous adenoma Hematolymphoid tumors

 Lymphadenoma Secondary tumors

-Sebaceous
-Nonsebaceous
 Name suggested by Willis.
 Most common neoplasm of salivary gland tumor.
 Benign neoplasm- consisting of cells exhibiting the
ability to differentiate to epithelial (ductal and
nonductal) cells and mesenchymal (chondroid,
myxoid, osseous) cells.
 Other names: Branchioma, enclavoma, teratoma,
cyindroma, myxochondrocarcinoma.

 Salivary gland tumor origin: EPITHELIAL

 Shows cytogenic abnormalities in chomosomes- 12q13-15.

 Putative pleomorphic adenoma gene(PLAG1) has been

mapped to chromosomes 8q12.
 Most common tumor.
 Rate of occurance: 60-70%- parotid glands
40-60%- submandibular glands
40-70%- minor salivary glands
seldomly- sublingual glands
 Age: 30-50 years
 Sex: female> male – 3:1 – 4:1
 In parotid- presents in the lower lobe of the superior lobe
as a mass over the angle of the mandible, below and infront
of the ear.
 Clinical presentation: painless, slow growing, firm
mass, initially small in size and begins to increase in
size.
 Initially movable but with continued growth become
more nodular and less movable.
 Recurrent tumor- multinodular, fixed on palpation.
 Palate – intraorally common site.
 Seldom ulcerated- unless secondarily traumatized.
 Slowly growing tumor of
The parotid gland.

Tumor of the
submandibular gland
 Firm mass of the hard
palate lateral to the
midline.

Tumor of the
pterygomandibular
area.
 MRI
 CT SCAN
 GROSS PATHOLOGY

Benign mixed tumor demonstrating a

firm, whitish tan, well-encapsulated
mass

The cut surface of the tumor is tan-

colored and interspersed with
brown areas. Glossy quality of the
tumor.
 HALLMARK: Morphologic Diversity.
 Charecterized by- Variable, Diverse, Structural & histologic
patterns.
 It demonstrate glandular epithelium and mesenchyme like
tissue and the proportion of each component varies widely.
 Typically a well-circumscribed encapsulated tumor
 The epithelium often forms ducts and cystic structures or may
occur as islands or sheets of cells , anastomosing cords and foci
of Keratinizing squamous cells and spindle cells .
Foote and Frazell (1954) categorized PA into:
a) Primarilly myxoid (36%)
b) Myxoid and cellular component in equal proportions
(30%)
c) Predominantly cellular (22%)
d) Extremely cellular (12%)
 Myoepithelial cells are major component of PA.
 Have variable morphology- sometimes appearing as
angular or spindled, some with eccentric nucleus
resembling plasma cells.
 Are responsible for characteristic mesenchyme like
changes.
 Vacuolar degeneration of myoepithelial cells can produce a
chondroid appearance.
 the stroma exhibits areas of an eosinophilic hyalinized change,

fat or osteoid also is seen.

 Mixed tumor with prominent
cartilaginous differentiation
and surrounding ducts and
myoepithelial cells.

Plasmacytoid myoepithelial
cells.
 Ductal structures (left) with
associated myxomatous
background (right) .

Chondroid material
(right) with adjacent
ductal epithelium and
myoepithelial cells
 Cellular mixed tumor :

Because of its extreme cellularity, this

tumor may be mistaken for a
malignant tumor

Pleomorphic adenoma showing

bone forming by osseous
metaplasia in stroma.
Many of the ducts and myoepithelial cells are
surrounded by a hyalinized. Eosinophilic background
alteration.
 Focal squamous differentiation
with keratinization is seen amidst
complex glandular structures.

Pleomorphic adenoma showing a

focus of mucous metaplasia.
 Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma, PLGA

 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, AdCC

 Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma, EMC

 Squamous cell carcinoma, SCC

 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, MEC

 Surgical excision

 Superficial parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve

 Local enucleation should be avoided - resulting in seeding of

the tumor bed.

 Deep lobe of the parotid- total parotidectomy is usually

necessary also with preservation of the facial nerve.

 Submandibular tumors - Total removal of the gland with the
tumor.
 Malignant degeneration is a potential complication, resulting in

a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.

 The risk of malignant transformation is probably small, but it

may occur in as many as 5% of all cases.

 Term used by Sheldon in 1943.

 Uncommon- <1% of all salivary gland tumors.

 it represents “one-sided” varient at the opposite end of the

spectrum from Pleomorphic adenoma

 Defined as a tumor composed entirely or predominantly of

myoepithelial cells.
Clinical Features

 Similar to Pleomorphic Adenoma

 Seen among adults

 equal frequency in males and females.

 Site: parotid most common, palate most common intraorally.

 typically present as slowly enlarging, asymptomatic masses.

 Masses usually 1 to 5 cm in diameter.

 Well encapsulated.
 Composed exclusively or almost exclusively of neoplastic
myoepithelial cells.
 Microscopically, the neoplastic cells are arranged in sheets,
irregular collections, nests, interconnecting trabeculae, or
ribbons, giving solid, myxoid, reticular, microcystic, and
cribriform growth patterns.
 The component cells may be spindle shaped, plasmacytoid ,
clear, polygonal, epithelioid, basaloid, or oncocytic
 A B

A, The typical plasmacytoid pattern contains eccentric nuclei and abundant

eosinophilic cytoplasm.
B, The spindle cell pattern is made up of a uniform population of interlacing
bundles of spindle cells with moderate amounts of light eosinophilic cytoplasm.
 C D
C, The reticular type is composed of numerous interconnecting ribbons
of myoepithelial cells.
D, The clear cell variant is composed of a somewhat uniform sheet of
cells with a moderate amount of clear cytoplasm
 Myoepithelial carcinoma

 Pleomorphic adenoma

 Nodular fasciitis

 solitary fibrous tumor

 fibrous histiocytoma

 leiomyoma

 Schwannoma
 complete excision with a rim of normal surrounding tissue.
Primary Salivary Tumors with Myoepithelial Cell Participation
Benign

 Pleomorphic adenoma

 Myoepithelioma

 Basal cell adenoma

Malignant

 Adenoid cystic carcinoma

 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma

 Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

 Myoepithelial carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma)

 Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

 Benign tumor composed of large epithelial cells known as

oncocytes- with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and a large

number of atypical mitochondria.

 It is a rare neoplasm, representing approximately 1% of all

salivary tumors.

 Except salivary gland oncocytes are also seen thyroid,

parathyroid, kidney.
 Age: predominantly a tumor of older adults, 50-80 years.

 Sex: slight female predilection

 Site: primarily in the major salivary glands, parotid gland- 85% to

90%

 Oncocytomas- minor salivary glands are exceedingly rare.

 C/P- The tumor appears as a firm, slowly growing, painless mass

that rarely exceeds 4 cm in diameter.

 Parotid oncocytomas usually are found in the superficial lobe and are

clinically indistinguishable from other benign tumors.

 bilateral tumors can occur.

 Gross appearance of oxyphilic adenoma.
The tumor is well circumscribed, solid, and light brown.
 well-circumscribed tumor that is composed of sheets of large
polyhedral cells (oncocytes), with abundant granular,
eosinophilic cytoplasm.
 Arranged in sheets, nests or cords which form an alveolar or
glandular pattern
 cells have centrally located nuclei that can vary from small and
hyperchromatic to large and vesicular.
 little stroma is present, usually in the form of thin fibrovascular
septa.
 lymphocytic infiltrate
 Granularity of the cells is created by an overabundance of
mitochondria
 These granules also can be identified on light microscopic
examination with a phoshotungstic acid -hematoxylin (PTAH)
stain.
 The cells also contain glycogen- periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
technique
 variable numbers of cells with a clear cytoplasm. – clear cell
oncocytoma.
Oncocytoma is composed of a sheet of oncocytic cells with uniform,
predominantly centrally located nuclei and abundant eosinophilic
Clear cell oncocytoma composed predominantly of sheets of clear cells,
usually with focal areas containing typical oncocytic cells .
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC)

 pleomorphic adenoma (PA)

 prominent oncocytic metaplasia may also be seen in

-epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

-myoepithelioma

-basal cell adenoma (BCA)

-acinic cell carcinoma (ACC)

 surgical excision

 The prognosis after removal is good with a low rate of

recurrence.

 Oncocytomas of the sinonasal glands can be locally aggressive

and have been considered to be low-grade malignancies

 Second most common tumor in salivary glands.

 First recognized by Albrecht in 1910.

 Quoted by Ellis and Auclair in 1991

 Later described by Warthin in 1929

 Occurs exclusively in the parotid gland.

 Accepted theory: Tumor arises in the salivary gland tissue
entrapped within paraparotid or intraparptid lymph nodes
during embryogenesis.
 According to Allerga, it is most likely delayed hypersensitivity
diseases, lymphocytes being an immune reaction to the salivary
ducts which undergo oncocytic change.
 According to Hsu and coworkers, lymphoid component of the
tumor is an exaggerated secretory immune response.
 studies that have found cytogenetic abnormalities in the

epithelial component

 Smokers- eight fold greater risk for Warthin’s tumor than do

nonsmokers.

 Epstein-Barr virus also has been implicated in the pathogenesis

 Appears as a slowly growing, painless, nodular mass of the parotid

gland

 firm or fluctuant to palpation.

 occurs in the tail of the parotid near the angle of the mandible

 occur bilaterally, 5% to 14% of cases.

 bilateral tumors do not occur simultaneously but are metachronous

(occurring at different times).

 In rare instances, submandibular gland or minor salivary glands.

 lymphoid component is often less pronounced in these extraparotid

sites.
 Age: 60-80 years

 Lower in blacks than in whites

 Sex: male>female predilection

 Warthin tumors have been associated with cigarette smoking.

 This association with smoking also may help explain the frequent

bilaterality of the tumor because any tumorigenic effects of

smoking might be manifested in both parotids.
Gross appearance of Warthin tumor of parotid gland.
The presence of multiple large cystic spaces is characteristic of
this lesion.
 The tumor is composed of a mixture of ductal epithelium and a

lymphoid stroma.

 Exhibit cyst formation, with projection into the cystic space and a

lymphoid stroma showing germinal centers.

 Arranged in two layers.

 The inner luminal layer consists of tall columnar cells, finely

granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with centrally placed, palisaded and

slightly hyperchromatic nuclei.
 The outer layer cells are oncocytic triangular and occasionally

fusiform basaloid cells.

 Focal areas of squamous metaplasia or mucous cell prosoplasia

may be seen.

 Eosinophilic coagulum present within cystic spaces.

 Lymphoid stroma- germinal center formation.

 Warthin’s tumor showing
papillary cystic tumor with
dense lymphoid stroma

The papillae and glands are

typically lined by columnar
oncocytic luminal cells in which
the nuclei are often polarized
towards the lumen. Beneath the
luminal cells is a layer of basal
cells, which are sharply
demarcated from the underlying
lymphoid stroma.
Occasionally, foci of prominent squamous metaplasia (left
inset) and mucinous metaplasia (right inset) may be seen
within this tumor
 Oncocytic papilary cystadenoma.

 lymphoepithelial cystic lesions such as

 simple benign lymphoepithelial cyst (unrelated to AIDS),

 AIDS-related parotid cyst,

 lymphoepithelial sialadenitis,

 MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

 Surgical removal

 local resection with minimal surrounding tissue

 superficial parotidectomy to avoid violating the tumor capsule .

 6% to 12% recurrence rate

 Malignant Warthin tumors (caretnoma ex papillary cystadenoma

Iymphomatosum) have been reported but are exceedingly rare.

 Neoplasm of uniform population of basaloid epithelial cells
arranged in solid, trabecular, tubular or membranous pattern.
 1st reported by: Kleinsasser and Klein in 1967

 Histological source: Intercalated duct or reserve cell.

 Monomorphic adenomas- term should be avoided. Because

ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have shown
that basal cell adenomas are not necessarily composed of only
one cell type but sometimes of a combination of salivary ductal
epithelium and myoepithelial cells.
Clinical features:

 Age: middle aged- 57.7 years

 Sex: F:M=2:1
 Site: Parotid – 75%- superficial lobe.
Intraorally- Upper lip & Buccal mucosa.
 C/p- Slowly growing, freely movable mass, less than3cm in
size
- firm in consistency which may be cystic and compressible.
One subtype, Membranous BCA-
 Appears hereditary.
 Often occurs in combination with skin appendage tumors-
Dermal Cylindromas & Trichoepitheliomas.
 Multiple bilateral tumors- Because these tumors often bear
a histopathologic resemblance to the skin tumors- Dermal
analogue tumors.
Gross pathology:

 Round to ovoid, well-circumscribed, with smooth surface

capsule, firm in consistency- similar to lymph node.
 Membranous Basal cell adenoma- Multinodular.
 Cut surface- homogenous, solid appearance that may be
interrupted by cysts of varying sizes, filled with brown/ red
mucinous or blood, gray white to pink red or brown in color.
Histological features:
 Basal cells that make up this lesions are uniform and
regular.
 2 morphological forms:
1) small cells- scanty cytoplasm, round deeply basophilic
nucleus.
2) large cells- amphophilic to eosinophilic cytoplasm,
ovoid pale staining nucleus.
 larger (pale) cells predominates with the small (daker)
cells, located in the peripheral portion of the epithelial
tumor nests, cords or islands.
 4 morphologic pattern:
a) solid b) trabecular c) tubular d) membranous.
2 consistant features seen:
 Sharp demarcation between the neoplastic epithelial
cells and the surrounding connective tissue
 Palasiding of peripheral cuboidal or slightly columnar
cells that accentuates epithelioconnective tissue
interface.
Solid type :

Large sheets & broad bands of basaloid cells demonstrating palasiding

pattern, Cells demarcated from the connective tissue stroma by a basement
membrane
Inner portion- Epithelial cells-parallel to basal cells- tends to produce
scattered whorled eddies.
Eddies mature into squamous cells- produce keratin to give appearance of
keratin pearl.
Detail of a squamous differentiation frequently found in the solid variant
(inset).
(a) Clinical examination: Small nodule behind the left ear.
(b) basaloid cells in nests sheets and trabeculae (PAP stain; ×100).
(c) peripheral palisading of cells (red arrows) and bare nuclei in background (PAP,
x400));
(d) basement membrane material around cell clusters (green arrows) (PAP, x400
Trabecular type :

Narrow epithelial islands forming an interconnecting cord-like

architecture- reticular pattern.
Tubular type.

Prominent multiple duct-like structures with intraluminal eosinophilic

secretion
 occurs in conjugation with trabecular pattern to form a
trabeculotubular pattern
Least common

2 cells
Inner
cuboidal
ductal cells

Outer layer
of basaloid
cells
Membranous type.

Presence of thick, hyaline, basement membrane like material

surrounds large lobules. This material is also present within the
epithelial nests forming coalescing, hyaline droplets.
Epithelial islands produce JIGSAW PUZZLE PATTERN
Hyaline material- PAS STAIN POSITIVE.
Differential diagnosis:

 Mixed tumors
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma
 Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma
 Basal cell adenocarcinoma
Treatment and Prognosis

 similar to that of pleomorphic adenoma, complete surgical removal

 Recurrence is rare

 membranous subtype has a 25% to 37% recurrence rate

 malignant counterpart - basal cell adenocarcinoma

 A number of salivary gland tumors can be characterized

microscopically by a papillomatous pattern.

 The sialadenoma papilliferum, intraductal papilloma , and

inverted ductal papilloma are three rare salivary tumors

that also show unique papillomatous features.

 viral - human papillomavirus

 on occasion, the common squamous papilloma of the oral

mucosa will arise at the site where a minor salivary gland

merges with the surface epithelium.

 Because of this location, such squamous papillomas also

contain scattered mucous cells within the exophytic

papillary growth, and these lesions - "ductal papillomas”
Clinical Features
Sialadenoma Papilleferum- minor salivary glands, especially on the palate,
among major glands- parotid gland.
 older adults., M:F-1.5:1

 Biphasic growth pattern exophytic papillary and endophytic components.

 exophytic, papillary surface growth that is clinically similar to the common
squamous papilloma.
Intraductal Papilloma- ill- defined lesion that often has been confused with
the papillary cystadenoma.

 occurs in adults, minor salivary glands- lower lip

 No gender predilection

 c/p- submucosal swelling, appears to arise from excretory duct.

Inverted Ductal Papilloma- rare tumor that has been described
only in the minor salivary glands of adults.

 Site: most common lower lip and mandibular vestibule

 Appears to arise from excretory duct near mucosal surface.

 asymptomatic submucosal nodule, may show a pit or

indentation in the overlying surface mucosa.
 Sialadenoma papilliferum is somewhat similar to the squamous

papilloma , exhibiting multiple exophytic papillary projections that are

covered by parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium.

 This epithelium is contiguous with a proliferation of papillomatous

ductal epithelium found below the surface and extending downward into
the deeper connective tissues.

Sialadenoma papilliferum
demonstrating the typical exophytic
papillary surface and deeper ductal
components.
  Multiple ductal lumina are formed, which characteristically are lined

by a double- rowed layer of cells consisting of a luminal layer of tall

columnar cells and a basilar layer of smaller cuboidal cells.

 These ductal cells often have an oncocytic appearance. infiltrate of

plasma cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils is present.

The bland surface squamous epithelium

communicates with the underlying columnar
epithelium lining the ductal structures.
 Sialadenoma papilliferum . Low-
power view showing a papillary
surface tumor with associated
ductal str uctures in the
superficial lamina propria.

Sialadenoma papilliferum. High-

power view of cystic areas lined by
papillary, oncocytic epithelium
Differential diagnosis
 Squamous papilloma
 Condyloma acuminatum
 Papillary cystadenoma
 Verrucous carcinoma
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
 Inverted ductal papilloma is composed primarily of a proliferation of
squamoid epithelium with multiple thick, bulbous papillary projections
that fill the ductal lumen.
 Well defined tumor mass within the lamina propria that has an
epidermoid appearance.
 Basaloid and squamous cells are arranged in thick, bulbous proliferation
that project in papillary configuration into a luminal cavity.
 Pushing interface with the connective tissue stroma of the lamina propria
and the submucosa.
 Lumina is often narrow.

 Small microcysts within the epithelium is evident.

 Inverted ductal papilloma.

This tumor is continuous with the overlying

surface epithelium and grows in an inverting
pattern, forming a smooth-edged, broad-
based mass.
It is composed of immature squamous or
basaloid epithelium

In addition, numerous mucinous goblet

cells are often intermixed with the
basaloid and squamous cells.
 Intraductal papilloma exhibits a dilated, unicystic structure

that is located below the mucosal surface.

 Papilloma appears to arise in the duct system more distant from

the mucosal surface.

 Cyst wall is lined by a single or double row of cuboidal or

columnar epithelium, which has multiple arborizing papillary

projections into the cystic lumen.
Extending into the lumen of the cystic space are fronds of columnar
epithelium supported by a central fibrovasacular core.
Treatment and Prognosis

 conservative surgical excision.

 Recurrence is rare.
 Transformation of ductal and acinar cells to oncocytes.

 Uncommon before the age of 50

 oncocytes are a common finding in the salivary glands

 Oncocytosis refers to both the proliferation and accumulation

of oncocytes within salivary gland tissue.
 It may mimic a tumor both clinically and microscopically.

 Considered to be a metaplastic process rather than a neoplastic

one.
 Site: parotid gland, in rare instances, it may involve the

submandibular or minor salivary glands.

 may be extensive enough to produce clinical swelling.

 proliferation is multifocal and nodular, sometimes entire gland can

be replaced by oncocytes- Diffuse hyperplastic oncocytosis.

 oncocytosis occurs most frequently in older adults

 Focal nodular collections of oncocytes with in the salivary gland
tissue
 Enlarged cells are polyhedral and demonstrate abundant granular,
eosinophilic cytoplasm as a result of the proliferation of
mitochondria
 These cells may have a clear cytoplasm from the accumulation of
glycogen
 The multifocal nature of the proliferation may be confused with that
of a metastatic tumor, especially when the oncocytes are clear in
appearance.
Oncocytosis. Multifocal collections of clear oncocytes (arrows) in
the parotid gland
 Oncocytosis is a benign condition and often is discovered only as

an incidental finding.

 No further treatment is necessary, and the prognosis is excellent.

 Uncommon tumor

 exclusively in the minor salivary glands

 Defined as- tumor composed of columnar epithelial cells arranged

in thin, anastomosing cords often with a beaded pattern and a

characteristic paucicellular stroma.- WHO
 Age: older people, 7th decade

 Sex: F:M- 1.2-1.8:1

 Site: upper lip , 75% occurring in this location.

 Buccal mucosa is the second most common site.

 c/p: slowly growing, pain less mass that usually ranges from several
millimeters to 2 cm, firm or somewhat fluctuant to palpation.
- The overlying mucosa may be normal in color or bluish and can be
mistaken for a mucocele.
- In some instances. the lesion has been noted to be multifocal.
Gross pathology:
 Varies from discrete encapsulated nodule to lesions that
are circumscribed but encapsulated.
 Sometimes multifocal
 Pink-tan to tan, brown or yellow
 Sometimes cystic spaces with gelatinous material seen
 Monomorphic in nature, single- layered cords of columnar or cuboidal

epithelial cells with deeply basophilic nuclei, adjacent parallel rows of

cells may be seen, resulting in a bilayered appearance of the tumor cords,
showing ‘party wall’.

 These cells enclose ductal structures, form of long canals, larger cystic

spaces

 Epithelium may demonstrate papillary projections into the cystic lumina.

 Tumor cells are supported by a loose connective tissue stroma with

prominent vascularity.

 A thin fibrous capsule often surrounds the tumor, although satellite

islands are observed in the surrounding salivary gland tissue .

 Basal Cell Adenoma

 Pleomorphic adenoma (PA)

 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA)

 Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and

Treatment and Prognosis

 local surgical excision.

 Recurrence is uncommon and actually may represent cases that are

multifocal in nature.
 “Rare benign epithelial tumour characterized by
predominantly multicystic growth in which the epithelium
demonstrates adenomatous proliferation”.

 2 morphologic varients- 1) papillary 2) mucinous

 Papillary cystadenoma- cystic space is filled with papillary
projections
 Mucinous cystadenoma- mucous cells predominate.
Clinical feature:
 Age: 8th decade
 Sex: F:M- 2:1
 Site: major- parotid
minor- lips, buccal mucosa, palate, tonsillar area.
 c/p: slow growing, painless slightly compresssible
swelling, nodules are similar to mucocele.
Histologic features:
 Epithelial proliferations result in various cystic structures.
 Lining of cyst- varies from flattened to tall columnar cells,
and cuboidal, mucous, and oncocytic cells seen.
 Lining thickness- 1-3 epithelial cells
 Limited papillary growth with central connective tissue
core seen.
 Eosinophilic or slightly hematoxyphilic secretions are
seen in the stroma
 Dense fibrous connective tissue stroma with scattered
inflammatory cells seen.
 Cystadenoma.

Well-circumscribed tumor composed of

variably sized, multiple cysts with focal
papillary configurations.

The cyst lining epithelium consists of

columnar or cuboidal cells.

The cysts contain eosinophilic,

proteinaceous material
Treatment:
 Conservative surgical procedure
 Recurrence- low
 Most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm.

 2nd most frequent of occurence of all salivary gland

neoplasm

 Term was 1st used by Stewart, Foote and Becker in 1945.

 5% of all salivary gland neoplasm

Etiology:
 Therapeutic Radiation
 Lipoidal installation
 Presence of other foreign material

Origin:
 Cells of the salivary gland excretory and intercalated
duct
Clinical features:

 Age: 3rd – 5th decade

 Sex: females> male
 Site: parotid is most commonly affected
Intraorally: palate
 Most common salivary gland neoplasm in children.
 c/p:
Low grade: slowly enlarging, painless mass, seldom
exceeds 5cm in diameter in low grade.
- not completely encapsulated, often contains cysts- filled
with viscoid, mucoid material.
- may be mistaken as mucocele.
High grade: grows rapidly, facial nerve paralysis
-ulceration, trismus, draining from the ear, dysphagia.
- metastasis to regional lymph node, lung, bone, brain,
suncutaneous tissue.
 Blue-pigmented mass of the posterior
lateral hard palate.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Mass of the tongue
Genetics:
 Infrequent genetic loss at chromosomes 9q21, 8q, 5p, 16
q, 12p.
 H-ras gene have been shown mutation at codon 12 or 13
 Gross pathology

Low-grade mucoepidermoid
carcinomas may have a distinctly
cystic gross appearance.
-Cystic spaces- viscid, mucoid
material
-Areas of hemorrhage seen.

Cut surface of the tumor shows gray

white, solid mass accompanied by
multiple small cystic structures and
infiltrative borders.
Histopathological features:
 Characterized by: variety of cell types and growth
patterns
 Composed of- a)mucous secreting cells
b)epidermoid cells
c)intermediate cells
d)columnar or clear cells
 Grades: a) low grade
b) intermediate grade
c) high grade
 Mucous cells- vary in shape, abundant pale foamy
cytoplasm that stains positive for mucin stains.
- relatively large, may assume round, cuboidal, ovoid,
columnar or goblet shapes.
- stains positive for mucicarmine and PAS stain.
 Epidermoid cells- squamous features, polygonal shape.
 Intermediate cells- larger than basal cell, smaller than
squamous cell. Proginitor of epidermoid and squamous
cells.
 Clear cells- larger, polygonal and defined cytoplasmic
borders.
 Histopathological Grades are based on-
 Amount of cyst formation
 Degree of cytoplasmic atypia
 Relative number of mucous, epidermoid & intermediate
cells.
 Low grade: Hallmark- prominent cystic structures
accompanied by the presence of numerous mature
cellular element including mucous cells and
extracellular matrix.
- Mucous cell predominate
- squamous cell lining the cystic spaces seen.
- Size, shape & staining characteristics of cells are
uniform
 Intermediate grade: intermediate cells predominate
with scattered mucous cells and zones of epidermoid
cells forming large, solid islands of tumor.
- Mitotic figures- rare.
Low-grade mucoepidermoid
carcinoma: with a prominent
cystic component.
 Mucus cells - mucicarmine stain,

Clear cells - PAS

Intermediate-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma with few mucus
cells and prominent population of intermediate and epidermoid cells
 High grade: nearly solid cellular proliferation of
epidermoid & intermediate cells
-Noticiable degree of cellular atypia
-N:C ratio altered
-nucleoli prominent, mitosis- numerous

2 differentiation pattern:
a)Resemble a MDSCC
b) variety of cell types that are most often dominated by
intermediate cells.
High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma with poorly differentiated,
irregular nests of tumor cells and very focal mucinous differentiation.
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Clear cell variant

Oncocytic variant.
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Abundant hyalinized stroma is evident.

Extensive secondary lymphoid cell

infiltration, referred to as tumor-
associated lymphoid proliferation.
1)Sclerosing MEC:
 Extremely rare, characterized by intense central sclerosis
that occupies the entirety of an otherwise typical tumor,
frequently with an infiltrate of plasma cells, eosinophils,
and/or lymphocytes at its peripheral region.
 2 mechanism: Tumor infarction and extravasation of
mucins resulting in reactive fibrosis.
2) Intraosseous MEC:
 Primary intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma (PIOC)
of the jaw bones is an extremely rare malignant salivary
gland tumor, comprising 2–3% of all mucoepidermoid
carcinomas reported.
 commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible
 Histologically low-grade cancers
 Radiographically seen as uniocular or multiocular
lesions.
Differential diagnosis:
 Necrotizing sialomataplasia
 Pleomorphic adenoma
 Inverted ductal papilloma
 Cystadenoma
 Matastatic SCC
 Sebaceous carcinoma
 Clear cell tumors
 Adenosquamous carcinoma
Treatment and prognosis:
 Conservative excision with preservation of facial nerve
 Submandibular gland- removal of the gland
 Minor salivary gland- surgical
 Matastatis- 12% of cases
 Prognosis- fairly good.
 The acinic cell adenocarcinoma is a salivary gland
malignancy with cells that show serous acinar
differentiation.
 Abrams and his coworker, concluded – tumor of this
type have atleast a low grade malignant potential.
 Defined by cytologic differentiation towards serous acinar
cells whose characteristic feature is cytoplasmic PAS
positive Zymogen type secretory granules.
 17% of primary salivary gland malignancy
 6% of all salivary gland neoplasm
Histogenic theory:
 By Eversole, later by Regezi and Batsakis, hypothesizes
that ACC develops from stem or reserve epithelial cells
located at the tubuloacinar terminal of salivary gland
duct unit, i.e, intercalated duct region.
Clinical features:
 Age: Middle age, 44 years
 Sex: female>male (3:2)
 Site: parotid- 80%
Intraorally- lips & buccal mucosa
 c/p: slow growing, mobile or fixed mass of variable
duration.
- Asymptomatic usually, pain and tenderness seen over a
third of patient.
- Facial muscle weakness can be seen
- Bilateral synchronous tumors have been reported
Acinic cell adenocarcinoma. Small, nodular mass of the hard palate.
 Gross pathology:
Primary ACC –mononodular, well circumscribed, 2-4 cm in diameter
Multinodularity is not infrequent
Color: Grayish white or reddish gray
May be solid or cystic,
Consistency- firm to soft, somewhat friable.

Sections through a
superficial parotidectomy
reveal a sharply
demarcated tumor with a
partially cystic appearance.
Histopatholgic feature

 Highly variable morphologic feature

 Well circumscribed and encapsulated, may exhibit
infiltrative growth pattern
 Characteristic cell: serous acinar cells, with abundant
granular basoplilic cytoplasm and round and darkly
stained eccentric nucleus.
 Mitotic figures- uncommon
Morphologic growth patterns:
1. Solid
2. Microcystic
3. Papillary – cystic
4. Follicular

Individual cell can be categorized as:

1. Acinar
2. Intercalated duct like
3. Vacuolated
4. Clear
5. Nonspecific glandular
Solid growth pattern:
 Most easily recognised
 Contain large number of Well Differentiated acinar cells
and most closely resemble normal parotid gland
parenchyma.
 Composed of sheets of tumor cells that frequently have an
organoid configuration.
 Groups of tumor acinar cells are separated and surrounded
by very thin fibrous septa that contain small, nearly
invisible capillaries.
 Clear cells often grow
 Acinic cell adenocarcinoma. Parotid
tumor demonstrating sheet of
granular, basophilic serous acinar
cells

Acinic cell adenocarcinoma. High-

power view of serous cells with
basophilic, granular cytoplasm.
 Acinic cell carcinoma.

The cells have an abundant cytoplasm

filled with basophilic zymogen granules

Acinic cell carcinoma.

Periodic acid Schiff stain highlighting

zymogen granules on the luminal aspect
Microcystic pattern:
 Extensive in 1/3 of ACC
 Numerous small cystic spaces.
 Acinar cells still frequent, may be dominating type.
 Vacuolated and intercalated duct like cells are prominent
 Mucinous material may pool in the cystic space
Papillary- cystic pattern:
 Cystic structure that contain proliferations of the epithelium,
projecting into lumina.
 Some epithelial projections have fibrovascular cores, where as others
appear to be masses of epithelium without apparent supporting
stroma.
 Epithelial proliferations vary in thickness
 Intercalated duct like and non specific glandular cells predominate,
vacuolated cells also seen.
 Apical portion of the lumen lining cells bulge into lumen- produce a
hobnail like configuration.
Follicular pattern:
 Less frequent
 Variable size- ovoid to round cystic spaces lined by cuboidal to
low columnar epithelial cells.
 Cystic space- contain proteinaceous material that stimulate the
appearance of colloid
 Intercystic areas –usually occupied by epithelial cells that are
nonspecific glandular cells with some vacuolated and acinar
type cells.
 Curious feature- frequent association with a lymphoid
infiltrate in the supporting stroma, geminal centres may be
evident.
 Arise within intraparotid lymph node.
Acinic cell carcinoma with extensive psammoma body formation
 Acinic cell carcinoma
showing focal clear cell
change.

This otherwise typical acinic cell carcinoma

shows an area (upper) of higher grade
carcinoma with small-cell features.

This phenomenon has been referred to as

“dedifferentiation.”
Differential diagnosis
 Normal salivary gland
 Sialadenitis/ sialadenosis
 MEC- microcystic type
 Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
 Clear cell oncocytoma
Treatment and prognosis
 Surgical
 Total excision with preservation of facial nerve- parotid
 Lymph node dissection
 Surgical excision- intraoral tumors
 Prognosis- poor
 The adenoid cystic carcinoma is one of the more common and
best- recognized salivary malignancies.
 Slow growing but aggressive neoplasm with a remarkable
capacity of recurrence.
 Marked propensity for perineural invasion.
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a “basaloid tumour consisting of
epithelial and myoepithelial cells in variable morphologic
configurations, including tubular, cribriform, cystic and solid
patterns
Clinical features:
 Age: 5th- 7th decade
 Sex: F>M
 Site: 50-60% within minor salivary gland- palate> tongue,
buccal mucosa.
 c/p: slowly growing mass.
- Pain is a common and important finding
- Patients often complain of a constant , low-grade, dull
ache, which gradually increases in intensity.
- Facial nerve paralysis may develop with parotid tumors.
- Palatal tumors can be smooth surfaced or ulcerated.
- Tumors arising in the palate or maxillary sinus may show
radiographic evidence of bone destruction
Adenoid cystic carcinoma. Painful mass of the hard palate and
maxillary alveolar ridge.
Gross pathology

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the

parotid gland has deceptively well-
delineated outlines.
Microscopically, the tumor extends
well beyond the grossly apparent
edges of the tumor.

White or grayish white color,

firm, invasive tumor.
Areas of hemorrhage seen.
Histopathologic features:
 The adenoid cystic carcinoma is composed of a mixture
of myoepithelial cells and ductal cells that can have a
varied arrangement.
 Three major patterns are recognized;
(1) cribriform ,
(2) tubular, and
(3) solid.
 Usually a combination at these is seen, and the tumor is
classified based on the predominant pattern.
Cribriform pattern:
 The cribriform pattern is the most classic and best recognized
appearance, characterized by islands of basalaid epithelial cells
that contain multiple cylindrical, cyst like spaces resembling
Swiss cheese or honeycomb pattern.
 These spaces often contain a mildly basophilic mucoid material
a hyalinized eosinophilic product , or a combined mucoid
hyalinized appearance.
 Sometimes the hyalinized material also surrounds these
cribriform islands.
 Tubular pattern:
 Tubular structure that are lined by stratified cuboidal
epithelium.
 Longitudinal section- ductal structures are viewed as ducts or
tubules.
 Lumina contains mucinous substance- PAS positive
 Cribriform pattern may exist with tubular pattern.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Tubular variant showing morphologically

clear abluminal cells.
 Solid pattern:
 Solid groups of cuboidal cells with little tendency
towards ducts or cyst formation.
 Arranged in nests or sheets of varying size and shape.
 Areas of necrosis seen
 Cellular pleomorphism, mitosis observed.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Solid variant higher power showing

scattered duct-like structures within
the tumor sheet.
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
The tumor cells are
surrounded by hyalinized
material

Adenoid cystic carcinoma. Perineural

invasion.
Dedifferentiation of adenoid cystic carcinoma
- Recently defined, rare varient.
- characterized histologically by 2 component
1. Conventional low grade adenoid cystic carcinoma
2. high grade dedifferentiated carcinoma.
Because of frequent recurrence and matastasis, the
clinical course is short, similar to AdCC with a
predominant solid growth pattern.

Histologically low grade AdCC merges gradually into

extensive dedifferentiated component that is composed
of solid sheets and cords of anaplastic tumor cell with
focal gland formation..
p53 gene alteration plays a pivotal role.
Differential diagnosis:
 Basal cell adenoma
 Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma
 Basaloid squamous carcinoma
 Basal cell adenocarcinoma
Treatment and Prognosis
 Surgical excision
 Adjunct radiation therapy may slightly improve patient
survival in some cases.
Prognosis- poor
 Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma (EMEC) is a rare low-grade
malignant salivary gland neoplasm.
 less than 1% of all salivary gland neoplasms.
 ORIGIN: intercalated duct
 A malignant tumor composed of variable proportions of two
cell types, which typically form duct-like structures.
 The biphasic morphology is represented by an
- Inner layer of darker cells, that represent intercalated duct
epithelial component
- Outer layer of clear, myoepithelial-type cells.
Clinical feature:

 Age: older, 6th- 7th decade of life.

 Sex: F>M
 Site: parotid- 75%> submandibular gland
intraorally: palate, tongue.
 c/p: Asymptomatic, or painful salivary gland swelling with
a history of steady increase in size over an extended period
of time.
 Facial paralysis & Localized swellings
 Locally infiltrative, destructive growth pattern & frequent
rate of recurrence.
 Facial deformity & nasal obstruction- incase of maxillary
involvement
 Increased risk of secondary primary tumor- either in
salivary gland or in separate site
Extra oral swelling on the left side of face
Gross pathology:
 Single, well circumscribed, firm, lobulated neoplasm that
ranges from 2-8 cm
 On cross section- multinodular growth pattern with
irregular cystic spaces.
 Recurrent tumors- multicentric growth with irregular
tumor borders and central areas of necrosis.
Histopathological features:

 Multinodular growth pattern with islands of tumor cells

separated by dense band of fibrous connective tissue.

 Islands of tumor cells composed of small ducts lined by

cuboidal epithelium that is surrounded by clear cells that

interface with thickened hyaline like basement membrane.
 Inner- luminal cuboidal cells have finely granular, dense,
eosinophilic cytoplasm and central or basally located
round nuclei.
- Columnar cells and squamous foci may also be seen
proliferating within cystic and microcystic space that often
contain material that reacts positivity to PAS stain.
 Outer- clear myoepithelial cell vary in shape from
columnar to ovoid, well defined cell borders, eccentrically
located vesicular nuclei located towards the basement
membrane.
- Clear myoepithelial predominates
 mitotic figures- rare
 Vascular invasion & neurotropism may be seen.
Higher magnification showing luminal intercalated Duct like cells and
abluminal clear cells.
Another area Showing luminal cuboidal cells and abluminal clear cells and dense
hyalinised basement membrane (Original magnification,)
 Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

Not uncommonly some glandular

structures have dilated lumens or are
thrown into papillary folds.
This feature is practically never seen in
adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma with

trabecular arrangement & predominantly
non-canalized ducts.
 S – 100 immunohistochemistry

p63 immunohistochemistry
Differential diagnosis:
 Pleomorphic adenoma
 Clear cell tumors
 Clear cell oncocytoma
 Myoepithelial carcinoma
 Clear cell myoepithelioma
 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
 Malanoma
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Treatment

 Wide surgical excision

 Recurrence rate- 30-50%
 Recently recognized type of salivary malignancy that was first

described in 1983.

 Evans and Batsakis first used the term

 PLGA occurs almost exclusively in the minor salivary glands

 Characterized by: Bland, uniform nuclear feature, diverse by

characteristic architecture, infiltrative growth and perineural

invasion.
Clinical features:
 Age: 50-80 years
 Sex- F:M=2:1
 Site: 50-60%- palate, 16%- buccal mucosa, 12%- upper lip,
major SG- parotid
 c/p- Most often appears as a pain less mass that may have
been present for a long time with slow growth.
- Associated with bleeding, discomfort, telangiectasia,
ulceration.
- Tumor can erode or infiltrate the underlying bone.
Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Ulcerated mass of
the posterior lateral hard palate
 Gross pathology:
 Firm, circumscribed, but non-encapsulated, yellow tan
lobulated nodule, average size 2.2cms.
 Bony invasion may be seem in large lesion in the hard patate,
may impinge upon the maxillary bone and cause bone
resorption and laterally medullary invasion

Gross image shows bone invasion in

a large tumor in the hard palate
Histopathologic features:
 Characterized by: Infiltrative growth with diverse
morphology & Uniform nuclear appearance
 At low power, the tumor sometimes appears well
circumscribed.
 peripheral cells are usually infiltrative, invading the adjacent
tissue in a single- file fashion.
 Difference growth pattern- hence the name polymorphous.

 Variety of growth patterns- solid, ductal, cystic, tubular or

cribriform
 Tumor stroma- varies from mucid to hyaline and in some areas

separated by fibrovascular stroma.

 In some tumors, a cribriform pattern can be produced that

mimics adenoid cystic carcinoma .

 Mitotic figures are uncommon.

 Perineural invasion common.

 Histopathological image shows
uniform nuclei, round to ovoid,
with ground-glass type nuclear
chromatin

Histopathological image shows

whorling around small neurovascular
bundles; a targetoid appearance
 Polymorphous low-grade
adenocarcinoma . This
medium-power view shows a
cribriform arrangement of uniform
tumor cells with pale-staining nuclei

Polymorphous low-grade
adenocarcinoma.
Pale-staining cells which
infiltrate as single-file cords.
 Tubular structures are predominantly lined
by a single layer of small cuboidal cells.

Multiple pseudocystic spaces with pale

staining amphophilic mucoid contents
resulting in a cribriform appearance
Differential diagnosis:
 Pleomorphic adenoma
 Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Treatment and Prognosis
 The polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma is best
treated by wide surgical excision, sometimes including
resection of the under lying bone.
 Metastasis to regional lymph nodes is relatively
uncommon, occurring in just under 10% of patients.
 Therefore, radical neck dissection seems unwanted
 Distant metastasis is rare.
 Surgical pahology of the salivary glands, Gary L Ellis,
Paul L Auclair.
 Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology, 6th edition.
 Oral and maxillofacial pathology, 3rd edition, Neville.
 Color/Atlas text of salivary gland tumor pathology,
Irving Dardick.
 Gnepp, diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and
neck