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Power Analysis (2156) PDF

The document discusses instantaneous power, average power, apparent power, power factor, complex power, and their relationships. It defines instantaneous power as the product of instantaneous voltage and current. Average power is the average of instantaneous power over one period. Apparent power is the product of RMS voltage and current, while power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current. Complex power represents both real power (average power) and reactive power. It treats voltage and current as phasors, allowing their product to be expressed as the sum of real and imaginary components. This relationship is visualized using power triangles. Several examples demonstrate calculating these different power terms for circuits.

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Vasu Vasu
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216 views

Power Analysis (2156) PDF

The document discusses instantaneous power, average power, apparent power, power factor, complex power, and their relationships. It defines instantaneous power as the product of instantaneous voltage and current. Average power is the average of instantaneous power over one period. Apparent power is the product of RMS voltage and current, while power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current. Complex power represents both real power (average power) and reactive power. It treats voltage and current as phasors, allowing their product to be expressed as the sum of real and imaginary components. This relationship is visualized using power triangles. Several examples demonstrate calculating these different power terms for circuits.

Uploaded by

Vasu Vasu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instantaneous and Average Power

• The instantaneously power, p(t)


p(t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.

K.Shambavi, SENSE 1
Instantaneous and Average Power

• The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous


power over one period.
1 T 1
P   p(t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
T 0 2

1. P is not time dependent.


2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

K.Shambavi, SENSE 2
Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average power absorbed by a
passive linear network if:
v(t )  330 cos (10 t  20)
i (t )  33 sin (10 t  60)
Solution 1

K.Shambavi, SENSE 3
Instantaneous and Average Power

Question 2

A current I  33  30 flows through an impedance Z  40  22Ω . Find


the average power delivered to the impedance.

Solution 2

K.Shambavi, SENSE 4
Apparent Power and Power Factor

• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of


voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  S cos (θ v  θi )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between


the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.

K.Shambavi, SENSE 5
Apparent Power and Power Factor

Purely resistive θ – θ = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are


v i
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load θv– θi < 0 load
(R and L/C) • Leading - capacitive
load

K.Shambavi, SENSE 6
Complex Power

Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the


complex conjugate of the current:

V  Vm θ v I  I m θi

1
V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2

K.Shambavi, SENSE 7
Complex Power

1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is


the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive).
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).

K.Shambavi, SENSE 8
Complex Power

 S  Vrms I rmscos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2  Q 2


Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

K.Shambavi, SENSE 9
Complex Power

 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor

10
K.Shambavi, SENSE
Example 1:

Solution 1

K.Shambavi, SENSE 11
Example 2:

Solution 2

K.Shambavi, SENSE 12
Example 3: For the given circuit, calculate:
(a) the power factor
(b) the average power delivered by the source
(c) the reactive power
(d) the apparent power
(e) the complex power
Solution 4

K.Shambavi, SENSE 13
Example 4:

Solution 5

K.Shambavi, SENSE 14
K.Shambavi, SENSE 15

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