MAST20009 Vector Calculus

Problem Sheet 1 Answers

Functions of Several Variables
1. Limits.

(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) does not exist (d) 5

(e) does not exist (f) does not exist (g) 0
(h) does not exist (i) 1 (j) does not exist

2. No Limits.

3. Limit Exists.

4. Continuity.

(a) (i) is continous at (x, y) = (0, 0).

(b) (ii) can be made continuous by defining f (x, y) = 1 at (x, y) = (0, 0).

5. Partial Derivatives Revision.

In order listed.
1 3 1 3 3 9
(a) , , , , ,
x + 3y x + 3y (x + 3y)2 (x + 3y)2 (x + 3y)2 (x + 3y)2

(b) yexy , xexy , y 2 exy , exy + xyexy , exy + xyexy , x2 exy

(c) 2xy 3 z 5 , 3x2 y 2 z 5 , 5x2 y 3 z 4 , 6x2 yz 5 , 15x2 y 2 z 4 , 30xy 2 z 4

1 x 1 y 1 2x 2
(d) , + , , , ,
y y2 z z2 z2 y3 y3

6. Laplace’s Equation.

y2 + z2 2x2 x2 + z 2 2y 2 x2 + y 2 2z 2
Vxx = GmM 5 , Vyy = GmM 5 , Vzz = GmM 5
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

7. Di↵erentiable Functions.

(a) x 6= 0, y 6= 0 (b) (x, y) 6= (0, 0) (c) r > 0, all ✓

27
8. Continuity and Di↵erentiability.

@f 3x2 y 2 5y 4 40x2 y 1
(a) = (b)
@y (x2 + 5y 2 )2 5
@f
(c) No, since lim(x,y)!(0,0) @y
does not exist (d) No

9. Di↵erent Mixed Partials.

@f x4 y y 5 + 4x2 y 3 @f x5 4x3 y 2 xy 4
(a) = , =
@x (x2 + y 2 )2 @y (x2 + y 2 )2
(c) f (x, y) is not C 2

10. Matrix Chain Rule.


3 2
(a) 24 (b) (8, 16) (c)
12 24

11. Matrix Chain Rule Again.

2 3
2 2 
256 0
(a) 4 0 16 5 (b)
512 0
1 9

12. Cylindrical Coordinates.

p Y
(a) ⇢ (b) ⇢ = X 2 + Y 2, tan =
X
@⇢ @ cos @z
(c) = cos , = , =1
@X @Y ⇢ @Z

13. Spherical Coordinates.

p ⇣z ⌘ y
(a) r2 sin ✓ x2 + y 2 + z 2 , ✓ = arccos
(b) r = , tan =
r x
@r @✓ sin cos ✓ @
(c) = sin ✓ cos , = , =0
@x @y r @z

14. Product of Jacobians.

15. Taylor Polynomials.

1 1 3
(a) 1 + x + y + (x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) + x + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
2 6
(b) 1 + xy
(c) 1 (x 1) + (y 1) + (x 1)2 2(x 1)(y 1) + (y 1)2

28
 ⇣  ⇣
⇡⌘ 1 ⇡ ⌘3 ⇣ ⇡ ⌘2 ⇣ ⇡⌘ 2
(d) 4 x + 3y + 64 x 144 x y + 108 x y 27y 3
8 6 8 8 8

16. Taylor Polynomial Application.

1 2
(a) 1 + (x 1)2
y
2
(b) approximate answer is 0.99, exact answer is 0.98992
(c) 76

17. Taylor Remainder.

1 1
(a) 1 + x + y (b) 1.075, |R1 |  0.0015
4 2
18. Another Taylor Remainder.

1
(a) 1 2(x 1) + (y + 1) + 2(x 1)2 2(x 1)(y + 1) + (y + 1)2 , 1.105
2
e0.1
(b) 6000
< 0.000184

19. Maxima and Minima Revision.

(a) saddle point at (0, 0)

(b) minimum at (2, 1), saddle point at (0, 0)
(c) mimimum on y = x.

20. Lagrange Multipliers.

⇣q q q ⌘ ⇣ q q q ⌘
2 2
(a) maximum at 3
, 3
, 23 , minimum at 2
3
, 2
3
, 2
3
p p
(b) maximum at ( 3, 0), minimum at ( 3, 0),
(c) no extrema
(d) maximum at ( p16 , p26 , 1 + p2 ),
6
minimum at ( p16 , p26 , 1 p2 ).
6
(e) maximum at (2, 1, 1), minimum at ( 2, 1, 1).

21. More Lagrange Multipliers.

(a) Problem is to minimise S = 2⇡r2 + 2⇡rh given ⇡r2 h = 1000.

10 20
radius = 1 cm, height = 1 cm
(2⇡) 3 (2⇡) 3
(b) Problem is to minimise F = x2 + y 2 + z 2 given x + y = 1 and x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 = 1.
✓ ◆
1 2
(x, y, z) = , ,0
3 3

29
22. Inequality Constraints.

(a) f = 8 is minimum at (0, 1), (0, 1), f = 15 is maximum at ( 1, 0), (1, 0)

(b) Problem is to maximise V = lwh given l + 2w + 2h  108.
volume = 11664 cm3

30
 MAST20009 Vector Calculus
Problem Sheet 2 Answers
Space Curves and Vector Fields
23. Vectors Revision.

(a) (i) 1 (ii) (1, 2, 2) (b) p1 (7, 2, 5) (c) b = 3.

78

24. Equation of Lines Revision.

(a) r = (0, 1, 2) + t(1, 2, 1); x = t, y = 1 2t, z = 2 + t

(b) r = (1, 2, 1) + t(3, 4, 2); x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 4t, z = 1 + 2t

25. Equation of Planes Revision.

(a) 2x 3y 7z = 8; (b) x + 2y z= 1.

26. Paths.
(a) v = 2j, a = i, tangent= i + 2tj
p p
(b) v = 2i + j k, a = j + k, tangent= 2ti + (1 + t)j + (1 t)k

27. Rolling Wheel.

nR⇡
t= v
where n is an integer. If n is even speed is 0. If n is odd speed is 2v.

28. Velocity Properties.

29. Derivative of Triple Products.

dF 3
(a) F · dt
⇥ ddtF3 (b) u000 · u ⇥ u0

30. Arc Length.

p p
(a) 2⇡ 5 (b) 2(2 2 1)

31. Calculate Path Properties.

(a) T = (sin t, cos t, 0), N = (cos t, sin t, 0), B = (0, 0, 1),

1
(b)  = t
,⌧ =0

31
32. Calculate Path Properties Again.

(a) T = p1 (2 sin t + cos t, 2 cos t sin t, 0),

5

N= p1 (2 cos t sin t, 2 sin t cos t, 0), B = (0, 0, 1),

5
ep2t
(b)  = 5
,⌧ =0

33. Path Properties.

34. Flow Fields.

(a) (b) (c)

35. Flow Lines.

(a) x2 + y 2 = r2 where r is a constant

c
(b) y = x
where c is a constant
(c) level curves are concentric circles x2 + y 2 = r2 where r is a constant

36. Flow Line Properties.

37. Divergence.

(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) y cos(xy) + x2 sin(x2 y)

38. Curl.

(a) cos zi xk (b) 0 (c) (10y 8z)i (10x 6z)j + (8x 6y)k

39. Div, Grad, and Curl.

(a) 2xyi + x2 j (b) 3xy 2 zi + (4xz y 3 z)j (c) 2z 2 + xy 3

(d) undefined (e) y 3 zx3 i + 2y 4 x2 zj + (2x3 z 2 2xy)k (f) 4x2 yz 2 + x2
(g) undefined (h) 2y (i) 4xi + 6xyzk

40. Curl of Grad.

32
41. Scalar Potentials.

(a) yes, = x2 + 32 y 2 + 2z 2 + c (b) no (c) yes, = x2 yez + 13 z 3 + c

42. Finding Vector Fields.

1 1
(a) yes, G = 2
(yz 2 + y 2 )i 2
xz 2 j
(b) yes, G = (z sin y + y sin x)i xz cos yj (c) no

43. Vector Identity One.

2
rer
(b) r3
(2r2 1)

44. Vector Identity Two.

2
(b)
r5
45. Vector Identity Three.

(b) 0

46. Using Vector Identities.

47. Vector Properties.

33
 MAST20009 Vector Calculus
Problem Sheet 3 Answers
Double and Triple Integrals
48. Revision Integrals.

1
(a) 32
sin 4x + 38 x + 14 sin 2x + C (b) log |x| 1
x
+ log |x + 1| + C

(c) 1
7
sin7 x 1
9
sin9 x + C (d) x sinh x cosh x + C
3 p
(e) 13 ex + C (f) 41 (arcsinh 2x + 2x 1 + 4x2 ) + C

49. Double Integrals Revision.

1 1
(a) 2
+⇡ (b) log 2 2

50. Double Integrals.

(a) 29 e3 7
18
(b) 1
3
sin 1

51. Double Integrals over Regions.

2
(a) 5 (b) 1 + e

52. Double Integral Applications.

11
(a) 2
(b) 4.5 (c) ⇡ab

53. Repeated Integrals.

16 16 36
(a) (b) (c)
5 3 5
54. Look Before You Leap.

(a) 13 (1 cos 27) (b) e

2
1

55. Triple Integrals.

1 7 1
(a) e (b) 16 (c) 60
(d) 6

34
56. Surfaces Revision.

(a) hemisphere radius 1 centred at the origin for z 0

(b) cone with the z axis as the axis of symmetry
(c) plane intercepts (3, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 6)
(d) sphere radius 4 centred at (1, 0, 0)
(e) cylinder of radius 3 and height 6 units with the z axis as the axis of symmetry
(f) inverted parabolic bowl, z intercept (0, 0, 3), with the z axis as the axis of symmetry

57. Elementary Regions.

p p p
(a) 1  x  1, 1 x 2  y  1 x 2 , x2 + y 2  z  x 2 + y 2
p p p
(b) 1  x  1, 1 x2  y  1 x2 , 0  z  1 x2 y 2
p p p p
(c) p12  x  p12 , 1 2x2  y  1 2x2 , 4 x2 y 2  z  4 x2 y2
p p p p
(d) 9 3z 2  x  9 3z 2 , 0  y  5, 3z 3

58. Volumes via Triple Integrals.

abc
(a) (b) 32⇡
6
59. Convert from Polar.
p ! ⇣ p ⌘
7 7 3
(a)(i) (x, y) = , (ii) (x, y) = 3 3, 3 (iii) (x, y) = (0, 0)
2 2
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
11⇡ 3⇡ p 5⇡
(b)(i) (r, ✓) = 4, (ii) (r, ✓) = 2, (iii) (r, ✓) = 8 2,
6 2 4

60. Convert from Cylindrical.

⇣ ⌘ p ⇡ ⇡
(a) (x, y, z) = p12 , p12 , 1 , (r, ✓, ) = 2, 4 , 4
p
(b) (x, y, z) = (0, 2, 4), (r, ✓, ) = 2 5, 2.678, ⇡2
⇣ p ⌘
(c) (x, y, z) = 3 2 3 , 32 , 4 , (r, ✓, ) = 5, 0.644, ⇡6
p p p
(d) (x, y, z) = 2, 2, 2 , (r, ✓, ) = 2 2, 3⇡ 4
, 3⇡
4

61. Convert from Cartesian.

p
(a) (r, ✓, ) = (3, 2.301, 0.464), (⇢, , z) = 5, 0.464, 2
⇡ ⇡
(b) (r, ✓, ) = 5, 0.644, 2 , (⇢, , z) = 3, 2 , 4
p
(c) (r, ✓, ) = 2, ⇡3 , 0.615 , (⇢, , z) = 3, 0.615, 1
(d) (r, ✓, ) = 5, 0.927, 6 , (⇢, , z) = 4, 7⇡
7⇡
6
,3

35
62. Change of Variables.
✓ ◆
1 1
(a) e (b) 3
4 e

63. More Change of Variables.

(a) x = u + 12 v, y = v (b) 4 (c) x = u + 12 v + 1, y = v + 1 (d) 8

64. Polar Coordinates.

(a) ⇡(e 1) (b) 30⇡

65. Elliptical Coordinates.

⇡
p
4 6
(cosh(2) 1)

66. Change of Coordinates.

Z 1 Z 2⇡ Z p4 ⇢2 Z 2 Z 2⇡ Z ⇡
4
(a) p z⇢3 cos sin dzd d⇢ (b) r4 cos2 ✓ sin ✓ d✓d dr
0 0 4 ⇢2 0 0 0

67. Change Coordinates.

a
(a) 4⇡ log b
(b) ⇡4

68. Volumes.
p
(a) ⇡3 (4 2 7
2
) (b) 32⇡

69. Centre of Mass.

(a) ( 11 , 65 )
18 126
(b) (0, 0, 73 )

70. Other Applications.

⇣ ⌘ 8⇡⇢R5
⇡4
(a) 7 3
+ 4⇡ 2 ⇡ $503.64 (b) (i) 32 (ii) on x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (c)
15

36
 MAST20009 Vector Calculus
Problem Sheet 4 Answers
Integrals over Paths and Surfaces
71. Parametric Curves.
p p
(a) c = a2 y 2 i + yj,
0  y  a; (b) c = xi + a2 x2 j, 0  x  a;
⇡ 3⇡
(c) c = a cos ✓i + a sin ✓j, 0  ✓  ; (d) c = a cos ✓i a sin ✓j,  ✓  2⇡.
2 2
72. Path Integrals.
p p
(a) 2 2⇡ 2 (b) 2 (c) 23 (8 3 3)

73. More Path Integrals.

1
p 5⇡
(a) 12
(5 5 1) (b) 8 grams (c) 2
Coulombs

74. Line Integrals.

3
(a) 2
(b) 0 (c) 147

75. More Line Integrals.

2
(a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 8

76. Line Integral Properties.

77. Parametrised Surfaces.

p p
(a) x = 2 cos , y = y, z = 2 sin , 0   2⇡, 0  y  2
(b) x = ⇢ cos , y = ⇢ sin , z = 15 3⇢, 0   2⇡, 0  ⇢  5
⇡
(c) x = 3 sin ✓ cos , y = 3 sin ✓ sin , z = 3 cos ✓, 0   2⇡, 2
✓⇡

78. Parametrised Normals.

(a) (x, y, z), unit sphere centred at origin

(b) ( x, 0, z) cylinder with axis on y axis extending from 1y3

37
79. Parametrised Surface 1.

(a) (4uv, 4v, 2) (b) smooth for all u, v (c) 2y z=1

80. Parametrised Surface 2.

(a) (4 2u, 8u 4uv, 2u + 2v) (b) not smooth at (u, v) = (2, 2) (c) 4x + z = 1

81. Surface Area.

p
(a) ⇡3 (6 6 8) (b) 4⇡ 2 R

82. Surface Integrals of Scalars.

(a) ⇡a3 (b) p1 (c) 40

6 3

83. Mass of Sphere.

4
3
⇡R4

84. Flux Across a Surface.

12⇡
(a) 5
(b) ⇡ (c) 4⇡

85. Surface Integrals of Vectors.

(a) 24 (b) 16⇡

38
 MAST20009 Vector Calculus
Problem Sheet 5 Answers
Integral Theorems
86. Green’s Theorem.

(a) 0 (b) ⇡R2

87. Apply Green’s Theorem.

0, 8

88. Area via Line Integrals.

(a) 3⇡a2 (b) ⇡ab

89. Harmonic Functions.

90. Divergence Theorem in Plane.

(a) 2⇡ (b) 5

91. Apply Divergence Theorem in Plane.

(a) 24 (b) 0

92. Integral Theorem Proof.

93. Stokes’ Theorem.

(a) 0 (b) 4⇡

94. Apply Stokes’ Theorem.

25⇡
(a) 16⇡ (b) 2⇡ (c) 8

95. Integral Proofs.

96. Conservative Fields.

(a) = x2 yz cos x + c, 38 cos 3 + cos 1 (b) = xz 3 + x2 y + c, 202

39
97. Further Line Integrals.

(a) e sin 1 + 13 e3 1
3
, (b) 3
2

98. Divergence Theorem.

99. Apply Divergence Theorem.

12⇡ 3⇡
(a) 5
, 4⇡ (b) 4

100. More Integral Proofs.

101. Mixed Integral Theorems.

⇡ 3⇡
(a) 20⇡ (b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 27 (e) 0 (f) 0

102. Think Carefully.

8⇡
(a) 5
(b) 12⇡ (c) 2⇡

103. Maxwells Equations.

40
 MAST20009 Vector Calculus
Problem Sheet 6 Answers
General Curvilinear Coordinates
104. Elliptical Cylindrical Coordinates.

(sinh u cos v, cosh u sin v, 0) ( cosh u sin v, sinh u cos v, 0)

(a) eu = p , ev = p ,
sinh2 u cos2 v + cosh2 u sin2 v sinh2 u cos2 v + cosh2 u sin2 v
ez = (0, 0, 1)

105. Cartesian to Cylindrical.

(z cos ⇢ sin 2 )⇢ˆ (z sin + 2⇢ cos2 ) ˆ + ⇢ sin ẑ

106. Cylindrical Coordinates.

(a) 1 ˆ (b) n⇢n 1 ⇢ˆ (c) 3 cos (d) 4 (e) ⇢1 ẑ (f) 0

⇢

107. Spherical Coordinates.

✓ ◆
1 ˆ 1 2 cot 2 cot ✓ 2 cosec2
(a) (b) ✓ˆ (c) (d) r̂ + ✓ˆ
r sin ✓ r r r r r sin ✓
2 cot ✓ 2 cos ✓
(e) + 2 (f)
r r r

41