Atestare ARC

1. Clase de IP adrese V4. Cite sunt? Cum sunt impartite? Care sunt caracteristicile lor?

Clasa A: 1.0.0.1 – 126.255.255.254 supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks

Clasa B: 128.1.0.1 – 191.255.255.254 supports 65000 hosts on each of 16000 networks

Clasa C: 192.0.1.1 – 223.255.254.254 supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks

Clasa D: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 reserved for multicast groups

Clasa E: 240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255 reserved for future use, or research and development purposes

Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the loopback or localhost, for example, 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address.
Range 255.255.255.255 broadcasts to all hosts on the local network.

2. Active Directory with DNS – 7 probleme esențiale întâlnite la instalarea si configurarea lor(referire la
lucrarea de laborator NR1)

Active Directory (AD) – is a Microsoft product that consists of several services that run on Windows Server
to manage permissions and access to networked resources.

Active Directory stores data as objects. An object is a single element, such as a user, group, application or
device. Objects are normally defined as either resources (computer, printer), or security principals (user,
group).

Active Directory Domain Services uses a tiered layout consisting of domains, trees and forests to coordinate
networked elements.

A domain is a group of objects, such as users or devices,that share the same AD database. Domains have a
domain name system (DNS) structure.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and
translated into internet protocols (IP) addresses. The domain name system maps the name people use to
locate a website to the IP address that a computer uses to locate a website.

3. Adresele multicast. Ce reprezintă multicastul? La ce bun el folosește ? Dați un exemplu concret cu o

adresa concreta cum ar putea fi folosit multicastul in producție.

A multicast address is a single IP data packet set that represents a network host group. Multicast addresses
are available to process datagrams or frames intended to be multicast to a designated network service.

Datagrams with multicast addresses are simultaneously transmitted to one or more multicast host groups
or networked computers.

Multicast addresses range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Examples for IPV4-reserved addresses for
multicasting are as follows:

- 224.0.0.0: Base address reserved

 - 224.0.0.1: Used for all multicasting host groups
- 224.0.0.2: Used for all subnet routers
- 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6: Used by Open Shortest Path First, an interior gateway protocol for all
network segment routing information

Multicast addresses in IPV4 are defined using leading address bit of 1110, which originate from the classful
network design of the early Internet when this group of addresses was designated as Class D.

4. Ce este un Router?

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a webpage or email, is
in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the
networks that constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.

A router is connected to 2 or more data lines from different IP networks. When a data packet comes in one
of the lines, the router reads the network address information in the packet header to determine the
ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packert to
the next network on its journey.

5. Ce este un Switch?

A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet
switching to receive, and forward data to the destination device.

A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses media access control addresses to forward data at
the data link layer of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer by
additionally incorporating routing functionality (multilayer swtich).

Switches are most commonly used as the network connection point for hosts at the edge of a network.

6. Ce reprezintă Masca rețelei? La ce este nevoie de ea?

An IP address has 2 components, the network address and the host address. A subnet mask separates the IP
address into the network and host addresses. Subnetting further divides the host part of an IP address into
a subnet and host address if additional subnetwork is needed.

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network and
host addresses. Subnet mask is made by setting network bits to all “1”s and setting host bits to all “0”s.
Within a given network, 2 host addresses are reserved for special purpose, and cannot be assigned to hosts.
The “0” address is assigned a network address and “255” is assigned to a broadcast address.

7. Ce reprezintă adresa MAC? Cum ea este împărțita ? La ce bun servește ?

A media access control address (MAC address) of a device is a unique identifier assigned to a network
interface controller (NIC). For communications within a network segment, it is used as a network address for
most IEEE 802 network technologies.

A MAC address may be reffered to as the burned-in address, and is also known as an Ethernet hardware
address, hardware address, and physical address.

MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of network interface cards.

8. Ce reprezintă adresa IP ? In cate parți/clase ea este împărțita ?

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves 2 main
functions: host or network interface identification and locating addressing.

IPV4 defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the
depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IPv6, using 128 bits for the IP addresses.

9. Cum poate fi accesat un calculator din Internet? Dar o resursa anume al acelui calculator? De ex
serverul FTP.

10. Modelul FTP pentru Client-Server; Server-Server.

A File Transfer Protocol client (FTP client) is a software utility that establishes a connection between a host
computer and a remote server, typically an FTP server. An FTP client provides the dual-direction transfer of
data and files between 2 computers over a TCP network or an Internet connection. An FTP client works on a
client/server architecture, where the host computer is the client and the remote FTP server is the central
server.

An FTP client primarily provides a reliable means to transfer data between a local and remote host. It works
when the host computer connects to the FTP server by specifying the domain, IP address, username and
password of that server. After the user authentication, a connection is established between both systems,
and the host computer can upload data onto the FTP server. An FTP client generally supports one or
multiple simultaneous file transfers. Moreover, most FTP clients have the ability to connect to multiple FTP
servers simultaneously, providing status updates of the uploading process, and notifications about
successful and failed transfers. Besides uploading, the host computer can also download files from the FTP
server using the FTP client.

11. Care este RFCul folosit de FTP. Numiți comenzile FTP si dați exemple cu fiecare comanda cunoscuta
de dvs. Cum puteți vizualiza toate comenzile FTP ?