100% found this document useful (1 vote)
1K views74 pagesManual On Oil Pollution, Section I - Prevention (2011)
Manual on oil Pollution
Uploaded by
TalesCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
1K views74 pagesManual On Oil Pollution, Section I - Prevention (2011)
Manual on oil Pollution
Uploaded by
TalesCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 74
This Section of the Manual on Oil Pollution is intended
Peet eee een
‘of pollution from ships, and deseribes procedures for
the handling of ol cargoes, bunkering, ship-to-ship
Cee eee)
‘offshore units and operations in ice-covered waters.
Tee cone earn)
oe eee
industry standards and Codes of Practice, currently
‘available. The information provided is not intended
ee ge eae nd
regulation contained in any other publication with
pee ee
Pore a RIT
Preteen
MANUAL ON
OIL POLLUTION
SECTION | - PREVENTION ———=
0.201 Aen
MANUAL ON
OIL POLLUTION
SECTION | - PREVENTION
London, 2011 First published in 1983
by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION
4 Albert Embankment, London SEI 75R
wwwvimo.org
Second ealtion 2011
Printed in the United Kingdom by CPI Group (UK) Lid, Croydon, CRO AY
SBN: 978.92-801-4244-0
IMO PUBLICATION.
Sales number AS57E
Copyright © International Maritime Organization 2011
hotographs reproduced courtesy of OCIMF and UNICORN
Al rights reserved.
‘No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,
Stored ina retrieval system, or transmited in any form or by any means,
\without prior permission in writing from the
International Maritime Organization
Reproduction andor translation rights may be available fr this tte.
For futher details please contact IMO Publishing at copyright @imo.org
This plication has heen prepared rm oficial dacuments of MO, and every eo
has been made to eliminate ertors ad reproduce the orginal ext fat. Readers
in ease of incoeitency, the offical IMO text wl presal
H41064
Contents
Page
Foreword « 1
Glossary of abbreviations and definitions 2
Chapter 1 Introduction 7
Chapter 2 Requirements for all sl 10
21 General 10,
2.2 Bunkering operations. B
2.3. Transferring fuel oil within a ship ou
2.4 Machinery space bilges . .. we
2.5. Oily water separating equipment
and oil content meters. 18
2.6 Fuel and lubricating oil purifiers, 18
2.7 Oil Record Book. 18
2.8 Checklists ..... 9
2.9 References. ..... 19
2.10 Relevant industry websites. . 20
Chapter 3. Requirements for all tankers 21
3.1. General application of MARPOL Annex I 2a
3.2. Oil tanker operations a
A Crude oil tankers 21
B Product tankers . 27
3.3 References. 30
Chapter 4 Oil tanker operations at berths, piers or jetties....... 31
4.1 General tow wid 31
4.2. Requirements for berths. ...... . 2
4.3 Requirements for facilities . 32
44 Control and communications. 36
4.5. Preparation for operations 390 Manual on Oil Pollution Section I~ Prevention
Chapter 5
46
47
48
49
410
an
412
413,
414
Performance of operations.
Completion of operations
Suspension of operations...
Cautionary notices
Documents
Teaining
Oil spill response. -
Prevention, clean-up and reporting
References.
il tanker operations at offshore berths
(single point and buoy moorings)
5A
52
53
54
55
5.6
57
58
59
5.10
5a
52
Ship-to-ship transfer of crude
products while underway or at anchor. .
6a
62
63
64
65
6.6
General
General description of facilities and their
‘mooring arrangements
Hoses eee
Control and communications. .
Preparation for operations
Performance of operations
Completion of operations
Suspension of opers
Training
Oil spill response
Prevention, clean-up and reporting...
References,
and petroleum
Introduction
General requirements for vessels involved in
ship-to-ship transfer operations
Risk assessment.
Preparation for operations
Performance of operations
Completion of operations
Page
4a
a2
a2
43
a3
4a
45
46
46
47
47
48
52
54
55
57
58
58
59
59
59
60
ol
ol
62
73
3
7
78
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Contents
Page
67 Suspension of operations oe 79
6.8. References. 79
Operations at offshore Aoatng (Production storage
and offloading facilities 81
71 General = 81
7 FPSO and FSLI mooring arrangements 82
7.3. FPSO and FSU offloading arrangements. . 83
74 Risk management . ce 85
75. Tandem mooted oftake operations a FPS05
and FSUs. 5 86
ei Stes fake operins FPSOs
and FSUs, . 88
77 Offtake tanker operations 89
7.8 Control and communications 90
7.9. Preparation for operations . 9”
7,10. Performance of operations... +. 8
7.11 Completion of operations 94
7.12 Suspension of operations. ... 4
713. FPSO and FSU operations while disconnected
from their mooring system. s 95
7.14 References. ... . 5
Oil tanker operations in ice covered waters ...... 97
8.1 Recommendations to ships operating,
in ice covered waters. ”
8.2 Ice classification rules . dae 99
8.3 Ice navigator 101
84 Anchoring and towing. - 101
8.5. Safety requirements. .. my 102
8.6 Operating and training manuals... 104
8.7 _ Environmental protection. 104
8.8 Vessel Traffic Management Information
System (VTMIS) and Ship/Response
Vessel System (Servs) 105
8.9 Preparing ships for sailing in ice covered waters... 106 ‘Manual on Oil Pollution Section I~ Prevention
Chapter 9
Appendix
8.10 Sailing in ice... eee
8.11 Transfer of oil in ice covered waters.
8.12 References. i"
8.13, Relevant industry body websites
Shore facilities and oil transfer operations
other than at dock areas
Examples of ched
Foreword
This publication was prepared by the OPRC-HNS Technical Group, a subsici-
ary body of IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee. It replaces
the 1983 edition of the Manual on Oil Pollution, Section I~ Prevention. This
revised edition significantly updates the information included in the previous
edition and includes several new sections covering, in particular, prevention
aspects of ship-to-ship transfers at sea and the prevention of pollution from
ships in ice covered waters,
The Manual on Oil Pollution, Section | aims to provide useful information
to assist governments, in particular those of developing countries, in taking
appropriate measure to prevent or minimize operational and accidental
pollution from ships, in accordance with the requirements ofthe International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by
the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL).
MARPOL is the main international convention aimed at protecting the
marine environment from operational and accidental pofution from ships.
Its six annexes regulate the prevention of marine pollution by oil, noxious
liquid substances in bulk, harmful substances carried by sea in packaged
form, sewage, and garbage, as well as the prevention of air pollution.
The Manual on Oil Pollution series consists of six sections:
Section! Prevention (contained in this publication)
Section il Contingency Planning (revised edition published 1995)
Section Ill Salvage (revised edition published 1997)
Section V Combating Oil Spills (evised edition published 2005)
Section V Administrative Aspects of Oil Pollution Response (revised
edition published 2009)
Section VI IMO Guidelines for Sampling and Identification of Oil Spills
(published 1998) Manual on Oil Pollution Section I~ Prevention
‘A greater understanding of spill effects and damages has strengthened the
resolve of many governments to focus efforts on prevention. The premise of
this manual is that every oil spill, regardless of its size or its source, is worthy
Of prevention efforts at some level. tis widely understood that the size of an
‘il spill alone does not determine the degree of its resulting damage ~ either
‘environmentally or economically.
This section of the Manual on Oil Pollution is intended to provide practical
‘uidance, describing procedures for the handling of oil cargoes. bunkering,
ship-to-ship transfer operations, transfer operations involving offshore units
and operaiions in ice covered waters. It also provides an overview of the
various prectices, as a complement to the more detailed industry standards
and codes of practice currently in place. The information provided does not
supersede or replace any information, laws, or regulations contained in any
‘other publications with respect to the waters and areas to which it pertains
Glossary of abbreviations and definitions
berth Piers, jetties, mooring buoys or similar installations to
which the facilities are affixed, serving for the mooring
Of ships and for the conduct of oil transfer and ancillary
operations.
CALM Catenary anchor leg mooring system
CBM Conventional buoy mooring system
coLREG Convention on the Intemational Regulations for Prevent-
ing Collisions at Sea, 1972.
cow Crude oil washing of crude oil tanks.
difierentiated A positioning system using anchoring of the ship, allowing,
compliance _it to move in order better to accommodate variations in
anchoring the environment to avoid fully parallel (in which the ship
system (DICAS) is ully head on to the weather) or fully crosswise (athwart
to the weathen situations, based on the distribution and
setting-up of mooring lines, which define differentiated
degrees of rigidity (compliance) in the anchoring system.
dynamic ‘A computer controlled system to automatically maintain a
positioning (DP) vessels position and heading by using its own propellers
and thrusters.
facility Complex. of equipment and systems, permanently
mounted on or integral to the berth and designed for the
transfer of oil, loading or unloading tanker, reception of
dirty ballast and oil residues and for bunkering.
Glossary of abbreviations and definitions
FPSO.
FSU
HELCOM
hose
lacs
IAPH
ice covered
ice navigator
cs
Ics
WsGOTT
INTERTANKO
15M Code
lightering
loading arm
LOADLINE
MARPOL
EPC
A floating production, storage and offloading/offtake
(FPSO) unit isa floating vessel used by the offshore indus-
try for the processing of hydrocarbons and for storage of
oil,
‘A floating vessel used only to store oil is referred to as a
floating storage unit
Helsinki Commission (Baltic Marine Environment Protec-
tion Commission)
A flexible pipe with arrangements for connection to facil-
ity and ship,
International Association of Classification Societies
Intemational Association of Ports and Harbours
Waters where local ice conditions present a structural risk
toa ship.
Any individual who, inaddition tobeing qualified under the
STCW Convention, is specially trained and
otherwise qualified to direct the movement of a
ship in ice covered waters. Qualifications of an
ice navigator should include documentary evidence of
having completed on-the-job training, as appropriate, and
‘may include simulation training.
International Chamber of Shipping
Inert gas system
International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals
International Association of Independent Tanker Owners
International Safety Management Code
See “ship-to-ship transfer’,
Part of the facility consisting of hinged pipes and arrange-
ments for their connection to tanker manifolds. The
design of the loading arm may incorporate a permanently
connected hose.
International Convention on Load Lines, 1966
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978
relating thereto
IMO’ Marine Environment Protection Committee ‘Manual on Oil Pollution Section I~ Prevention
MBM
MsDs
OcIMF
ODME
offloading
offtake
oil transfer
system
operation
person in overall
advisory control
PLEM
responsible
person(s)
Servs
Soper
ship-to-ship
transfer
shuttle tanker
single anchor
eg mooring
system (SAIM)
single point
‘mooring (SPM)
Multi buoy moorings
Material Safety Data Sheet
Oil Companies International Marine Forum
il discharge monitoring equipment
The process of unloading oil from the FPSO or FSU to the
offtake oil tanker.
The vessel receiving the oil consolidated on board a FPSO
or FSU.
A system which may include pipelines, loading arms,
hoses and pumps with accessories designed for pumping
oil, dirty ballast and oil residues from a vessel or for deli
ering cargo oil and bunkers to vessel
Encompasses loading, discharging or transfer of il,
bunkering, tank washing, discharge of oily residues, and
the transier and storage of dirty ballast.
The person agreed to be in overall advisory control of an
STS operation. It may be one of the Masters (generally
the Master of the manoeuvring ship) or it may be an STS.
Superintendent.
Pipeline end manifold
The personis) in charge of the operation on the tanker and
in charge of the operation on the berth.
Ship/Response Vessel System
Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
The transfer of oil cargo from one vessel to another,
(Sometimes referred to as “lightening” or “lightering”)
A vessel designated for offtake of cargo from a FPSO or
a FSU. Such a vessel would normally have a bow loading
system and a means of station keeping relative to the
FPSO or FSU, without the aid of tugs.
‘A mooring facility dedicated to the offshore petroleum
discharge system. Once installed, it permits a tanker to
remain on station and pump in much higher sea states
than is possible with a spread moor.
‘An integrated mooring arrangement for bow mooring, a
conventional tanker.
Glossary of abbreviations and definitions
SOLAS
SOPEP
special areas
SRS
stcw
SWL
uNcLos
VRP
vis
vis
wéMo
International Convention forthe Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
{As defined in regulation 10 of MARPOL Annex I
Ship Reporting System
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certifi-
cation and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978
Safe working load
United Nations Convention on the Law af the Sea
Vessel Response Plan
Vessel Traffic Management Information System
Vessel Traffic Service
World Meteorological Organization Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Prevention of pollution into the marine environment as a conse-
‘quence of shipping is a primary objective of IMO’s work and remains the
preferred and most economic means of limiting the introduction of pollut-
ants into the marine environment. A key element in IMO programme for
maritime safety and pollution prevention is the development and imple
mentation of a global regulatory framework designed to enhance safety and
to prevent, and eventually eliminate completely, pollution of the marine
‘environment.
1.2. _The Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships, 1973, as moditied by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL)
is the main international convention aimed at protecting the marine environ-
‘ment from operational and accidental pollution from ships. Its six annexes
regulate the prevention of marine pollution by oil; noxious liquid substances
in bulk; harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form; sewage; and
garbage, as well as the prevention of air pollution.
1.3. Inaccordance with the provisions of MARPOL, vessels are de
constructed and operated in an integrated manner, with the objective of
preventing and, ultimately, eliminating all harmful discharges and emissions
throughout their working life. This holistic philosophy encompasses all vessel
operations and their possible impact on the environment, and provides
increased opportunities for transport managers to choose environmentally
sound sea transport options.
1.4 Insecent years, the international maritime transport of oil has grown
dramatically. Between 1983 and 2002, world seaborne trade rose from
around 12 billion tonne miles to some 23 billion tonne miles, an increase of
‘over 90%. The carriage of oil and petroleum products accounts fora signifi
‘cant part of this increase, rising to approximately 76% from 5.6 billion tonne
miles to 9.9 billion tonne mies during this same period. In tonnage terms, the
amount of oil transported by sea increased from 1.21 billion tonnes in 1983
to almost 2 billion tonnes in 2002. A total of 33.73 billion tonnes was carried
over this 19-year period. ‘Manual 09 Oil Pollution Section I~ Prevention
1.5 3y contrast, estimates of the quantity of oil spilled during the same
period stow a steady decline. The introduction of industry practices such
a “load on top" and crude oil washing, coupled with segregated ballast
requirements for tankers, has contributed significantly towards reducing
operational pollution.
f one considers MARPOL Annex |, the portion of the Convention
that covers prevention of pollution by oil, several measures have been
inoduced 1 specifically address and lower the elerent of risk and, more
importarily, to ensure oil tankers are constructed and operated in a way that
reduces the amount of oil spilled from operational activites or in the event
of an incdent. This Annex has recently been amencled to incorporate more.
siringent requirements for existing and newly constructed ships, including,
the phasng-in of double hull requirements for oil tankers; improvements,
to pump room bottom protection on oil tankers exceeding 5,000 tonnes
deadweight; a requirement for double bottoms in pump rooms for vessels
construcied on or after 1 January 2007; and more stringent requirements,
aimed at reducing the accidental outflow of oil in the event of stranding,
or collision, These measures, together with those requiring protection for
bunker tanks on all ships, will significantly reduce the overall risk of oil
pollution
1.7 Correspondingly, important advances have been made in ship and
‘equipment design, Such technological advances, for example, improvements,
in the design of oily water separating equipment for machinery space bilges
and oil tanker discharges, have allowed for stronger international regulations.
that have effectively reduced the permitted operational discharge of oil
effluent irom machinery space bilges from 100 parts per million (ppm) to
only 15 ppm.
1.8 A greater understanding of spill effects and damages has strength
ened the resolve of many governments to focus efforts on prevention. The
premise ofthis manual is that every oil spill, regardless ofits size or its source,
is worthy of prevention efforts at some level. itis widely understood that the
size of an oil spill alone does not determine the degree of its resulting damage
~ either environmentally or economically. For example, the grounding of
the tanker Jessica off the Galapagos Islands in 2001 resulted in a relatively
small release of oil. However, ongoing studies indicate that this spills having
significant impacts on the endemic marine fauna, demonstrating that even
a small spill at a World Heritage Site can have far reaching consequences.
‘As such, the impacts of repeated small operational spills in the confines of a
port or along major traffic lanes demand greater attention.
8
Chapter 1 = Introduction
1.9 tis well understood that the most effective means of combating
oil pollution is through prevention. Effective prevention includes the proper
training of personnel, enforcement of pollution regulations, adopting best
practices and enhanced ship construction,
1.10 This manual is intended to provide practical guidance, describing
procedures for handling of oil cargoes, bunkering, ship-to-ship transfer
operations, transier operations involving offshore units and operations in
ice covered waters. This manual provides a good overviow of the various
Practices to complement the more detailed industry standards and codes of
practice currently in place. The information provided does not supersede or
replace any information, laws, or regulations contained in any other publica-
tions with respect to the waters and areas to which it pertains.
1.11 Prevention should and will remain the fundamental component of
any programme to protect the marine environment from accidental spills
recognizing that this does not preclude the need for good preparedness and
a timely response to spills when they occur. Chapter 2
Requirements for all ships
24 General
2.11 When operations take place that involve loading, discharging or
transferring oil, or bunkering or discharging oily mixtures, careful considlera-
n should be given to the issues described in this chapter.
2.4.2 When using the guidance in this part of the manual, due considera-
tion should be given to the requirements of MARPOL Annex | ~ Regulations
for the prevention of pollution by oil as amended, in particular, chapters 1,
3 and 5. For application to a particular vessel, the specific regulations in
MARPOL Annex I will be applicable.
2.3 Account should also be taken of chapter 7 of the /nternational
Safety Menagement Code (ISM Code), with respect to the development of
plans for shipboard operations. Companies should establish procedures for
the preparation of plans and instructions, including checklists as appropriate.
The various tasks involved should be defined and assigned to suitably queli-
fied personnel.
2.1.4 — Reference should be made to established good industry practices
such as those referenced in paragraph 2.9.
24.5. Before commencing any operation involving oil or oily mixtures,
vessels are required to have been surveyed, certificated, and to have been
provided with all statutory documentation relevant to their vessel type and
size (e.g. Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan, Oil Record Book, etc.)
relevant to such operations.
2.1.6 When at berth or jetty, ships must be securely moored by means
Of ropes and/or wites that are in good condition and appropriate for the
likely applied load. Mooring lines should be regularly inspected. During use,
they shotld be checked to ensure that they are properly tensioned, thereby
minimizing any movement of the ship, while taking due account of tidal
conditions, etc.
10
Chapter 2 ~ Requirements for all ships
24.7 For any operation involving oil or oily mixtures, prior to the
commencement of operations, all valves through which oil could be
discharged to the sea should be inspected to ensure that they are closed
and, if they are intended to be kept closed during the specific operation, they
should be secured to ensure that they are not opened.
2.1.8 All scupper holes to which oil would have access in the event of
a spillage should be plugged liquid tight for the duration of the operations.
‘Accumulations of water should be periodically drained off the deck and the
scupper plugs replaced immediately after the water has been cleared.
24.9 If not permanently fitted, drip trays of sufficient size should be
placed under hose couplings and flanges before and during operations.
These are to be drained or emptied as necessary. Where no facilities exist
for the proper drainage of hoses and pipelines, couplings should be suitably
blanked immediately on being disconnected
24.10 Dry material, such as sand or oil sorbent, should be available on
board vessels to deal with any small spill which may occur. Any oil spilled
ton deck should be immediately cleaned up and contained for subsequent
disposal. Spilled oil should not be washed overboard.
2AA1 A reliable means of communication should be available throughout
oil transfer operations between ship and shore, barge, offshore unit or light-
ering vessel. Communication should be checked and all signals used should
be thoroughly understood by both parties before commencing operations.
2.142 Hoses and other equipment to be used should be inspected prior
to commencement, and at regular intervals during use, to ensure early
detection of leakage or damage. Any hose used for oil transfer should be
pressure tested at intervals not exceeding one year. During operations, hoses
should be properly connected and supported; with particular care taken to
avoid the possibility of their being crushed between ship(s) and quaysides, or
between a ship's bottom and the seabed at offshore berths with underwater
pipelines. With loading arms, operating personnel should
