INDEX
S.No. Experiment Date Remarks
1. To verify and calculate Z-parameters and 25-08-2010
Y- parameters of a two port network.
2 To verify and calculate ABCD parameters 1-09-2010
3 To verify & calculate h-parameters or 22-09-2010
hybrid parameters.
4 To verify series connections of two 2-part 06-10-2010
network.
5 To verify parallel connections of two 2- 03-11-2010
part network.
6 To determine ABCD parameters of 10-10-2010
cascade connects of a two part resistive
n/w & verify result.
Experiment-1
Aim: - To verify and calculate Z-parameters and Y-parameters of a two port network.
Apparatus used: - D.C. voltage supply (0-30 V), ammeter (0-100 A) , Connecting
leads.
Theory: -
Z-parameters:-
Z parameters are known as open circuit parameters. For the two port network input and
output voltages V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms of V input and output current I1 and
I2 as
[V] = [Z] [I]
V 1 Z 11 Z 12 I 1
V
2
=
Z
I 2
21 Z 22
Equation formed:
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 – (1)
V2 = Z211I1 + Z22I2 – (2)
Assuming the output of the two port network to be open circuit.
I2 = 0
Z11 = V1/ I1 and Z22 = V2/ I2
Assuming the input port of the same two-port network to be open circuit, I1 = 0
Putting this value in equation (1) & (2)
Z12 = V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 – (1)
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 – (2)
and Z21 = V2/ I1
then,
Z12 = V1/ I2 / I1 = 0 and Z21 = V2/ I1 / I2 = 0
are called reverse and forward transfer impedance.
Y-parameters:
In two port network, input/output current I1 and I2 can be expressed in terms of input and
output voltage V1 & V2.
[I} = [Y] [V]
Where
[Y] = admittance matrix.
I 1 Y 11 Y 12 V 1
I 2
= Y 21Y 22 V
2
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 – (1)
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 – (2)
Assuming output to be short circuited, V2 = 0
Y11 = I1/V1 and Y22 = I2 / V2
Y11 & Y22 are called input and output driving point admittance respectively and Y12 & Y21
are called reverse and forward point admittance.
Procedure:
1. Connect voltage parallel to ammeter (0-1A).
Connect A to the resistance R1 and resistance box X to the series and R 2 resistance
to voltmeter in series and parallel to connect the whole arrangement to 0.15
supply.
2. Calculate I1, V1,V2 by open circuiting.
3. Now calculate V1, V2 and I2 by circulating terminal A and giving supply at other
end.
4. Calculate the value and verify the values meeting the value of Z 1, Z2, Z3.
Y- Parameters:
1. Connect voltmeter V, ammeter A, admittance Y and Yc in series. The admittance
Yb and ammeter A2 are connected in connected in parallel to Yc. Apply voltage by
D.C. power supply blow ammeter and resistor.
2. Now calculate voltage V1 & measure input and output current I1 & I2 to find Y11 &
Y21.
3. Integrate admittance Y eq. & Yb.
4. Repeat step 2 to get the reading of I1 & I2 for V2 to find Y22 & Y12.
Precaution:
1. All connections should be tight.
2. Reading of V1 & V2, I2 & I1 should be taken carefully.
Result:-
Various values of Z-parameters are :
1) Z11 = 1.87 x 10 3 Ω
2) Z12 = 1.65 x 10 3 Ω
3) Z21 = 1.273 x 10 3 Ω
4) Z22 = 3.151 x 10 3 Ω
Various values of Y-parameters are :
1) Y11 = 0.8 m 1/ Ωss
2) Y12 = 0.4 m 1/ Ω
3) Y21 = 0.484 m 1/ Ω
4) Y22 = 0.673 m 1/ Ω
Experiment-2
Aim: - To verify and calculate ABCD parameters.
Apparatus: DC power supply (0-70V), ammeter (0-100 mA),
Impedance voltmeter (0-30v), leads.
Theory:-
These parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where
they are termed as generalized circuit parameters. It is conventional to designate input
port as secondary sending end and output as receiving end while respectively to ABCD
parameters. There Equation is
V 1 A B V 2
I 1
=
C D I 2
Such that
V1 = AV2-BI2 – (1)
I1 = CV2-D I2 – (2)
Such that
V1 = AV2 – BI2 – (1)
I1 = CV2- DI2 – (2)
Assuming receiving end to open circuit i.e. I2 = 0
A = V1 / V2 from (1)
C = I1 / V2 from (2)
Being ration of volume A is reverse voltage ration and C is transfer admittance. Let +ve
assume that short circuit is done.
i.e. B = V1/I2 & D = I1 /I2
D has ratio of two currents. It is reverse current ration and B is transfer admittance.
Procedure :-
1. Set apparatus and connect voltmeter V1, ammeter A, the impedance ZA, ZB in
series and Zb and
2. Voltmeter V2 in parallel.
3. Provide dc power supply 0-15 V
4. Now find ABCD parameters.
Precautions :-
1. All connections must be tight
2. Don’t touch base wiring.
3. Reading must be taken carefully.
Result :-
Reverse voltage ratio, A – 1.47
Transfer impedance, B – 2.0 Ω2
Transfer admittance, C – I1/ V2 = 0.87
Reverse current ratio, D- 1.93
EXPERIMENT NO: -3
Aim: - to calculate and verify h parameters of two port network.
Apparatus: - D.C. power supply-1, Voltmeter 2 , Ammeter-2, Resistr-3, Wires.
Theory:-
As both short circuit and open circuits terminal condition are utilized. Hence this
parameters representation is known as hybrid parameters. In the form of representation
voltage of input V1 and current of input port I1 and voltage of output port V2.
V 1 h11 h12 I 1
I 2
= h 21 h 22 V 2
V1 = h11 I1+h12 V2
I2 = h21I1+ h22V2
Assuming short ckt condition at output V2 =0 then h11= V1 /I1 , h21 = I2/I1 called input
impedance.
Forward current gain h11 is expressed in where h21 is untiless.
When I1= 0
h12 = V1/ V2 and h22 = I2/V2 called reverse.
Voltage gain and I/P admittance h12 has got no unit while h22 ha s mho as its unit.
Procedure:-
I. Set the apparatus.
II. For short ckt at O/P terminal take reading of voltmeter V1, I1 & I2.
III. Calculate h11 & h12 from noted values.
IV. Similarly take reading again by making open ckt at I/P terminal.
V. Find h12 and h22.
Precautions:-
i. All connection should be made properly.
ii. All reading should be taken carefully.
EXPERIMENT:-4
Aim: - To verify series connection of two 2-port network.
Apparatus: - D.C. power supply (0-15 V), ammeter (0-1A), impedance voltmeter (0-
30v) and leads.
Theory:-
The n/w being a conducting path through which electric current flows or intends to flow
contain resistance, inductance and capacitance. If the rectangular box that represent a
n/w, consists of two pair of terminals, where one pair of terminal can be designed as input
the other being output, it is called two port n/w. Let network A & B be connected in
series as shown
For n/w A
V1A = Z11AI1A+Z12AI2A
V2A= Z21AI1A+Z22AI2A
For n/w B
V1B = Z11BI1B+Z12BI2B
V2B = Z21BI1B+ Z22BI2B
For series connections as shown in fig
I1 = I1A = I1B
I2 = I2A = I2B
V1 = V1A+V1B- (1)
V2 = V2A+V2B – (2)
On putting the values of V1A and V1B in equation (1)
V1 = (Z11A+Z11B) I1 + (Z12A+Z12B) I2
On putting the values of V2A and V2B in equation (2)
V2 = (Z21A+Z21B) I1 + (Z22A+Z22B) I2
Thus
Z11 = Z11A+Z11B Z12 = Z12A+Z12B
Z21 = Z21A+Z21B Z22 = Z22A+Z22B
Thus
Z11A = V1A /I1A Z11B = V1B/I1B Z21B =V2B/I1B
Z12A= V1A/ I2A Z22A = V2A/I2A Z12B = V1B/I2B
Z22B = V2B/I2B Z21A =V2A/I1A
Thus in the matrix form, the combined result.
V 1 Z11A Z11B Z12 A Z12B I 1
V
2
= Z Z21A 21B Z 22A Z 22B I 2
This result may be generated for any no. of Z-parameters network series. The overall Z-
parameter matrix is then simply the summation of matrix can individual two part
network.
Result :-
Series combination of 2 part network is verified
Z11 = 3.151 k Z21 = 2.783 k
Z12 = 3.87 k Z22 = 5 k
EXPERIMENT:-5
Aim: - To study parallel connections of two 2-port n/w
Apparatus:- DC motor supply (0-15 v), Ammeter (0-100 mA)
Used :- Voltmeter (0-30v), connecting wires.
Theory :-
The network being a conducting path through which electric current flows contains
resistance inductance and capacitance. If the networks consist of two pair of terminals
where one pair of terminals can be designed as input, the other pair being output is called
as two port network.
Let network A and B are connected in parallel is very much useful.
For A : I1A = Y11AV1A+Y12AV2A
I2A = Y21AV1A+Y22AV2A
For B:- I1B=Y11BV1B+Y12BV2B
I2B=Y21BV1B+Y22BV2B
For parallel connections,
V1=V1A=V1B; V2=V2A=V2B
I1=I1A+I1B; I2=I2A+I2B
Thus, I1+ I1A+I1B
= (Y11A.V1A+Y21A.V2A) + (Y11B.V1B Y12B.V2B)
= (Y11A + Y11B).V1+(Y12A+Y12B)V2
I2 = I2A+I2B
= (Y21A.V1A+Y22A.V2A ) + (Y21B.V1B+Y22B.V2B)
= (Y21A+Y21B) V1+(Y22A+Y22B).V2
Finally we obtain
I1= (Y11A+Y11B) V1+ (Y12A+Y12B).V2
I2= (Y21A+Y21B)V1+(Y22A+Y22B).V2
Thus in matrix form, combined n/w parameter equation is
I 1 Y 11A Y 11B Y12A Y 12B
I 2
= Y Y21A 21B Y 22A Y 22B
The matrix of each individual 2- port n/w.
Result: - Y11 = 1.99m1/Ω Y21= 0.99m1/ Ω
Y12=0.97m 1/Ω Y22=1.5 m 1/ Ω
