(2+p)a;”,
and hence
(1+ pay)? =1+ pay(2+ pay)>1+p(2+p)a,*" ,
or 1
(1+paq)? >1+—,
qx)
‘ _ my
where q = ——— 2>n-1and x, = *? Therefore, it suffices to prove
1 p@+p) 7 ,
that
x x Xa n
pa mW
l+qx,; 1+ qx 1+ qx, 1+q
for q 2 n—1 and x1x9-++xq = 1. This is equivalent to the well-known inequality
(by Vasile Cirtoaje)
1 fh 1 ue 1 n
l+qx, 1+qxz 1+qx, ~ 14
(Qa ntU)xy + (qt Dlaz + +.x7") > nga}
which follows from the weighed AM-GM Inequality as follows
‘
latte
Gye
ngx!.
This completes the proof. Equality holds if and only if a, = ay = ++» =a,
a a
Remark. Similarly, we can prove the following more general inequality (by
Vasile Cirtoaje)
1 1
ooo tao tt ee —,
(+pa)y" (1 +pay) (1+ pany ~ (+p
n-variable inequalities 237
=1Lkisa
where a}, az, ..., dq are positive real numbers such that aya)
positive integer and 0 2a.
Prove that
(Sn = 1)(a} +a} +++: +02) > 5S(ay tay +++ $4,)
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Proof. Let a; = kay, k = 2. By the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
3 k+ Lay +43 +++++a_]?
@iadde bata Ql 4 tial dal gp. f ges Met Dae tart tan)?
Gta i pas x
(k+1)?
‘er tt?
_ (tay te tay)?
-Ope tay
mate?
Therefore, it suffices to show that
Sn- 2k
= tn-1
Sei."
‘This inequality is equivalent to (k — 2)(2k — 1) > 0, which is obviously true for
3a, +a. +a,)"
k > 2. Equality holds if and only if Sa} +02 +----+a2 = Sess ay
24n-
6a3 _
that is, if and only if ay = 2ay = =
Problem 5.22. Let a1, az, ..., a, be positive real numbers belonging to the interval
[a, b]. Prove that
ay+ag+ M\2-=
zy
ns/@ay
[a 6
i
where M =
(Vasile Cirtoaje) 238 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Proof. By Lemma below, it suffices to prove the desired inequality for a, = a2 =
= ay =a and y44 = Ogyy = ++ =a, = b, where k € {1, 2, ...,n—1}. The
inequality becomes
atb\2 2 na pit kat (n= Wb
; ate —.
k-1
n
k-1 ka+(n—k)b
— id ¢ = ———
patqb+e
p+q+1
Setting p = , We see that p 2 0,
1s P P
n
2
q20,ptq=1- i anda+b= . Therefore, we can rewrite the
inequality in the form
+qb+c\Ptatt
ao zaPbtc,
ptaq+l
which immediately follows by the weighted AM-GM Inequality. Thus, the proof
is completed. For n = 2, equality holds when a; = a and a = b.
Lemma. Let a), az, ..., dy be positive real numbers belonging to the interval [a,
b). The expression
is maximal when aj, dy, ..., dn € {a, b}.
Proof, For the sake of contradiction, assume that E is maximal when one of a1,
dy, ..., @y is different from a and b. Consider a < a; < b, and let
_ ay tagte tay
Fla) =" :
From hypothesis, we have f(a,) > f(a) and f (a,) > f(b). Since f(a,) 2 f(a)
is equivalent to
a
(vq - Ya) (F- a2 ~+++—a,) 20,
where
F = yams [( ya)" (vai)? (a) +--+ (va) ],
we get
Fa, tetany.
Similarly, from f (a;) = f(b), we get
ag +++ +a,26,
where
-
6 = Vbay | (ym) "2+ (ym)"™ (Vo) ++ (Ve) |:
It follows that F > G, which is clearly false. Thus, Lemma is proved. oa
n-variable inequalities 239
Problem 5.23. If a1, a... dy are positive real numbers, then
” (ne?
} (32) sear
at S aa;
isi1" COSC
aja; Sa
" 2,2 Day
1si VB(a\ay +0203 +++ +.aq)).
(Vo Quoc Ba Can)
ee 240 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Proof. First, notice that
_ (=1Gx+D
v3x - Yax+1= m4 JETT?
for any 0 < x $1. From the AM-GM Inequality, we have
24? ata? Beg
a@t+ay ajt+a ata’
ate 253
@, 42 + paz +++++a_q, S z
=a?tapte+a7=1
This allows us to apply the above inequality to get
V3(aya2 + andy + +++ + ayy) S 1 + 2(ayag + agag +--+ anay)
a? +b,
6.2. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a + b = 2. Prove that
ai +b) >2,
6.3. Ifa, b,c € [0, 1], then
2 2 3
Q-a+aby¥+(1~b+ beh +(e +ca)?2 5.
6.4, Leta, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove
that
b+e c+a a+b
2a? + be 2b? +ca 2c? +ab
241
a rs Oa 242 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
6.5. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
a* + ot + cf _atbte
a +b3 © b+ © 3 403 20°
6.6. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
ab+be+ca
2a = 2b ig 2c 58
Vath Vore cta” V a?+b?+c?
6.7. Prove that for any positive real numbers a, b, c, the following inequality
holds
(a? — be) Va? + 4bc + (b? — ca) Vb? + 4ca + (c? — ab) Vc? +4ab 2 0.
6.8. Prove that if x, y, 2 are positive real numbers, then
y Fe 2x
—-32v2 -3
rye a(E (=
6.9. Prove that if a, b, c are positive real numbers such that abc = 1, then
1 1 1 1 1 i
+ + —— —
l#bt+e | l+ct+a’ ltatb 24a 2+b
6.10. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
1D ase aa
ateee(i+ Yatb+or
6.11. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove
that
1 1 1 1
(a+ 2b)? + (b+ 2c)? ab+be+ca™
More difficult inequalities 243
6.12. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove
that
afar+be. 4 afbitea | afch+ab |
Vat eta? a+b?
6.13. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
(aaa VB y7aber aie VST 7abera =
6.14. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. Prove that, for any
k2 0, we have
be ca
@+k b+k
6.15. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b + ¢ = 6. Prove
that
—4< a°b+b'c+4ea? — Sabe < 128.
6.16. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers satisfying ab*+bc? +ca? +abe =
4 VA. Prove that
at tba tc4 3
6.17. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that for any k > 2, we have
Vive? +kab +0? < 41a? +(3k +2) Diab.
6.18. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers such that xyz = 8. Prove that
2
e y
_ peepee 8
DOF+1) VOF+DESHD YS+DG+Hn 3 244 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
6.19. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that
b co atb+e
2b? +ca © 2c? +ab +b? +2"
6.20. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of them are zero. Prove
that
be ca
bee * Vera * Vae5 (b+c? epait
6,21. Leta, b,c be positive real numbers, Prove that
a + bt A a orbte
@+abe+b3 ” be +abe+ tabe+a3 ~ a? +b? +c?"
6.22. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
abc. Aab+be+ca)
boc'a a+b? 4c?
6.23. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers satisfying ab + be +ca = 1, Prove
that
6.24. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab-+be-+ca = 3, Prove that,
for any nonnegative real number k, the following inequality holds
1 3
aon tao tooo
(a+kb) © (b+kc> * (c+ka)? ~ (k+ 18
6.25. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1. If k > 0, then
7 +—1 — <1
ltatbk 14b+ck "1+c+at >
More difficult inequalities _ _ 245
6.26. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
b fe fra V3 [Ca +b) b+ ee +a)
Vorat? arb Voee* 4 at+btc .
6.27. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + ¢ = 3. Prove that, if
k>0, then
+1 ,fab+1
(+o ire +@ afore a+b)
6.28. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that
er ee ee
ae 2
Grey * Grae * reps
6.29. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove
that
vab vbe Vea 9 a+b 8+
ab+e* beta? cate 2 (a+b+ce)4"
6.30. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
{ort be + brtea | c+ab 10 3Vabe
Yat+e)* Veta) * {cate VO arbre
6.31. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero. Prove
a b ¢ s4f/1 iy )
we Peet Bees lbtc ota tate
6.32. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b +c = 3. If k > 0,
then ghtipk
k
akb+bke +e! asmm{3, ear}: 246 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
6.33. Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that abcd = 1. Prove that
1 1 1 1
+ a zai.
Groat *G+Ha+e *Groas) *GsaGe
6.34. Ifa, b, c, d are nonnegative real numbers, then
a* + b4 +c4+4d*+ 2abed > a*b* + a7c? +.a7d? + b?c? + b'd? + 07d”,
6.35. Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers. Prove that
2 b 2 2 d 2 of
aa) + (peta) +e) + (4) 28
atbt+c b+c+d ct+d+a d+at+b 9
6.36. Let a, b, c, d, e be positive real numbers. Prove that
(+552) (aia) (aie) (253) (as) =)
6.37. Let a;, a2, ...,@, and by, ba, ..., by be positive real numbers. Prove that
Vv
2
dob | 244 SY aay} | SY bb;
mA iA isizjsn isisjen
6.38. For all positive real numbers a}, a2, ..., dy, the following inequality holds
6.39. Let x1, xp, .
n> 3, then
More difficult inequalities
6.2 Solutions
Problem 6.1. [fa and b are positive real numbers, then
a? + 578 > g2) 4 p24,
Proof. Since the inequality is trivial for a = b, without loss of generality, assume
2landO b. We have two cases to consider:
Case 1. a > 1, From a¢-®) > 520-5), we get 528 > Therefore,
25 p20
a?8 45?) — a? p> gt
az a
because a** > a?? and a > 574, a
Case 2. 0< b d, p> 1), the
inequality becomes
co} — dP >
To prove this inequality, we will show that
0? — dP > p(ed)P-'(c? — d2) > c? — a?
The left inequality is homogeneous in c and d, and hence one may consider
d = 1. Thus, we have to show that f(c) > 0 for ¢ > 1, where
F(c) =e? = 1 = p(cP*! — cP“),
We have f“(c) = pe?~2g(c), where
B(C) = 2cP*1 — (p41)? 4 p—1
Since g/(c) = 2(p + 1)c(c?“! — 1) > 0, the function g(c) is strictly increasing for
¢ 2 1, hence g(c) > (1) =0 fore > 1, and f(c) > 0 for c > 1. Therefore, f(c)
is strictly increasing for ¢ > 1, and f(c) > (1) =0 fore > 1.
With regard to the right inequality above, we note that it is equivalent to each
of the following inequalities
pled)! > 1,
(ab)? > &
a
1ta-b, -
Toaap na nb. 248 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
We need to show that g(b) > 0, where
1 -—b
+8 ng —Ind.
80)= Tate
If g'(b) <0 forall b €(0, a), then the function f(b) is strictly decreasing, and
hence g(b) > g(a) =0. Since
2 1
j= -_-— nes,
8O)=— Grae tb
g’(b) < Oif h(a) > 0, where
1-a+b)?
hla) =2Ina+ Ea
Since
2_ 2-a+b) _ 2a-ba-V) 4
k@=—> b ab
for 0 < b
h(1) = b > 0. This completes the proof. Equality occurs if and only ifa=b. 0
Remark, Actually, for any positive numbers a, b and k < e, the inequality holds
ak 4 bk > ak? + pi,
Problem 6.2. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a+b = 2. Prove that
as+bs>2.
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > 1 > b. Let us con-
sider 2 cases
T 34+ Vv21
The first case is when b > — =. In this case, we have —T7— Sa, bs
25-21 c
Sa Using Lemma below, we get
7
a? 23a-2- (a1),
and 7
23b-2-3(b-1°
More difficult inequalities 249
Therefore
ab +b 2 3(a+6)—4— 21a 19 +(6- 09] =2.
34721
The second case is when b < . In this case, we have
34+ V21
2-b>2- >14,
and so, we deduce that
203. 3 a
ac +b >as > 1.411 >2,
The proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if a=
3+v21 25- J21
0, ie. xy 0, where
3
F(x) =F inx~ In(3— 15x + 21x? — 7x3) +In2.
3
273 = 15x + 21x
§(x) =3— 15x + 26x? ~ 21x3 + 7x4 — (3 — 15x +21x? —7x3)Inx,
We have f(x) = (x), where
‘, (x — 1)(28x3 — 28x? + 3x +3
gG@= eave meets) +3(7x? — 14x +5)Inx.
+V21 25-21
<2 8
3
Because 7x? — 14x +5 <0 for , one may use the
well-known inequality Inx 0 to get
, (x = 1)(28x3 — 28x? + 3x +3)
g(x)= Se ae eee) +3(7x? — 14x +5)(x — 1)
x
_ @~1)(49x? — 21x -3)
7 2 250 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh More difficult inequalities _ 251
Since La W 4, oye. 4s Ate “Sd Now, let us prove the original inequality, Due to cyclicity, we may of course
mee yWe lave 49x" — 214 —~3 3 0, ie. a) assume that b > a. From the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
0 and hence, g(x) is increasing. Moreover, it is clear that g(1) = 0. Thus,
34+V21 7 24 72! a:
g(x) <0 for 0 fort < es BOY ans (=a)? +67][- b+ be + (1c +ca)"] 2
2
shows that f (x) is strictly decreasing for x € [xp, 1] and strictly increasing for 2 [(1—a)(1— b + bc) + (1 —¢ +ca)]
25- V21 - =(1-a+aby
xe | 1, —T]— | . According to this result, we find that f(x) > f(1) = 0 for
25—V21 . On the other hand, from the above lemma, we get
any x € | x9, === |. This completes the proof of the lemma. a
Problem 6.3. Ifa, b,c €[0, 1], then
3
(1-a+ab)?+(1—b + be)? + G-e+ea¥ 2 5
First proof. To solve this problem, we will need the following auxiliary lemma
Lemma. If 1 = b>a>0, then
; 2
b?4+(-a) <2[1- Yaa—2)]
Proof. After expanding, we can rewrite the inequality as
a? +b? -2a+1< 2+ 2a-2ab- 4ya(1 — b),
which is equivalent to
2[a+c-b)-2Vaa—8)| >a? +b? +2ab—2a-2b+1
This can be written as
2(va-Vi-b)'>(a+5-1F
Since (V@— V1=b)” < 2(a +1~ 6), we have
(atb-1=(Va-vi-8) (va+ vi-8)”
<2(va- 1-8) (+15) <2(va- vi-b)
This ends the proof of our lemma.
(1a)? +6? s2[1- Yaaro].
Combining these two inequalities, we obtain
1-a+ab)?
(1-b+ be)? +(1-c+ca}? > —_ ee _,
2 [a - yall 5]
and thus, we see that it suffices to prove that
(1-a+aby
2[1- vaa- BD)
(’-a+ab}?+
— b+1-b 1
Setting x = y/a(1— 6) (note that x = y/b1 = 6) s —5— = 5), it becomes
(1x22
OaaF 2
21-x)?~ 2
=x?) +
which is equivalent to
20 -x?P +(1 4x)? >3.
This is true, since by the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we hi
(24 -x?)+14x]? [3+x(1
21-2? P+ (+x >
a Oe 241 3
The proof is completed. It is easy to see that equality holds if and only if a=
b= Land ¢= 5, or any cyclic permutation. a 252 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Second proof. Let t = a(1—b)+b(1—c)+c(1—a) = a(1—c)+b(1—a)+c(1—b).
Then, we have
Da - a tab? = 711 - 2a(1 ~ 6) +02(1 — by") = 3 - 2 +e
=3-20+ [Sati »)| -2d,a00 — p10)
23-2+2-2} alc) (==)
2
1 5
=3-2040— 5S la —c git?
Therefore, it suffices to prove that
8 tn -
3- gtte > yo equivalently, (1—r)(3—2r)>0.
‘This is true because
t=a+b+c—ab~be~ca=1-abe—(1—a)(1—b)(1—c) <1.
The proof is completed. o
Problem 6.4. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero.
Prove that
b+e c+a a+b 6
so ts = —
2a*+be 2b?+ca © 2c? +ab~ a+bt+e
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Proof. Firstly, we will prove the following auxiliary lemma
Lemma, Ifa > b >c > 0, then
(a+b? +e(vat vb)”
2ab(a +b) + cla? + b?)
2(a+b+2c)
(a+ bYatb+c)’
Proof The inequality is equivalent to
(a+b? +e(va+Vvb)” — 4ab(a+b)+2c(a? +52)
atb+2 (a+b)at+b+c) ’
or
2 2: 2 2
+p — 10b(a+ b) +2c(a? +b?) path +e(va+ vb) |
(a+b)a+b +e) a+b+2c
More difficult inequalities 253
This can be simplified to
(a—b*(a+b~c) , ¢(va- vB)"
(a+b)a+b+c) at+b+2c
which is true because (a—b)? = (a+ ¥b)* (Va vB)” > (a+b) (va- vB)",
¥ L
a+b-c2c,and
—_ = ———..
at+tb+c” a+b+2c
Now, let us prove the original inequality: Due to symmetry, we can of course
assume that a > b > c. Then, by the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
b a (b+a? (a+b?
Da? tbe * 2 tea = Daa +e) +a2b™+ea) ~ 2adla t+ b)-+e(ae +b)’
and
c c e(vb+ va) e(va+vb)"
2a + be * Db tea ~ Ba + be) Falab > +ea) 2ablatb)+e(a2 +b)
Adding these two inequalities and then using the above lemma, we get
bre | cha. (a+b) te (vat vb)’ a+b +2c) /
2a? +bc 2b?+ca~ 2ab(a+b)+c(a? +b?) ~ (a+b)atb+c)
On the other hand, from the AM-GM Inequality, we have
a+b ath
2c? +ab ~ +b)"
gpg GED
‘Thus, it is sufficient to prove that
2Aa+b+2c) atb 6
(a+b)(a+b+c) a+b)? ~at+bt+c
2+ o)
Letting ¢ = k(a + 6), it becomes
le ee
(a+ bP(k+1) (@+b\K +1)
1
2 (ope 4 >
(a+b) ( "5
or equivalently,
A2k+1) 4
k+l Bk? + 254 _ Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
After some simple computations, we can factorize
22k +1. 4 6 8k(2k - 1)?
¢ dy (
k+1 "B41 k+1~ (k4+1(841)’
which is obviously nonnegative, so that the last inequality is true. This completes
our proof. It is easy to see that equality holds if and only if the triple (a, b, c)
equals (t, ¢, ©), or (r, ¢, 0), or (0, ¢, ¢), or (¢, 0, £), where ¢ is an arbitrary
positive real number. a
Problem 6.5. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
ab 5. oF at+bte
G+ Bre Sta 2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
First proof. Multiplying each side of the desired inequality by a3 + b3 +c3, we
can rewrite it as
UAE eh (D9) (Le)
From the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we find that
ae eel
Dette yes
Now, notice that for any positive real numbers x, y, the AM-GM Inequality gives
x
us — + 2 > x. According to this inequality, we have
y
Vee 7 Eee! +0),
-—— Sea? - pee +b),
and hence, it suffices to prove that
Lets Dee 7 Tae +o92 F(Ee) (Le).
More difficult inequalities 255
After some simple computations, we can rewrite it as
2D at +45 076? > 3 abla? +52),
or equivalently,
Silat + b4 +4076? - 3ab(a? + b2)] > 0,
which is true because
at + b4 + 4a7b? - 3ab(a? + b?) = (a? — ab + b*)(a — bY > 0.
The proof is completed. Note that equality holds if and only ifa=b=c. 0
ab3
a+ b8
x ab? a+bte
a? + b> 2
Now, using the AM-GM Inequality, we get
a +b? = V (a + 65) + 20963 > y/ 2y/2a5b3(a5 + 65) = ¥/Ba3b3(a5 + 65),
and thus, it follows that
¥ ab? ——_ ab? Ly Vee
a +63 /ea3b3(a5 + b5) vw ae
On the other hand, the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality and Cirtoaje’s Inequality (see
problem 2.52) gives us that
Tver ee] < (Liver) (S a
3 (D2) [Sie
Combining this with the above inequality, we get
abs a bs
Lore 75 (h9) (Lape
Second proof. Since — 5) one may write the desired inequal-
a
ity as 256 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
More difficult inequalities 257
In order to prove the desired inequality, we see that it suffices to prove that
3
Ly ware
We can prove this using the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality as follows
2
»s
(= | = [Lier+<5] [= Ta
_ A(aS + b° +c8)(aSbS + boe8 + c8a8
(a6 + b9)(b° + c®)(c8 + a®)
where the last inequality is valid according to the well-known inequality (x +
9
ytelxytystex)s gn +y)(y +2)(@ +x). The proof is completed. O
Remark. In the same manner with the first solution, we can also prove that the
inequality
att) pet cH gt hte
kT ae
ak+ pk pkack ck+a 2
holds for k= 2+ ¥3 and a, b,c > 0.
Problem 6.6. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
2a 2b # 2c 33 ab+be+ca
a+b Vb+e cta~V at4be4c?"
(Nguyen Van Thach)
Proof. Since
2a? Peet a +c? +e
Lax yi ae +h ate =) ate +Ue-9-)) atc’
and
sEe- (50) (EA) --de- (oy (OF)
a ie
_ wo _abla- by
=liarours =” J
it follows that
oe
Ma >=
atc
Combining this with Hélder’s Inequality, we get
2
Be = (xVa) [(Mata+oye+e] 2
; 2
22(E) (= 5) [Data +sya+0)] 22(De),
hence it suffices to prove that
4(Sia)’ 2 27(Slab) [Tatar oya+o],
or equivalently,
4 (Xe)? 227 (Stas) [(e) (Xe) +3abc] :
Now, assume (without loss of generality) that a+b +c = 1, and furthermore
put q= ab + be +ca. The inequality becomes
42> 27q(1-2q+3abe).
From (a+b +c)? > 3(ab + be + ca) and (ab-+ be +ca)* > 3abc(a +b +c), we
getO 3abe. Therefore,
4—27q(1 —2q + 3abc) = 4- 27q(1 — 29 +q*) =(4-3q)(1 - 34)? = 0,
which proves our inequality, Note that equality holds if and only if a = b =
c. Oo
Problem 6.7. Prove that for any positive real numbers a, b, c, the following in-
equality holds
(a? — be) Va? + 4be + (b? — ca) Vb? +.4ca + (c? — ab) Vc? + 4ab > 0.
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
ee 258 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Proof. Without loss of generality, assume that a > b > c. We have
(=) (o5-)- NE
and
Va3 +4abe > V b3 + 4abe.
Since
— be) Va? + 4be + (b? — ca) Vb? + 4ca =
) Va +4abe + (° b -=) V8 +4abe,
vb
we can apply Chebyshev’s Inequality to get
(a? — bc) Va? +.4bc + (b? — ca) Vb? +.4ca >
be ca
(avarnve-% =) (Va 4abe + V0? +4abe
(aya+bvb) (Vab—c) ( 3 +4abc + Vb? + 4abc)
2Vab
Since aVa+bvb > 2VabVab, Vab—c =O and Va? +4abe+ Vb? +4abe >
2VabVab + 4cVab, it follows that
(a?— be) Va? + 4b +(b2—ca) VB? +4ca > 2V/ab ( Vab—c) Vab+acVab,
and hence, it is enough to check the following inequality
avab (Vasc) yab+4cVab + (c?- ab) Vc? +4ab > 0,
which is equivalent to
(vab-e) [avo +4abe ab — (c+ Vab) Vera >0.
This is true because
4 («8 +4abeVab) 7 (< + vee) (e +4ab) =
=c (Vab ~c) (2ab + 2¢Vab +e? Jee
Our proof is completed. Note that equality holds if and only if a=
More difficult inequalities 259
Problem 6.8. Prove that if x, y, 2 are positive real numbers, then
F z
Sy -322/ Ny -3).
2x ytz
1
y= and Y=
[arbi re" 2b4c4
DY oe 3242) abr *|"
or equivalently,
Ya Vea WEY ER —9(2- vA are
bite
For any positive real numbers m, n, we have
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Proof. Setting the inequality becomes
Ss
23459 LR 2 =
Vm@an_™ +2(V2-1)mn+n _2(2 A) (mn- Vn ve)
mtn m+n
_ 2(2-Vv2)mn 2mn
m+n m+n+ ym? +n?
2(2- v2) mn 2mn
a aS 7)
m+n 7
mtn+
v2
=0.
According to this inequality, we obtain
x sores re Let 42 (Y=) whe te!)
bP +c?
= D1 2c*(b? +c) - 2 (2- v2) abc?
On the other hand, the AM-GM Inequality gives us
22>)
Thus, we only need to prove that
7e7(b?-+c)-2 (2- V2) abc?)
b? +c
b*c*
Vote
Pre 22>) b%c9—3 (2 - v2) a?b%e?, 260 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
which is equivalent to
2
2.27.2 Pi: 3.3 ‘pei 2 R262 @
Did?e2(b? +2) 29 b%c? > (2- v2) a?b?e (Sate
Because | bc?(b? +c?) 2) b%c3 = )b%e(b —c)* and
s @ yee (b? 02)? x (a? +b? +02)(b? 2)?
b? +c? (a? + b?)(a? + c2) (a? + b7)(b? +c? )(c? +a?)
it is sufficient to check that
Sqb?c*(b —c)? + S,c7a?(c — a)? +S.ab*(a — b)? > 0,
where
(2— v2) a2(a? +b? +.07)(b +e
(a? + B2)(b? + c2)(c? +a)
and $), S, are similar, Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b >.
Then, it is easy to check that S, < S, = it suffices to prove that
iF
+b? +c*)laX(b+cP+b%(c+a)?] _
PO EFI ENE +a) z
Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have (b+¢)? < 2 (0 (+ +3¢ 2) and
3
(atcP< 3 3(« + 3°) . Therefore
5(a? + b? +c?) [# (+ 3.2) +52 (a24 32
gg A Nh)
~ 3(a? + b?)(b? + c7)(c2 + a?)
_ 10 Sc? [(a? — 6?) +c*(a? + b?)]
3 6a? + BAG FCA +02) ~ 3
From S, +5, > 0 and S, > Sz, we have S, > Sy > 0. Using this and the obvious
inequality a2c*(a ~c)? > b*c?(b —c)?, we get
Yis.07e2(b-c)? > 54b2c*(b—cP°+8yc2a%(c—a}? = (S, +5, )b2c2(b—c)? = 0,
as desired. Note that equality holds if and only if x = a
More difficult inequalities 261
Problem 6.9. Prove that if a, b, ¢ are positive real numbers such that abc = 1,
et 1 1 1 1 14
+ + = + + a
T+bt+e *Iteta1T+atb~ 24a 246 246
(Bulgaria 1997)
First proof. From
2 b 1 a(b 1)?
a+2 ab+b+1 a+b+1 = @saab+b+ arb”
1 b 1
2igea Daeaei* Uae
b
since 7 Spa bai 7 b this inequality yields
1 1 1
ate aS | SS
ae Dares? Dare
and thus, it suffices to prove that
1 1 1
12 be hay
-at2 b+2 ct2
or equivalently,
flay ss
a+2° b+2°>c+2~ ~
By the AM-GM Inequality, we have
a @2l3 a3
a
a+2> at2abe}— a2/3 + 2(be)V3 ~ a2/3 + BAF
Adding this and the two analogous inequalities, we get the desired result. It is
easy to see that equality holds if and only ifa=b =¢=1 o
Second proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c, From
the hypothesis abc = 1, we have a > 1. Now, we write the inequality as
1 1) (2 1 i, 1
c+2 atb+l b+2 atc+1) at2~ btc+1
or equivalently,
1
b+c4+1"
a+b-c-1 . atc—b-1
(c+2)a+b+1) (b+2)ate+1)
Iv
4
2 262 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Since a2 6 2c anda>1,wehavea+b—c—1>a+c—b—1, and
1 1 2 (a~-1)b~0) Oe
(c+2)a+b+1) (b+2)a+e+1) FAct2H@+b+iNates] =?)
From this, applying Chebyshev’s Inequality together with the Cauchy-Schwarz
Inequality, we get
at+b-c-1 atc—b-1
(c+2)a+b+1) (b+2)ate+1)~
1 1
= (a-1) | ———___,____4
=a fem (b eexsau|
5 4(a-1)
* (c+ 2Ma+b+1)+(b+2\ate+1)
: 4(a-1)
© (a+3\b+e41)+3a42be+1
Thus, it suffices to prove that
Aa 1)(b+e+1)
(a+3)(b+e+41)+3a+2be+1
or equivalently,
4(a-1) btetl
3a+2b =
a+34 c+] a+2
b+e41
Since b+c +13 2Vbce+1 anda > 1, it is enough to show that
4(a-1) 4 2vbE+1 ,
3 =
ag 4 et 2be+T "a F2
2Vbe+1
. 1
Setting t = Vbe <1, then a = — and it becomes
1
4(5-1
(3 Jaren 2t+1
2
1 3 1
(ara)ens Sear at
> 1.
This can be written as
20-241) | e(2e4+1)
(28 FFE At GAG
i) i
More difficult inequalities 263
or
(1-02? +241)
241
(t+2)(c3 + e241)
Since 1 > t > 0, it is equivalent to
21 + fet 1(2e? +1) > (e+ 2 +02 + 122 +04 DY.
This is true because 2t?+12> 3+ t? +1, and
21 + e)(2e+ 1) -—(¢ +2)(2e? +e 41) = e(1 - t)(2t +3) >0.
The proof is completed a
Problem 6.10. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
(atb+e) (44442) 594 ar?
ee OT OTT ETS 2arb+ oe
3 2
(Vo Quoc Ba Can)
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c. Then, we
have two cases
Case I. a+c 2 2b, Since (ac)? = (a +c}? — 4ac and
1 :) (a+ b+oate) | a+btc
1
+b+e)(—+— —,
(a+b o(z+z+t ae D
we can write the inequality as
(a+b+cYa+c) 54ac ate. 27(a +c)?
ac (atb+eh” b * Xatbtae”
By the AM-GM Inequality, we have
(atb+eate) | S4ac > 6,/ Sat)
ac (a+b+c? ~ Va+b+c’
and then, it suffices to prove that
é CG CsLerw 27(a +c)?
atb+c b ~" * 2(a+b+c)?"
ate
Setting +7 2t (¢ 2 1), it becomes
3t 277
6 +t244——
2t+1 (2e+1)? 264 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
3t 3t 6t
Since = —————— > ——, it is enough to check that
2+1 °° f3e(arz1) Stl
36 ayy 2707
ekg a
5St+1 ~ (2e+1)’
which is equivalent to
(2007 = 7t —4)le
(Se + 1)(2t +1)?
Because t > 1, we have 20t? — 7t — 4 > 0 and hence, the above inequality is
true,
Case 2. 2b > a +c. In this case, applying the AM-GM Inequality, we get
atbso(Z+542)-9=
“el +2) e405 = a -8
2a+o/( a+) +2 +0
°( 2(va~ ve)? _(a- oe) a= oF
ac vac ac Vac (fat fc)”
5 Ma=cF , a~c? 6(a—c)?
2 are? te? ate
On the other hand, it is clear that
27(a-c)* 2xa-cP —_6(a~c)*
Aatb+cr— ate 2 (ater
2(at—-te
Combining these results, the conclusion follows. Equality holds if and only if
a=b=c. ao
Problem 6.11. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero.
Prove that
1 1 1 1
—— + + Ss 2
(a+2b)? © (b+2c)? © (c+2a)? ~ ab+be+ca
(Pham Kim Hung)
More difficult inequalities 265
First proof. ‘To prove this hard inequality, we need to consider the following
two cases
Case 1. 4(ab+be+ca) > a?+b? +c. In this case, applying the Cauchy-Schwarz
Inequality, we get
9(S9)"
x (a+2b)? ~ di@+20"a +2)?’
and henee, it suffices to prove that
9 (Xa)? (Sav) = Vat 26y%(a +207
Since Sa + 2b)%(a +20)? = (Xe)" +18 (Xav)’, this inequality can be
™“ 9 (Xa) (Sas) = (Xa)'+ 18 (Ma),
(Xe? Yad) (4 Diab - Yee’) zo
which is true according to the hypothesis 4(ab + be +ca) > a? +b? +c? and the
well-known inequality a? + b? +c? > ab+be+ca.
Case 2. a? +b?+c? > 4(ab+be+ca). Without loss of generality, we may assume
that a=max{a, b, c}. Since
or
a(a—2b— 2c) =a? +b? +c? —4(ab + be +ca) + b(a—b)+c(a—c)+4be > 0,
we get a > 2(b +c). Now, using the AM-GM Inequality, we have
1 1 2
aos too 2 oo’
(a+2b) ” (b+ 2c)? ~ (a +2b)(b + 2c)
and thus, we see that it is enough to prove that the stronger inequality holds
2 1
ee
(a+2b)(b+2c) ~ ab+be+ca’
or equivalently,
b(a— 2b — 2c)
(a+2b)\(b + 2c\ab + be tea) ="
Because a > 2(b +c), this is clearly true. The proof is completed. Note that
equality holds if and only ifa=b =c. a
RB 266 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Second proof. Assume that a = max{a, b, c} and consider two cases
Case 1. a < 3b +c. Settinga+2b=x+y,b+2c=y+zande+2a=zt+x
yields
gen tbe. iy yal ttere og :
2 ° 2 ° 2 a
and
Sxoyt22 4, Symz+2x
9° 9?
Then, the inequality may be expressed as
1 1 1 27
— + SS + SS SS.
(e+yP? "te? "Gtx? > x24 y2 4224 (xy t+ yetzx)
Using the well-known Iran Inequality, along with the usual inequality x2 + y?-+
2? >xy +yz+2x, we get
roy ya, 9
(ety? (ytzP (@4+x)? 7 4xy t+ ys +sx)
27
—
x? + y? +224 11 (xy + yz +2x)
Case 2. a > 3b +c. Since c+ 2a < 3a < 3(2b +a), we have
1 1
—
(c+2a)*~ 9a+2b)*
Therefore, it suffices to show that
10 i 1
pa apnea a oliage ne
Oa+2b)? (b+2c)* ~ ab+be+ca
By the AM-GM Inequality, we get
woo, 2v10 2.1
—~ +> Fe SO oS
9a+2b)* (b+2c)? ~ 3(a+2b)(b+2c) ~ (a+2b)(b + 2c)
Thus, it is enough to prove that
2a s 1
(a+2b)(b+2c) ~ ab+be+ca’
that is, in succession,
2.1(ab + be +ca) 2 (a + 2b)(b + 2c),
More difficult inequalities 267
a(1.1b+0.1c) > 2b? + 1.9be
‘We have
a(1.1b + 0.1c) — 2b? - 1.9be > (3b + c)(1.1b + 0.1c) — 2b? — 2be
13b?—6be+c? _ 4b? +(3b—c)? |
~ 10 - 10
which completes the proof. a
Problem 6.12. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero.
Prove that
»[a2+be gan se 1
Vere Veta Vere" 72
(Vo Quoc Ba Can, Crux Mathematicorum)
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c. Then, we will
consider two cases
Case 1. 4a2b? > (a? + b?)(a — b)’. We claim that
c+ab (a? +02)(b? +07)
a+b? at +b? +22”
This inequality is equivalent to
a2 +b? +2c?\? 5 tet y(bt +c?
a+b? (ab +2
or ;
2 +b? + 2
2c?
a+b? \ a+b?
a? +b? +2?
a+b?
44 | (a —b)?
= @btey
Because +12>2and (ab +c?)? > ab, it suffices to prove that
42 %Xa-by
ere abe
which is true according to the hypothesis 4a?b? > (a — b)*(a? +b).
Using the claim above, the original inequality holds if 268 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
where x = a? +c? and y = {/b? +2. To prove this, applying the AM-GM
Inequality, we have
ey fp 1 2 2 4 aye
g++ a= (1- 5 5+% te eye
yt” xP ty! 272) \y? ° x? + ae xo+4 y6
1 xityé
2a(i-ae)+2 fr
292 2YBx2y? | xo 4H ys
1 es) (tty4)8
=2(1-—~ }+2{/—+
( mm) 16x3 y3(x® + y®)"
On the other hand, the Power Mean Inequality and the AM-GM Inequality gives
us that
1
Qty P= BOP +t 2 4x8y3 (x8 + 9),
Combining this with the above inequality, we get
2 33
| of ey 1 [4
St 4 2 2(1--— —=
Vattee ( wa)? 6?
as desired.
Case 2. (a? + ba —b)? > 4a*b*. In this case, we can find that a? > 8b, and
hence a? +? > =| 507422), Therefore,
4/9 2
[5+ =
s[eabe |» bP+ea sfaete2 fh? +2
be +2 c2+a? ~ V¥ p24 ae
Because {2+ +(e >2+ # we see that our inequality is proved if the
following inequality is valid
1
af_ab
a+b ¥6
For the sake i contradiction, assume that a > (3+2v2) b, Then, a? > 3367,
and hence a? +c? > 17(b? +c?). Thus
» de. a<(3+2V2)d.
z
af@+be 3/b?+ca_ g/a2+c2 4/2 +02
epee Iq = V T+
b+ eta’ B+ ere
Our proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if a = b and c = 0, or any
cyclic permutation. a
More difficult inequalities 269
Remark. In the same manner, we can prove that the following inequality is valid
for any nonnegative real numbers a, b, c,
+ «/[b? [2 +ab
a Be the ae ab 5
Bre Vere a+b?
Problem 6.13. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
a Be 3
sooo tt ooo NV 2}
a? +7abe +b? 3 + Zabe + c3 8+ 7abe +09
(Nguyen Van Thach)
Proof. Multiplying each side of the original inequality by ‘a? + b? +c? + 7abc,
we can write it as
a’
32
= 3+ 7abe.
+B +7abe de ae
By applying Minkowski’s Inequality, we have
(Zve)'+ +(x =
Bue
a+ ——.—__ >
+b +7abe
and thus, it suffices to prove that
,
(26)'+ (SV aeptae) Demo
or equivalently,
2
a3
2 byab+ = YS OZ Zarb.
Darve (x @+b+7abe
Now, using the AM-GM Inequality and the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
= a2b? a fi ab ?
In addition, Hélder’s Inequality gives us that
(= ae (Se)2 (Ta)*,
J t——“i RBA 270 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
a+b +7abe} ~ (Sa) (Se) (Stab) + 6abe Sa]
According to the well-known inequality 3xy2z(x + y +z) < (xy tyz+zx)’, we
have
(Ze) (Tat) ete Les (Le) (Tet) +2 (Tat)
-(S9)(E9)
and hence, it follows that
2 3
(Xe)
(x a8 aS
(Xe)
Combining (1) and (2), we see that it is enough to check that
ae)" (eo)
he Oey
Multiplying each side of this inequality by —"*?*" we get
RHE LY ab be bealt
Q)
= 7abe.
ab+be+ca _ 7abc(a+b+c)
(at+b+c}* ~ (ab+be+ca)?"
Because
7 Tabclatb+e) 7 ,aXb-c)?
3 (ab+bet+cay 6(ab+be+cay”
and
abt+be+ca 1 Yb-c)
(atb+cP 3 Oatbt+c)”’
the inequality becomes $,(b —¢)’ + $,(c — a)? + S,(a — b)? = 0, where
7a? 1
(ab+be+caP (a+b+c)?”
A) a,
More difficult inequalities 271
and S}, S, are similar. Due to symmetry, we may of course assume that a > b >
c, and then S, > S, = S,. On the other hand, we have
7(b* +c?) 1 > __(b+e? 1
(abt+be+ca? (atb+cP~ (abt+be+eaP (atb+c}?
_ bte 1 bee
“\ab+be+ca atbt+c) \abt+bet+ca at+b+e
be +be+c? bte
~ (ab+be+caya+b+c) \ab+bet+ca ' a+bt+e
Sy+5,
>0.
So, it is clear that S, 2 S, > 0. Now, because S,(b —c)* > 0 and S,(a —c)*
2 S,(a— b)*, we deduce that
Sa(b —c)? + Sy(c — a)? +S,(a — b)? = S,(a — b)? + S,(a — b)?
=(S,+S)a- bP 20,
as desired. This ends our proof. It is easy to see that equality holds if and only
ifa=
Problem 6.14. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers such that abe = 1. Prove that,
for any k > 0, we have
be_ ca ab 3
O+k B+k +k k+l
(Wo Quoc Ba Can)
Proof. Since a, b, c > 0 and abc = 1, there exist some positive real numbers x,
v zr XY seas a
y, 5 such that a= 4/72, b= #/—, c= */>. Making these substitutions, the
xe y z
desired inequality becomes
yr x ead
Ga) 4 kx? + (ya 4] ~ KFT
Using the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
: .
[Scammer] Loomure ron] (Zs)
and thus, it suffices to prove that
ce Kip, ; > kCxyz)* P84 Soy. CO
272 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Gan - Tran Quoc Anh
Due to homogeneity, we may assume that x + y +% = 3. Then, the inequality
becomes
k(xyz)4 31x94 + Dixy 53k +.
Using the well-known inequality 3xyz(x +y +z) < (xy +yz+zx)*, we deduce
that
fag 4] BD RET
(xyz)4s ; 2
From this, applying the AM-GM Inequality, we get
oot Des Hoe) le)
2 (Sees)
a S42 +3)
2
81
IA
=3.
Furthermore, it is clear that
+yt2?
Combining these two inequalities, we get
Kecyz)/4 Sx + Yi xy sak +0), |
as desired. Equality holds if and only ifa =b=c=1 of
Remark. In the same manner, one can prove that the inequality
be ca ab 3 |
G4k Bak Hk RT |
holds for any positive real numbers a, b,c such that abe = 1 and for any positive |
real number k.
Problem 6.15. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b +¢ =6.
Prove that
—4
b¢
= = 2 pasB sg
6=a+b+c=at2 +3 3 z
ab2c3
y <1
mae
Using this inequality and the AM-GM Inequality, we get
and hence, it follows that
a°b + b*c-+4ca*—Sabe+4>
abe?
23
=2 ab 6 ie 46 a \ abr Sab
~ 2 12 3 22.38 men
6 6 2
bc ca? ab?c3
=) (=) - | yas} — Sate
12 3 atog8
[abil
=30' ge
as desired. Note that equality holds if and only if a= 1, b= 2 andc=3,
2 a?b+b*c+4ca®—Sabe +4:
2b
>2-15%/2".
5abc = 0,
Next, we will prove the right hand side inequality. In order to prove it, we need
to consider two cases
‘The first case is when 3a” + Sac > be. In this case, we have b*c — Sabc < 3a*b,
and hence
ab + b?c +.4ca? — Sabe < a*b +3a7b + 4ca? = 4a*(b +c)
aoa
=i6- 2.2. (pace 6 grater
meng gS 3
3 ‘ be
The second case is when bc > 3a? + Sac. In this case, we have a2 < gt and CC es— 3
274 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
hence
b
a?b + bc +4ca? — Sabe = a2(b + 4c) + b2c — Sabe < S +4c) + be Sabe
be 4 1
SZlbtacj+bee= gbelb +c) < 3b +c)
< 1 +b+ch= . 7
syle tefas= 2 < 128.
So, in both cases, we always have
a?b + bc + 4ca? — Sabe < 128,
as desired. It is easy to see that equality holds if and only if a = 4, b = 0 and
Problem 6.16. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers satisfying ab? + be? +
ca? +abe= 44, Prove that
(Tran Quoc Anh)
Proof. The original inequality is equivalent to
(al + ot 4ct)"= St (an? + be? +ca? +abe)
7 4V4
Setting a= x3, b= y3 and c =23, it becomes
81 5 ,
(xty+z)t> ai (\ x48 + Vyte8 + Votn8 + xiv).
By applying the well-known inequality (see Remark from the proof of problem
2.43)
27
(x+y +2) > (xy? 4 yz? +2x? + xyz),
we get
27
(xty+e Oy? tye? tax? + xyelix ty +2)
= 2 [Mety? +94) 42272 P x] .
More difficult inequalities 275
Furthermore, from the AM-GM Inequality, we have
and
Therefore
3 3
BE ey Yaya Yxtyet,
xty? +xy3)+2xyz ) x > xtys+ xty tet.
Dixty? + xy?) +2xy2) aD y
Combining this with the above inequality, the conclusion follows. Equality holds
if and only if (x, y, 2) = (0, 1, 2/2), or any cyclic permutation. Oo
Problem 6.17. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that for any k > 2, we
have
Dive? +kab +b? < 4a? +(3k +2) Pad.
(Michael Rozenberg)
Proof. By the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
(SverKst) <[Tlorn] (Te)
=2(X9)(pe*),
and henee, it suffices to prove that
a +kab +b? 49 07 +(3k+2) > ab
ra eee
Since a? + kab + b? = (a+b)? + (k—2)ab and
Met + Gkt+2) ab =4 (Xa) +3(k-2) Drab,
this inequality can be written as
3(k-2) ab
2Yfetn+2K-aY <4 at y 276 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Since k 2 2, it is true when
ab 3yiab
2 <=.
> atb™ die
Multiplying each side by a + b +, we may write this inequality as
ab(at+b+c)
2a S38
or equivalently,
1
2ab aes 4
abe ap Sate
Now, using the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we get
1 1f1 1
2abe ) —— <2 =(-+-]= is
Sage <2 Dg (G45) = Dee
‘This is what we want to prove. It is easy to see that equality holds if and only if
k=2,ora=b=c oO
Problem 6.18. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers such that xyz = 8. Prove that
Pe yw? A
pg
J +0634) VO3+D@+D VeF+DG+) 3
(APMO 2005)
First proof. By the AM-GM Inequality, we have
= 2
1 1
+1 Vat Det—x4l) &FDFGI—xF1) xP+2"
Using this result and the similar inequalities for y and z, we get
m x? y 4x?
VEEDGF+412) AO? +2)? +2)"
Therefore, it suffices to prove that
4x? 4
au (x? +2)(y?+2) 3"
rr
More difficult inequalities
or equivalently,
3x2? +2) > (x? +2)? + 2)? +2)
After expanding, we can write it as
Dix?y? +2) x72 72.
This is true, since by the AM-GM Inequality,
Sixty? 23 Vxtytet = 48, and 23x? 2 6 x2y22? = 24.
‘The proof is completed. Note that equality holds if and only if x = y
a
Second proof. We will use the following result.
Lemma. If a, b, ¢ are positive real numbers, then
(a? +b? 407)9 > 2c*(ab + be +ea)*.
eer
, we have
Proof Putting ¢= yf
a+b?
+c 2(a? + b?) = 1? + 2tc.
ab+be+cas
Thus, it is enough to prove that
(20? +0?)3 > 2c?(t? + 2tc),
which is true because
(20? +.c)3 — 2c?(¢? + 2tc}* =
= 06 —2c4e? — 8c5r9 + 10074 +88
> c& — 2c4t? — 20742(c? + 4?) + 10c7e* + Br®
= co 481? +2074 + 84°
oo 6 4y2 é 254 4,2
= (24+ 5 +805 -2ctt! = +2c?t4 — 2c4t? | > 0.
(S Zt et'— 20 Ja (G42 c )
‘Turning back to our problem, since xyz = 8 and x, y, z > 0, we see that there
2a 2c 2b
exist some positive real numbers a, b, ¢ such that x = —=, y = a
Using these substitutions, the desired inequality becomes
B a s
b(8a" + b3)(8c* + a3) ~ 3 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Now, using Hélder’s Inequality, we get
:
[= TT [Diteer+ aFx6e°+0%] (Lad) = (Yet) |
So it suffices to prove that
9(Le)" = (Mav) [Teea? + o%y(609 + «)).
Since S7(8a° + b3)(8c3 +43) = 8yia® +7351 05b3 < 9308 +72) 03°,
2 (Sav) (Mek+s are’),
it is enough to check that
Because )a?— "ab = XG — by, and
Det +800? — (Sa?) =8 Ya2b? 3 Y a2 (a2 +b?) — 602622
= Seas +be+ca)—3ab?](a — bY
< Ve (ab + be + cay(a—b)*,
it suffices to show that
Va- oy? 7 Ser(ab + be + cayia ~ bY
2) fab ee y
But this is true since from the above lemma, we have
20d es Ye)” ae ay
The proof is completed.
aye (Se ay
More difficult inequalities
Problem 6.19. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that
atbtc
a? +b? +07"
a,b |e
2a?+be | 2b?+ca © 2c? +ab
Wasile Cirtoaje)
First proof. Due to symmetry, we may assume that a > b > c. Multiplying by
a+b +c, the inequality becomes in succession as follows
soe) (at+b+c)?
2a*+be ~ a? +b? +c?’
(atb+cP a(a+bt+c)
es eee
Paha 2 1 2a2+be |’
23a wae) 2 (et rHr+ey ELMER 9
3a*-(b~c}?
ae b\(a-c)20,
9 VEO 5 a yv- exe TB
2a? + be
We see that it suffices to show that
arm
a%(a-b)la-<)
x 2a2+bo
c—b
Larne 2°
Since (c — a)(c — b) > 0, the first inequality is true if
b%(b—c)(b—a) .
2b? +ca
a(a—b)la-c)
2a? + be
Indeed,
a*(a — b)(a—c) b= c)b-a) , a(a-bYb-o) b*(b—c)(b—a)
2a? + be 2b°+ca 2a + be 2b? +ca
_ (a? = DY = bb =e)
~~ (2a? + be)(2b? +ea) = 280 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
The second inequality is also true because
x e=b __em~b | (a@=b)t(b=e) ,_b~a
2a? + be 2a? + be 2b? + ca 2c? +ab
1 1 1 1
=0-0(sS-ae +0-0(sya- are)
_(a=b\b=c) (2a4+2b-c 2b+2-a
~~ 26? 4a Gar EES)
_ 2a = b)(b = cla = c)a? +b? +c? x ab~ be~ca).,
(2a? + be)(2b? + ca)(2c? + ab)
Equality holds for @ = b = c, and again for a = 0 and b =c, b= Oande =a,
c=Oanda=b. a
Second proof. On the assumption that ¢ = min{a, b, c}, we can get the desired
inequality by summing the following inequalities
@ b
4 2(a+b)
2a? +be 2b? +ca
(2a? + be) + (2? + cay’
and
2(a+ b) ¢ atb+e
2(a? + b?)+c(a+b) © 2c? tab ~ a? +b? +07"
Using the identity (x + y)(u+ v) — 2(xu+yv) =(y — x)(u—v), we get
(2a? + be) + (20? +a) eq) Meth
a
a+ be * BPE
_ 2 a 2 ie: a b
U(2b"+ en) — (2a +-be)] (= tbe 2b + =)
_ (a= bP a +2b ~e)(2ab ~ac~ be)
(2a? + be)(2b? + ca) =
and the first inequality is proved
As to the second inequality, we write it as
2(a+b)
2(a2 +b) + c(a +B)"
2c? +ab a? +b? +c? ~
which is equivalent to
c(a?+b?-ab—c?)_ c(a+b)(a+b—2c)
ab + 2c? ~ 2(a? + b?)+c(a +b)”
More difficult inequalities 281
Since a+b — 2c > 0 and 2(a? +b?) + cla +b) = (a+b)? +c(a +b) = (a+
b)(a+b +c), it suffices to prove that
a’ +b? —ab— atb—2c
ab + 2c? a+bte
+b)
since a? +b? —ab> @ a > picivenough wo check that
(a+ bP 4c? | ala tb = 2c)
ab+2c2 ~ atb+ce
This is true because
(a+b) ~4c? 4(atb~2c) (at b~20)[(a= bP +3c(a+b—2)] 4
ab+22 atbtc (ab + 2c2)(a +b +c) =
The proof is completed. a
Problem 6.20. Let a, b, ¢ be nonnegative real numbers, no two of them are zero.
Prove that
be ca
Veet cea Vato + ae +oroF * cra
(Tran Quoc Anh)
Proof. From Hélder’s Inequality, we have
(SG) (Heo ro]= (He)
and hence, it follows that 282 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Combining (1) and (2), we deduce that
Eire Date Re RE
and thus, it suffices to prove the stronger inequality
atbte ws (atb+c)?
vab+be+ca 2(a? +b? +c?) ~
Denote by L the left hand side of this inequality. By the AM-GM Inequality, we
get
a+b+c | atbte pat bbe?
2vab+betca 2Vab+be+ca Aa? +b? +c")
(a+b+c)4
(a+b+c)*
\ a(ab + bc + calla? +b? +c GY Tey
So, the proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if a = b and c = 0, or
b=canda=0, ore =a and b=0. a
Problem 6.21. Let a, b, ¢ be positive real numbers. Prove that
f bf if B+ +03
a? +b? 407"
po ng
PtabctO Ptabete | Otabeta
(Nguyen Van Thach)
Proof. Multiplying each side of the desired inequality by a3 + b3 +c +abe, we
can write it as
at (Me 8) (Sia + abc)
Le Lape
Now, by the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
Sat (dee)!
¢
a
Lastaer® Sica? +abe +63)
(Dev)
More difficult inequalities 283
ee)
Lea)
or equivalently,
| Thus, it suffices to prove that
+ (ue) vy
Be). (Ee) Leen)
(Xe*) (Xie
This inequality can be written as
242)?
er) > 4) ab? +2abe Da.
a
since ))a‘(b? te) 2abe a? =D ya%(b-c)’, SY a26?(a?+b?)— 2 0b? =
Sia?b?(a— by and
2(e) sayays
va - 23 )09b3 =—
we can rewrite the inequality in the form
Ve-oF (« +b8c? —
which is true because
Dato? +c) + Da b(a? + 67) +
2abe ¥a°(b—c)?
Sev
4
2a*be >0,
ab+bc+ca
2a* 4 4
@este 2 og hep
ab+bet+ca 5 ab+be+ca
2a*be
4
PR
(5) aes
The proof is completed. Note that equality holds if and only if a= b 284 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Problem 6.22. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that
abc. Hab i.
eb ae (al +be+ca)_ 17
boc a at+b? +c?
(Vo Quoe Ba Can)
Proof. First we prove the following statement
Lemma, If a, b, ¢ ate positive real numbers, then
ai bec 28(ab + be +ca) |
bic a’ (@tbece =”
boca
Proof. Expanding and combining like terms, the inequality turns into
3
xS 5 vaya, ab > 10a,
or, equivalently,
(af+Ee-
2b
ab? ab?
2S) e(4 =
Notice that
a a?h ab? B8 a*b — 2ab? b(a— b)?
+) —-2) —= _ =) —.
LPL S ET LF) re
and
ab? 4ca? c(2a — 3b)?
4D -aeb=¥ (F-20498) =p
Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we get
a a’b ab? ab?
(= hs ES) (e-s a=
blab? ‘2a — 3b)?
->| (aby? | e(2a~3b)
c b
22) (a -b)(2a-3b)
=10))a?-10 Vad.
The lemma is proved.
Lee) 210} a?-10 ab.
EEE
More difficult inequalities _ 285
Returning to our problem, we see that it suffices to show that
28(ab+be+ca) 7ab+be+ca)_ 17
(atb+cP a? +b? +c? .
This can be written in succession as follows
7 4 7(ab+be+ca) > 28(ab + be +ca)
2° a+b? +c? (at+b+cP
7atb+c)? _ 28(ab+be+ca)
2a? +b? +c?) (a+b+c)*
(a+b +c) > 8(a? + b? +c7)(ab + be + ca).
By the AM-GM Inequality, we have
8(a? + b* +c*)(ab + be +ca) = 4+ (a? + b? +c”) - 2(ab + be +ca)
< [(a? +b? +c?) + 2(ab + be +ca)}? =(at+b+c)*
So, the last inequality is true and our proof is completed. Equality holds if and
b
2n
v7 ~ tan
tan =
¢
= ——— = or any cyclic permutation.
V7 tan
¥
a
only if —“— =
7—tan>
V7 ~ tans
a
Problem 6.23. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers satisfying ab+be-+ca = 1
Prove that
to dig bead
22+—=:
vote veta Vvat+b v2
(Le Trung Kien)
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c. First we will
prove that
1 1 1
rere pin eceeetcin Wifes ®)
Vbe+1 vctt1 V(b+c}?+1
This inequality is equivalent to
1 1, 2 ed 1 1 2
+l +l Ys iyet1) (b+) +1 (b+cP+1
Notice that
(b+ c)? +1—(b? +.1)(c? +1) = be(2 — be) 0. More difficult inequalities 287
286 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Therefore Since
2 % 2 a
7 av2 1 2v2
(b+1Kc? +1) Vb+cp t+ + -2 pt+—— 5
. a) 2va Jeag Va='*34e-3
and hence, it suffices to prove that
2v2 yl (¢=2)(v2e?-r=2) |
=t+— -2-— = ——* 20,
>14—_1 a v2 vat?
~) (b+c +1 . 5 P
the last inequality is true and our proof is thus completed. Equality holds if and
only ifa = b = 1 and c =0, or any cyclic permutation. oO
This is equivalent to.
bel2~ 2be—belb+e}2]
@+ Nero +erriy =>
which is true because
2— abe ~ be(b +e}? = Zab +e)— be(b +c)? =(b +e)[2a— be(b +e)]
2 (b +c)[2a—a(b +c)] = ab +)(2-ab—ac)>0.
Now, using the inequality (+), we get
1 1
+ =¥,
vatb Vate mel
i
1
+
V(b+clbt+a) VS(c+aye+b)
= 1 1 — bre
=Vbt+e +——— | > Vose4,f—7*
(& =) Wine (b+cP +1
Thus, the original inequality is true if
14 Jones BE soph
vb+e (tera te
+ Vb +c > 2, we have
bte 1 1 I
O+Ps1 1 Bo
@+cP+1 Beko oe
bte
and the inequality becomes
Problem 6.24. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab + be +ca = 3.
Prove that, for any nonnegative real number k, the following inequality holds
— _¢_—_1 41 5 3
(a+kbe (b+ke> (C+kay ~ (k+1
(iran Quoc Anh)
Proof. By Hilder’s Inequality, we have
1 3 3/4) 4
[Saves] [Maw +ke)] > (Ne ) .
It follows that
4
(Ste) (a3/4 4 3/4 4 9/494
x
ee kee = [Zee +ke)] ~ (k+ 13 (ab + be + cae
(03/4 + 3/4 $4)
© WIE Dab be + cay”
and so, it is sufficient to prove that
(a9/* + B94 + 63/4)* > oV3(ab + be +ca)*?
Let a’/# = x, b9/4 = y and c¥/4 =z. This inequality is equivalent to
(x+y +2)* > 9V3[(xy)*4 + (y2)3 + ex BP,
Because it is a homogeneous inequality, we may assume that x + y +z
Then, we have to prove that
(ey)? + (yz) +(ex)¥3 <3 288
‘Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
for x + y +2 =3. Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have
@y)8s
xty+1 4-2 wae ¥te+1 4-x
epee (3, gE
3 +» Gays 3
3
(ax) g FERHI
3
Therefore,
(xy) + (ya) + ex)? = xy-(xy)!8 tye (ye)!3 dex (ox)
s zits —2) + y2(4—x)+2x(4-y)]
= jlaxy +yz+sx)—3xyz].
To complete the proof, we need to show that
Alxy + yz +2x) —3xyz <9,
which is equivalent to the third degree Schur’s Inequality
A(xy + yzt+ex\(x+y +2) <9xyzt (x+y +2).
Equality holds if and only if a = b
Problem 6.25. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abe = 1. If k > 0,
then
is, a 1
lta+bk 14+b+e
(Wasile Cirtoaje)
Proof. We have two cases to consider.
Case 1. k > 1. By expanding, we can write the inequality as
Meto+ Yates Vak+ Ya.
By the Weighted AM-GM Inequality, we get
kab + Sako = Dako+e)2 k+ Na k+l ott
=(k+1) atta,
More difficult inequalities
and
R+k+1
Yiaty ek ab = Sst (a0-+5 et — )
enta 244) FT
a(k+p ye fe pea? cM)
Peeey) an2snen)) BT
=e! (Wt )
=G4+D aa es =D Yaa |
Summing up these two inequalities, it follows that
Srattb+ Watt > Yaa at + Sattar
Moreover, by Chebyshev’s Inequality we have |
ade 2 (Le) (Lat) asemae (Ze)
and
ayiatat =a alter > (Sa) (Sat)
> x(abe}*8°5 (Sa) =3 0a, |
and hence a |
Yet + Valter > Yate Va. |
Therefore, |
Matty + Vath > Pat+ a,
which is what we want to prove.
1
Case 2.0 1. Since zk = 1, from the preceding case we have
1 1 x
<1
a +
ltxtyt Llty+st l4tstxt
for any positive reals x, y, z with product 1. Setting x =a*, y = b‘,
obtain the original inequality. Note that equality occurs if and only if
c=1 290 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Problem 6.26. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that
b € a _3¥3 [(a+byb+elce+a)
Voag tote yee
Vera Vara tVore = 4 atbte
LL
Proof. Replacing a, b,c by ~, =, —, respectively, the inequality can be written
as
x 3v3 [@+bb+oKe+a)
Vath 4 ab+be+ca
Using the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
a \ a a(4a + 4b +c)
(yi 2et _S eat abohe),
(Cas) ab +gabe,
it is enough to check the following inequality
) (Sta) + Yoatoe 5 Yat? + Zabe.
FE+ ON +eN(e+a)>4(Ta
291
More difficult inequalities
After some simple computations, we can write it as
Nato +13 Dab? > a2abe,
which is obviously true according to the AM-GM Inequality. Equality holds if
and only ifa=b=c. o
Problem 6.27. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a+b +c = 3. Prove
that, if k > 0, then
be+1 «feat
(b+c) aa Tero Pe
(iran Quoc Anh)
Proof. Write the inequality as
feat | fab+1) ,
*\ Vorra Veer J *
Applying the AM-GM Inequality, we have
faby1 Bb?
pice tay pad H2 5 be +1 p24 5 een,
B41 +1 ‘ab+l cat
rfeat+1 , sfab+1 | Ak+1) 1 b?4] etl
bri Veer abi‘ cavd
or
Therefore,
Sie .fca+l 4 4fsbt 2 te isi a(b? +1) a(c? +1)
we Ver k ab+1 ca+1
_6(k+1) 1 a(b? +1) | b(a? +1)
~ k k ab+1 ab+1
6k+1) 1 _ (k+1) 6
Te -7 e+) = ke
k
Equality holds if and only if a= b =
| Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
292
Problem 6.28. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
abte pete cath 3
+ep trap Gabe =4
(Vo Quoc Ba Can)
Proof. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c. Then, we will
consider the following two cases.
Case 1. b +c > 1. We can easily prove that
1
for x > 0. Using this result, we have
4arte —gyeta 4cotb He peta cath
bree * Grae * toe ey eta) (atbye
eS
abt pete cate
Torey * (= Feta * Fanbyre
7) (=) &)
=( 2a yn 2b Der \ ere
b+e c+a “+ a) 7
Since min{b +c, ¢+a, a+b}=b+c > 1, by Bernoulli’s Inequality, we get
2a \ ote 2a be
(=) =[+(FE-))] z14(bte) (A -1) =1420-b-c
Similarly, we have that
2b \‘t# Qc \atb
> a 2 4
(4) 214+2b-c—a, (S) 21+2c-a-b,
and therefore,
aabts | ancts aett® 7 a0 yh 2b Yo" 26 0H
+P eray gaa? a) +(&) (3) ae
Case 2. b+c <1. Ifa>1, then
abt
3
—— >a’ > 1s >
Gree Ae
More difficult inequalities
and the desired inequality is clearly true. If a < 1, then
1 2
= 2b,
Spee
*a+by
tary ~ ore (c+a?
(b+cP (c+ay?
This completes our proof. Note that equality holds if and only if a
1.
Remark, Similarly, we can prove the following more general statement:
For any positive real numbers a1, dg, ..., dn Satisfying a, +a) ++---+a, =5, the
following inequality holds:
sa,
an n
+ Gay n- 1)?"
Problem 6.29. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero.
Prove that . 5 |
vab vbe va 9 +b +c
ab+c2 be+a2 ca+b?~2 (a+b+c)"
(Tran Quoc Anh)
Proof. By the AM-GM Inequality, we have
6ab+2(a2—ab+b)]°>_ 8
ae Beato
6ab(a? — ab +b?) < [ 3
This implies that
9
zvanla? —ab+b*)< (a+b).
According to this result, we find that
Va. 2 Jab(a? — ab +62)
vab vab- (a+b)
ab+c? (a+b)(ab +c?) (a+b)*(ab +c?)
9 _ abla? +b ) >? ab(a? + b3)
~ 2° (a+b)i(ab+c2) ~ 2 (a+b+e)(ab +c?) Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
More difficult inequalities 295
294
Therefore,
xy vab yr ab(a? +b’
ab+c? ~ %a+b+c)* ab+c?
From this inequality, we see that the desired inequality is true if
abla? +3) be(b? +03) ca(c3 +a)
ab +c? be +a? ca+ b?
2 a +53 +03.
To prove this inequality, we rewrite it as
ye ab ca
ab+c? * ca+b?
which is equivalent to
eee. @be(a? — be)
(teal? +ab) ~
20,
or
abc} }a*(a? ~ be(a? + be) > 0.
Since
Sera? — be)(a? + be) = Se*tat — 022) = a6 + 66 +6 —3a2b2c? > 0,
the last inequality is obviously true. This completes our proof, Equality holds if
. 74+3V5
and only ifa =O and b = ¢, or any cyclic permutation. a
Problem 6.30. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
sfa+be fb? +ca +t c2-+ab Seah 3Vabe
a(b+c b(e+a. c(a+b) ~ a+btc
(Pham Huu Duc)
Proof. Squaring both sides, we can rewrite the desired inequality as
xs @+be 3/(a2+be)(b2+ca) 3¥abe
a(b +c) abla+c\(b+c) “at+b+c~
Since (a? + be)(b? +a) — ab(a +c)(b +e) = cla +b)(a — by? = 0, we deduce
that
x 4| (a? + be)(b? +.ca)
ab(a+c)(b +c)
and thus it suffices to prove that
@+be | 3¥abe
x a(b+c) atb+c™
Using the AM-GM Inequality, we get
@+be a +be 2(a? + be) 2(a? + be)
a+) Jets boatbaa — @ +b) abt @+baro"
and
3Vabe 3abe > 9abe
a+b Varer(atb+c) (ab+be+cala+b +c)
9abe
~ (a+ b\b tele +a) babe
5 9abe
(a+bXb+e)(e+a)+ fet orokere)
Babe
~ (a+ bb teeta)
Combining these two inequalities, we obtain
a+be 3V¥abe 2(a? + be) 4 8abe
Ly aero* atb+e~ 2 Lasher (a+d)(b+e)e+a)
This is what we want to prove, and so our proof is completed. Note that equality
holds if and only ifa=b =c. a
Problem 6.31. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, no two of which are zero.
471 14
s\b+ccta ath)"
(ham Kim Hung)
Prove that
a
b? +c?
Proof. Firstly, we will prove the following auxiliary statement.
Lemma. If a, b, ¢ are nonnegative real numbers, then
2
be e 296 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Proof. We have the following identities
a? a _ ab(a~b)+ac(a—c)
+e? bre (Bb 4e2)b+o)
a be(b ~ c) +ab(b — a)
+a cra (+024)
ce € _ cale—a)+be(c—b)
@+e ath (@+b a+b)
Thus, we get
a a ab(a~ b) ab(a~b)
Lisa Lin-L waa ereal
ab(a— b?
* (iets Net) FOOTE + EEA"
and the proof is completed.
Returning to our problem, multiplying each side of the desired inequality by
5(a+b +c), we can write it as
afat+b+c) a+b
aD bP +c? 240) b+c
which is equivalent to
2
a a(b +c) a
Sasa t5 7 24))— +12,
Dipset x be+c? = uraet a
Using the lemma above, it suffices to prove that
2
a a(b+c)
Leet h ge?”
Without loss of generality, we may assume that c= min{a, b, c}. We have
a(b+c) _ b(c+a) _ alb+c)
b? +c? +a? ~ be +be |
cata?
and
c(at+b) | 2c?
zs
a +b? = a+b?
It follows that
RRC) 10c* 24y 8c?
+ *
be +c? ~ a+b? a? +b? f
More difficult inequalities 297
so it is enough to check the following inequality
a e 9c2
soto t
Bee” eye ate
By the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
a b? + 9c? s (a? +b? +3c?)?
a? +b? > a(b? +02) + bc? +a") Fea? +b)
4b? +32)?
© 2(a?b? + bc? + 2a?)
It
+c? +a
On the other hand, it is easy to see that
(a? + b? + 3c?) — 4(a?b? + b?c? + c2a2) = (a2 — b?)? + 2c2(a? +2) 4.904 > 0.
Thus, the conclusion follows. Equality holds if and only if a = b and c =0, or
any cyclic permutation, a
Problem 6.32. Let a, b,c be nonnegative real numbers such that a+b+c = 3. if
k>0, then
‘esli-nshere 3 ee
a*b + bke+cha < max} 3, ——__ } .
v 4 (ke
Masile Cirtoaje)
Proof. We consider three cases
Case 1. 0 < k < 1. Using Bernoulli's Inequality in combination with the well-
. . (atb+c)
known inequality ab + bc +ca s | —, we get
akb+bkce + cha =b[1+(a-1]* +c[14(b— 1)‘ +al1+(c-1))*
Sb[1+k(a- 1) +e[1+k(b-1)] +al1 + k(e-1)]
(a+b+eP
=k(ab + be +ca)+3-3k y2220and
m > 1, then
gktigk
ato beteasasmax{s }
xy tyMaeMx > xy" + yo" ax”, 298 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
we can see that it is enough to prove the inequality for a > b > c > 0. Letting
ght ge
ke"
inequality can be written as
now K = max}3, femetsand b= c41 62 120) te
Pn
s(c)=K (c+ Sh ~(cts)Met (c+ fe —eX(e +5) 20.
‘We have
#o=Kik+0 (c+ ay H R(t) e+ e(e+ Oetker)
— [Cc +s) +(e +e) +e8]
> 3(k+1) (c+ = =K(c +s! Mert (c+ tc+ ch 'e+s)J-
—[e +s) +(e +e) +c]
b
=aken (A
k
) —kak'b + be 164 ck 1a) — (a + bE + 8).
We will prove that g’(c) > 0, ie.
atb+e\*
ace (2**) > k(a’'b + bee 4. ck1a) + (ak + BF + c%),
Applying again the above result for x =
= beg = ch! and m=
Foy? bweset
KT (BT ET ch1 4 (NTA (@k}) >
pa Eye $b ¢ Mae,
ak 1h + oT + ck la < abe) + bck! + cak
Using this, we have g’(c) > 0 if
at+bt+c
k
zl ) 22ak bk ech) tk Sa (b +0).
ou+0(
Due to homogeneity, we may assume that a + b +c = 3 (because the case
a=b =c = (is trivial), when the inequality becomes
6k +1) 2 2€a* + BK +c8) +k a'(3 -a),
More difficult inequalities 299
or equivalently,
(2= bak + BF + ck) + kak? + BET +e!) < (kK +1).
We need to prove that h(a) +h(b) +h(c) <0, where
h(a) = (2— k)a* + 3ka*“! — k(2k — 1)(a — 1) — 2(k + 1).
We have
W(a) = k(2—k)a*? + 3k(k — 1a? - k(2k - 1),
and
h(a) = k(2—k)(k— Da*? + 3k(k - 1)(k— 2)a*>
= k(k—1)(2- Kak 3(a - 3) <0.
This shows that h’(a) is decreasing for a © [0, 3]. Since h’(1) = 0, we get
h(a) > 0 for a € [0, 1) and h'(a) < 0 for a € (1, 3]. Therefore, h(a) is strictly
increasing for a € [0, 1] and strictly decreasing for a € [1, 3]. From this, we get
h(a) < h(1) = 0 for any a € [0, 3]. Using this and the analogous inequalities
h(b) <0 and h(c) < 0, we get h(a) + h(b) + h(c) < 0. This proves the claim that
g’(c) = 0. Therefore, g(c) is increasing for c 2 0, and we have
eee rye k
a2 =x (+) ~seak ($*) -«.(2) “t
kn
s
see [egret 1 gk+igk .
2K = = K-———a tt 20.
>«( 3 ) eee gen [K-@p ped [E+ =
So, in this case, we also have
ght
ath +bkc +cka < max} 3, ——— }.
«+ pet
Case 3. k = 2. Due to cyclicity, we may assume that a = maxfa, b, c}. Then,
applying Bernoulli’s Inequality, we have
x k
(ate =atb (1+ £) zatn(1+)
a a
k 2c ke k=1 k-2,
zatb (14 =) =atb+al"be+a' abe
>akb +b "be +c%2ac? =a*b + bke+cha. 300 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
On the other hand, from the AM-GM Inequality,
ate Ere
k k-——+b
(4) beck k °
k k+1
ght yk ght
=———— b > ¢ > d. Then, we
have
and
1+a?
Thus, by Chebyshev’s Inequality,
1 1 1
ee
G+aata)” G+ b)0 +63)" (Feit +c) ~
sift, 2.47 1
3\ita 1+b 1te (=
More difficult inequalities B01 |
Now, since a > b = c 2d > 0 and abed = 1, according to problem 2.36, we
have
1 11,3 |
Tea tit 1+e> 1+k’
and
1
l+a
where k = abc. Therefore, we get
1 1 1 3
5 at art! m2 =
(+aja+a2) +b) +b) G+oate)~ +k) +k)
and it remains to prove that
3 1
eee eee
G+h0 +) (+3) )
After some simple computations, we find that it is equivalent to
(k-1P OK + +k +2) |
(k3 + 1)(ke +1) °
Of course, this is true and our proof is thus completed. It is easy to see that
equality holds if and only ifa = b= c= o
Problem 6.34. Ifa, b,c, d are nonnegative real numbers, then
a 4 bt tc4 44+ 2abed > a2b? + a2c? +a2d? + bc? + b*d? +07d?
(Turkevici)
First proof, Due to symmetry, we may assume that a 2 b = ¢ > d. Write the
inequality as E(a, b, ¢, d) 2 0, where
Ela, b, ¢, d)= Sat + 2abed ~ Y\a"b?
om
= Dat + 2abed — (a? + 62)(b? + d?) — ac? — bd?,
We will show that
F(a, b, ¢, d)>E( vac, b, ¥ae, d) > 0.
ee, | Ga 302
Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
‘The left hand side inequality is equivalent to
a* +04 — 2a7c? > (b? + d?)(a? +c? — 2ac),
(a+c)(a-c)* > (b? +d?) —c).
This is true because (a +c)? > a? +c? > b? +2, For the right hand side
inequality, we can write it as follows
a? + b4-4+d* + 2abcd > 2ach? + 2acd? + b7d?,
(ac? + b4 — 2acb) +.d(d? + 2abc — b2d — 2acd) > 0,
(ac — b?)? + d(b — d)(2ac — bd — d?) > 0.
This is true because 2ac ~ bd ~ d? > 2bd — bd - d? = d(b—d) >0.
The proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if a ,ora=b=c
and d= 0, or any cyclic permutation thereof. a
Second proof. Without loss of generality, we can assume that a > b >¢ >.
Since
Set —4abed = (a? - bP + (C2
x 2b? = Ya? - by,
sym am
2 +2(ab — cd)?
and
we may rewrite our inequality as
(a? ~c?)? + (b? = 2)? + (a? — d?)? + (b? — d?)? > 2(ab — cd.
Now, applying the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality and the AM-GM Inequality, we
obtain
(a? = d?)? + (6?
1 1
r= 3 +b? —2d?)? > > (2ab - 24°)?
= 2Aab—d?)? > 2ab—cd)*,
as desired. o
Third proof. We will assume that a 2 b > c > d and rewrite our inequality in
the form
at + b* +c4—a7b? — bc? — 02a? 2d [d(a? + b? +c? — a?) — 2abc],
that is
(a? — b?)? + (b? — c+ (c? — a?)? > 2d [d(a? + b? +c?—d?)—2abc].
More difficult inequalities
303
Since (a? — b?)? > 2d(a + bY(a — b)?, (b* —c?)? = 2d(b + c)(b - c)’, and
(c? — a)? > 2d(c +.a)(e — a), we have
(a? — PP + (7 = P + (C2 - a P >
22d [(a+ bya bP? +(b +eN(b— cP +(c+aNle—a}*].
It suffices to prove that
(a+ b)(a—b)? +(b+c)(b-c)? +(e +a)(c—a)? > d(a? +b? +c? — d?)—2abe,
or equivalently,
2(a3 +3 +c +abe)—ab(a+b)— be(b-+e)— calc +a) > d(a? +b? +c? —d?).
Now, using Schur’s Inequality ab(a +b) + be(b +e) +ca(e+a) Sa? +b3 +3 +
3abe, it is enough to show that
2(a3 +b? +03 + abe) — (a3 +b? +.c3 + 3abc) > d(a? +b? +c? — a”),
or
a? + b3 +c3 — abe > d(a? + b? +c? —d?).
Applying Chebyshev’s Inequality, we have
@O+P+3> 5+ b+c)(a? +b? +c),
and it remains to show that
ia +b+c)(a? + b? +c”) — abe > d(a* +b? +c?) —d°,
or
(a? +b? +.c?)(a+b +c —3d) > 3(abe - d°),
which is true since by the AM-GM Inequality, we have
a(abe ~ &°)=3( Yfabe—<) (Vor +43 abe +e)
< 9Va2090 ( Vabe ~ (Sad),
and therefore ,
a (Sa)? (ab +0s+ed ras)”
(a+b toy ~ [Nac+b+0]° [ateP +O tae tater a”
Using the Power Mean Inequality, we get
atc
aiecdza
thus
‘ a3
atc\s b+d\5
PC) +2(44) |
(atc? +(b+d)}?+(a+c)(b+d)]?
1 [@rot+@+as]’
2 [ate tbrdPtataorae
senting c= (22) the inequality b
t= (S5)”, che inequality becomes
x a sh (e441)
(atb+c ~ 2 (t8+094+1)?"
Thus, it remains to show that
92 +1) > 8h +08 +1),
or
More difficult inequalities : 305
1 F
Setting u = ¢-+ =, u> 2, the above inequality becomes
9(u2 — 2)? = 8(u? -— 3u +1),
or
(u—2)?(u4 + 4u3 + 6u? — Su — 20) 2 0.
Since ut + 4u3 + 6u2 — 8u — 20 = ut + 4u2(u — 2) +4u(u— 2) + 10(u? — 2) >0,
the last inequality is true and the proof is completed. Equality holds if and only
ifa= =d. o
Problem 6.36. Let a, b,c, d, e be positive real numbers. Prove that
Q+se) (1445) (+353) (+243) Q+sa)2 (3).
Proof, Due to homogeneity, without loss of generality, we may assume that
a+b+c+d+e=1. Then, we have
a _a+bt+e_1-(+e)
bte bte bte
it
and hence, the inequality can be written as
faa roltt ero ter mii Grote}, (3
(b+eNe+ dd rene +ayatb) 3) ,
or equivalently,
MAA)
Now, note that for any x, y > 0, x+y < 1, we have
(2-4) (2)-( 2 -1) =e
x J x+y xyty) 306 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
( 1) 1 1)s 2 2 2 2
eta (i )? (aaa) =(4-3) .
Multiplying these five inequalities and then, taking square root of each side of
the obtained inequality, we get
(=) (ea)
(EMS VEN
Thus, it is enough to prove that
IMEEM
i-a Nae \A-) (4-1)
or equivalently,
Xa(Z
i=
2
Since the function f(x) = In (;
a
Iv
—
or
oe
1) >s 3
25In5.
-1) is convex for any x € (0, 1) (its
oa de rx
second derivative is Ta xay 7» We may apply Jensen's Inequality to get
=x
Fa) + f(b) + fC) + Fd) + fle) > 5F (ee)
or equivalently,
da(-
Therefore, the last inequality is valid and our proof is completed. Note that
equality holds if and only ifa = b =c=d=e. a
5h :
=5in5.
More difficult inequalities 307
Problem 6.37. Let a1, a2, -++5 dy and by, by, ..+4 By be positive real numbers.
(Adapted after an Ukraine 2001 problem)
Proof. ‘Taking square root of each side and using the identity
al fa
we can rewrite the desired inequality as
Em) E3.0) Oe) )
1sigjsn isi nn)
icizjen isigjen
ya? +2 aja, Y b2+2 bybj
i Yj :
= is
isigjsn isigisn
(EJ
(:.5,0=) (25.0) <(S
1stejsn Isiejsn i=1
so it is clear that
a a.
‘The proof is completed. Equality holds if and only if - = . =
1 be 308 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Remark. The special case n = 3 of the desired inequality is the well-known
Ukraine 2001 Inequality. Beside that, this nice inequality has also many inter-
esting applications and we will now present some of them here
Application 1. Prove that for any positive real numbers x;, x, ..-,%, and yi,
Ya, -+++ Yq Such that
yo =(3):
reigten
the following inequality holds
x1
"00 ti + yg) Fo}
Xp be + Ky Oe Yn) Xt Fe
(te + Yn) 2
(Vasile Cirtoaje, Gabriel Dopinescu)
Proof. The inequality is homogenous in x,, x2, ..., X,, 80 we may suppose that
xy +x) ++++-+2, = 1. Then, it can be written as
Syn.
im
isl
Applying the above inequality for
(0,3) = (FE, En,
ie" Tx
and
(Bt, Bay wees bn) = Os Yas vs Suds
we get
2
dy} 24] ¥ Ee a a xy ow,
(iA isigjen istajsa
XiXj
ee
mend 2 aaa
and thus, it suffices to prove that
xix) a
fhe, TIA) = 2
This inequality is true (see problem 5.8). o
More difficult inequalities 309
Remark. The special case n = 3 of Application 1 is a well-known result of Titu
Andreescu and Gabriel Dopinescu: If a, b, c, x, y, # are positive real numbers,
then
7 G++ po+y2 ViGy tye te. (*) |
This inequality has also many nice applications.
b
et
Application 1.1. Let x, y, 2 be positive real numbers. Prove that |
xy(xty—z)+ys(y +2—x)+2x(2 +x —y)2 V3G8y93 + 22? + y%29).
Proof. Since
x 3
yOe-by—2) = Bg = 2492 ys)= 3403
Sixy(ety-2) = Dox?+2)-axy2 = S742") Det +25),
we can write the desired inequality as
yo FZ V3OPy? +72? + y%29).
In this form, we can see immediately that it is a direct consequence of (+).
0" +2)+ SSE +x) + >
yt
Application 1.2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab+ be+ca = 3.
Prove that
a(b?+c2) b(c2+a2) cla? +b?
st ot or?
a? +be b+ca ce? tab
(Pham Huu Duc)
Proof, get x = a(b? +c), y = b(c? +a”) and z = c(a? + b?). Then,
x a(b? +c?)(b+e) a(b? +c?
yar *O= yeaa) tebe”
ytz b(c? +4”) +c(a? +b’ a’ +be
and the inequality can be written as
x y z
— ate hah +b)>3.
FEO tote a) yay" )2
Using (*), we have
7H (b+e)+ oe +a)+~ gatne 3(ab + be +ca) = 3,
and the proof is completed. BELIOIECA QUDETEANAT aq
Panait Istrati BRAILA 310 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Application 1.3. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers. Prove that
Bec eta? ath? _3f f@rbro@te +e
—— + + >> | 4] ———_————-1 |.
ab+e) beta) a+b) ~ 2 abe
Proof. Note that
Bee? be a+b
abt+o) abtea\ b 7c
Thus, by (*), we have
a+ be +c? r be cha at s
a(b+c) ab+ca b 5 ~
and hence
b2 +c? (a+b)a+c)
ers 2y900 be “3
Furthermore, from the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
(at+byate) _ 3(a+b+c)(a? +b? +c?)
kre FP abe
33 1% (a+b+c)a? +b? +c")
“2 abe
Combining this with the above inequality, we deduce that
pi 53 | [arb tena? +b? +c%)
ab+e 2 abe a
as desired. Note that equality holds if and only if a= b =<. Q
Application 2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab + be +ca =3.
Prove that for all r > 1, we have
a'(b+c)+b'(c+a)+c'(a+b)>6.
(Vasile Cirtoaje, Walther Janous)
More difficult inequalities 311
Proof. Applying the inequality
[x(v +w) + yw +u) + 2(u + v))? > (xy +y2 +2x)(uv + vw + wu),
(the special case n = 3 of the above inequality) for (x, y, 2)=(a", 6”, c) and
(u, v, w) =(a, b, €), we get
[a’(b +c) + b'(e +a) +e"(a+ b)I? > 4(a"b + b'c" +c7a" (ab + be +ca)
=12(a"b’ + b'c’ +c'a").
On the other hand, from the Power Mean Inequality, we have
abt+be+ca\" _,
ab! + bic" +c'a" 23 —7-— ] = 3,
Combining this with the above inequality, we deduce that
[a"(b+c)+b'(c+a)+e(at b)]? > 36,
and hence, it follows that
a’(b+c)+b'(ct+a)+c"(at+b)>6,
as desired. Note that equality holds if and only if a = b
Application 3. Let n > 2 be a real number and let a, b, ¢ be positive real
numbers. Prove that
+b beet att bt te
atb+e
a"+b" bt +c" ctta"_ [3(a’
atb b+e cta
Proof. Applying the inequality
[xv +w) + y(w+u)+5(ut v)]}? > 4(xy + yz +2x)(uv + vw + wu),
bre” ota” abt 1
for (x, ¥, 2) (a *) and (u, v, m=(3 ee
(css) - DEG) Eater] Cre)
-4(Sasgera] 2):
and thus, it suffices to prove that
ade
Lgrobra 24 Ma . 312 : Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Using now the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, we have
ony
a
x (arene +e) ~ Vera +elb+e
so that we only need to show that
(Cs) Der)esLereroeta
Ver are +e) = (Xa) (Se) + Pave,
it can be written as
Because
(Sa) (Me™) 23 Vane,
Sar(a? + ab +ac — 3be) > 0.
Without loss of generality, we may assume that a > b > c. Since n > 2, we have
a™? > p?? > ct? Also, it is clear that
or equivalently,
a’ +ab +ac—3be > b? + be-+ba—3ca Bc? +ca + cb — 3ab.
Therefore, by Chebyshev’s Inequality, we have
3 a™%(a? + ab +ac~3bc)= (Sra) [a2 +ab +c 3be)|
= (Sor) (Le Tes) e0
‘The proof is completed. Note that equality holds if and only if @
Remark. For n = 2, we get the known inequality
a+b? b2+c? | c? +a?
+ +} > 3(a? + b? +c?).
a+b bt+e c+a
Problem 6.38. For all positive real numbers a}, dg, ...5 dy, the following inequal-
ity holds
(Vo Quoc Ba Can)
More difficult inequalities
Proof, We begin with a preliminary result
Lemma. If
1, if k=
=! fee
m=), (k=1) if ke
\a+p
then
ak 1, the inequality can be
written as :
ms
aj (
For the nontrivial case 0 < a, <1, this inequality is equivalent to
i 1\2
(a aPt) 3, then
6
Berens?
2 + D(Rt) veoh .
xixj% S 1.
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
More difficult inequalities
Proof. For each i, we denote the set {1,2,..., n}\{i} by S;. We have
te
isi
jxk
ODES: 316 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
where B;
Dd x3x2. Therefore,
Now, from (1) and (2), we get
es )ixt+ [20-20m+
i=1
(m= 1(n~ 2? ]
an
Since
2(n —2)m + ene,
we have
e
13.
(Vo Quoc Ba Gan)
317 318 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Problem 7.4. Let a, b, ¢ be real numbers in the interval [1, 2]. Prove or disprove
that
(Qa- a 2a) (2b —c)(2b-a) (2c — a)(2c — b)
Pre e+e TY @ep 7a
(Vo Quoc Ba Can)
Problem 7.5. Let x, y,z€[-1, 1] andx+y+z=0. Prove that
vi 7 7
1T+x+cy?+4/1 x22 oy
xhey ty tet yltet oes
23.
(Phan Thanh Nam, Phan Thanh Viet)
Problem 7.6. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
Feat waar ¢ weer?) ape +h te
(Pham Sinh Tan)
Problem 7.7. Let a, b,c be positive real numbers, and let n = 2 be a positive
’ : :
inceger If isa positive real number such that k-+ > > (3) — 2, then
nf _@ af _b c 3
/ + eee
kb+c ke+a ka+b~ Vk
(asile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.8, Let x, y, z be nonnegative real numbers satisfying a+b +c=3. If
O.
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.11. If a, b, ¢, d are positive real numbers such that
then
(1-abed) (artureettan
for any positive integer n.
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.12. Ifa, b,c, d are positive real numbers such that
(Xa) (=3) >10+4V6,
((S9) (Z2)22+ (Le) (Za)
Problem 7.13. If a, b,c, d are positive real numbers such that
(Xe) (x3) <10+4V6,
then
then
(X9)(
1
a
Wasile Ctrtoaje)
) -102 3(Si2?) (E3)-2
(Vasile Cirtoaje) Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Problem 7.14. If a, b,c, d, e are positive real numbers, then
=o.
b+c ctd dt+e e+a atb
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.15. Ifa, b, c,d, ¢ are positive real numbers, then
4 end
c+2d+e
d-¢ e-a
b-c
——"_+——__ 30.
d+2e+a e+2a+b~
b+2c+d
a-b
a+2bt+c
Problem 7.16. Let a, b, c,d, € [0, 1]. Prove that
1 1 1 1 1 6
+ + + < -
Ttatb*14¢b+c 1tc+d 1tdte 1teta~ 142¥abede
Problem 7.17. If a, b,c, d, e are nonnegative real numbers such that a+b+e+
d+e=5, then
a b € d # 5
—— + —— + —_ + —_ + 2S;
@ Tarte ael aaa eee 2
a 6 ¢ d eo
Ko Q+3 e431 M43 * 243 Dat3~
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.18. If a,b, x, y,2 and p, q are positive real numbers, then
1 9
a LierpaTD = 30+ pyab + bet ca)’
1 9
® Lerner CF PITF gab + Be ea
1
| © Lamar (+p) +a) Db + ex
t (Wasile Cirtoaje)
Some open inequalities _ 321 |
Problem 7.19. If a1, 42, --» y are positive real numbers, then
1 1 + —_— n?
@+ajaq * a+ anes aga, ~ 2(djay + dgdy ++ + ayy)
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.20. If @;, a2, .--,4y are positive real numbers such that ay +ag+++°+
a, =n, then
ay
a, +(n—1)a5
nas EE
a, +(n—= Maz
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.21. Let ay, ay, ...5 dy be positive real numbers such that a,a3° +4,
1. Prove that
iu 1
+ tt GE
2+a,+a2 n—2+a,+a3
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.22. Let aj, a2, ..., @, (n > 4) be positive real numbers such that
ya +d, = 1, and let p, q and r be nonnegative real numbers such that p+q+r =
n-1. Then,
1 1 1 n
Z at 2 3h + 2 3 2 :
1+pa,+qa?+ra3 1+ pag +qa2+ra3 1+pa,+qa2+ras~ 1+p+qtr
Wasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.23. Let aj, 2, ..., Gy (n = 3) be positive real numbers such that
,03+++d, = 1, and let p and q be nonnegative real numbers such that p +4q >
n— 1. Then,
1-a l-a, 1 =a,
1+pa,+qaz 1+pa,+qa3 1+pa, +qa? ~
(Vasile Cirtoaje) 323
322 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh Some open inequalities
Problem 7.29. Let ay, dy, -+-) dy be positive real numbers. Prove that
sh ee
| 2 +agt--+a,\7
>. (ute: a, +a, a,
ja?+ (FE) +--+ ater tt)
i 2 i .
Tq 2 aaa
a? +a3 az +a3 2
undp
2+ n
Problem 7.24. If x1, Xa, -..4Xq (m2 3) are positive numbers such that
xy bg bee by SMX Xp,
2 p AX XQ--Xy
then
1
tt
T+( ig tae, =
| (Wasile Cirtoaje)
at
<
Problem 7.25. If ay, dg, ..., a, are positive real numbers and n is odd, then
Je) ED
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Problem 7.26. Is there a real number k > 1, which does not depend on n, such
that
a ay 4 8
@, +03 43404 a, +02
n
5f
2
for any natural n and any real numbers ay, day +++ On € (1, Kk]?
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
are positive real numbers, then
Problem 7.27. If a1, a2,
ay + a2
(n= 2)ay Fay tay (M—2)ay +g +04
+ i) <1
(n= 2)a, +a; +427 ~
a, and x1, Xp, ..., Xq be positive real numbers
Problem 7.28. Let a1, a2, ...
such that
(ay tag tes tay)(xy bgt b_) = (2 HaP p02 )P bad bx?) = (n-1P,
ita my tg n
and let P, = (aa2+*+dy)(x1X2**%p). Prove that
(a) for n < 6, P, is maximal when a, = x, =
-2
a, = X_ = 3
i
(b) for n> 7, Py is maximal when a; = az
and a) = x)=" =
n= Land x) =x) =
se Xqat:
(Vasile Cirtoaje, Vo Quoc Ba Can) Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
Appendix A
Glossary
(1) Abel's Summation Formula
Let a1, dp, ..., dy and by, bo, «-., By are real numbers. If $; = a, +++ +a, for
any i=1,2,...,n, then
|
Said = Y Sibi ~ bias) + Sado:
a a
(2) AM-GM (Arithmetic Mean-Geometric Mean) Inequality
If ay, dg, ..., dy are nonnegative real numbers, then
ay tay +e $a, 2 n9/aqag- Gn,
with equality if and only if @) =a) =
(3) AM-HM (Arithmetic Mean-Harmonic Mean) Inequality
if ay, dy, ..., dy are positive real numbers, then
ay $a, +++, n
Se
with equality if and only if a, = a) =-
(4) Bernoulli’s Inequality
For any real number x > —1, we have
a) (1+x)' >1+rx forr > land r <0;
b) (14+x)' $1+rx ford (ayby + agby to band)
with equality if and only if a; and b; are proportional for all i.
(6) Chebyshev’s Inequality
Let a, Sa, <+++ Sa, be real numbers.
a) If by < by $+ Sb, then
b) If by = by = +++ By, then
(7) Convex functions
A function f defined on an interval J of real numbers is said to be convex if for
all x, y €Land any a, > 0 witha+f =1,
flax + By) < af (x)+ Bf(y). qa
If (1) is strict for all x # y and a, 6 > 0, then f is said to be strictly convex.
If (1) is reversed, then f is said to be (strictly) concave.
The inequality (1) is equivalent to
f(a) F(x)
(qq — 2) = 3) eg = 83)(22 - 1)
where x, x2, x3 are distinct numbers on I.
If f is differentiable on I, then f is (strictly) convex if and only if the derivative
fis (strictly) increasing.
If f is continuous on [a, b] and f” exists on (a, b), then f is convex on [a, 5]
if and only if f” > 0. If f” > 0, then f is strictly convex,
If f” exists on (a, b), then f is convex on (a, b) if and only if f” > 0. If f” > 0,
then f is strictly convex.
327
Glossay
(8) Cyclic sum
If f is a function of n variables, define the cyclic sum assume
Dla, 235-225 Oa) = Fas Mayo On EF Cay ay vy Ib AL ge Mts oor Mya
In our book, the symbols x and }? are identical
oe
(9) Hélder’s Inequality
Let xij (i= 1, 2,...,7, 7 =1, 2, ..., 2) be nonnegative real numbers. Then
f(S«) =4 (C1).
isl \ j=l j=l \i=1
More general, if p), ps ..s Px ate positive real numbers with py +p2++'-+Pn =
1, then
Bi
Il 0 =X (fhe).
a1 \ = i=
(10) Jensen’s Inequality
Let w,, Wa, ..., Wy be positive real numbers. If f is convex on an interval I, then
for any a}, dz, ..., dy € I, the inequality holds
wf an) + wah (aa) toot wnf (Oa) , - (wit + waty ten two
wy twote tw, = wy tWy te tw,
If f is strictly convex, then equality occurs if and only if, = a) =---= ay.
(11) Karamata’s Majorization Inequality
We say that a vector A = (a), a, ...,@,) with a) > ay) > ++: > a, majorizes a
verctor B = (bj, ba, ..., Bn) with by > by > «+» > b,, and write itas A > B., if
a, 2b,
ay +a2 = by + by,
G+) +-+ + Og-y 2 dy + bg tet bn,
ay tag +++ a, = by + byte + by.
If f is a convex function on an interval I, and a vector A = (ay, a9, ...5@,) with
a; €I majorizes a vector B = (b,, bo, ..., b,) with b; €I, then
Flay) +f (ag) +--+ + fn) = f(b) + f (ba) +--+ Fn) 328 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
(12) Lagrange’s Identity
For any two sets fay, a2, ..., an} and {b,, by, ..., by} of real number, we have
* EGG) Zs
i=l Isi 1 and any positive real numbers @;, a2, ..., a, and by,
by, ..., Ba, the inequality holds
[Bem] = (Sx) (Es)
(15) Newton’s Inequality
If ay, dg, «+45 dq are nonnegative real numbers, then
S$2S-iSe1
Glossay 329
(16) Power Mean Inequality
For positive real numbers ay, @, ..., a, the power mean of order r is defined
by
Fe xgpeetxr\
it+% n
M.={{-—, or r#0
YR for r=0
if not all q;’s are equal, then M, is strictly increasing for r © R. For instant,
M, > M, = Mo implies
(17) Rearrangement Inequality
Let (a), dy, ..-5 G,) and (by, bg, ..., by) be two increasing sequences of ral
numbers. Suppose that (iy, i, ..., i,) is an arbitrary permutation of (1, 2,
n), then
a,b, +agby +++ +Aqby 2 a,b), + agbi, +
If the sequence (ay, dg, ..., dq) is increasing but the sequence (b;, by, ..., Bn)
is decreasing then the sign of the above inequality is reversed.
(18) Schur’s Inequality
For any nonnegative real numbers a, b, c and any positive number r, the in-
equality holds
a"(a— bac) + b"(b —c)(b —a) +e" (c — alc — b) = 0,
with equality if and only if a = b =c, or a =O and b=c, or b=Oande =a, or
c=Oanda=b.
For r = 1, we get the third degree Schur’s Inequality
a +b? +c2 + 3abe > ab(a +b) + be(b +c) +ca(c +a),
(a+b+c}+9abe > 4(a+b+c)(ab + be +ca),
(b-c}*(b +c —a)+(c—a)*(c+a—b)+(a— b)*(at+b—c) 20,
Ty 2 Aab-+ be +ca),
c 4abe
— + >2.
a+b” (@tbyb+olera)
9abe
2. py. od
+5
a +¢ tot 330 Vasile Cirtoaje - Vo Quoc Ba Can - Tran Quoc Anh
For r = 2, we get the fourth degree Schur’s Inequality
a*+b4+c4+abe(at+b +c) > ab(a? + b?) + be(b? +c2) + cafe? +a”).
(19) Weighted AM-GM Inequality
Let wj, W2, .-., W, be positive real numbers with w; +w2+---+w, =1. Ifa,
dy, ..., dy are nonnegative real numbers, then
Wydy + Woy ++ + Way 2 ay tay? +a
a
with equality if and only if a; = ay
ay.
(20) Weighted Power Mean Inequality
Let P1, Pa, --- Pn be positive real numbers with py +py+---+p, = 1. For positive
real numbers dy, a, ..., dq, the weighted power mean of order r is defined by
im {ret neah tn tree? for r#
°
ablay? ah" for r=0
If not all q;’s are equal, then M, is strictly increasing for r ER.
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“Let solutions say the method!” is the way this book is writ
Readers don’t find here the entire theory, strong theorems as
as detailed explanation of the methods. But you can find here
of beautiful problems with beautiful solutions. Most of tt
solutions are simple and elementary, the authors try to avoid
much as possible of using advanced methods of proving
inequalities.
The main weapons here are skilful technics of handlin«
algebraic expressions and virtuous applications of cla
inequalities. It makes the book more romantic rather
academic. And evena student of 8th, 9th grade can read most of tl
content of this book.
Tran Nam D
Ho Chi Minh city University of Scien
COLiBRIs
1.S.B.N. 978-606-500-014-8
