ASSESSING THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WORLD HERITAGE

CITIES: THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF GALLE AS CASE STUDY

Robert Boxem, René Fuhren, dr.ir. Ana Pereira Roders, Loes Veldpaus MSc. & Prof. dr.
Bernard Colenbrander

Abstract
This article presents the first results of a survey on the historic centre of
Galle. Galle is one of the many World Heritage properties as acknowledged
by the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO. The Historic centre of Galle is
a case study that is part of a larger research program called: “Outstanding
Universal Value, World Heritage cities and Sustainability: Surveying the
relationship between the Outstanding Universal Value assessment practices
and the sustainable development of World Heritage cities” lead by the
Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands; and UNESCO World
Heritage Centre, France.

The aim of the research is to determine the adequacy of the current strategies
of the stakeholders involved with the policy and management regarding
developments towards a sustainable development of the historic town of
Galle. The main question therefore is: How can the historic centre of Galle
develop sustainably, without damaging its Outstanding Universal Value?
This paper however, will focus on the results of the literature study and the
survey of official UNESCO documents undertaken to assess the cultural
significance of the historic centre of Galle, by means of revealing the
dimensions of its cultural significance in terms of cultural values. The paper
will conclude with an illustrative test case where the study of documents
and literature is complemented with the preliminary results of the field
work.

Keywords: UNESCO, World Heritage cities, sustainable development, cultural

significance assessment, cultural values, historic centre of Galle.


 Eindhoven University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning. Den Dolech 2, PO Box 513, VRT
7.25, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Contact person: Ana Pereira Roders. e: [email protected] t: 0031-
402473430 f: 0031-402475887

 
1. Introduction
This article presents the first results of a survey on the historic centre of Galle. Galle is
one of the many World Heritage properties as acknowledged by the World Heritage
Committee (WHC), UNESCO.
Galle as a case study is part of a research program called Outstanding Universal
Value, World Heritage cities and Sustainability: Surveying the relationship between the
Outstanding Universal Value assessment practices and the sustainable development of
World Heritage cities” lead by the Eindhoven University of Technology, the
Netherlands; and UNESCO World Heritage Centre, France.”1
The main question of the case study is: How can the historic centre of Galle develop
sustainably, without damaging its Outstanding Universal Value? This paper however,
will focus on the results of the literature study and the survey of official UNESCO
documents undertaken to assess the cultural significance of the historic centre of Galle,
by means of revealing the dimensions of its cultural significance in terms of cultural
values. The paper will conclude with an illustrative test case where the study of
documents and literature is complemented with the preliminary results of the field
work.
As a case study the surveys become very site specific, however, at the same time it is
part of a global comparative research. At the moment similar studies are being
conducted in the Stone Town, Zanzibar Tanzania and Willemstad, Curacao.

2. World Heritage
Galle is a World Heritage city. World Heritage cities are urban settlements that
include “cultural heritage with the broadest level of cultural significance, which is
acknowledged by the World Heritage Committee (WHC), in UNESCO, as of
Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for the whole mankind. This cultural heritage is
known worldwide as World Heritage (WH)”2. The World Heritage Committee defines
Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) as the “cultural significance which is so exceptional
as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and
future generations of all humanity”.3 A property then is considered as having OUV
whenever it meets one or more of the ten selection criteria, as defined by the WHC.4

The OUV of World Heritage properties is expressed through a variety of attributes.

These attributes “are a direct tangible expression of the outstanding universal value of
the property”5, “and may include the relationships between physical elements, essence,
meaning, and at times related processes, that need to be protected and managed in order

1
Pereira Roders, Ana and Van Oers, Ron. Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage cities and Sustainability:
research program. (2010)
2 Pereira Roders, A., Veldpaus, L. and Colenbrander, B. (2010) Cultural Heritage and Sustainability: World

Heritage cities as case study: graduate studio program

3 UNESCO. World Heritage Center. (2008) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.

Http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08‐en.pdf (Accessed 17 November 2010), p. 14

4 UNESCO. World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria
5 See footnote 3, p. 26
to sustain OUV”.6 Additionally, one has to assure that authenticity and integrity, as well
as the implementation of an adequate protection and management system to ensure its
safeguarding have been met.7 Authenticity is to be understood as the requirement to be
genuine, i.e. the WH property should be truly what it is claimed to be”8 and integrity is a
“measure of the wholeness and intactness of the cultural heritage and its attributes”.9

3. World Heritage city of Galle

The historic centre of Galle, best known as Galle Fort, is situated on the southwest
coast of Sri Lanka and is considered as being the best example of a fortified city built by
Europeans in south and southeast Asia.10 (figure 1) It was listed as World Heritage in
1988, under criterion (iv), for being considered “an outstanding example of a type of
building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a)
significant stage(s) in human history”.11  However, by the time Galle was inscribed in the
WH list most Decision Texts (DT) did not include a justification for the selection criteria.
Thus, there is no Statement of Significance or of Outstanding Universal Value for Galle
already adopted by the WH Committee. After the Decision Text, the second most
important document for the understanding of the cultural significance of the historic
centre of Galle is the Advisory Body Evaluation (ABE) by UNESCO’s Advisory Body
ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), which was used to sustain
the decision of listing the property as WH.

 
Figure 1. The Galle Fort

6 ICCROM, ICOMOS, IUCN and UNESCO. (2010) Guidance on the preparation of retrospective statements of
outstanding universal value for World Heritage Properties. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/whouven.pdf
7 See footnote 3, p. 20 - 29
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 ICOMOS Sri Lanka. (1988) Advisory Body Evaluation.http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation
11 See footnote 4
When recommending its inscription for the World Heritage list, ICOMOS stated that
“Galle provides an outstanding example of an urban ensemble which illustrates the
interaction of European architecture and South Asian traditions from the 16th to the 19th
centuries. Among the characteristics which make this an urban group of exceptional
value is the original sewer system from the 17th century, flushed with sea water
controlled by a pumping station formerly activated by a windmill on the Triton bastion.
However, the most salient fact is the use of European models adapted by local
manpower to the geological, climatic, historic and cultural conditions of Sri Lanka. In the
structure of the ramparts, coral is frequently used along with granite. In the ground
layout all the measures of length, width and height conform to the regional metrology.
The wide streets, planted with grass and shaded by suriyas, are lined with houses, each
with its own garden and an open verandah supported by columns – another sign of the
acculturation of an architecture which is European only in its basic design.” 12 The
ICOMOS statement already shows it is indeed “an outstanding example of a type of
building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a)
significant stage(s) in human history”, however, what does this mean in the reality of a
living settlement?

4. Problem and aim

The main aim of the research is to determine the adequacy of the current strategies of
the stakeholders involved with the policy and management regarding developments
towards a sustainable development of the historic town of Galle.

By inscription of the historic centre of Galle on UNESCO’s World Heritage List

(WHL), the States Party of Sri Lanka has agreed that “legislative and regulatory
measures at national and local levels should assure the survival of the property and its
protection against development and change that might negatively impact the
outstanding universal value, or the integrity and/or authenticity of the property”.13 In
other words: international inscription comes with local responsibilities. Despite its
international recognition as World Heritage the historic centre of Galle is also a living
settlement, which needs to evolve in order to meet the needs of their citizens, preferably
in a sustainable way and that may require development.

The lack of fine tuning between transformations due to development needs and
maintaining OUV may result in irreversible damages to the Outstanding Universal
Value of the property, and consequently, raising the risk of having the historic centre of
Galle removed from the WHL, as recently happened to Dresden, Germany. Eventually
this could also be the case for Galle Fort, if development plans with negative impact on
the OUV of Galle had been underestimated by the States Party of Sri Lanka (SP).

The need for development already jeopardizes the historic centre of Galle. As the
society has changed over time, pressure for developments and upgrading within the fort
is being felt, in order to address evolving needs of its inhabitants in their day-to-day

12 See footnote 10
13
   See footnote 3, p. 25 
pursuits.14 The current problems are (i) the difficulty for stakeholders concerned with
policies and management within the fort to remove existing unauthorized building
activity; (ii) an inadequate sewage and solid waste management; (iii) noise pollution and
fumes caused by increasing traffic and inadequate vehicle management within the fort;
(iv) overhead wires, cables, TV antennae and water tanks marring the roofscapes of the
fort; (v) closing-in of verandas for domestic security reasons altering the streetscapes;
and (vi) “unauthorized change of use” of houses.15 These developments to meet the
needs of the local community living and working within the fort are threatening the
OUV of the historic centre of Galle, and sustainable solutions are a necessity.

The development of a city seems to conflict with the protection of its cultural
heritage. Although many development projects are today labeled as "sustainable", there
is a substantial risk that these developments have an adverse impact on the cultural
significance of WH cities. On the other hand, there is also the risk that the quality of
OUV assessment practices influences the sustainable development of an urban
settlement (Pereira Roders and Van Oers, 2009). Therefore, sustainable development in
this research is defined as follows: sustainable developments should meet the social,
economic and ecological needs of the present generations, “without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland, 1987) nor “adversely
impact the Outstanding Universal Value, integrity and/or authenticity of the property”
(UNESCO, 2008).

5. Approach and methods

The aim of the research is to assess the adequacy of the current strategies of the
stakeholders involved with the policy and management regarding developments
towards a sustainable development of the historic town of Galle, the above mentioned
definition of sustainable development will be important and is therefore prominent in
the main question of the research;

“HOW CAN THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF GALLE DEVELOP SUSTAINABLY, WITHOUT DAMAGING ITS
OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE?”

In the research, first the first mentioned condition for sustainable development of the
historic centre of Galle shall be considered; to not “adversely impact the Outstanding
Universal Value, integrity and/or authenticity of the property” (UNESCO, 2008), or in other
words; to protect the OUV of the property. To be able to assess the adequacy of
strategies concerned with the protection of the OUV in a later stadium of the research,
what exactly is the OUV of the historic centre of Galle shall be identified and what are
the attributes found representing it. Then, the state of the OUV at the time of inscription
and its current state are to be assessed, in order to be able to determine the current level
of authenticity and integrity of the attributes which evidence the OUV. Sub question one
will be the following:

14
UNESCO & State Party of Sri Lanka (2003) – Periodic Report by State Party 
15
   Ibid. 
“WHAT IS THE CURRENT LEVEL OF AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE OUV OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE
OF GALLE?”
1 – “WHICH ARE THE ATTRIBUTES FOUND REPRESENTING THE OUV?”
2 – “HOW MUCH OF THESE ATTRIBUTES STILL REMAIN TODAY?”

Then, the second mentioned condition for sustainable development of the historic
centre of Galle shall be considered; to meet the social, economic and ecological needs of the
present generations, “without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs” (Brundtland, 1987), or in other words; to meet the evolving needs of the local
community within the historic centre.

Assessing these evolving needs of the local community living in the historic centre of
Galle would require sociological, economical and/or anthropological surveys. However,
the scope of this research being mainly architectural, only the development pressures on
the built environment caused by these evolving needs of the local community shall be
adequately assessed. Thus, these particular evolving needs of the local community
causing development pressures can be considered as being the immediate threats to the
OUV of Galle. To be able to assess the adequacy of strategies concerned with dealing
with these threats later on, first the threats caused by the (evolving) needs of the local
community of the historic centre of Galle in their day-to-day pursuits, causing pressure
for development need to be identified. Moreover, the way in which these development
threats affect the attributes evidencing the OUV will be inventoried. Sub question two
will be:

“WHAT ARE THE DEVELOPMENT-RELATED THREATS CAUSED BY THE EVOLVING NEEDS OF THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY FOUND AFFECTING THE OUV OF THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF GALLE?”
1 – “WHAT ARE THE DEVELOPMENT-RELATED THREATS?”
2 – “HOW DO THEY AFFECT THE ATTRIBUTES EXPRESSING OUV?”

In order to develop the historic centre sustainably and prevent development

pressures from posing a threat to the OUV, the stakeholders concerned with the policy
and management of the historic centre of Galle need to define adequate development
strategies which take into account both protection of the OUV while dealing with the
particular needs of the local community.

Next these stakeholders will be identified and categorized according to their role in
the management process. It is interesting to understand their roles, but also the level of
communication and cooperation between them, if existent. Furthermore, it is crucial to
understand how these stakeholders manage developments within the historic centre of
Galle with regard to both the conservation of the OUV as well as dealing with the threats
to the OUV posed by development needs adequately. In other words, in how far their
current development strategies can be considered sustainable. This leads us to sub-
question 3:

“WHO ARE THE STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN THE POLICY AND MANAGEMENT REGARDING
DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF GALLE AND WHAT IS THEIR CURRENT STRATEGY
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?”
 1 – “WHO ARE THE STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED AND WHAT ARE THEIR ROLES?”
2 – “HOW DO THESE STAKEHOLDERS CURRENTLY MANAGE CONSERVATION OF THE OUV AS WELL
AS DEAL WITH DEVELOPMENT-RELATED THREATS?”

Based on the significance survey results16 conclusions can be taken concerning the
adequacy of the current strategies of the stakeholders involved with the policies and
management regarding developments, towards the simultaneous protection and
sustainable development of the historic centre of Galle. In the following section the
results of the significance survey will be presented.

6. Cultural significance survey

Pereira Roders (2007) states that cultural significance is multidimensional and argues
the co-existence of other cultural values than the traditional historic, aesthetical,
scientific and social values to justify the nomination of a property as cultural heritage. In
addition to the four traditional cultural values also economic, political, age and
ecological values are being distinguished. These eight main values have been used to
code the statements justifying the OUV of Galle found included in the varied official
documents.17

As an original contribution on its own, this literature survey allows stakeholders

involved with the management of the historic centre and its cultural significance to
understand its varied natures and determine the adequacy of their current strategies, as
well as, to define further strategies towards a better protection. Moreover, when
complemented with field surveys and interviews, this survey can also help determining
where and/or by whom exactly the cultural significance is being kept alive, either in the
city or by the community.

Besides the identification of the cultural values, the literature survey also allowed the
identification and categorization of the attributes evidencing the OUV of the property.
These attributes will also be complemented further with field work and interviews.
Together, these results are expected to provide enough evidences to distinguish
discrepancies and/or similarities between the official documents not only within this
case study, but also among the other case studies, being carried out in the global
research program.

7. Preliminary results of the literature study

Since the nomination in 1988, several official documents have been produced, where
the cultural significance of the historic centre of Galle is to be found addressed. The
Advisory Body Evaluation by ICOMOS and the Nomination File (NF) by the SP have
been used as data to carry out this literature survey. The NF was the original document
of the SP of Sri Lanka to apply for inscription on the WHL with UNESCO. However,
ICOMOS being the official Advisory Body of UNESCO, the ABE is the most important

16
   Pereira Roders, A. (2007) RE‐ARCHITECTURE: Lifespan rehabilitation of built heritage 
17
   Ibidem 
document available when it comes to understanding the justifications behind the
inscription of the historic centre of Galle on the WHL, in the absence of an official
Decision Text. When analyzing these and other documents systematically, it is possible
to conclude how far the original justification for inscription is to be found echoed along
the subsequent documents; which are the respective progresses and/or eventual
complementarities/conflict of arguments.
The WH Committee decided to inscribe the site on the basis of cultural criterion (iv),
being “an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological
ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history”, which
would mainly reflect historic values (Pereira Roders & Van Oers, 2011).
However, as can be seen in figure 1, besides the expected historic values a multitude
of other cultural values have been identified in the Advisory Body Evaluation and
Nomination File. All but the age value have been found expressing the OUV of the
property as stated by ICOMOS and the SP, so inscription solely on the historic value of
criterion (iv) seems to do injustice to the historic centre of Galle. One reason for this
discrepancy could be the general character of the historic aspect of criterion (iv). As the
nomination concerns the historic centre of Galle in the period of the 16th to the 19th
century, it would make all its attributes of historic value, regardless of e.g. their
aesthetical or economical nature. This could have left these other cultural values unjustly
inferior in the process. In applying this insight, we can see that other cultural values
become more prominent in both documents at the expense of the historic value; e.g. the
aesthetical and political value in particular now seem to be highly represented in the
documents.

When comparing the cultural values of the ABE with those of the Nomination File
(NF), we can see in how far the original justification for inscription is to be found echoed
along the subsequent documents and if similarities or discrepancies exist between them.
The following preliminary conclusions can be made about the individual cultural values
identified in these documents:
Similarities: Some small differences aside, both documents highly represent political
and aesthetical values.
Discrepancies: The NF seems to give considerably more importance to the social and
economic values than the ABE does, whereas it considers the historic, scientific and
ecological values of far less importance than does the ABE.

Figure 2. Cultural values identified in the Advisory Body Evaluation and the Nomination File.
7.1 Attributes
Besides the ascription of cultural values in order to make different official documents
comparable, by analyzing the ABE and NF systematically it is also possible to identify
implicit and explicit descriptions of the attributes which are conveying the Outstanding
Universal Value in the historic centre of Galle. For instance, the ABE states:

‘Galle provides an outstanding example of an urban ensemble which illustrates the interaction of
European architecture and South Asian traditions from the 16th to the 19 the centuries’

Those are rather vague and general descriptions, so further elaboration on the terms
“European architecture” and “South Asian traditions” is needed to find the attributes in
Galle Fort, expressing the interaction of the two terms stated above. Further in the ABE,
there is given a bit more specific description of the interaction of the South Asian
traditions:

‘… the use of European models adapted by local manpower to the geological, climatic, historic and
cultural conditions of Sri Lanka’

However, this is still a general description, although it gives more insight in the ‘South
Asian traditions’ being the adaptations to geological, climatic, historic and cultural
conditions of its environment. To see how those adaptations are expressed in the
attributes in Galle, further (documentary) inventory is needed, also in order to
understand the varied nature of the attributes of Galle Fort.

In the book ‘The Architecture of an Island’ by Barbara Sansoni (1998), which is a very
thorough and extensive study of the Sinhalese architecture and the emergence of the
various (colonial) styles on the island, adaptations of the colonial buildings to the warm
climate of Sri Lanka are mentioned:

‘The great hall, or rear living room, which runs across the back half of the house, has no ceiling,
but extends in height up to the sloping underside of the tile roof. The loosely jointed tiles allow
hot air to escape to cool the room on hot days. Very large windows and doors open alternately into
the wide shaded veranda which fronts the rear courtyard… … the arrangement of the plan allows
continuous cross ventilation through the centre of the house from the front to the back’

By analyzing such documents, one can find some of the elements which make visible the
features of the European models adapted to the ‘climatic conditions of Sri Lanka’ in the
attributes to be found in Galle Fort, and to specify the general descriptions found in the
ABE and the NF. However, the ABE and NF give some explicit descriptions of attributes
as well, the ABE states:

‘The wide streets, planted with grass and shaded by suriyas, are lined with houses, each with its
own garden and an open verandah supported by columns’.

Therefore, one can consider a house with its own garden and an open verandah
supported by columns as one of the attributes in Galle Fort, expressing its Outstanding
Universal Value. This is confirmed by the Nomination File, as stating:
‘Long rows of single-storied houses with terracotta roofs sloping down from the central ridge
towards the streets supported by rounded brick or timber columns bordered the tree lined streets.
These columns created a verandah which separated the house from the street. (…) The entrance
door which is placed centrally in the façade is the main access into the house and the central
courtyard’

Thus, the Advisory Body Evaluation by ICOMOS and the Nomination File of the States
Party (documentary inventory), includes several (implicit and explicit) attributes. One of
the main attributes which is mentioned explicitly in both documents is the ‘open
verandah supported by columns’ (figure 3), on which we will elaborate in the following
test case.

Figure 3. An open verandah in Galle Fort

7.2 Test case

Since it is mentioned explicitly in both the ABE and the NF, and because it is one of
the main attributes which determines the streetscape in Galle Fort, the previously
identified attribute “open verandah supported by columns” is used here as an example,
in order to illustrate how fieldwork will complement the results found in the documents.
 The amount of ‘open verandahs supported by columns’ existing at the time of
inscription on the WHL, as well as the state in which they were at that time will be
determined18 and mapped. This map will contain all buildings within the Fort, in which
the attribute is highlighted.

By means of assessing its presence and its level of integrity and authenticity the
amount of ‘open verandahs supported by columns’ still existing today, has also been
inventoried. This physical inventory has been done by mapping, photography and
sketching. This has resulted in another urban map in which the remaining amount of the
attribute is highlighted.

When comparing both maps into a third map, the difference in the amount of ‘open
verandahs supported by columns’ can be observed and conclusions can be drawn on
their endanger level.

From the first exploratory oral inventories with the employees of the Department of
Archaeology (DA) and the Galle Heritage Foundation (GHF), stakeholders concerned
with the policy and management regarding developments within the fort, the
preliminary conclusions can be drawn that a large percentage of these verandahs is
purposely being shut by the private owners, in order to meet their social need of
privacy.19 (figure 4)

Figure 4. Closed verandah in Galle Fort

18
 Ancient Ceylon: The Conservation of the Galle Fort and its environs  
19 Exploratory oral inventory with stakeholder DA & GHF, November 15th 2010.
 Besides that, the Periodic Report of 2003 by the State Party of Sri Lanka states as well
that “an increase of unauthorized changes either in use or in its architectural
appearance, [have been] altering the streetscapes within the Fort.20 This could very well
be a reference to verandahs, although it is not made specific.

Further physical inventories shall sustain the conclusions on the authenticity and
integrity of the attribute “open verandahs supported by columns”. For now, the
preliminary statement is that so far these unauthorized changes, closing down the
verandahs, seem to be resulting in a decrease of authenticity and integrity of the
attribute, negatively affecting the ‘aesthetical value’ and thus, on the OUV of the historic
centre of Galle.

Further research could also try to find out whether there are more reasons for private
owners to close the verandah of their house, besides the social need for more privacy.
And, to examine whether stakeholders concerned with the policy and management
regarding developments within the fort, recognize this developments as a threat to the
OUV of Galle Fort and whether they have nowadays sufficient and adequate
regulations, to stop those unauthorized changes.

Based upon this research it is to be expected that in the future it will become possible
to draw more conclusions on how policies and management could deal in a better and
more efficient way with this problem in order to meet the evolving needs of the local
community, as well as, not adversely impact the OUV; in other words, develop their
World Heritage city sustainably.

20 See footnote 13 

References
ICCROM, ICOMOS, IUCN and UNESCO. (2010) Guidance on the preparation of retrospective statements of outstanding
universal value for World Heritage Properties. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/whouven.pdf

ICOMOS Sri Lanka. (1988) Advisory Body Evaluation. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation

Lewcock, R., Sansoni, B., Senanayake, L. (1998) The Architecture of an Island, The Living Heritage of Sri Lanka

Pereira Roders, A. (2007) RE-ARCHITECTURE: Lifespan rehabilitation of built heritage

Pereira Roders, A., Veldpaus, L. and Colenbrander, B. (2010) Cultural Heritage and Sustainability: World Heritage cities as case
study: graduate studio program

States Party of Sri Lanka. (1986) Nomination file

UNESCO & States Party of Sri Lanka (2003) – Periodic Report by States Party

UNESCO. World Heritage Center. (2008) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage

UNESCO. World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria

Figures
Figure 1: http://wajiragalle.com/ (December 15, 2010)
Figure 2: Boxem and Fuhren, November 2010
Figure 3: Boxem and Fuhren, December 2010
Figure 4: Boxem and Fuhren, December 2010