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Mass Transfer Theories Overview

This document discusses several film and mass transfer theories: 1. Two film theory proposes a laminar sublayer exists in each fluid with transfer resistance located at the interface and concentration gradients are linear within hypothetical film layers. 2. Penetration theory by Higbie assumes fluid exposure time is short, preventing steady state, and models unsteady diffusion over this time with concentration varying with the square root of a diffusion coefficient. 3. Combination theory accounts for both film effects when exposure time is long and penetration effects when short by making the mass transfer coefficient dependent on diffusion coefficient raised to a power between 0.5 and 1. 4. Surface renewal theory models the interface as a mosaic of elements

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126 views6 pages

Mass Transfer Theories Overview

This document discusses several film and mass transfer theories: 1. Two film theory proposes a laminar sublayer exists in each fluid with transfer resistance located at the interface and concentration gradients are linear within hypothetical film layers. 2. Penetration theory by Higbie assumes fluid exposure time is short, preventing steady state, and models unsteady diffusion over this time with concentration varying with the square root of a diffusion coefficient. 3. Combination theory accounts for both film effects when exposure time is long and penetration effects when short by making the mass transfer coefficient dependent on diffusion coefficient raised to a power between 0.5 and 1. 4. Surface renewal theory models the interface as a mosaic of elements

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erbaskar
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TWO FILM THEORY

 Proposed by WHITMAN

CAi2 Interphase

CAO1 G
A B D
E
` CAO2

CAi1
PHASE 2
PHASE 1
L1 L2

 The turbulence dies out at the interface


 A laminar sub layer exists in each of the two fluids.
 For ECD the concentration gradient is uniform close to the
interphase and it becomes gradually less at greater distances.
 Two hypothetical layers:
 Transfer resistance lies
 Mass transfer due to molecular diffusion
 Concentration gradient is linear
 Outside hypothetical layer the concentration gradient is zero.
 Equilibrium is assumed to exist at the interface
For Equimolar counter diffusion
 dC/dy is uniform close to interface and becomes gradually less at
greater distance
 Molecular diffusion in film layers
 AGC,DHF-Broken lines indicate the hypothetical concentration
distributions
 The concentration gradient is linear in this area
 Equilibrium is assumed to be exist at the interface. Therefore
,position C and D can be fixed by equilibrium relationships exist

Mass Transfer-Steady state


t dC/dy establishment < < t mass transfer
N1 =D1(CA 01 – CA i1)/L1
N2 =D2(CA 02 – CA i2)/L2

There is no accumulation of materials at interphase (N1= N2)


D1(CA 01 – CA i1)/L1 = D2(CA 02 – CA i2)/L2
(D1/L1)/ (D2/L2) = (CA 02 – CA i2)/(CA 01 – CA i1)

D1/L1 =K1 and D2/L2=K2


or
K1 α D1 and K2 α D2
PENETRATION THEORY

* Proposed by HIGBIE

 Time of exposure of a fluid to mass transfer is short ( θ )

Therefore,

(∂C/∂y)steady state Not possible

 θ = Constant

 CAi = Concentration in liquid at gas-liquid interface

 CA0 = Concentration in dissolved gas in eddy, uniformly.

 Internally the eddy is stagnant

 Unsteady state diffusion (during time θ ) (or) Penetration

of solute . Let us consider only one direction (Z).


By Ficks second law ( ext Z- Direction)

∂CA/ ∂θ = DAB (∂2CA/∂Z2 )

Conditions:
 Very slow diffusion
 θ is very small
 Zb is never reactant and Zb → 0
CA = CA0 at θ =0 for all Z
CA0i at Z =0 for θ >0
CA0 at Z =∞ for all θ

By applying, Average flux can be calculated


NA,av =2(CAi-CAo)√ (DAB/Πθ)
KLavg = √ (DAB /Πθ)

With KLavgα DAB 0.5


D → 0.8,0.9,………

Depth of the solute penetration is small relative to the depth of the


absorbing pool.
COMBINATION FILM-SURFACE-RENEWAL THEORY

Film theory (KL α DAB)


Time of exposure of the surface elements sufficiently long for the
concentration profile with in the film to be characteristics of steady
state.

Penetration and surface renewal theories (KLα DAB 0.5)


The surface elements to be essentially infinitely deep, the diffusing
solute never reaching the region of constant concentration.

KLα DAB n
n dependent up on circumstances.
(Finite depth of surface elements or eddies)
Dobbins replacement
CA=CAo for z = Zb

Where Zb is finite ; KLavg = √ (DAB S) coth √ ( (S Zb 2/ DAB )


SURFACE- RENEWAL THEORY

Proposed by Danckwerts

b → exposed for varying lengths of time (i.e) θ ≠ constant.

Liquid – gas interface is a mosaic of surface elements of


different exposure – time histories.

Rate of solute penetration α exposure time.

Average rate for a unit surface area = sum of the individual


values.

Assumption:
Chance of a surface elements being replaced by another is quite
independent of hour long it has been in the surface.

S → fractional rate of replacement of elements


NA,av =(CAi-CAo)√ (DABS)
KLavg = √ (DAB S)

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