TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

Introduction:
Time is used as an independent variable in most of the control systems. It is important to
analyse the response given by the system for the applied excitation, which is function of time.
Analysis of response means to see the variation of out put with respect to time. The output
behavior with respect to time should be within these specified limits to have satisfactory
performance of the systems. The stability analysis lies in the time response analysis that is when
the system is stable out put is finite

The system stability, system accuracy and complete evaluation is based on the time
response analysis on corresponding results.

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TIME RESPONSE

Time Response:
The response given by the system which is function of the time, to the applied excitation is
called time response of a control system.
Practically, output of the system takes some finite time to reach to its final value.
This time varies from system to system and is dependent on different factors.
The factors like friction mass or inertia of moving elements some nonlinearities present etc.
Example: Measuring instruments like Voltmeter, Ammeter.

Classification:

The time response of a control system is divided into two parts.

1 Transient response ct(t)
2 Steady state response css(t)
. . . c(t)=ct(t) +cSS(t)
Where c(t)= Time Response
Total Response=Zero State Response +Zero Input Response

Transient Response:
It is defined as the part of the response that goes to zero as time becomes very large. i,e,
Lim ct(t)=0
t

A system in which the transient response do not decay as time progresses is an Unstable
system.
 C(t)
Ct(t) Css(t)
Step
ess
= study state
error

O Time The transient response may be experimental

Transient time Study state or oscillatory in nature.
Time

2. Steady State Response:

It is defined the part of the response which remains after complete transient response
vanishes from the system output.
. i,e, Lim ct(t)=css(t)
t

The time domain analysis essentially involves the evaluation of the transient and
Steady state response of the control system.

Standard Test Input Signals

For the analysis point of view, the signals, which are most commonly used as reference
inputs, are defined as standard test inputs.

The performance of a system can be evaluated with respect to these test signals.
Based on the information obtained the design of control system is carried out.
The commonly used test signals are
1. Step Input signals.
2. Ramp Input Signals.
3. Parabolic Input Signals.
4. Impulse input signal.

Details of standard test signals

1. Step input signal (position function)

It is the sudden application of the input at a specified time as usual in the figure or
instant any us change in the reference input
Example :-
a. If the input is an angular position of a mechanical shaft a step input represent
the sudden rotation of a shaft.
b. Switching on a constant voltage in an electrical circuit.
 c. Sudden opening or closing a valve.

r(t)

O t
When, A = 1, r(t) = u(t) = 1

The step is a signal who‘s value changes from 1 value (usually 0) to another level A in
Zero time.
In the Laplace Transform form R(s) = A / S
Mathematically r(t) = u(t)
= 1 for t > 0
= 0 for t < 0

2. Ramp Input Signal (Velocity Functions):

It is constant rate of change in input that is gradual application of input as shown

in fig (2 b). r(t)
Ex:- Altitude Control
of a Missile
Slope = A

t
O

The ramp is a signal, which starts at a value of zero and increases linearly with
time.
Mathematically r (t) = At for t ≥ 0
= 0 for t≤ 0.

In LT form R(S) = A
S2
If A=1, it is called Unit Ramp Input

Mathematically
r(t) = t u(t)
{
In LT form R(S)
t for=t ≥
A 0= 1
= 2 2
0 for t S≤ 0 S
3. Parabolic Input Signal (Acceleration function):
The input which is one degree faster than a ramp type of input as shown in fig (2 c) or
it is an integral of a ramp .
Mathematically a parabolic signal of magnitude

A is given by r(t) = A t2 u(t)

2 Slope = At
r(t) At for t ≥ 0
2

= 2
0 for t ≤ 0
t

In LT form R(S) = A
S3
If A = 1, a unit parabolic function is defined as r(t) = t2 u(t)
2
ie., r(t)
{
In LT for R(S) = 1 t2 for t ≥ 0
S3 = 2
0 for t ≤ 0
4. Impulse Input Signal :

It is the input applied instantaneously (for short duration of time ) of very high amplitude
as shown in fig 2(d)
Eg: Sudden shocks i e, HV due lightening or short circuit.
It is the pulse whose magnitude is infinite while its width tends to zero.
r(t)
ie., t 0 (zero) applied
momentarily
A

O t
∆t 0

Area of impulse = Its magnitude

If area is unity, it is called Unit Impulse Input denoted as (t)
Mathematically it can be expressed as
r(t) = A for t = 0
 = 0 for t ≠ 0
In LT form R(S) = 1 if A = 1

Standard test Input Signals and its Laplace Transforms.

r(t) R(S)
Unit Step 1/S
Unit ramp 1/S2
Unit Parabolic 1/S3
Unit Impulse 1

Source : http://elearningatria.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/ece-iv-control-
systems-10es43-notes.pdf