Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Deivy Faviany Vanegas Vásquez

Group 05

CC80829122

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 28 11
 Introduction

With the development this activity the student understands the concepts of propagation
of waves in guided media that permit calculates the electrical parameters of a
transmission line and applies them in the solution of physical problems, adittional
calculates and simulates the parameters of a bounded transmission line.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

The transmission lines are systems formed by two conductors separated by insulation,
through which an electromagnetic signal, represented in a potential difference and a
current, is sent from a transmitter point to another receiver. A transmission line is a
metallic conductor system that is used to transfer electrical energy from one point to
another. More specifically, a transmission line is a two or more-conductor separated by
an insulator, such as a pair of wires or a system of wire pairs. A transmission line can
be as short as a few inches or it can span several thousand miles.
Types of Transmission Line on The Basis of Modes:
Balanced Transmission Line: A Balanced transmission line is a transmission line
consisting of two conductors of the same type, each of which have equal impedances
along their lengths and equal impedance to ground and to other circuits.
Unbalanced Transmission Line: An unbalanced line is a transmission line, whose
conductors have unequal impedance with respect to ground; as opposed to a balanced
line.
Types of Transmission Line on The Basis of Hardware:
 Open-Wire.
 Twin-Wire.
 Co-axial Cable.
 Optical Fiber.
 Twisted Wire.
 Strip Line.
 2. What is a bounded transmission line?
Bounded media are physical cables that signals travel through on a narrow path.
Also known as guided media, bounded media are made up of an external
conductor (usually copper) wrapped in a jacket made of nonconductive material.
Bounded media are great for in-lab communications because they offer high
speeds, are more secure than unbounded media and are low-cost. A downfall of
bounded media are distance constraints; and attenuation can prevent connections
over longer distances. Three common types of bounded media are used in data
transmission. These are:
 Coaxial Cable.
 Twisted-Pair Cable.
 Fiber Optic Cable.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝒁𝒊𝒏 :

Between the total voltage and total current:

Between the physical length of the line (x) and the wavelength () is equivalent to the electrical
length (𝓁).

In terms of the electrical length

In terms of the tangent function:

 b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹.

The voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR is defined as the ratio of the maximum to
minimum voltage on a loss-less line.

c. Physical length 𝑳 and electrical length 𝓁.

Physical length 𝑳: is the total distance from the point of transmission to the
receiver.

Electrical length 𝓁: The electrical length of a transmission line is expressed either as

a fraction of a wavelength or in degrees (or radians), where a wavelength
corresponds to 360◦ (or 2πradians). So if β is the phase constant of a signal on a
transmission line and ℓ is its physical length, the electrical length of the line in radians
is βℓ.
4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of
waves?

It is the graphic representation in the Gaussian plane of the reflection coefficient, of the
normalized resistance and reactance. As a graphic tool, the Smith chart allows obtaining
some parameters of the transmission lines and solving impedance adaptation problems,
avoiding operations with complex numbers
 Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (05 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 808 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

CC Number is: 80829122 and the group is 05

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

 Penetration Depth:

1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0

1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋 ∗ 808 ∗ 103 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 107 ∗ 1.257 ∗ 10−6

𝛿𝑝 = 7.3508533164 ∗ 10−5 𝑚
 𝑡 = (05 + 10)𝜇𝑚 = 15𝜇𝑚

𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚

Medium Frecuency

 AC/DC resistance ratio:

𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2
= 𝑎
𝑅𝐷𝐶 𝑎 −
2𝛿𝑝2 ( −1+𝑒 )𝛿𝑝
𝛿𝑝

𝑅𝐴𝐶 (0.00035)2
= 0.00035
𝑅𝐷𝐶 0.00035 −
2(7.3508533164 ∗ 10−5 ) 2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 7.3508533164∗10−5 ]
7.3508533164 ∗ 10−5

𝑅𝐴𝐶 1.225 ∗ 10−7

= = 3.0006762703
𝑅𝐷𝐶 1.080700889 ∗ 10−8 [3.761351981 + 8.554036679 ∗ 10−3 ]

 Resistance:

1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2∗ + )
𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡

1 1 1
𝑅= 7
( 2
∗ 3.0006762703 + )
𝜋 ∗ 5.8 ∗ 10 0.00035 2 ∗ 0.03 ∗ 15 ∗ 10−6

𝑅 = 0.140531 𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑚

 Conductance:
2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎 )
 2𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥10−16
𝐺=
0.03
𝐿𝑛 ( )
0.00035

𝐺 = 1.41163 ∗ 10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

 Inductance:
𝜇0 𝑏
𝐿= ∗ (1 + 2 ln ( ))
4𝜋 𝑎

1.257 ∗ 10−6 0.03

𝐿= ∗ (1 + 2 ln ( ))
4𝜋 0.00035

𝐿 = 9.90490 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚

 Capacitance:

2𝜋 ∗ 𝜖
𝐶=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎)

2𝜋 ∗ 𝜖𝑟 ∗ 𝜖𝑜
𝐶=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎)

2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 2.25 ∗ 8.8541878176 ∗ 10−12

𝐶=
0.030
𝐿𝑛 ( )
0.00035

𝐶 = 2.81224 × 10−11 𝐹/𝑚

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝟎.

𝜔𝐶 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝐶 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 808 ∗ 103 ∗ 2.81224 × 10−11 = 0.000142772𝑆𝑚/𝑚 > 𝐺

𝜔𝐿 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝐿 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 808 ∗ 103 ∗ 9.90490 ∗ 10−7 = 5.02853 𝛺 /𝑚
 Propagation constant:
𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝑪(𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳)

𝛾 = √𝑗0.000142772(0.140531 + 𝑗5.02853)

𝛾 = 0.000374370 + 0.0267969 𝑗

 Attenuation constant:

𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) = 0.000374370 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

 Phase constant:

𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚(𝛾) = 0.0267969 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

 Characteristic impedance:
𝑍0=𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍=𝑍+𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍+𝑍𝑍𝑍
 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍0 = √
𝑗𝜔𝐶

0.140531 + 𝑗5.02853
𝑍0 = √
𝑗0.000142772

𝑍0 = 187.690 − 262215𝑗 𝑂ℎ𝑚

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑽𝒑 , the wavelength 𝝀 and the

attenuation 𝜶𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎 .

 Propagation speed:
𝜔 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 808 ∗ 103
𝑉𝑝 = =
𝛽 0.0267969

𝑉𝑝 = 189.4552627 𝑚/𝑠

 Wavelength:
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽

2𝜋
𝜆= = 234.508153 𝑚
0.0267969

 Attenuation:
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 𝛼 = −8.68 ∗ 0.000374370 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚 = −0.003249531𝑑𝐵/𝑚

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 05 𝑚 long and

the wavelength is 808 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
 c. VSWR.

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛:

𝒁_𝒐 = 𝟓𝟎𝜴
𝒁_𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓𝜴
𝑳 = 𝟎𝟓 𝒎
𝝀 = 𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎

 Input impedance:
2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 Tan ( 𝑙)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 Tan ( 𝑙)
𝜆

2𝜋
45 − 𝑗75 + (𝑗50 Tan (0.808 5))
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50
2𝜋
50 + (𝑗(45 − 75𝑗 )Tan (0.808 5))

(45 − 𝑗75) + 𝑗(50)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 6.188118812)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50 ∗
50 + 𝑗(45 − 𝑗75)𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 6.188118812)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 11.79140 + 4.536301 𝑗 𝑂ℎ𝑚

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
𝛤=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜
(45 − 𝑗75) − 50
𝛤=
(45 − 𝑗75) + 50
 𝛤 = 0.352 − 0.512 𝑗 𝑂ℎ𝑚
𝛤 = 0.621 (−55.5°) 𝑂ℎ𝑚
d. VSWR.
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.6210
VSWR = = = 4.277044855 𝑂ℎ𝑚
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.6210

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the transmission
lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning environment to check the
results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

b. Reflection coefficient Γ.

c. VSWR.

d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Electromagnetic waves in guided mediums and radiation: emphasis is placed on the electric parameters definition for
guided waves and transmission lines.

Conclusion 2:

Bibliography
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