Designation: G 171 – 03

Standard Test Method for

Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope where:
1.1 This standard describes laboratory procedures for deter- HSP = scratch hardness number,
mining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. k = a geometrical constant,
Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test P = applied normal force, and
method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated w = scratch width.
surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not NOTE 1—The constant k may be chosen to include conversion factors
intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, for expressing HSP in units of GPa. For HSP in GPa, P in grams-force, and
nor is it intended for use with other than specific w in µm, k = 24.98.
hemispherically-tipped, conical styli. 3.2.2 scratching force, n—the force that opposes relative
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera- motion between a moving stylus and the surface that is being
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to scratched by that stylus, and which is perpendicular to the
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its normal force exerted by the stylus.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to 3.2.3 stylus drag coeffıcient, n—in scratch testing, the
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter- dimensionless ratio of the scratching force to the normal force
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. applied to the stylus; namely,
2. Referenced Documents Fscr
Dsc 5 P
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias as where:
Applied to Measurement of a Property of a Material2 Dsc = stylus drag coefficient,
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations2 Fscr = scratching force, and
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3 P = normal force.
G 117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero- 4. Summary of Test Method
sion Tests3 4.1 This test involves producing a scratch in a solid surface
by moving a diamond stylus of specified geometry along a
3. Terminology specified path under a constant normal force and with a
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms applicable to this constant speed. The average width of the scratch is measured,
standard see Terminology G 40. and that value is used to compute the scratch hardness number
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: in units of pressure.
3.2.1 scratch hardness number, n—a quantity, expressed in 4.2 As an option, the scratching force may be measured
units of force per unit area, that characterizes the resistance of during this test and used to compute a stylus drag coefficient,
a solid surface to penetration by a moving stylus of given tip which is a dimensionless measure of the resistance of the test
radius under a constant normal force and speed; namely, surface to deformation by a tangentially-moving stylus.
kP
4.3 This test is usually conducted under unlubricated con-
HSP 5 ditions and at room temperature; however, it is possible to
w2
conduct scratch hardness tests under lubricated and elevated
temperature conditions. The provisions of this standard allow
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear testing under both conditions provided that requirements for
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive valid scratch hardness testing are met and that the testing
Wear. conditions are fully reported.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published April 2003.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 G 171 – 03
4.4 Effects of moisture in the air and other ambient atmo- NOTE 2—The smaller the tip radius, the higher the contact stress under
spheric conditions may affect results depending on the sensi- a given normal force. If a tip radius other than that indicated here is used,
tivity of the test material to the environment. If such effects are results shall indicate that a modified version of the standard was used, and
the size of the tip radius shall be reported (see also 10.1.1).
either expected or observed during the course of testing,
precautions to control the surrounding atmosphere and to 6.1.2 Apparatus—A means to traverse the specimen under
document the relative humidity level should be taken and the stylus, or the stylus across the specimen, under constant
reported. speed and normal force, shall be provided. Fixtures shall be
sufficiently rigid to withstand the normal, lateral, and tangential
5. Significance and Use forces associated with the scratching process without undue
elastic or plastic deflection. The path of the stylus may be in a
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of
straight line or an arc, as produced using a rotating table-type
solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a
device.
single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-
6.1.3 Scratch Width Measurement System—A means for
static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface
measuring the width of the scratch shall be provided. This can
under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impres-
consist of any imaging system that is capable of magnifying the
sion size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch
scratch such that its width can be accurately determined. The
hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, in-
measuring system shall be capable of measuring the width of
volve a different combination of properties of the surface
the scratch to a precision of at least 2 %. For example, the
because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves
required resolution for a measuring optical microscope needed
tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under
for an average 50 µm-wide scratch shall be (0.02 3 50 µm) =
the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a
1.0 µm or better. Reflecting-type, optical microscopes using
quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle
monochromatic illumination or interference-contrast and hav-
a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a
ing a measuring eyepiece are suitable for scratch measurement.
material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion
Alternatively, photographic or video images may be used as
than are quasi-static hardness numbers.
long as the magnifications are properly calibrated.
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of
6.1.4 Scratching Force (Optional)—A load cell or similar
materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers.
force-sensing device can be used to measure the scratching
The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a
forces generated during sliding. This standard does not specify
measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing
a method for measuring the scratching force, only that the
catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of
sensor shall be capable of being calibrated in the direction of
surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that
the scratching force and in line with the contact point between
the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of
the stylus and surface.
the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this
test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the 7. Calibration
degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with
7.1 The parts of the apparatus that require calibration are (1)
applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of
the normal force application system, (2) stylus traverse speed,
materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid
and optionally (3) the scratching force sensor.
scratch width measurements can be made.
7.2 Loading System—The normal force applied to the stylus
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point
while it is traversing the surface shall be calibrated in such a
may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the
way that the normal force is known to within 1 %. For
deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under
example, a normal force of 1 N shall be applied to within an
low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed
accuracy of 6 0.01 N. The means to calibrate the scratch tester
also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.
shall be determined by its individual design; however, the
5.4 This test uses measurements of the residual scratch method of normal force calibration shall be stated in the report.
width after the stylus has been removed to compute the scratch
hardness number. Therefore, it reflects the permanent deforma- NOTE 3—One method to calibrate the normal force on the stylus is to
tion resulting from scratching and not the instantaneous state of use a quasi-static system such as a button-type load cell placed under the
stylus tip in the position where the test specimen is located.
combined elastic and plastic deformation of the surface.
7.3 Stylus Traverse Speed—The speed of the stylus across
6. Apparatus the surface s may be calibrated in any suitable manner such as
timing the period t required to produce a scratch of length L.
6.1 General Description—The apparatus consists of (1) the
Thus:
rigid stylus mount and specimen holding fixture, (2) a means to
apply a normal force while traversing the stylus along the L
s5 t (1)
surface at constant speed, and (3) a means to measure the width
of the scratch. Optionally, the apparatus can be equipped with 7.4 Scratching Force Sensor (Optional)—The scratching
a sensor to detect the magnitude of the scratching force. force sensor shall be calibrated periodically in the direction of
6.1.1 Stylus—The stylus shall be conical of apex angle 120 the scratching force, and as closely as possible in line with the
6 5°, and the cone shall terminate in a hemispherical tip of 200 point of contact between the stylus and specimen. The interval
µm (6 10 µm) radius. The material of the tip shall be diamond. between calibrations shall be determined by the user to ensure

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 G 171 – 03
accurate readings of scratching force and compensate for any NOTE 4—Oily residues on the stylus can lubricate the surface, reduce
electronic signal drift. the scratch width, and increase the apparent scratch hardness number.
Chipped styli can increase the scratching force and produce striae that
8. Procedure extend along the entire bottom of the scratch.

8.1 Specimen Preparation—The test specimen shall be 8.4 Normal Force—The normal force shall be selected so as
prepared in such a way as to represent the application of to produce a measurable groove in the surface, but it shall not
interest or polished to facilitate observation and measurement be so large as to cause fracture, spalling, delamination, or other
of scratch width. A surface may be unsuitable for scratch form of gross surface damage. A series of scratches at different
testing if its roughness or porosity is such that the edges of the normal forces may be used to assess the resistance of the test
scratch are indistinct or jagged, or if the stylus cannot traverse material to increasing localized stresses. The selection of a
the surface without skipping along it or catching in a pocket. In normal force(s) for scratch testing of coatings is further
a polished condition, the surface should be as free as possible discussed in 12.5.
from preparation artifacts such as grinding-induced cracks, 8.5 Stroke Length and Shape—The stroke length shall be at
gross grinding marks, and grain pull-out. Surface roughnesses least 5 mm. Strokes need not be linear, but may be in the shape
of 0.02 to 0.05 µm Ra(arithmetic average roughness) are typical of an arc, as in the case of turntable-type scratching apparatus.
of polished surfaces. Surfaces may be scratch tested in the
8.6 Scratching Speed—The scratching speed shall be con-
as-fabricated condition as long as the characteristics of the
stant along the measured portion of the scratch, and in the
scratch do not display the types of artifacts described in this
range of 0.2 to 5.0 mm s-1.
paragraph.
8.2 Specimen Cleaning—Since many different kinds of 8.7 Conducting the Test—Ensure that the instrument is
materials can be scratch tested, one specific cleaning treatment leveled and that the stylus is normal to the test surface while
cannot be given. Specimens shall be cleaned in such a way that scratching. Lower the stylus to apply the load on the specimen
the surface is free from grit, grease, fingerprints, or other surface gently to avoid impact damage. Activate the traversing
contaminants. Metals and alloys may be cleaned in non-polar drive to produce the scratch of desired length. Raise the stylus
solvents. Plastics may require alternative cleaning with eye- off of the surface. Select another location at least 5 scratch
glass cleaner or similar. If contact with solvents or cleaners widths away from the previous scratch and produce another
could result in changes to their properties, surfaces may be scratch parallel to the first. Repeat as necessary, but with a
tested as-received. The method of cleaning, if any, shall be minimum of three (3) scratches per value of the normal force.
described in the report. Measure the scratch width as described in 8.8.
8.3 Inspection of the Stylus—Inspect the stylus tip with a 8.8 Scratch Width Measurement—Using a measuring mi-
microscope or other topographic inspection method to ensure croscope or other calibrated magnifying or surface profiling
that there are no defects (cracks, chips), wear or adhering system, measure the width of each scratch at three locations
material left from manufacturing or resulting from a previous spaced approximately equally along the length of the scratch.
test. Wiping the stylus with a soft cloth moistened with acetone The width of the scratch shall be determined optically, as
or other cleaning solvent is usually suitable. shown by the examples in Fig. 1. Owing to acceleration and

NOTE—The microscope fine focus control can be used to identify the edges of a track displaying reflections and shadows (left). The width of scratches
in a poly-grained metal can be estimated by placing the cursor lines through the apparent centers of the rough edges (center). Scratches on machined
surfaces or hard materials may be discontinuous. Such artifacts cannot be used to obtain a valid scratch hardness number (right).
FIG. 1 Illustration of Identifying the Widths of Scratches in Different Kinds of Materials

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 G 171 – 03
deceleration effects, scratch widths should not be measured radius and the normal load. Since the tip radius prescribed in
near the ends of the scratch. this standard is established, it need not be reported separately;
however, P should be reported with HSP.
NOTE 5—Other methods, such as surface profiling, may produce values
different from optical measurements. Therefore, to improve consistency, NOTE 6—At certain critical values of contact stress, the deformation
widths should be measured on enlarged images. and fracture behavior of certain materials may undergo a transition,
8.8.1 Special Considerations in Optical Scratch leading to a change in both the morphology of the scratch and the scratch
hardness number. For example, the HSP for bulk polymethylmethacrylate
Measurement—The characteristics of the surfaces being tested, and for polyamine coatings on steel have been observed to exhibit a
such as their roughness, color, degree of light diffusion, extent decrease with increasing normal force. Thus, it is important to compare
of plastic deformation, and reflectivity, will all affect the ease HSP for different materials only under the same normal forces and tip
or difficulty in precisely locating scratch edges. In general, radius.
finer scratches present more difficulties in width measurement 9.2 Stylus Drag Coeffıcient—The stylus drag coefficient
than wider scratches (see also 11.2). It may be necessary to use (Dsc) is the dimensionless ratio of the scratching force to the
special lighting methods, such as oblique illumination, polar- normal force, calculated as follows:
ized light, or differential inference contrast microscopy to
Fscr
provide sufficient contrast to measure the scratch widths Dsc 5 P (4)
optically. Report the use of special lighting methods, when
applicable. where:
Dsc = stylus drag coefficient,
9. Calculations Fscr = average scratching force along the length of the
9.1 Scratch Hardness Number—The scratch hardness num- scratch, N, and
ber is calculated by dividing the applied normal force on the P = normal force on the stylus, N.
stylus by the projected area of scratching contact, assuming NOTE 7—Dsc is similar in definition to, but not the same as, the kinetic
that the hemispherically-tipped stylus produces a groove whose friction coefficient. Dsc specifically refers to the resistance offered by the
leading surface has a radius of curvature r, the tip radius of the test surface to the displacement of material ahead of a traversing, hard
stylus. The projected area of the contact surface is therefore a stylus of controlled shape. Therefore, it is not in general equal to the
semi-circle whose diameter is the final scratch width, as shown friction coefficient for diamond, the typical stylus material, sliding against
in Fig. 2. Therefore, the test specimen material.

8P 10. Report
HSP 5 (2)
pw2 10.1 Report the following:
10.1.1 Characterization of the Stylus—Report the tip radius
where:
HSP = scratch hardness number, Pa, in µm if other than 200 6 10 µm. If other than 200 6 10 µm,
P = normal force, N, and the report shall indicate that the scratch hardness numbers were
w = scratch width, m. obtained under non-standard conditions, and results should not
If the normal force on the stylus is applied by means of a be compared with those obtained using a 200 6 10 µm stylus
dead-weight of m grams directly above it, and the scratch width tip radius.
x is in units of µm, then Eq 2, which provides the scratch 10.1.2 Test Specimens—Provide information sufficient to
hardness number in GPa, becomes: establish the source, chemical composition, processing history,
surface treatment, and surface roughness of the test specimen
m
HSP 5 24.98 (3) surface. Commercial designations for materials should be
x2 given, if applicable. In the case of coated surfaces, indicate the
Since the state of stress at the stylus tip is a function of thickness of the coating.
contact geometry and applied force, the magnitude of the 10.1.3 Test Conditions and Method of Measurement—
scratch hardness number is dependent upon both the stylus tip Report the normal force(s) used (N), scratching speed (mm

NOTE—The contact of the stylus is assumed to produce a semi-circular projected area when viewed from the top.
FIG. 2

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 G 171 – 03
s-1), and stroke length (mm). Also describe the type of scratch metal and a polymer specimen. The general reproducibility of
tester used, including any commercial model numbers, and the this test method has not been established.
method used to measure the scratch width. 11.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material for
10.1.4 Scratch Hardness Number—Report the average determining the bias of the procedures in scratch hardness
scratch hardness number, in GPa , obtained from a minimum of testing, there is no basis upon which to determine the bias.
three scratches per specimen. Thus, a total of nine determina- 12. Discussion
tions shall be made for each specimen surface at each selected
normal force (that is, 3 scratches times 3 width measurement 12.1 Scratch hardness tests are one of many micro-
locations per scratch). mechanical tests used to characterize the surfaces of materials.
The values of the scratch hardness number, as defined herein,
10.1.5 Reporting Optional—Report the average stylus drag
can be affected by a variety of factors including stylus shape,
coefficient, as obtained from measurements of the average
stylus dimensions, applied normal force, scratching speed,
scratching force on each test. Indicate the means used to
surface cleanliness, and uniformity of the material being tested.
measure and calculate the average scratching force.
Like other types of hardness numbers, it does not measure a
10.1.6 Observations—Report the presence of any cracks or
single fundamental materials property, but instead reflects the
other defects associated with the scratches.
conjoint influences of a number of material properties respond-
NOTE 8—As the normal force on the stylus is increased on many ing to the loading conditions and penetration geometry im-
materials, there is an increasing tendency for the formation of micro- posed by the test. Therefore, one should not attempt to compare
fractures, chips, and other forms of surface damage. It is sometimes the scratch hardness numbers for various materials of interest
helpful to report the occurrence of such features. If the extent of damage unless the testing conditions are the same.
is significant, such as the production of large surface chips or spalls, then
the scratch hardness number, even when obtained from unspalled portions
12.2 Penetration Geometry—Since the stylus tip geometry
of the track should not be considered valid. used here is a rounded-end cone, at a certain penetration depth,
the sliding geometry changes. The depth at which a rounded tip
11. Precision and Bias blends into the conical portion of the stylus can be called the
geometric transition depth (zgt) and may be calculated from the
11.1 Precision—The precision of scratch hardness determi-
tip radius r and the tip apex angle a (degrees) as follows:
nations is dependent on the scratching characteristics of the
given material or coating. Scratches on some materials have zgt 5 r~1 2 cosudeg! (5)
relatively easy-to-detect, straight edges. In other cases, more where:
judgment is required to identify the edges of the scratch. Since 1
this measurement is dependent on the morphology of scratch udeg 5 2~180 2 adeg! (6)
edge features, it is not possible to state in absolute terms the
A tip of radius 200 µm and apex angle of 120° gives zgt =
precision for this test method. Note also that any uncertainty
26.8 µm. By comparison, a tip radius of 210 µm and with an
embodied within the scratch width measurement is doubled in
apex angle of 123° gives zgt = 25.4 µm.
the computation of the scratch hardness number.
11.2 Repeatability and Reproducibility—The repeatability NOTE 9—There are no known data that indicate significant effects on
scratch hardness numbers from exceeding the geometric transition depth.
of scratch hardness testing results is dependent on the magni-
However, when interpreting scratch hardness results having a range of
tude of the normal force, the accuracy of the width measuring scratch depths, and when observing of scratch-induced damage, one
system, the deformational characteristics of the materials being should consider the possible effects of the sphere-to-cone transition on
scratched, and operator as to the location of the scratch edges. stress distribution and material flow characteristics.
The lower the normal force, the narrower the scratch width, 12.3 Correlations of scratch hardness numbers with other
and therefore, the larger the effects of measurement errors on material characteristics, such as abrasive wear resistance, will
the repeatability of scratch hardness numbers. The optical depend on the extent to which the response of the surface in use
readability (for example, contrast) of scratch edges and the is controlled by the same combination of properties which
nature of scratching-induced damage to the test surface will determine the scratch hardness number for that material.
affect the repeatability of the results. For example, a micro- Therefore the user of this standard should establish his or her
scope measuring system may be capable of measuring to 0.5 own correlations between scratch hardness numbers and wear
µm or better, but the scratch could have a wavy edge variability characteristics of interest.
five times greater than that. If profiling instruments are used to 12.4 Use of scratch hardness numbers in fundamental stud-
measure width, the point at which this stylus enters and leaves ies of material deformation may require the measurement of
a wavy-edged track will affect the width measurement as well. additional quantities associated with the morphology of the
Therefore, neither stylus profiling nor optical microscopy scratch grooves, and an alternative method for computing the
measurement is inherently immune from the effects of material resistance of a surface to single-point abrasion may be needed.
deformation artifacts on repeatability. Appendix X1 provides
examples of the repeatability and reproducibility of optical 13. Keywords
microscope-based scratch width measurements on a polished 13.1 scratch; scratch hardness; single-point abrasion; stylus

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APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. INTERLABORATORY TESTS ON THE REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

OF SCRATCH WIDTH MEASUREMENTS

X1.1 Purpose width measurements and 6 diagonal length measurements was

This interlaboratory testing project was designed to deter- made on each specimen. The same specimens were circulated
mine the typical variability to be expected in scratch width to all participating laboratories.
measurements on two materials of varying resistance to X1.3 Results
scratching; namely, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and
brass (70 Cu-30 Zn). Data from the five participating laboratories were reduced

FIG. X1.1 Pattern of Scratches and Vickers Micro-indentations on Test Coupons

X1.2 Procedure using Guide G 117. Table X1.1 summarizes the scratch width
Three parallel scratches were placed on specimens of both measurement results. Coefficients of variation are given in
PMMA (as-received) and metallographically polished brass Table X1.2.
using a 200 gf (1.96 N) load and a 200 µm-radius diamond
X1.4 Scratch Hardness Numbers
stylus. A Revetesty (CSEM, Neuchatel, Switzerland) manual
scratch tester was used. In addition to the scratches, a series of The average scratch widths from the participating laborato-
Vickers microindentations were also placed on the two test ries were converted to average scratch hardness numbers using
specimens. The square shapes of the microindentations pro- Eq 3. The between-laboratory standard deviation was used to
vided the means to compare laboratory optical measurements calculate the errors. These quantities were: HS1.96N = 1.13 (6
using less judgment than is involved with scratch widths. The 0.08) GPa for brass, and HS1.96N = 0.123 (6 0.01) GPa for
pattern of microindentations and scratches is shown in Fig. PMMA.
X1.1. Five participants were asked to measure the width of NOTE X1.1—Since the scratch width is squared in calculating HSP, any
each scratch at the points labelled “S_,” and the length of the errors in width measurement are multiplied in the calculated scratch
Vickers diagonals at the points labelled “V_.” A total of 9 hardness number.

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 G 171 – 03
TABLE X1.1 Summary of Interlaboratory Measurements of TABLE X1.2 Coefficients of Variation and 95 % Confidence Limits
Scratch Widths on the Same Two Specimens of PMMA and Brass for Scratch Widths on the Same Two Specimens of PMMA
and Brass
NOTE—Each laboratory made 9 replicate measurements.
Within-Lab Repeatability Between-Lab Reproducibility
Average Scratch Within-Lab Std. Between Lab Dev. Material
Specimen Lab C.O.V.(%) 95 % Limit C.O.V. (%) 95 % Limit
Width (µm) Dev. (µm) from Average (µm)
Brass 2.5 4.57 4.0 7.39
Brass A 66.0 0.44 -0.56 PMMA 0.6 3.36 2.6 14.62
B 68.7 1.90 2.14
C 68.0 1.48 1.44
D 63.2 1.21 -3.36
E 66.9 2.42 0.34
Average 66.6 1.63 2.64
PMMA A 203.2 0.00 1.28
B 204.8 2.13 2.88
C 205.3 0.81 3.38
D 194.4 0.75 -7.53
A A A
E
AverageB 201.9 1.20 5.22
A
The data for Lab E failed the test for statistical outliers, per Guide G 117. It is
suspected that an incorrect magnification factor was used to calculate scratch
widths since the values were consistently about 1⁄2the typical values for PMMA as
measured by the other four laboratories.
B
Not including Lab E.

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