Engineering Utilities  Gamma radiation the shortest and most

Professional Organizations powerful form of electromagnetic radiation.

 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Electromagnetic Radiation

(IESNA)
 is energy radiated in the form of a wave caused
 International Association of Lighting Designers
by an electric field interacting with a magnetic
(LALD)
field.
 National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA)
 Contemporary theory suggests that
 American Lighting Association (ALA) electromagnetic radiation also behaves as a
group of particles called photons.
Optics
 Light travels at the speed of 186 000 miles per
 It is that branch of physics that relates to the second (300 000 000 meters per second) in air
properties of light and the function of vision. or in a vacuum.
 It involves a study of the human visual system and
Categorization of Electromagnetic Radiation
how it interacts with light.

Visual System is composed of the eye, optic nerve, and Wavelength

certain parts of the brain.  is measured as the distance from one peak of
EYE is the organ that allows a human to sense light and one wave to the next wave.
produce electrical impulses.  It is expressed in meters or nanometers (1 nm
= 0.000 000 001 meter or one billionth of a
BRAIN is that part of the visual system where the
impulses are processed. meter). One inch contains about 25.4 million
nanometers.
IRIS surrounds the pupil and adjusts for the amount of
light available. Frequency

LENS is a transparent ellipsoidal medium that changes  is the number of wave cycles per second. It is
thickness, allowing it to bend and focus the rays of light expressed in units of hertz (Hz).
entering the interior of the eye.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX
RETINA is composed of nerve cells with photoreceptors
that are shaped like rods and cones. • Method of numerically comparing the color
distribution of a light source to a reference
Primary colors of light lamp.
 Red • A lamp with good color distribution has a CRI
 Green of at least 80.
 Blue

LIGHT is simply a very small part of the electromagnetic

spectrum, sandwiched between ultraviolet and
infrared radiation.

 Extends from about 380 to about 780

nanometers

 (IESNA) defines LIGHT as “radiant energy that

is capable of exciting the retina and producing
a visual sensation.”
SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION CURVE is a graphic DISADVANTAGE
presentation of the quantities of light emitted by a
• short rated life
lamp by wavelength component.
• poor efficacy (LPW)
• A spectral power distribution curve of an
Tungsten-halogen lamps
ordinary household incandescent lamp will
typically show a large increase in radiant power • frequently called halogen lamps, are a smaller,
from 380 nm to 780 nm. brighter, and more expensive version of the
incandescent lamp.
• This type of lamp illuminates yellow-, orange-,
and red-colored objects very well. Violets and Gaseous Discharge Lamp
blues are not illuminated as well.
• a gaseous discharge is electricity passing
MONOCHROMATIC LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS through a gas such that it causes the gas to arc.

• frequently used to illuminate street

intersections typically have a spectral power
distribution curve that is concentrated
between 589 nm and 589.6 nm.

• This lamp renders all surfaces in an orange-

yellow version of blacks and white.

LAMP LIFE

• The rated life of a lamp is its median life

expectancy, expressed in hours.
Threaded or pinned bases hold the lamp in the socket
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES and attach the lamp to the electrical circuit.

INCANDESCENT LAMP • medium base- familiar threaded base found

with ordinary lamps up to 300 W.
Emit visible light as a result of heating; they
• candelabra base - is a smaller threaded base
incandesce.
used in ornamental lighting such as
They are the most familiar source of light,
chandeliers.
known as a “light bulb” by the lay consumer.
• mogul base - is a larger threaded base found on
Incandescent filaments can reach
lamps that are 300 W or greater.
temperatures of between 4600 and 6000°F
(2300 to 3000 K). FLOURESCENT LAMP
Wattages of betwee 3 to 1000 W and voltages
• is composed of a tubular glass bulb that is
of 6 to 277 V; the 120, 125, and 130 V lamps are
covered with a thin phosphor coating on its
the most common.
inside surface.
ADVANTAGES • Cathodes are filament like coils at the end(s) of
the bulb that act as terminals for the electric
• low lamp cost
arc.
• reliability
• Fluorescent lamps are available in wattages of
• familiarity
between 20 to 125 W and lengths of 6 to 96 in.
• good color rendition
• The 120 V lamps are the most commonly used LIGHTING DESIGN PRINCIPLE
fluorescent lighting in residential and light
• Spectrum graphical representation of
commercial applications
radiometric energy at a range of frequencies.
• Fluorescent lamps come in a variety of colors
• Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from around
or temperatures such as Daylight, Cool White,
105 m (100 km) for low frequencies electric
Soft White, Warm White, and Deluxe Warm
current to 10-15 meters for cosmic rays.
White that cover the color temperature range
from 3000 to 6500 K.

LINEAR fluorescent lamps (LFL)

• commercially available in straight, U-shaped of

circular tubes in a variety of sizes, wattages,
voltages, colors, and types of bases.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS (CFL)

• miniaturized fluorescent lamps.

PHOTONS
LUMINAIRE EFFICACY RATING (LER)
• energy wave or a series of tiny energy
• is the ratio of light (the luminous flux, in particles.
lumens) emitted by a fluorescent luminaire to
QUANTA
the electrical energy consumed, including the
ballast. LER = (EFF TLL BF)/W • as a stream of little bundles of energy.

HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP QUANTUM THEORY

• produce a very bright light by discharging an arc • solve the photovoltaic mystery, many physicists
when electrical current passes through a metal were incredulous that light could propagate as
gas contained under high pressure in a glass a beam of discrete packets of energy instead of
bulb. like waves rippling through the pool of space.
• type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which DE BROGLIE
produces light by means of an electric arc
between tungsten electrodes housed inside a • He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his
translucent or transparent fused quartz or hypotheses that combined wave theory and
fused alumina arc tube. particle (quantum) theory.

• include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high- VELOCITY OF LIGHT

pressure sodium lamps. • is assume to be approximately 3 x 108 m/s
• These lamps differ from fluorescent lamps in • 299,724,000 m/s in air
that their gas is under higher pressure, the • 299,792,000 m/s in a vacuum.
lamp is physically smaller, and the emitted light RADIOMETRIC energy
is more concentrated.
• is traditionally described in terms of its
frequency.
PHOTOMETRIC UNITS • Lux is defined equal to one lumen per square
meter (1 lm/m2)
LUMEN
• measure of photometric flux per unit area or
• the density of light traveling through a visible flux density.
particular area of space because not all of the
LUMINANCE
light from a lamp is distributed evenly.
• one light watt- 683 lumens • measure of the brightness of a particular
surface if considered as a large light souce.
PHOTOPIC
• Cd/m2
• refers to the curve weighted to match the • Alternative unit is the apostilb (asb) where
responsiveness of the standard human eye 1cd/m2 = π asb (3.141599)
under bright light condition. • measure of the photometric brightness of a
surface and its given in cd/m or asb
SCOTOPIC
LUMINOUS EFFICACY
• Sensitivity refers to the human eye in it’s dark
adapted state • is the ratio of the light output of a light source
(a specific lamp) to the electrical energy
PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES
consumed (including the ballast if applicable)
LUMINOUS INTENSITY to produce that light source
• measure of the amount of light output by a SOLID ANGLE
source.
• Solid angle also known as steradian is defined
• Candela (cd)
as the solid angle which from the center of a
• Candela is the intensity of a black body 0f 1/60
sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of that
cm2 area when heqted to the melting point of
sphere equal to the square of its radius.
platinum.
• Full sphere contains 4π steardians
LUMINOUS FLUX
RADIANT FLUX
• amout of light travelling in certain direction.
• is a measure of how much radiometric power
• Lumen(lm)
is being emitted by a source.
• measure of the power of visible light.
• is the measure of the perceived power of light IRRADIANCE
expressed in lumens (lm).
• measure of radiometric flux per unit area or
• Lumen is defined as the amount of light
flux density.
emitted by a 1 cd point source within one unit
• The amount of radiometric energy flowing in a
solid angle.
particular direction.
• LUMEN is defined as the quantity of light given
out through a steradian by a source of one RADIANCE
candela of intensity radiating equally in all
• measure of the flux density per unit solid
direction.
viewing angle.
ILLUMINANCE • Expressed in W/m2/sr

• measure of the amount of light falling on a LIGHT BULB

particular surface.
• is producing exactly 1 candela
• Lux (lx)
ZONAL CAVITY METHOD
 • is the currently recognized method of CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
determining the average illuminance produced
LAMP
by an interior lighting system.
• a device that generates light.
ZONAL CAVITY CALCULATION
• light bulb by the lay person
• are used to determine the coefficient of • used when describing a light source lighting
utilization (CU) of the luminaire in the specific industry
room configuration.
BULB
• THE CU itself represents the fraction of the
• is the glass portion of a lamp that encloses and
total lamp lumens that reach the work plane.
protects the working parts of the light source,
• The work plane height (hfc) varies from whereas a lamp is a source of light.
application to application.
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:
Three cavities along with the room surface
• incandescent
reflectances:
• gaseous discharge
1. FLOOR CAVITY
LUMINAIRE
• consists of the space between the floor and
• a complete lighting unit, which consists of a
the work plane. The work plane height (hfc)
lamp, lamp socket(s), any lenses, refractors, or
varies from application to application. For
louvers, any ballasts and the housing.
example, the work plane in an office might
• include fluorescent troffers, downlights, spot or
be 30” to 40” , but for corridor, the work
accent lighting, task lighting, and outdoor area
plane in an office might be the floor itself.
and flood lighting
2. ROOM CAVITY
LIGHT FIXTURE
• consists of the space between the work
• is the luminaire less the lamp
plane and the mounting height of
• the structural parts of a luminaire including any
luminaires
lenses, mounting supports, wiring, and ballasts,
3. CEILING CAVITY but does not include the lamps.

• is the space between the bottom of the LANTERN

luminaire and the ceiling itself
• is also customarily used to describe a luminaire.
CAVITY HEIGHT (HCC)

• varies according to the luminaire mounting

uniform point source of one candela is at the center of
arrangement.
a sphere that has a radius of 1 ft (or m). If the sphere
CAVITY RATIO had an opening in the surface that is a 1- (or 1- ) area,
the quantity of light that passes through the opening is
• the method of expressing the geometry of
a lumen. The sphere has a total surface area of 12.5664
the space which is essentially the ratio of
ft2 (or 12.5664 m2
the vertical surface to the horizontal
surface area.
BENEFITS OF NATURAL LIGHT

1. Day-lit rooms increase the productivity and comfort

of people living in them;

2. Access to natural light helps to improve one’s

circadian rhythms.

3. Working in daylight boosts one’s mood and

motivation, the work is done faster, it involves more
pleasure and the results are generally better.

4. Since natural lighting reminds people of the

outdoors, it creates a calmer indoor environment,
reducing one’s stress.

5. Utilizing natural light up to the maximum can help

to decrease the amount of electricity spent thus
reducing monthly electricity bills.

6. Studying in daylight improves study results. There is

a proved correlation between classrooms with good
natural light and improved student performance and
even attendance.

BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

1. Artificial light gives us extra time for work, studies,

and leisure.

2. Artificial light serves as a great design tool. Be it

interior or exterior design, different sort of light that
helps to create pleasant and cozy atmosphere and
illuminate particular parts of the house.

3. Artificial light can increase your safety.

4. Additional possibilities. it is now possible to grow

different plants indoors, which is a great opportunity
for people who live in places where summers are very
short.

METHODS OF HOW YOU CAN MAXIMIZE THE

AMOUNT OF NATURAL LIGHT INDOORS:

a. Add windows

b. Install tubular daylighting devices or skylights.

c. Think about glass doors