Supplement to HortScience

Volume 48(9) September 2013

This supplement contains the abstracts Supplement:

of presentations from the following Abstracts from the
Regional and National Meetings 2013 Regional Meetings and
the Annual Conference
of the
of the American Society for
American Society for Horticultural Science Horticultural Science

Northeast Region Annual Meeting

  January 2–4, 2013, New Brunswick, New Jersey. ....................S1

Southern Region Annual Meeting

  February 2–5, 2013 Orlando, Florida......................................S14

Annual Conference
July 22–25, 2013, Palm Desert, California .................................S72

American Society for Horticultural Science

1018 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
phone: 703.836.4606  •  fax: 703.836.2024  •  ashs.org  •  [email protected]
 Abstracts of Presentations
from the

Annual Meeting
of the

American Society for Horticultural Science

Northeast Region

2–4 January 2013

New Brunswick, New Jersey

Supplement to HortScience
Volume 48(9) September 2013

Contains abstracts of oral and poster presentations from the 2013 Annual Meeting
of the Northeast Region of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Author index begins on p. S12

For citation purposes, abstracts should be cited as follows:

(Example)
Morey, K.M., M.F. Muehlbauer, G. Cai, and T.J. Molnar. 2013. Optimizing DNA extraction from spores
of Anisogramma anomala for use in genetic diversity studies. HortScience 48(9):S3. (Abstr.)

American Society for Horticultural Science

1018 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
phone: 703.836.4606  •  fax: 703.836.2024  •  ashs.org  •  [email protected]

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S1

 Abstracts of the ASHS
Northeast Region Annual Meeting
New Brunswick, New Jersey 2–4 January 2013

Poster Session Growing the Intern Program at Rutgers

Gardens
Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight- Clayton Leadbetter1*, Thomas Molnar1,
resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey and Bruce Crawford2
John M. Capik* and Thomas J. Molnar
1
Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Foran Hall,
59 Dudley Road, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Foran Hall,
59 Dudley Road, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; 2Rutgers Gardens, Rutgers University, 112
NJ 08901 Ryders Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901

Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) is a new, low-input crop showing po- The intern program at Rutgers Gardens has been going strong
tential for New Jersey growers. Previously, eastern filbert blight for more than 15 years. While it has always been a useful tool
(EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala, prevented for helping to manage the considerable workload inherent with
commercial production in the eastern U.S., where the pathogen is maintaining a botanical garden, the intern program is also a
native. The recent development of EFB-resistant hazelnuts from valuable experience for students interested in careers involving
Rutgers and Oregon State University should allow growers to plants. New concentrations are adding exciting facets to the intern
produce valuable hazelnuts in the northeastern U.S., where the cli- program and are part of our growing initiative to strengthen un-
mate is amenable. Hazelnuts are monoecious, self-incompatible, dergraduate education at the Gardens. In 2012, our intern program
and wind-pollinated. One must choose pollinizer plants whose incorporated a special topics course in landscape architecture,
peak pollen shed overlaps the pistillate flower bloom period of which, in part, emphasized the two new areas of focus introduced
the nut-producing cultivar. In standard commercial hazelnut into the program: a plant breeding focus, for students destined
orchards in Oregon, one pollinizer is planted for every nine for jobs in horticulture and industry, and a collaboration with
nut-producers. A crucial component for consistent crop pro- Central Park, for students interested in landscape architecture
duction in this new region is to understand its floral phenology. and design. Aside from their general duties, students in the
Over the course of 4 years, 20 EFB resistant/tolerant cultivars Plant Breeding Program receive training in different aspects of
and advanced breeding selections were monitored from mid- ornamental plant breeding, from establishing plantings to cross-
December to late-April to record timing of floral development, pollination, currently focusing on Illicium (anise tree) species;
peak pollen shed and pistillate flower receptivity. While variation students in the Central Park Program travel to New York City
was observed in dates of pistillate flower receptivity and peak and work closely with Central Park employees, as a means of
pollen shed across cultivar and year, a consistent trend in the comparing a large, urban park setting with that of a small, semi-
order of flowering was largely maintained across the cultivars. urban botanic garden. These new areas of focus, combined with
They could be placed into early (‘Tonda di Giffoni’, ‘Ratoli’), the blend of classroom education and hands-on horticulture and
middle (‘Delta’, ‘Gamma’, ‘Epsilon’) and late groups (‘Gas- landscape training, all contribute to the unique model emerging
away’, 408.040, ‘Grand Traverse’). Most accessions, except in our program. In addition to promoting further recognition for
‘Grand Traverse’, NADF #1, and ‘Estrella #1’, were typically our institution, ongoing innovative changes continue to increase
protogynous. Daily temperature data across the years will be the practical and educational value to students in the Rutgers
compared to phenology observations to better understand the Gardens intern program.
relationship between temperature and floral flower development.
From our results, we can see that New Jersey’s fluctuating winter Horticultural Assessment of Eight Cold-hardy
climate affects hazelnut bloom differently each year. Future Table Grape Cultivars in Vermont, 2009–12
growers will be recommended to plant multiple, overlapping
pollinizers per nut-producing cultivar, to ensure consistent and Terence L. Bradshaw*, Lorraine P. Berkett,
complete pollination. and Sarah L. Kingsley-Richards
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of
Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405
Hybrid table grapes (Vitis spp.) could potentially be an important
specialty crop in Vermont and other areas with cold winters and
Abstracts are listed in presentation order; †student presentation; short growing seasons that limit production of traditional Vitis
*presenting author. vinifera grapes that are grown in warmer regions. Because table
S2 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013
grape production is dependent on winter vine survival, plant extracting DNA from A. anomala spores. The most successful
vigor, and total annual crop yield, a multi-year assessment of method used in this study was a bead beating DNA extrac-
several hybrid grape cultivars was conducted from 2009 to 2012 tion kit, which was optimized by adjusting spores quantities,
to evaluate their potential for commercial production in the region. grinding time, and the size, type, and amount of beads in the
In 2007, a research vineyard was established at the University DNA extraction tube. This method has yielded consistent con-
of Vermont Horticulture Research Center in South Burlington, centrations of DNA. The quality of this DNA was tested using
VT (lat. 44.43162, long. –73.20186, USDA hardiness zone 5a). a NanoDrop, but will be further analyzed by performing PCR
Eight table grape cultivars, including: ‘Beta’, ‘Concord’, ‘Einset’, reactions with known SSR primers designed to amplify sections
‘Mars’, ‘Reliance’, ‘Somerset Seedless’, ‘Swenson Red’, and of the A. anomala genome. This method will ultimately be used
‘Vanessa’, were planted in two-vine replicates in a completely to obtain DNA from the large collection of A. nomala isolates
randomized design with six replicates per cultivar. Vines were at Rutgers University from throughout the US to be used in an
trained to a 1.5-m high-wire bilateral cordon system at a density SSR marker diversity study.
of 1794 vines/ha. Assessed parameters included: vine phenology
and harvest dates; winter bud survival; cordon length; precocity; Germination and Morphological Responses of
and crop yield. ‘Beta’ exhibited good cold hardiness and high
crop yields (mean 7.1 MT/ha, 2009–12), but ripened too late Desmanthus illinoensis Seeds Subjected to Fire
in the season for timely marketing for seasonal consumption. and Other Environmental Cues
‘Concord’ did not fully ripen at the study site before the onset of Michael W. Olszewski, Julie A. D’Agostino*,
fall frosts, and was removed after 2011. Relatively low yield and A.F. Groch, and C.M. Vertenten
plant vigor in several years were observed on ‘Einset’. ‘Mars’ Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture,
was the highest yielding cultivar in 2 of 4 years (mean 12.1 School of Environmental Design, Temple University, 580
MT/ha). Low primary bud mortality and high pruning weight Meetinghouse Road, Ambler, PA 19002
and crop yield (mean 8.8 MT/ha) were observed on ‘Reliance‘.
‘Somerset Seedless’ was among the cultivars with the highest Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) is a native herba-
primary bud mortality in 3 of 4 years, and had the lowest yield ceous perennial legume with seeds that are impermeable to water.
of all cultivars in 2 of 4 years (mean yield 5.0 MT/ha); but, its An important constituent of meadows and grasslands, there is
early ripening may be a useful characteristic for early markets. little information on the natural mechanisms of seed germination,
‘Swenson Red’ exhibited low precocity in 2 of 4 years, and the the structure of the seed coat or the locations of impermeability
highest primary bud mortality in 2012. ‘Vanessa’ was among within the seed coat. Germination and histological studies were
the most vigorous cultivars in 2009–11 with variable crop yield conducted to examine the effect of various environmental factors
(mean yield 6.5 MT/ha). on dormancy of Illinois bundleflower and to elucidate structures
of the ‘hard’ seed coat. Seed treatments included multiple wet
freeze-thaw exposure (74 cycles), wet heat exposure (4–6 h/day
Optimizing DNA Extraction from Spores of for 10 d at ~55 °C), dry heat exposure (90 °C for 4 min) and fire
Anisogramma anomala for Use in Genetic treatments via an ethanol burner (brief exposure of the flattened, or
Diversity Studies pleurogrammatic, surface to fire or ignition of the funiculus). Brief
exposure of the funiculus and nearby lens to fire (<2 s) resulted
Kaitlin M. Morey*, Megan F. Muehlbauer,
in permeable seed and increased final germination percentage
Guohong Cai, and Thomas J. Molnar (FGP) to 74% and decreased rate of germination (Dx , mean days
Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Foran Hall, to 50% germination) to 2.1 d compared to control seed (FGP
59 Dudley Road, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, = 9%; Dx = 5.8 d). Exposure of the pleurogrammatic surface
NJ 08901 to fire resulted in higher germination (FGP = 31%) and higher
Eastern filbert blight (EFB) is caused by the fungus, Anisogramma germination rate (Dx = 3.0 d), compared to the control. There
anomala (Peck) E. Müller. EFB is indigenous to the northeastern were no FGP differences between multiple wet freeze-thaw, wet
United States and is one of the most significant limiting factors heat or dry heat and control treatments. Water impermeability
to commercial hazelnut (Corylus avellana) production in North was caused by “caps” on outer palisade tangential walls and by
America. Most cultivars of C. avellana are highly susceptible inner palisade adjacent hourglass cells within natural U-shaped
to EFB, which causes stem cankers, dieback, and leads to tree fissures called the pleurogram and by palisade radial/transverse
death. The mycelial stage of A. anomala is extremely difficult walls within epidermal fractures. Physical dormancy was bro-
to culture because it is an obligate biotroph and requires a living ken following brief exposure of lens to fire that resulted in lens
host to survive. Culturing A. anomala is time consuming and palisade lifting and palisade obliterations, which rendered seeds
prone to contamination by other saprophytic fungi, therefore permeable. Dye tracking using 1% Azure II stain indicated that
the purpose of this project was to develop and perfect a method the lifted/ejected lens was the primary site of imbibition. This
of extracting genomic fungal DNA from A. anomala spores. study indicates a role of fire for natural dormancy breakage of
Several previously published methods of extracting DNA from Illinois bundleflower seed.
fungal spores were used to develop and optimize a protocol for

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S3

Ten-year Performance of Cameo® Apple Trees In 2012, third-leaf ‘Shinko’ had the highest yield efficiency,
on Three Dwarf Rootstocks in Massachusetts 11.8 kg/cm2 with ‘Shinsui’ and ‘Isiiwase’ the lowest 0.16kg/
cm2. ‘Housi’ was the largest tree as measured by trunk cross
and New Jersey as Part of the NC-140 Regional
sectional area (TCSA) 28.2 cm2, as contrasted to ‘Shinko’ hav-
Rootstock Research Project ing the smallest TCSA at 15.4 cm2. One challenge in evaluating
Jon M. Clements1, Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr.2*, variety suitability is in determining the optimum fruit harvest
Rebecca Magron2, and Wesley R. Autio1 date for each cultivar. Asian pears are harvested tree-ripe for
College of Natural Sciences, University of
1 optimal maturity and marketability, and trees often have to be
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; 2Rutgers NJAES harvested multiple times. Maturity standards have not been
Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon County, Rutgers systematically established and vary greatly by cultivar. While
University, PO Box 2900, Flemington, NJ, 08822-2900 there were differences between varieties in traditional maturity
indices, flesh pressure and brix, they did not correlate well to
In 2002, as part of the NC-140 Regional Rootstock Research
harvest maturity. Skin color was highly correlated to taste,
Project, rootstock plantings were established at the University
which is a subjective measurement. Visual color rating values
of Massachusetts Cold Spring Orchard Research and Education
from Asian pear Color Chart, by Adel Kader, between 4 and 6
Center in Belchertown, MA and at the Rutgers Snyder Research
were found to be optimum for most cultivars. Underripe fruit
and Extension Farm in Pittstown, NJ. Cameo® (‘Caudle’)
have less desirable eating quality and do not ripen in storage.
apple trees on three dwarfing rootstocks—‘Geneva (G.16’),
Over-ripe fruit are more prone to bruising and can begin inter-
‘M.9-NAKBT337 (M.9-337)’, and ‘B.9’—were planted in a
nal breakdown not easily visible with intact fruit. This ongoing
randomized complete-block design (10 replications) spaced
experiment will establish the maturity standards by cultivar for
at 1.2 × 3.6 m. (Massachusetts) and 2.5 × 4.5 m (New Jersey).
New Jersey markets.
All trees are trickle irrigated and have been trained to a vertical
axis. Measurements of tree growth, fruit yield, fruit size, and
root suckers have been made annually. In 2011, ‘G.16’ had the Evaluation of Three Strains of ‘Honeycrisp’
largest trunk cross-sectional area (66.2 cm2) followed by ‘M.9’ Apple for High Color
and ‘B.9’ (51 and 30 cm2, respectively). Canopy size (tree height
Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr.1*, Jim Schupp2,
and spread) was also largest for ‘G.16’. Cumulative fruit yield
H. Edwin Winzeler2, Rebecca Magron1,
(2003–11) was higher for ‘M.9’ (194 kg) compared to ‘B.9’ (156
kg); however, ‘M.9’ did not differ from ‘G.16’ (182 kg). ‘B.9’ Nora Muelbauer3, and Edward J. Caporaso3
had the highest cumulative (2003–11) yield efficiency (6.8 kg/
1
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon
cm2) followed by ‘M.9’ (5.0 kg/cm2) and ‘G.16’ (3.9 kg/cm2). County, Rutgers University, PO Box 2900, Flemington,
Across both states in 2011, fruit size did not differ between the NJ, 08822-2900; 2FREC, Pennsylvania State University,
rootstocks, however, fruit in New Jersey were significantly larger Biglerville, PA; 3School of Environmental and Biological
Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
(228 g) than those in Massachusetts (207 g).
‘Honeycrisp’ is a very desirable apple from the producer’s per-
spective as it commands a premium price. Originating from the
Evaluating Asian Pear Varieties and Maturity
University of Minnesota apple breeding program in 1960, it has
Standards for Potential Northern Jersey Niche become one of the most widely planted varieties in recent years.
Markets The original ‘Honeycrisp’ strain is most adapted to northern
Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr.1, Rebecca Magron1*, colder climates where it develops optimum red color. Growers
and Jon Clements2 throughout the mid-Atlantic region need a high-colored strain
1
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Hunterdon of ‘Honeycrisp’ to better compete. Two higher coloring strains
County, PO Box 2900, Flemington, NJ 08822; 2Center were evaluated with the standard ‘Honeycrisp’ at the Rutgers
for Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Snyder Farm on trees established in 2010 in a replicated trial. A
MA 01003 detailed color analysis was done on the fruit following harvest
at the Pennsylvania State University, FREC, Biglerville, PA.
Increased demand for Asian Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) in northern The goal is to quantify the intensity and percentage of red blush
New Jersey and the New York City metro area farmer’s markets on these new higher colored strains under New Jersey growing
provides new opportunity for fruit growers. Contrary to horti- conditions. A total of 58 bags of apples, each from a given tree
cultural practices used in growing European pears, Asian pears at a given harvest date (either 31 Aug. or 12 Sept. 2012) were
are more labor-intensive to thin, harvest and transport, therefore analyzed using a hand-held spectrophotometer (Konica Minolta
commanding increased commitment and learning curve for the model CM-2600d). Each apple was analyzed on the blush side
grower, but setting a premium market price. Nine varieties of and the background side for lightness, chroma, hue, and a modi-
Asian pears are being evaluated at the Rutgers NJAES Snyder fied anthocyanin index. Apples were then loaded onto trays for
Research and Extension Farm as part of a 2010 Northeast Asian digital image analysis. Each tray of apples was photographed in a
pear trial. The objective is to evaluate Asian pear cultivars for light box under uniform lighting conditions and camera settings.
suitability in northern New Jersey fruit orchards as a new crop. Resulting digital images were then loaded into ImageJ software

S4 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013

and analyzed for percentage of each apple covered with blush at Impacts of Black Plastic and Rolled Cover
three thresholds: minimum blush, clear blush and outstanding Crops on Weed Growth and Yield in Tomato
blush. Results trended towards higher minimum blush, clear
Production
blush, outstanding blush as well as higher AIm (anthocyanin
index) on strain 3 as contrasted to the standard (strain1) and Christine Ziegler* and Lindsey Brielle
strain 2. As the trees mature and settle down in future years, fruit Rodale Institute, 611 Siegfriedale Road, Kutztown, PA
quality and color will stabilize allowing for more separation of 19530
the color and blush characteristics. Over 3 years, field tomatoes were produced using nine different
organic management treatments, each incorporating one of three
Oral Session winter annual cover crop (winter rye [Secale cereale], hairy vetch
[Vicia villosa], or a rye/vetch mix) and one of three mechanical
Testing Educational Technology among a practice to terminate the cover crop and create the planting bed
Diversity of Horticultural Audiences (plow-down, rolling, or mowing). Plowed plots were covered
with black plastic while rolled and mowed cover crops were left
William Sciarappa in place after termination to compare weed suppression among
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Monmouth the cover crop types and the different termination/management
County, Rutgers University, 4000 Kozloski Road, treatments. Previous data have shown that rolled cover crops can
Freehold, NJ equal or surpass mechanical cultivation for weed suppression in
The educational roles of University and Extension faculty organic maize and soybean, but this management method has not
continue to rapidly evolve and modernize. New technology as yet been assessed for vegetable crops. Tomato seedlings were
wireless, digital response systems, on-line communication and started in the greenhouse in late April and planted out into the
video capture systems can facilitate learning and increase impact field in early June into 50-ft rows spaced at 10 ft. Prior to cover
among a diversity of horticultural clients. Participants in these crop termination, cover crop biomass was collected and assessed
studies were gathered from commercial vegetable meetings, for C and N content, and weed biomass was calculated at 4 and
pesticide training sessions, Master Gardener classes, primary 8 weeks after planting. Total and marketable tomatoes yields
and secondary school science seminars, university guest lectures were harvested 2–3 times weekly from August to October and
in Agriculture and Horticultural Science and my own university the tomato plants were assessed for biomass and tissue C and
classes in Organic Farming and Gardening. Over 1,000 partici- N during the harvest period. Pre- and post-season soil samples
pants were surveyed in 26 learning sessions which represented were also collected and assessed for C, N, and active carbon.
27% of the 73 of the educators’ horticultural presentations from Results varied in each year of the trial, due to variations in
2010 to 2012. Assessment of programmatic impact and behavior weather conditions, cover crop growth, and disease vectors. The
change were more conveniently assessed with audience response cover crops performed well in most years, producing biomass
systems compared to conventional alternatives. Instant analysis ranging from 2000 to 5000 lb/acre, although differences in time
of student responses was quite valuable especially with data of cover crop termination created differences in cover crop N
representing class demographics and pre-post evaluations. This content and levels of weed suppression also varied. In all three
feedback fostered positive group dynamics and allowed non- years, the rye/vetch cover crop produced the highest tomato
linear instruction. Remote evaluation on an e-College system yields, and in 2 of the 3 years, the rolled rye/vetch cover crop
for undergraduate students provided an efficient and accurate produced tomato yields that were statistically equal to the black
method of knowledge gain. Significant gains were documented plastic treatments, regardless of weed competition. Trial data
with pre and post testing. Online teaching evaluations from stu- suggest that rolled rye/vetch cover crops may be a viable and
dents consistently rated learner satisfaction, teaching methods economical option to replace black plastic for both organic and
and educational technology systems very favorably – from about conventional vegetable production.
4.1 to 4.4 on a 5.0 scale, with 5.0 being best. These educational
studies utilizing new digital technology as student response Internal Fruit Rot and Premature Seed
tools allowed an educator to quickly gauge the diversity of
Germination of Field Grown Colored Peppers
both adult and pre-adult class levels with a preliminary survey
and pretest, and then to accurately assess class learning with a Wesley L. Kline1* and C. Andrew Wyenandt2
post-test. Education processes could become asynchronous and Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Cumberland
1

quick adjustments in presentation approaches could be flexibly County, Rutgers University, 291 Morton Avenue,
made according to class experience and understanding. The Millville, NJ 08332; 2Rutgers NJAES Agricultural
quantification of knowledge gained, adoption or behavior change Research and Extension Center, Rutgers University, 121
provided empirical data to support programmatic impact needs. Northville Rd., Bridgeton, NJ 08302
Online distance options offer a time saving method to minimize Colored peppers have a premium in the market place, but are
travel and classroom space requirements as well engage new difficult to grow under New Jersey conditions. In a 2-year study,
audiences with flex-time, independent programs of learning. 17 cultivars were evaluated for yield and fruit quality. Each year
5–10 random fruit samples from the large and extra-large fruit

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S5

were selected to evaluate for external and internal character- Although not measured, visual evidence suggests significantly
istics. When fruit was dissected for internal evaluations, two higher amount of damage from lepidopterous pests in the late
abnormalities were observed, fungal growth and premature planted corn contributed to poor yield in the corn maze plots.
seed germination. There were no apparent symptoms on the Yields were significantly higher in the conventional corn grain
fruit exterior. Internal fruit rot (Fusarium spp.) and premature plots with nearly 65 bushels per acre more yield when corrected
seed germination were evaluated 4 Oct. 2011 and 6 Oct. 2012. for moisture. Corn maze production required 157 visitors per
Cultivars ‘Aristotle’, ‘Paladin’, ‘Festos’, ‘Hunter’, ‘King Arthur’, acre at $5 per visitor to cover the additional costs associated
‘Revolution’ and ‘Red Bull’ had no internal rot in 2011. However, with developing the maze and associated yield losses. Producers
all cultivars had some rot in 2012 with ‘Hunter’ (5%) having the need to evaluate the financial implications of production factors
least. All other cultivars ranged from 15% to 55% with ‘Alliance’ before converting grain corn acres to any agritourism venture.
and ‘Crusader’ having the most. Internal seed germination is a
concern among pepper breeders. Cultivars that exhibit this ab- Styrax in Cultivation: An Underutilized
normality are discarded prior to release. ‘Crusader’ and ‘Festos’
Ornamental Genus
were the only cultivars not to have internal sprouting in 2011.
All cultivars sprouted in 2012 with ‘Festos’ sprouting least with Matthew S. Lobdell* and J. Frett
10%. Cultivars ‘Crusader’, ‘Hunter’, ‘Classic’, ‘King Arthur’ Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of
and ‘XPP 6001’ had over 90% internal sprouting. Why these Delaware, 531 South College Ave, Newark, DE 19716
abnormalities occur is not well understood. Temperatures were The genus Styrax (Styracaceae) is currently estimated as contain-
similar for both years. Precipitation was higher in 2011 (33.53 ing 130 species, both deciduous and evergreen flowering trees
inches) vs. 11.41 inches in 2012 during July, August, and Sep- and shrubs with a wide distribution throughout East Asia, the
tember. Research from Belgium indicated that the internal fruit southeastern United States, Mexico, Central and South America,
rot is related to flower infection. Additional research is needed and even one species in the Mediterranean. Regardless of this
to determine the causes and management of both abnormalities. vast number of species, there are only four species in cultivation
to any great extent: Styrax japonicus (Japanese Snowbell), Styrax
Growing Corn for an Agritourism Corn Maze obassia (Fragrant Snowbell), Styrax americanus (American
versus Conventional Corn Grain Production Snowbell), and Styrax grandifolius (Bigleaf Snowbell). There
are an additional 1–3 species rarely encountered in the United
Brian J. Schilling*1, William J. Bamka2, States (Styrax confusus, Styrax hemselyanus, Styrax wilsonii)
and Stephen J. Komar3 based on a review of botanical gardens accession records. Through
Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource
1
an examination of both historic and current literature as well as
Economics, Rutgers University, 55 Dudley Rd., New herbarium and botanical garden site visits, we have examined the
Brunswick, NJ 08901; 2Rutgers NJAES Cooperative approximately 30 species in cultivation worldwide and selected
Extension of Burlington County, Rutgers University, 2 those worthy of further evaluation. Styrax japonicus, the only
Academy Dr., Westampton, NJ 08060; 3Rutgers NJAES member of this group which can be considered a common or-
Cooperative Extension of Sussex County, Rutgers namental, is popular due to its multiple season interest provided
University, 129 Morris Turnpike, Newton NJ 07860 by profuse spring flowering, striated bark, and aesthetic broad
Agricultural producers in the northeastern United States are form. Due to conflicting reports in the literature we attempted
incorporating agritourism activities into their operation to to determine the chromosome number of Styrax japonicus. The
potentially increase farm profitability. One such activity is the base number for the genus is 8 (2n=16), though Styrax japonicus
development of a corn maze. While anecdotal evidence sug- is often cited as 2n=40 (possible pentaploid). Counts of 2n=16
gests that a corn maze may increase on-farm profitability, little and 2n=48 are also published. Squash techniques were performed
research has been conducted to compare the profitability of this on anthers, root tips, and developing petals. Our data supports
activity to traditional corn grain production. In 2012, a study a smaller number suggesting the possibility of multiple ploidy
was conducted to compare the economics of conventional corn levels in the species. An exact number could not be determined
grain production to corn planted for use as a corn maze. Rut- due to the small size of the chromosomes.
gers University agronomic recommendations were followed to
establish a 1-acre field of grain corn during the optimum plant- Lipid Compositional Changes in Cranberry
ing period for grain corn. A 1-acre corn maze was established (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) during Cold
using production practices reported via a survey of New Jersey
Acclimation
agritourism operators. These practices included a late planting
date and a much higher seeding rate. The corn maze required an Faith Ndlovu1*, Peter Jeranyama1,
additional $195.75 per acre in labor to establish and maintain Carolyn DeMoranville1, and Michelle DaCosta2
the maze. Corn in the maze plot was greener in color during the 1
Cranberry Station, University of Massachusetts Amherst
month of October and was taller than the corn grain plot, making P. O Box 569, East Wareham, MA 02538; 2Stockbridge
it acceptable for use as a maze. At harvest, the conventional corn School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts
treatment produced ears with a higher number of kernels per row; Amherst,121 Stockbridge Hall, 80 Campus Center Way,
however, the number of rows was similar for both treatments. Amherst, MA 01003

S6 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocapron Ait.) is a perennial woody (11.1%). The combination of high fresh weight yield, high
shrub whose buds are highly susceptible to frost damage. Like mesocarp DW, and a high proportion of mesocarp tissue in fruit
most temperate plants, cranberry plants tend to increase cold of 65×LIC resulted in significantly higher DW yield (mt/ha) in
tolerance by synthesizing protective compounds during cold 65×LIC (3.9) compared with GD (2.1), DF (2.6), and 65×DF
acclimation, but these compounds have not been fully studied (2.4). A subsequent comparative field study conducted in 2012
in this plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the involved a DF processing strain with smaller and more uni-
response of four cranberry cultivars to set temperature regimes form fruit, SC936 (vine, C. moschata, courtesy of Rupp Seeds,
and identify and quantify lipid composition and carbohydrates Inc., Wauseon, OH), and the interspecific hybrids 65×LIC and
synthesized during cold acclimation. Plants were subjected to 65×SC936. The fresh weight yield (mt/ha) in 65×SC936 (70.1)
varying day length and a step-wise lowering of temperature was significantly greater than in SC936 (50.3) and 65×LIC (47.3).
from 15, 6, 2, and –2 °C for 2 weeks at each temperature set- Mesocarp DW was significantly higher in 65×LIC (10.8%) and
ting in a growth chamber. Carbohydrates were extracted from 65×SC936 (8.0%) than in SC936 (5.8%). Based on mesocarp
leaf and stem tissues and analyzed using high pressure liquid fresh weight allocation percentages calculated in 2011, mesocarp
chromatography (HPLC) while lipids were extracted only from dry weight yields (mt/ha) in 65×LIC (4.6) and 65×SC936 (5.3)
leaf tissues and a polar lipid profile generated using electrospray were appreciably higher than in SC936 (2.8).
ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/
MS). Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) were identified Horticultural Assessment of Eight Cold-hardy
in cranberry leaves and stems. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose Wine Grape Cultivars in Vermont, 2009–12
increased significantly from 15 to –2 °C while starch decreased.
There were no significant differences for both leaves and stems Terence L. Bradshaw*, Lorraine P. Berkett,
at 15 and 6 °C. Sucrose had the highest amount in all cultivars and Sarah L. Kingsley-Richards
as it maintains membrane integrity at low temperatures by main- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of
taining membrane phospholipids in the liquid crystalline phase, Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405
thus preventing structural changes in soluble proteins. Eleven Cold climate wine grapes are an emerging crop in Vermont and
lipid groups were identified with the galactolipids, monogalac- northern New England, offering significant value-added and agri-
tosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol tourism economic opportunities. Before the availability of cold
(DGDG) being more abundant than both the phospholipids climate wine grape varieties, commercial grape production was
and lyso groups. DGDG significantly increased from 15 to –2 not recommended in northern New England because of problems
°C, signifying that it was the major lipid group responsible for with winter survival of the vines. A multi-year assessment of
increasing cold tolerance in cranberry. Phospholipid response several hybrid wine grape cultivars was conducted from 2009
to change in acclimation temperature was varied and the lyso- to 2012 to evaluate their potential for commercial production in
phospholipids were constant for all the acclimation temperatures. the region. In 2007, a research vineyard was established at the
University of Vermont Horticulture Research Center in South
Interspecific Processing Hybrids of Cucurbita Burlington, VT (lat. 44.43162, long. –73.20186, USDA hardi-
maxima × Cucurbita moschata Display High ness zone 5a). Eight wine grape cultivars, including: ‘Corot
Noir’, ‘Frontenac’, ‘LaCrescent’, ‘Marquette’, ‘Prairie Star’,
Biomass Yields
‘St. Croix’, ‘Vignoles’, and ‘Traminette’ were planted in four-
Jacob Uretsky*and Brent Loy vine replicates in a randomized complete-block design with six
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH replicates per cultivar. Vines were trained to a 1.5-m high-wire
Interspecific Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata F1 hy- bilateral cordon system at a density of 1794 vines/ha. Assessed
brids may exhibit higher yields than traditional squash cultivars parameters included: vine phenology and harvest dates; winter
due to heterosis, higher mesocarp dry matter content, and more bud survival; cordon length; precocity; crop yield; and juice
efficient allocation of photosynthate to mesocarp tissue, the quality. ‘Traminette’ and ‘Vignoles’ each had the highest winter
economically valuable plant component. In 2010 and 2011, injury to buds and lowest crop yield of all cultivars in 2 of 3
several bush C. maxima × vine C. moschata hybrids were evalu- years, and were removed from the planting after 2011. Of the
ated in the greenhouse and the field for suitability as processing cultivars that remained for all 4 years, ‘Corot Noir’ ranked the
squash. Two acceptable hybrids, NH65 × ‘Long Island Cheese’ lowest for pruning weight and primary bud survival in most
(65×LIC) and NH65 × ‘Dickinson Field’ (65×DF), and two years, but was among the highest-yielding cultivars in all years.
standard processing cultivars, ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD, vine, C. ‘Frontenac’ and ‘LaCrescent’ were among the highest-yielding
maxima) and ‘Dickinson Field’ (DF, vine, C. moschata), were and least winter-injured cultivars in most seasons, but their juice
observed in 2011 in a replicated field study for growth habit, had higher titratable acidity (TA) than most other cultivars at
flowering pattern, and parameters of fruit yield. Fresh weight harvest. ‘Marquette’ was among the most cold-hardy cultivars,
yields (mt/ha) in DF (48.1) and 65×LIC (46.6) were significantly with variable crop yield and the greatest juice soluble solids
greater than in GD (20.1) and 65×DF (32.0). Percent mesocarp (°Brix) in each year. ‘Prairie Star’ was among the lowest-yielding
dry weight (DW) was significantly higher in 65×LIC (9.3%) cultivars in all 4 years, and had among the lowest juice TA in 3 of
and 65×DF (7.7%) than in DF (5.6%), but lower than in GD 4 years. ‘St. Croix’ was among the highest-yielding cultivars in 3
of 4 years, with lowest juice TA among the cultivars in all years.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S7

Black Plastic Mulch and Transplants Increases there were no significant marketable yield differences between
Yield and Economic Viability of Jack-O-Lantern ‘Chandler’ and NJAES ‘A’, but yields were significantly lower on
NJAES ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’. In one study at Pittstown, NJ in 2010,
Pumpkins
NJAES ‘A’ and ‘B’ had significantly larger average fruit size than
Sarah Hulick* and Stephen Reiners ‘Chandler’. However, in the North Carolina study in 2010, there
Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, were no significant differences in average fruit weight between
NY ‘Chandler’ and NJAES ‘A’ and ‘B’. In the two New Jersey trials
Jack-O-Lantern style pumpkins are a major crop in New York in 2011, there were no significant yield differences or average
State. Worth an average of $30 million dollars annually, pump- fruit sizes between the standard cultivar ‘Chandler’ and NJAES
kins are grown on more than 7000 acres and are the third most ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘D’. In 2010, North Carolina study Brix values were
widely grown vegetable crop after sweet corn and tomatoes. significantly higher for NJAES ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘D’ in comparison
As the cost of production has increased due to increased seed to ‘Chandler’. In that same study the Brix value for NJAES ‘B’
costs and much greater use of expensive fungicides, growers was significantly higher than ‘Chandler’ or ‘Camerosa’. In 2010,
have been interested in increasing their yield per unit area. In at the Pittstown site, Brix data for NJAES ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘D’ were
an effort to maximize yield, this research compares traditional significantly higher than ‘Chandler.’ Informal taste tests data
direct seeding in bare soil to the use of plastic mulch and trans- over 2 years indicate consumer preference for NJAES ‘A’, ‘B’,
plants. Experiments conducted in 2011 and 2012 suggest that and ‘D’ over ‘Chandler’.
growers may increase both numbers of marketable fruit and
tons per hectare by 35% when using transplants in bare ground Molecular Tools Support the Efficient
or direct seeding in plastic mulch, but yields are not further Utilization of New Hazelnut Germplasm in
increased by use of transplants in plastic mulch. In addition, Breeding
smaller transplants did as well as larger transplants. Although
the cost of using transplants or mulch does add to the production Thomas J. Molnar*, John M. Capik,
costs, our results suggest the additional costs are exceeded by Megan F. Muehlbauer, and Josh A. Honig
the additional income from higher yields. Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers
University, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley Road, New
Brunswick, NJ 08901
Testing New Rutgers Strawberry Cultivars for
Small Farms: Update and Progress Seed-based germplasm collections of hazelnuts (Corylus avel-
lana) from across a wide area of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland as
Peter J. Nitzsche1, William T. Hlubik2, well as hybrid (C. americana × C. avellana or C. colurna × C.
Winfred P. Cowgill, Jr.3, Daniel L. Ward4, avellana) clonal selections and seedlings from private growers
G. Jelenkovic5, Jeremy Pattison6, and nurserymen in the United States and Canada have been as-
Richard B. Weidman2, and Jessica Baculis2* sembled at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Exposing
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of 1Morris these collections to the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen
County, 2Middlesex County, 3Hunterdon County, Rutgers Anisogramma anomala in greenhouse and field inoculations has
University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, 4Rutgers NJAES identified a large number of resistant plants, some of which also
Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Rutgers produce high-quality nuts. Microsatellite, or simple sequence
University, Bridgeton, NJ, 5Department of Plant Biology repeat (SSR), markers, due to their abundance, polymorphic
and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ nature, and co-dominance, have shown considerable value in
08901, 6Plants for Health Institute, North Carolina State fingerprinting accessions, examining relationships, and assessing
University genetic diversity in hazelnut, including across species. The EFB
The production of strawberries on plastic mulch systems is an resistant and tolerant selections held in the Rutgers collection
important crop for small farm direct marketers in the Northeast. were assessed with 17 well-characterized SSR markers in com-
Growers have asked for a more flavorful berry to enhance early parison to a wide sampling of known cultivars of C. avellana
market profits. In an effort to address this need, the Rutgers New spanning the species' native range in Europe. Previously exist-
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES) strawberry ing sources of resistance to EFB and other Corylus species and
breeding program has developed new selections that are adapted hybrids were also included in this study. The results of the SSR
to the plastic mulch systems in the eastern states. Multistate field analysis showed clear genetic relationships within and among the
trials were established, two locations in New Jersey (Pittstown new germplasm. In addition to knowledge of the origins of the
and North Brunswick) and in Salisbury, NC, to evaluate the plant material and their individual morphological traits (disease
performance of several NJAES selections compared to commer- resistance, growth habit, nut and kernel attributes, etc.), the SSR
cial cultivars. In two separate trials in New Jersey over a 2-year data provide significant background information to support the
period, there were no significant marketable yield differences efficient selection of parents for breeding. The application of
between the standard cultivar ‘Chandler’ and three new selections this information in a hazelnut breeding program targeted on
NJAES – ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’. In the North Carolina study, developing disease resistance and improved nut quality while
maintaining a high level of genetic diversity will be discussed.

S8 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013

At Constant Nitrogen Rate, Changes in homozygous for l-2, not l-1R. It was subsequently found that
Fertilizer Form or Phosphorus Rate Did Not all plants carrying the reverse stripe trait in egg gourd had dark
green stem pigmentation associated with the D gene. Inheri-
Affect Cranberry Yield
tance studies conducted in summer of 2012 confirmed that the
Carolyn DeMoranville D gene, together with l-1BSt and l-2, confers a distinct reverse
Cranberry Station, University of Massachusetts Amherst, stripe phenotype. If the l-2 locus is heterozygous (L-2/l-2),
P.O. Box 569, E. Wareham, MA 02538 the broad stripes between the dark narrow stripes are mottled
Phosphorus rates (0 to 22 kg/ha) were compared in two separate light green and white. Plants homozygous for L-2 and l-1BSt in
3-year field studies on cranberry. From 2009 to 2011, various the presence of D/_ have a very dark pattern of broad normal
fertilizer blends (all granular materials, some controlled release) striping. In normal striping, L-1 is dominant to l-1BSt and l-1BSt
were applied to 2 × 2 m plots on two commercial cranberry beds is dominant to l-1, whereas in reverse striping (D/_), l-1BSt is
(cultivars Pilgrim and Howes) in a RCB design with 5 replicates. dominant to both L-1 and l-1 alleles.
From 2010 to 2012, a second similar experiment was conducted
on two additional sites (both cultivar Stevens). In both studies, Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen, Magnesium, and
all plots, with the exception of the untreated control, received Sulfur Rates and Sources on Yield and Quality
28 kg/ha N. Crop yield, estimated from 900-cm2 sample areas, of Pickling Cucumbers
was lowest in the untreated control plots and declined over
time. In all other treatments, there was no consistent effect of Gordon C. Johnson*, Emmalea G. Ernest,
phosphorus rate or fertilizer form on estimated crop yield with and Jake Jones
the exception of instances where plant tissue phosphorus was in Carvel Research and Extension Center, University of
the deficient range. In those instances, there was a trend towards Delaware, 16483 County Seat Hwy., Georgetown, DE
greater yield with the highest phosphorus rate. On the ‘Stevens’ 19947
sites, there were differences in fruit quality among years and Balancing yield and quality is necessary in processing vegetables.
treatments with the highest percentage fruit rot in 4 of 6 site– Light skin color in eastern US grown pickling cucumbers is a
year combinations associated with the highest phosphorus rate. quality issue for processors and inconsistent L:D ratio leading
These plotscale results reinforce the UMass Cranberry Station to excess length is also a concern. Mineral nutrient fertility
recommendation to not exceed 22 kg/ha phosphorus and to use programs were evaluated for their effect on yield and quality
less if there is no documented deficiency. factors in three field studies in 2012 at the University of Delaware
research center near Georgetown. Two pickle cultivars, ‘Vlaspik’
Fruit Pigmentation and Inheritance of the and ‘Expedition’, were tested in each trial. In two nitrogen trials
Reverse Stripe Trait in Egg Gourd planted 7 June and 26 July, four nitrogen rate treatments, 90,
134, 179, and 224 kg/ha were applied as a split application with
J. Brent Loy 45 kg/ha applied at planting and the remaining 18 days later
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH using urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution or ammonium
Complementary genes L-1 and L-2 confer green rind pigmentation sulfate (AS) dry fertilizer. In the second trial, planted 14 June,
in fruit of Cucurbita pepo L. Fruit that are homozygous recessive varied sources for sulfur and magnesium were tested: gypsum
for l-1 and l-2 have pale pigmentation. The dominant gene ‘D’, and dolomitic limestone preplant; potassium magnesium sulfate
associated with dark stem color, is epistatic to l-1 and l-2, causing preplant and foliar; ammonium sulfate preplant and sidedress;
fruit to change from pale to dark green between 12 and 18 days magnesium sulfate sidress and foliar, elemental sulfur foliar,
after pollination. There are multiple alleles at the l-1 and l-2 loci, and ammonium sulfate nitrate preplant. Color and L:D data
with l-1BSt in the presence of L-2 producing a “broad normal” was recorded from 3A and 3B pickle grades. Fruit color was
striping pattern characterized by narrow light blue-gray stripes impacted by N and differed by variety. In ‘Expedition’ there
over vein tracts and broad dark green pigmentation between was an increase in chlorophyll as nitrogen increased. This effect
stripes. Also, in the presence of l-1BSt, a semi-dominant allele, was not seen in ‘Vlaspik’. Treatments with ammonium sulfate
l-2R, causes stripes to be reversed, with narrow green stripes over were more highly colored that those using UAN. Yield was not
vein tracts and white pigmentation between stripes. In a breed- increased in either variety past the 134 kg/ha rate. Pickle length
ing project at the University of New Hampshire the bush habit did not vary with N rate. There were no significant differences
of growth (Bu) and genes for variability in fruit pigmentation in yield or color between sulfur (S) or magnesium (Mg) treat-
were introgressed into the previously monotypic white, vining ments. Results suggest that N:S balance is important for color
(bu/bu) egg gourd, having the genotype l-1/l-1, l-2/l-2, d/d and in some pickle varieties.
also the W gene conferring white flesh color and lighter rind
pigmentation. During the course of the gourd breeding work, a Effects of Tile Drainage in Cranberry
reverse stripe trait was selected that appeared to be conditioned Production
by a dominant gene. Inheritance results confirmed that plants
carrying the reverse stripe trait were homozygous for l-1BSt as Peter Jeranyama1*, Casey Kennedy2,
with the previously documented reverse stripe strait, but were Carolyn DeMoranville1, and Hilary Sandler1

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S9

 1
University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station, 1 State texting to coordinate logistics in real-time. At the onset of the
Bog Road, P.O. Box 569, East Wareham, MA 02538; course only 2 out of the 137 women participants had complete
2
USDA–ARS, UMASS Cranberry Station, 1 State Bog farm business plans. As of Sept. 2012, 70 women have indicated
Road, P.O. Box 569, East Wareham, MA 02538 farm business plan completion. The follow-up survey 6 months
Tile drainage removes excess moisture from the soil, water that after the program revealed that the primary reason (31%) offered
prevents air and oxygen from getting to the plant root zone. for not completing the business plan was described as “lack of
Without artificial drainage, cranberry plants have difficulty time.” Although 49% were incomplete, 65.6% indicated that
establishing a healthy root system on poorly drained soils. Sub- they had “implemented components of their business plan.”
surface drainage provides the mechanism for poorly drained soils Participants were encouraged to use the University of Minne-
to drain to field capacity in a reasonably short period of time so sota AgPlan website: https://www.agplan.umn.edu. In addition
that plant growth is not significantly impaired. Cranberry bogs to business plan writing, 61.3% of participants, 6 months after
that are poorly drained have been associated with loss of fruit course completion, indicated that they have initiated networking
quality due to increased fruit rot, decreased crop production via social media with other participants as a result of the course.
and poor fruit set. The objective of this study was to evaluate 93.5% of respondents revealed that they have shared what they
the effect of subsurface tile drainage spacing on cranberry learned in the course. The program’s ability to make permanent
variety ‘Stevens’ upright density, carbohydrate content in the changes in behavior is indicated by the additional progress on
uprights, fruit yield and quality. Subsurface drainage tiles were business plan development and networking and sharing learned
installed at three different distances apart from each other (4.6, knowledge 6 months after the course. In order for more than
6.1, and 9.2 m) and at a depth of 30 cm below the soil surface. 51% of the women to complete a business plan they may need
Cranberry grown under subsurface drainage tiles installed at more structured writing time during class when experts and
4.6 m apart had the least total upright density (5263, 7229, and instructors are available for guidance.
8800 uprights/m2 for 4.6, 6.1, and 9.2 m, respectively) and yield
while the highest yield of 93 Mg·ha–1 were obtained at 6.1-m Survey of New Jersey Farms for Foodborne
spacing. Optimum fructose concentration of 1.7 mg 100 mg–1 Pathogens in Tomatoes, Leafy Greens (Spinach),
was obtained at a subsurface drainage tile spacing of between
Irrigation Water, and Soil Samples
6.1 and 9.2 m. The data do not show an advantage of reducing
subsurface drainage tile spacing from 9.2 to 6.1 m with respect Meredith Melendez1*, Wesley Kline2,
to crop performance; however a spacing of 4.6 m resulted in Shirley Micallef3, Sivaranjani Pagadala3, Fei Wang3,
significantly reduced crop performance and yield. Ruth Oni3, Christopher Walsh3, Donna Pahl3,
Kathryne Everts4, Sasha Marine4,
Impacts of Annie’s Project New Jersey—Six and Robert Buchanan3
Months after Program Delivery 1
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Mercer
County, Rutgers University, 930 Spruce Street, Trenton,
Jenny Carleo1*, Robin G. Brumfield2, NJ 08648; 2Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of
Stephen J. Komar3, April Lippet-Faczak4, Cumberland County, Rutgers University, 291 Morton
Jenn Matthews1, Meredith Melendez5, Robert Mickel6, Avenue, Millville, NJ 08332; 3University of Maryland,
Barbara O’Neill7, and Nicholas Polanin8 College Park, MD 20742; 4Lower Eastern Shore
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension, Rutgers Research and Education Center, University of Maryland
University, 1Cape May, 3Sussex, 6Hunterdon and The produce industry has placed emphasis on commodity
8
Somerset Counties; Specialists in 2Farm Business specific guidelines for food safety. Informational gaps exist
Management and 7Financial Management; 5Agricutlural between certain risk factors in guidelines and research results.
Program Coordinator, Mercer County; and 4Technician, The University of Maryland and Rutgers University surveyed
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
preharvest tomato and leafy green crops to increase knowledge
Annie’s Project New Jersey is a modified national “Annie’s of actual risk factors for Salmonella and shiga toxin producing
Project” program tailored for New Jersey producers. The na- E. coli (generic E. coli). During 2012, 248 samples were col-
tional curriculum consists of a framework surrounding the five lected from 12 New Jersey farms. Random and targeted samples
areas of risk management – financial, personal, legal, marketing, were collected in the field from tomatoes, leafy greens, soil,
and production. Two major facets unique to the Annie’s Project and compost. Water samples were taken from the source (well,
New Jersey program are the business plan development and the pond, or river) and at the end of a drip line or sprinkler. Sediment
networking, including social media networking instructions. samples were dredged from below the water level. There are no
Through the use of a professional technology team we were able microbial standards for fruit from the field, pond sediment, or
to simultaneously broadcast the course each Monday night via compost samples. Food safety guidelines use the generic E. coli
webinar to two other locations. This program was able to con- open water standard for irrigation and spray sources. Accept-
nect 75 participants and 24 presenters in three sites throughout able levels for water are less than126 cfu (mpn)/100 mL (five
the state. Course facilitators at each site communicated using sample geometric mean) with individual samples less than 235
the chat feature of Blackboard Collaborate™ and cell phone cfu/100 mL for foliar application and less than 576 cfu/100mL

S10 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013

for non-foliar application. Of 60 tomato fruit, seven samples biomass calculated to tons per acre resulted in the following for
tested positive for E. coli ranging from 100 to 300 cfu/100mg. each species: buckwheat = 0.644; cowpea = 0.573; pearl millet =
All positive samples came from four farms. Twenty-three water 1.278; sundangrass = 1.774. The practice of planting a summer
samples were collected from the source and end of line. Four cover crop during a time when soil would remain bare in between
tested positive for E.coli (150–900 cfu/100 mL) at the source planting of a second cash crop, on soils that can benefit from
and five were positive at the end on the drip line (100–690 the addition of organic matter, may help to improve soil health
cfu/100 mL). Five farms had positive samples. Twenty-two soil, and consequently future crop quality on those lands.
four compost, and three pond sediment samples were collected
with one soil sample (500 cfu/100 mg), one pond sample (800 Soil Amendment, Mulch and Variety Effects on
cfu/100 mg) and no compost samples testing positive for E. coli.
No samples tested positive for salmonella. Sixty-four spinach Blueberry Establishment in Delaware
samples were analyzed with two random samples (150–200 Emmalea Ernest1*, Gordon Johnson1,
cfu/100mg) and three targeted samples (200–500 cfu/100 mg) and Hail Bennett2
testing positive for E. coli. All positive samples came from two 1
Carvel Research and Education Center, University of
farms. No water samples tested positive for generic E. coli. Six- Delaware, 16483 County Seat Highway, Georgetown,
teen soil and three compost samples were analyzed with three DE 19947; 2Bennett Orchards, 31442 Peach Tree Lane,
soil (100–200 cfu/100 mg – one farm) and one compost (100 Frankford, DE 19954
cfu/100 mg) testing positive for genetic E. coli. Seven samples
Experiments to determine best management practices for
initially tested positive for salmonella to be confirmed.
establishing blueberry plantings in southern Delaware were
begun in two locations, Frankford, DE and Georgetown, DE,
Summer Cover Crop Biomass Study in in spring 2011. At Frankford, average cane height and diameter
Southern New Jersey of plants with 1 gal of peat moss added to the planting hole was
significantly higher than plants with no peat moss; however, 2
Michelle Infante-Casella1* and Jack Rabin2
gal of peat at planting did not provide an added benefit. Also
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension of Gloucester
1
at Frankford, plants with pine bark fines incorporated before
County, Rutgers University, 1200 N. Delsea Drive,
planting had significantly higher maximum cane diameter and
Clayton, NJ 08312; 2Farm Programs, Rutgers NJAES
average cane height than the control with no pine bark fines.
Cooperative Extension, Rutgers University, 88 Lipman
At Georgetown, a comparison of four different alternative soil
Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
amendments (waste silage, chipped construction waste, wood
A demonstration trial to assess biomass accumulation from short- shavings horse bedding, and pine bark fines) with control treat-
term summer cover crops grown for the purpose of improving ments (peat moss and no amendment) at a 1-gal rate yielded no
soils between intensively cultivated vegetable cash crops was significant differences in plant growth between the treatments.
conducted during the summer of 2011 at a commercial farm in The soil at the Georgetown site is higher in organic matter, which
Franklin Township, Gloucester County, NJ. Typical of the New may explain the apparent lack of effect of the soil amendment
Jersey coastal plain, the soils in the study were coarse, sandy, treatments at the site. Various mulch materials were trialed at
low in organic matter, and low in cation exchange capacity. each site (waste hay, waste straw, cornstalks, chipped construction
Four summer cover crops were seeded on 7 June 2011 into a waste, wood shavings horse bedding, hardwood sawdust, aged
field that had a previous crop of globe radish. Seeds were broad- wood chips, and pine bark). Mulches differed in their durability
casted, followed by light disk incorporation. Each seeding was and some significant differences in plant growth between treat-
replicated 4 times. Seeding rates were in pounds per acre and ments were observed. Twenty-five different cultivars are being
as follows: buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ‘Common’, trialed at the two sites, 23 at Georgetown and 10 at Frankford,
70; cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) ‘Iron & Clay’, 70; pearl millet including 14 newer northern highbush cultivars, 10 southern
(Pennisetum glaucum) ‘Hybrid Pearl’, 10; sudangrass (Sorghum highbush cultivars and ‘Bluecrop’ as the standard. Southern
bicolor var. sudanense) ‘Piper’, 50. Harvest sampling compar- highbush cultivars may be more tolerant of summer conditions
ing above ground biomass accumulation was made after 62 in southern Delaware but have yet to be proven cold hardy in
d, followed by drying of biomass for 10 d. Above ground dry a typical winter.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S11

 Author Index J
Jelenkovic, G. S8
Jeranyama, Peter S6, S9
Johnson, Gordon S9, S11
A Jones, Jake S9
Autio, Wesley R. S4 K
B Kennedy, Casey S9
Kingsley-Richards, Sarah L. S2, S7
Baculis, Jessica S8
Kline, Wesley S5, S10
Bamka, William J. S6
Komar, Stephen J. S6, S10
Bennett, Hail S11
Berkett, Lorraine P. S2, S7 L
Bradshaw, Terence L. S2, S7
Brielle, Lindsey S5 Leadbetter, Clayton S2
Brumfield, Robin G. S10 Lippet-Faczak, April S10
Buchanan, Robert S10 Lobdell, Matthew S. S6
Loy, Brent S7, S9
C
M
Cai, Guohong S3
Capik, John M. S2, S8 Marine, Sasha S10
Caporaso, Edward J. S4 Matthews, Jenn S10
Carleo, Jenny S10 Magron, Rebecca S4
Clements, Jon S4 Melendez, Meredith S10
Cowgill, Winfred P., Jr. S4, S8 Micallef, Shirley S10
Crawford, Bruce S2 Mickel, Robert S10
Molnar, Thomas J. S2, S3, S8
D Morey, Kaitlin M. S3
Muehlbauer, Megan F. S3, S8
DaCosta, Michelle S6
Muelbauer, Nora S4
D’Agostino, Julie A. S3
DeMoranville, Carolyn S6, S9 N
E Ndlovu, Faith S6
Nitzsche, Peter J. S8
Ernest, Emmalea S9, S11
Everts, Kathryne S10 O
F Olszewski, Michael W. S3
O’Neill, Barbara S10
Frett, J. S6
Oni, Ruth S10
G
P
Groch, A.F. S3
Pagadala, Sivaranjani S10
H Pahl, Donna S10
Pattison, Jeremy S8
Hlubik, William T. S8 Polanin, Nicholas S10
Honig, Josh A. S8
Hulick, Sarah S8 R
I Rabin, Jack S11
Reiners, Stephen S8
Infante-Casella, Michelle S11

S12 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013

S W
Sandler, Hilary S9 Walsh, Christopher S10
Schilling, Brian J. S6 Wang, Fei S10
Schupp, Jim S4 Ward, Daniel L. S8
Sciarappa, William S5 Weidman, Richard B. S8
Winzeler, H. Edwin S4
U Wyenandt, C. Andrew S5
Uretsky, Jacob S7 Z
V Ziegler, Christine S5
Vertenten, C.M. S3

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 NE–ASHS Annual Meeting—January 2–4, 2013 S13

 Abstracts of Presentations
from the

Annual Meeting
of the

American Society for Horticultural Science

—Southern Region
2–5 February 2013
Orlando, Florida

Supplement to HortScience
Volume 48(9) September 2013

Contains abstracts of oral and poster presentations from the 2013 Annual Meeting
of the Southern Region of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Author index begins on p. S68.

For citation purposes, abstracts should be cited as follows:

(Example)
Patrick, T.A. and C.R. Rom. 2013. Evaluation of cover crops in high tunnel vegetable production
rotation. HortScience 48(9):S15. (Abstr.)

American Society for Horticultural Science

1018 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
phone: 703.836.4606  •  fax: 703.836.2024  •  ashs.org  •  [email protected]

S14 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

 Abstracts of the ASHS
Southern Region 73rd Annual Meeting
Orlando, Florida 2–5 February 2013

J.B. Edmond Undergraduate Blackberries are grown worldwide for fresh-market and process-
ing. Consumer interest in blackberries has been increasing. The
Student Paper Competition objective of this study was to investigate and draw correlations
between the descriptive sensory analysis and composition of
Evaluation of Cover Crops in High Tunnel blackberry genotypes from the University of Arkansas black-
Vegetable Production Rotation berry breeding program. Descriptive panelists evaluated 20
blackberry genotypes according to Spectrum® methods. Com-
Tyler A. Patrick* and C.R. Rom position attributes were evaluated for 22 blackberry genotypes.
Department of Horticulture, 316 Plant Science, Descriptive panelists evaluated color/appearance, flavor, and
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 texture. Basic composition, berry and pyrene attributes, and
Organic vegetable production within high tunnels allows for nutraceutical composition were measured. ‘Natchez’ had the
an extended growing season, crop protection and more precise most pyrenes/berry and was among the highest for descriptive-
environmental control. The USDA National Organic Program evaluated overall seediness. ‘Natchez’ also had the most total
standards require the soil to be maintained and improved over ellagitannins, which was likely related to seeds. ‘Natchez’ and
the course of production. Previous studies have indicated the ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ had significantly higher levels for ORAC than
potential of cover crops for reducing competitive vegetation and all other genotypes. Selection A-2215 had the highest score for
improving soil quality. However, there has been limited work in descriptive-evaluated sweetness, the lowest for sourness, and
the confines of high tunnels as part of a tunnel-system rotation. the highest soluble solids content. A positive and significant
Ten nitrogen-fixing and 10 non-nitrogen-fixing cover crops correlation was shown between titratable acidity and sensory
were established under a high tunnel and evaluated for their sourness. Both total ellagitannins and ORAC were moderately
effects on the yield of ‘De Cicco’ broccoli (Brassica oleracea correlated to overall seediness, which reflects the potential value
L. var. italica) and ‘Champion’ collards (Brassica oleracea L. of seeds for health-promoting factors. The findings generated by
var. acephala), plant nutrient status, and soil nutrient status. All this study can be useful for potential marketability and future
treatments received recommended levels of appropriate certified cultivar development of Arkansas blackberry genotypes.
organic fertilizers, water status was maintained, and vegetables
received standard organic maintenance for insects and disease. Substitution of a Soilless Medium with Yard
The cover crops hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta L.), Catjang
Waste Compost for Basil Transplant Production
cowpea (Viana unguicalata L.), and Sunn hemp (Crotalaria
juncea L.) consistently produced higher yields than Tifleaf III Courtney D. DeKalb*1, Brian A. Kahn1,
hybrid pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), Dairymaster brown Allen V. Barker2, and Bruce L. Dunn1
midrib hybrid grain sorghum (Sorghum spp.), and Wild Game 1
358 Agricultural Hall, Oklahoma State University,
Food sorghum (S. bicolor L.). Nitrogen-fixing legumes produced Stillwater, OK 74078; 2202 Bowditch Hall, University of
significantly higher yields than the non-nitrogen-fixing grass Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
species. This experiment showed that not all cover crops are Pelleted ‘Genovese’basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds were sown
equal; they created variation in response. Cover crops provide in polystyrene flats in six different media blends of a peat-lite
a viable option to help organic producers maintain or improve mix (PL) and yard waste compost (C). The proportions of PL:C
soil quality over the course of production. included 100%:0%, 80%:20%, 60%:40%, 40%:60%, 20%:80%,
and 0%:100%. The experiment was conducted twice. Seedling
Descriptive Sensory Analysis and Composition emergence was recorded for 12 d. Plants were harvested 6 weeks
of Blackberry Genotypes after seeds were sown and heights, fresh weights, and dry weights
were recorded. Detrimental effects on seedling establishment
Bethany Sebesta*1, John R. Clark1, Renee T. Threlfall2, were not seen until the compost comprised the majority of the
and Luke R. Howard2 blend. Pronounced decreases in seedling height and dry weight
1
316 Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, occurred with the 80% PL:20% C treatment, and further decreases
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701; occurred with higher amounts of compost. Laboratory analyses
2
Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, showed that the compost was stable (carbon:nitrogen ratio =
Fayetteville, AR 72701 10.8) and not highly saline (EC = 2.84 dS·m–1), but alkalinity
was high (pH = 8.3). The high pH is believed to be the cause of
*presenting author.
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S15
the severe stunting. A further study was done using additions distichum var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom], and 3) Montezuma
of wettable sulfur to the compost in an attempt to lower the pH, cypress [T. distichum var. mexicana Gordon], abbreviated as
with no success. BC, PC, and MC, respectively. The literature indicates that
Taxodium in container studies respond to N source and rate
Influence of Organic Groundcovers on with increased growth and the ammoniacal form is preferred.
The results for field studies have been less conclusive. In this
Mycorrhizal Colonization and Symbiosis of study, two sources of nitrogen, calcium nitrate (CaNO3) and
Organically Managed Fruit Crops urea (CO(NH2)2, provided a nitrate and an ammoniacal form
Raven A. Bough* and Curt R. Rom of N at four rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lb N/acre) to a first-year
Department of Horticulture, 316 Plant Sciences, field planting of Taxodium along LaNana creek, the stream
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 that transects the University campus. A randomized complete
block design with three blocks, two N sources, four rates and
Groundcovers have the potential to impact the rhizosphere, in- two plants per replication was utilized in this study, for a total
cluding arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), which could in turn affect of 48 plants. The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of
the host plant through symbiosis. There has been evidence that a SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 2007) was used to detect significant
groundcover that provides a suitable environment for colonization differences in growth (plant height and trunk diameter increase),
of AM and subsequent symbiosis could be a key tool in organic and soil and leaf tissue nutrient concentrations. One-gallon
fruit production. The objective of this research was to compare container grown plants of Taxodium distichum ‘T405’, a BC
colonization of AM in strawberry plugs (cv. Radiance) and apple × MC selection from the Nanjing Botanical Garden, Nanjing,
rootstock liners (cv. M. 26) grown in a greenhouse as affected China, were planted 11 Dec. 2011. Fertilizer treatments were
by various groundcover treatments. Inoculation was achieved applied 28 Feb. and 30 Mar. 2011. First-year plant height and
for half the plants by mixing BioOrganics Endomycorrhizal In- trunk diameters were measured 1 Mar. and 9 Nov. 2012. Leaf
oculant directly into soilless media according to suggested label tissue samples were collected 11 June 2012. Soil samples were
rates. Following a dormancy period, plants were treated with collected 30 July 2012. All analyses were conducted in the Soil
one of the following groundcover treatments: 1) city-generated and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory in the Agriculture Depart-
green-compost, 2) shredded white paper, 3) woodchips, or 4) an ment at SFASU. Trees were drip irrigated throughout the first
untreated control. Replications were arranged in a randomized growing season (1 gal/plant/day) and 2012 was a heavy rainfall
design and bottom pot covers were used to avoid contamination year in Nacogdoches (56 inches). All plants performed well in
of plants without inoculation. Plants received equal amounts the first year. There were no significant differences in growth,
of nutrition (1/2 rate Scott’s Water Soluble All-Purpose Fertil- nor were any differences found in soil pH, soil conductivity
izer) twice throughout the study and were watered by hand. and nutrient levels, or leaf nutrient content, although there was
Green-compost significantly increased percent colonization of a slight trend of urea-treated plants to increasing leaf N. The
AM compared to other groundcovers, however, AM under this strong growth of all the trees in this very low soil N soil suggests
treatment did not have an effect on biomass, root volume, root that fertilizer is perhaps less important than water, soil type, soil
surface area, root diameter, or leaf area. AM appeared to sup- aeration, and sun exposure. This study will be repeated in 2013
press root length in this study; plants inoculated with AM had with the same treatments employed.
a shorter root length but a similar volume to plants that where
not inoculated. It can be inferred that nutrition is important to
establishing AM due to a higher availability of organic matter in Effect of 4-CPA on Fruit Set and Yield of Heat
the green-compost, which is also greatly influences plant growth Tolerant Tomato Cultivars
regardless of colonization of AM in young fruit crops. Though Dilip Nandwani and Shamali Dennery*
the groundcovers in this study had no effect on symbiotic AM
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin
benefits, long-term studies with mature host plants could reveal
Islands, Kingshill, USVI 00850
a correlation between groundcover media and symbiosis.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a favored commercial crop
for most producers in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is grown for
Influence of N Source and Rate on Growth and fresh market sales. Higher temperatures in the summer season
Leaf Nutrient Content of a Taxodium Clone are a challenge for flowering and fruit set in tomato. A study was
Spence Simmons*, Dave Creech, Leon Young, conducted on the effect of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA)
and Lacey Russell on heat-tolerant cultivars of tomato in the Virgin Islands tropical
SFA Gardens, Arthur Temple College of Forestry climate conditions. Two cherry tomato cultivars, ‘Terenzo’ and
and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, ‘Summer Cherry’, were evaluated in the greenhouse in the sum-
Nacogdoches, TX 75961 mer season. Higher yields were obtained for ‘Terenzo’ (255.4
g/plant) than for ‘Summer Cherry’ (117.6 g/plant) for plants
Current nomenclature thought is that the genus Taxodium is treated with 4-CPA. No structural deformities in fruits were
comprised of three botanical varieties: 1) Baldcypress [Taxo- observed. Marketable fruit weight was higher in treated plants
dium distichum (L.) Rich. var. distichum], 2) Pond cypress [T. of both ‘Terenzo’ (10.9 g) and ‘Summer Cherry’ (5.7 g). Both

S16 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

cultivars produced early fruit set and ripening in 4-CPA-treated 1
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi
plants. Acidity (pH 3.9), brix (7%) and firmness (6 ibf) were State University, Starkville, MS 39759; 2Department
recorded and no significant difference in fruit texture and quality of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University,
was observed for treated and non-treated fruits. The preliminary Starkville, MS 39759; 3Truck Crop Experiment Station,
results suggest that 4-CPA may have potential to increase fruit Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs, MS 39059;
set and yields in tomato cultivars grown in the summer season.
4
Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture,
Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759

Norman F. Childers MS Graduate Pelargonium peltatum, or ivy geranium, has a cascading growth
habit with palmately lobed leaves and delicate flowers. Production
Student Paper Competition of this species poses some challenges in warm climates due to its
low tolerance of temperatures exceeding 30 °C. Foliar bleaching
A New Grafting Procedure Decreases Grafting caused by increased temperatures is devastating to the aesthetic
Cost and Increases Grafting Efficiency value and shelf life of ivy geranium. To gain insight into foliar
by Eliminating Rootstock Re-growth in bleaching, two cultivars, ‘Contessa Red’ (heat tolerant) and
‘Temprano Lavender’ (heat susceptible) (Syngenta Flowers,
Watermelon
Inc., Boulder, CO), were compared. Data was collected on each
Shawna Daley* and Richard L. Hassell cultivar’s response to heat and drought by measuring photosyn-
Department of Horticulture, Clemson Coastal Research thesis, stomatal conductance, SPAD and growth indices. On 13
and Education Center Charleston, SC 29414 Feb. 2012, 96 rooted cuttings of each cultivar were potted into
Rootstock re-growth is a problem in watermelon grafting, and 15-cm pots using Sunshine Mix1 (SunGro Horticulture, Bellvue,
the cost of re-growth control is a reason for the lack of grafted WA). Plants were fertilized with Peter’s Peat Lite 20–10–20 (The
transplants in U.S. watermelon production. Two experiments Scott’s Company, Marysville, OH) at 200 ppm N. Plants were
were conducted on a chemical method of re-growth control to moved into two growth chambers from the greenhouse and ac-
1) determine the optimal application rate and 2) determine the climated to 15/20o C night/day for 3 d. Using a split plot design,
effect of time after application on rootstock size and carbohy- plants underwent temperature treatments of 15/20 °C or 25/30
drate content. In the first experiment, two fatty alcohol products °C night/day with moisture treatments of 80% or 30%. Data
(Fair 85® and Off-Shoot T®) at six concentrations (3.75, 5.0, were collected at day 0 before treatments began and day 7. The
6.25, 7.5, 8.75, and 10% Fatty Alcohol) were applied to Bottle data indicated ‘Contessa Red’ had a greater growth potential;
Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria cv. ‘Emphasis’) and Interspecific however there was no significant difference in SPAD readings
Hybrid Squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata ‘Carnivor’) or photosynthetic rate between cultivars. This study indicated
rootstocks as the cotyledons unfolded. On days 1, 7, 14, and degradation of the photosynthetic apparatus in developed leaves
21 after application, rootstocks were rated for both damage and did not occur in either cultivar and foliar bleaching was not due
re-growth responses. Results showed a significant decrease in re- to an inhibition of photosynthesis. Observations of developing
growth as concentration increased up to 7.5% fatty alcohol, while leaves indicated foliar bleaching may occur due to inhibition
damage increased significantly at fatty alcohol concentrations of of photosynthetic organelle development.
≥6.25%. We conclude that the best control of re-growth with a
level of acceptable damage is achieved using an application rate Comparing Phenotypical Variation Among
between 6.25% and 7.5%, depending on environmental condi- Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia
tions within the greenhouse. In the second experiment, hypocotyl
Varieties Grown as Medicinal Herbs in Two
and cotyledons of both rootstocks were analyzed for size and
carbohydrate content on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after fatty alcohol Environments
treatment. Results showed significant increases over time for Jennifer Crumley1*, Lijing Zhou1, John Balles2, and
hypocotyl and cotyledon widths, and dry and fresh weights, as Jeanine Davis1
well as cotyledon length and leaf area. No change was observed 1
Department of Horticultural Science, NC State
in cotyledon thickness or hypocotyl length. Total roostock car- University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and
bohydrates increased with starch increasing most significantly. Extension Center, 455 Research Drive, Mills River,
Fatty alcohol treatment decreases cost by controlling re-growth NC 28759; 2Nutrition Product Development, Amway
and can further increase grafting efficiency by increasing the Corporation, 19600 6th Street, Lakeview, CA 92567.
grafting window of rootstocks from 2 d to 3 weeks.
Three-year field trials were initiated in 2012 in the southern
mountains (Mills River) and upper piedmont (Reidsville) re-
A Physiological Comparison of Heat Tolerance gions of North Carolina to determine the effects of location on
between Two Cultivars of Ivy Geranium six sources of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia
(Pelargonium peltatum) (five from commercial seed companies and one from a private
farm). The tops and roots of these plants are used in a wide
Anna M. Horton1*, Richard L. Harkess1, variety of natural botanical products. At each location there
David Chevalier2, Guihong Bi3 and Cetin Yuceer4 are two studies, one for each species. Each study is a split plot

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S17

design with years as the main plots and sources as the subplots. Effects of Cover Crops and Reduced Tillage on
Data are being collected on growth stage, plant vigor, plant Yield and Weed Population in Organic Lettuce
height, flowering date, number of flowers, and top and root dry
Production
weight. After one season of growth, the E. purpurea plants at
Mills River were more vigorous and had larger top dry weights Yushen Huang*, Xin Zhao, Carlene A. Chase,
than their counterparts at Reidsville. Flower numbers and root and Jason M. Neumann
weights for E. purpurea, however, were similar between the Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida,
two locations. This may indicate that plant vigor and large top Gainesville, FL 32611
weights are not necessarily a predictor for increased root pro-
A field experiment was conducted at the Plant Science Research
duction in E. purpurea. In contrast, the top and root dry weights
and Education Unit in Citra, FL to assess the effect of summer
for E. angustifolia were similar between the two locations, but
cover crops and reduced tillage on organic lettuce yield and weed
the Mills River E. angustifolia produced more flowers than
suppression in fall 2012. Sunn hemp and sorghum-sudangrass
those at Reidsville. Some differences were noted among the
were planted as a biculture in August and terminated in October
seed sources, in particular, vigor and top dry weight for both
10 days prior to lettuce transplanting. Five production systems
species. This will be an issue for the industry when sourcing
were evaluated including: 1) incorporated cover crops with raised
seed. The location differences are most likely due to the varia-
beds and polyethylene mulch, 2) incorporated cover crops with
tions in climate, soil type, and fertility which will be examined
raised beds and no polyethylene mulch, 3) no cover crops with
as these studies continue.
raised beds and polyethylene mulch, 4) no cover crops with raised
beds and no polyethylene mulch, and 5) reduced tillage with
Determining Salinity Tolerance of Three High cover crops retained as organic mulch. The production systems
Plains Bedding Plant Species in a Hydroponic were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4
Setting replications. Two loose leaf lettuce cultivars, Tropicana and New
Red Fire, were transplanted into the field on 1 Nov and harvested
Rebecca Grubbs*, Cynthia McKenney, after 7 weeks. Incorporation of cover crops did not influence
Thayne Montague, and Steve Oswalt lettuce yields. Overall, lettuce grown with polyethylene mulch
Texas Tech University, Department of Plant and Soil had higher yields than in systems without polyethylene mulch.
Science, MS 2122, 79409 Weed density and biomass assessment results showed the effec-
Increased salinity levels in irrigation water are often attributed to tiveness of using summer cover crops for nutsedge management.
naturally occurring sources, as well as, runoff from industrial and The reduced tillage system and the polyethylene mulch system
agricultural production. As fresh water sources rapidly deplete with cover crop incorporation exhibited the lowest density and
on a global scale, availability of quality irrigation water has dry weight of nutsedges towards the end of the lettuce crop.
become an issue in many regions of the United States. Salinity However, by 4 weeks after transplanting, the perennial grass
tolerance in plants may be attributed to several mechanisms in- population was highest in the reduced tillage system, whereas
cluding increased sodium tolerance in the presence of calcium. broadleaf weeds became a problem in the non-mulched beds.
Three species of bedding plants, Artemesia rotundifolia, Eustoma Regrowth of sorghum-sudangrass was observed in the reduced
grandiflora, and Anisacanthus quadrifidus, were evaluated for tillage system at 2 weeks after transplanting. The results sup-
their respective salinity tolerance to increased levels of sodium port a role for sunn hemp/sorghum-sudangrass cover crops for
and calcium. Species were suspended in a hydroponic system nutsedge control in fall-grown vegetables; however, nutrient and
using a randomized complete block design with a control and plant management practices need to be developed for minimizing
three salinity treatments; 3 mS/cm, 6 mS/cm and 12 mS/cm, yield loss in systems without polyethylene mulch.
respectively with a 2:1 ratio of Na to Ca. Nutrients were provided
via a half strength Hoagland’s solution. At 90 days, dry weight Evaluation of an Organic Nitrogen Source in a
and length measurements were taken on root and shoot tissue. Yellow Squash–Collard Rotation
Tissue was then dried and ground for % Na, % Ca and Cl ppm
to determine salt mobility into the leaves. Regression analyses C.Z. Ogles*¹, J.M. Kemble¹, A.N. Wright¹,
indicate there was a decrease in root and shoot lengths in A. and E.A. Guertal²
quadrifidus with increasing salinity levels. Additional regres- ¹Department of Horticulture, 101Funchess Hall, Auburn
sion analysis also indicates shoot dry weights decreased with University Auburn, AL 36849, ²201 Funchess Hall,
increasing salinity; however, there was no relationship between Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University,
root dry weight and salinity level. As expected, an increase in Auburn, AL 36849
salinity yielded a positive slope with % Na and Cl ppm. There In-season nitrogen (N) management is a challenge in organic
was no relationship determined between higher salinity and vegetable production especially when using polyethylene mulch
% Ca suggesting the possibility that limited calcium mobility combined with fertigation. There is a need for a highly soluble,
may have been overwhelmed by sodium influx resulting in the quick release N source that is suitable for fertigation in organic
overall decline in plant health. vegetable production. Hydrolyzed fish fertilizer (HFF) has been
used as a supplemental fertilizer in organic production for many

S18 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

years. Yield with organic N supplied by HFF was compared to tolerant up to 10.0 EC. Although additional research is needed,
that of inorganic N. A crop rotation of yellow squash (Cucurbita Missouri primrose could be considered a facultative halophyte
pepo) and collards (Brassica oleracae var. acephala) was used. because of its visual features in increased salinity levels, and
Three N sources were studeid; HFF, Inorganic N source with has great potential as a landscape plant in areas using irrigation
secondary and micronutrients, and Inorganic N without secondary water with increased salinity levels.
or micronutrients. The N sources were applied at 100%, 80%,
and 60% of the recommended rates for each crop. To evaluate the Optimizing Sweetpotato Seed Bed Density for
HFF as an N source it was necessary to equalize other nutrients
across all treatments. The form of nitrogen supplied was also Plant Production
considered. All treatments were adjusted to supply a rate of 57% Susan L. Barkley*, Jonathan R. Schultheis,
nitrate nitrogen and 43% ammonium nitrogen. The experiment and Katie M. Jennings
was arranged as a randomized complete-block design consisting Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina
of 10 treatments with 4 replicates. White on black polyethylene State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
mulch was installed along with drip tape. Yellow squash had a
An on-farm sweetpotato test was conducted to evaluate seed bed
30% higher yield with the inorganic N source treatments com-
density rates to maximize commercial slip production. Seeding
pared to the HFF. Collards had 21 % higher yield with inorganic
treatment rates were 12, 24, 37, 49, 61, 73 and 85 bushels per
with minor nutrient treatments compared to the HFF. However,
all collard treatments with secondary and micronutrients yielded 1000 ft2 of bedded row. Average seed size ranged from 72.8 to
significantly higher than the treatments with the micronutrients 119.8 g. Varieties evaluated were ‘Covington’ and ‘Evangeline’.
withheld. Though yields were reduced in the HFF treatments, Plots were 20 ft long × 3 ft wide and each treatment was replicated
the premium price associated with organic products may offset three times. A 15-ft2 section of each plot was once-over harvested
and plants were counted, weighed and categorized into cull (<5
the reduced yields. Upon completion of the rotation, a detailed
inches), marginal (5–7 inches), optimal (7–14 inches) and long
economic analysis will be conducted. The analysis will com-
(14+ inches) plants. ‘Covington’ produced the highest number of
pare yield, costs and the USDA terminal market price for each
usable plants (>5 inches) at the 73 bu/1000 ft2 level, but was not
crop. This data will be used to determine if the use of a HFF is
significantly different from the 61 and 85 bu/1000ft2 treatments.
economically feasible alternative in organic production.
However, this 73 bu/1000 ft2 treatment resulted in significantly
higher number of plants than 49 bu/1000 ft2, which is a com-
Evaluation of Salinity Effects on Four Texas mon commercially used seeding rate. ‘Evangeline’ produced
Native Plants Using a Hydroponics System the most usable plants in the 73 bu/1000 ft2 treatment. When
comparing varieties, ‘Evangeline’ produced a higher percent-
Jessica Poole*, C.B. McKenney, and D.T. Montague
age of 7- to 14-inch plants than ‘Covington’ at all seeding rates
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech
except 12 bu/1000 ft2. ‘Evangeline’ also tended to produce a
University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2122
higher percentage of long plants than ‘Covington’. ‘Covington’
Across the country, numerous water resources are experienc- produced a higher percentage of cull and marginal plants at all
ing increasing salinity levels. For the states using the Ogallala seeding rates, as well as more total plants than ‘Evangeline’ in
Aquifer as their main source of fresh water, this resource is all treatments except 12 and 24 bu/1000 ft2. However, results
rapidly depleting. Drought conditions are also worsening the show that ‘Evangeline’ had significantly higher mean percent-
current situation. Alternative water resources (such as the use of ages of marketable plants (>5 inches) in all treatments (ranging
reclaimed water) should be sought out in response to depleting from 88.9% to 93.6%). The seeding density that was optimum
sources of fresh water. Reclaimed water tends to have higher for producing the most marketable size plants for a once-over
salt concentrations. The use of salt tolerant ornamental plants harvest production system was 73 bu/1000 ft2 for ‘Evangeline’
would be beneficial in keeping a well maintained and beautiful and 61 to 85 bu/1000 ft2 for ‘Covington’.
landscape. Using a half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution,
and a 2:1 ratio of sodium chloride to calcium chloride salts, a
Phosphorus Uptake by Two Southeastern Native
hydroponic experiment was designed to test Missouri primrose
(Oenothera missouriensis) for salinity tolerance to EC levels of Plant Species in Flooded and Non-flooded
2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mS/cm. Plants were subject to treatments for Bioretention Substrates
90 days or until half of the experimental population died. Data Amanda Meder* and A.N. Wright
(shoot length, visual rating, calcium, sodium, and chloride foliage Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn,
content) were exposed to ANOVA. If differences from the control AL 36849
were detected, means separated using Fisher’s LSD (P ≤ 0.05).
Results indicate differences for mean shoot length, calcium, Bioretention gardens can mitigate the effects of urbanization by
sodium, and chloride foliage content. Comparisons between ions increasing infiltration of stormwater runoff and removal of urban
and shoot growth showed as salinity was increased, overall shoot phosphorus (P) pollution from residential area. Bioretention
growth decreased. In addition, as salinity increased, calcium, substrates affect plant health and nutrient removal and infiltration
sodium, and chloride content in shoots increased. Our research capabilities of bioretention gardens. The purpose of this study
indicates, when hydroponically grown, Missouri primrose is salt was to evaluate phosphorus uptake by two native plant species

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S19

and two bioretention substrates under flooded and non-flooded curring in the lowest density populations: ear length decreases
conditions. Ilex vomitoria and Andropogon ternarius were from a maximum at the 12k population to a minimum at the
planted in two bioretention substrates: 50:50 sand:organic matter 32k population. The same trend was seen with ear width and
or 85:15 sand:organic matter. Plants were flooded or irrigated ear weight, with maximum values seen at the 12k populations
(non-flood) with 0.4 mg/L P solution. Shoot dry weight, shoot and minimums at 32k populations.
tissue P, substrate P, and leachate P, were determined. Shoot dry
weight was higher in 50% sand substrate than in 85% sand sub- Response of Hydroponic Bibb Lettuce (Lactuca
strate for I. vomitoria, and higher in non-flooded than in flooded
treatments for A. ternarius. Shoot P of I. vomitoria was higher sativa) to Salt Additives in Integrated Aquaponic
in non-flooded 50% sand substrates than in flooded 50% sand Systems
substrates and non-flooded 85% sand substrates. Shoot P of A. W. Robert Beauchamp1*, Jeff L. Sibley1,
ternarius was higher in non- flooded than flooded treatments. Jesse A. Chappell2, N. Rob Martin3,
Substrate with 85% sand stored more P than substrate with 50% and Jeremy M. Pickens1
sand for both species. Flood treatments with both I. vomitoria 1
Department of Horticulture, Funchess Hall; 2Department
and A. ternarius released more P into leachates than non-flood of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Swingle Hall;
treatments. In conclusion, both species were able to tolerate 3
Emeritus Professor, Department of Agricultural
the hydrologic conditions expected in bioretention gardens, Economics and Rural Sociology, Comer Hall; Auburn
however, visually, A. ternarius had higher quality in 85% sand University, AL 36849
and I. vomitoria in 50% sand. Plant growth and P uptake were
higher in non-flooded conditions. More P was released in leach- Aquaponics combines plant and fish production where byprod-
ates from flooded treatments, and more P was held in 85% sand ucts of one system are used as inputs for the other. One such
substrates with both species. Thus, substrates should be selected system is the combination of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) produc-
based on primary concerns for P-removal and plant growth. tion in tanks and greenhouse production of lettuce (Lactuca
sativa L.). What has proven to be a “standard practice” for one
system may actually be harmful to the other system. In fish
Planting/Population Density and Its Effects on culture, it is common to add salt (NaCl or CaCl2) in order to
Yield and Quality of Sweet Corn (Zea mays) relieve stress. Tilapia have high salt tolerance; however, plants
Kyle Schmitt*1, Jonathan R. Schultheis1, typically do not have such tolerance. We wanted to determine
Christopher C. Gunter1, and Ron Heiniger2 the tolerance of hydroponic Bibb lettuce to various NaCl and
CaCl2 concentrations. Lettuce (‘Charles’) was sown in 1-inch
Department of Horticultural Science, 2Department of
1
oasis cubes. Three weeks later, the cubes were placed in holes
Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
cut in styrofoam and placed atop buckets containing a standard
NC 27695
hydroponic solution and concentrations of salts from 0 to 500
Sweet corn population can play an important role in determining ppm chloride. Salinity, electro-conductivity (EC) and pH of the
marketable yield and quality, and because of this it is important solutions were monitored and leaf chlorophyll measured. Ap-
to determine at what population maximum economic yield can be proximately 30+ d after transplanting, plants were harvested.
achieved. Two field trials were conducted in Swan Quarter, NC, Fresh shoot and root weight (FSW, FRW) and a growth index
using two shrunken2 endosperm fresh market sweet corn hybrids: (GI) were taken. Plant tissue was dried and weights (DSW, DRW)
‘Obsession’ and ‘Garrison’. Six populations were examined, taken. Bibb lettuce was not affected by chloride from 0 to 500
ranging from the lowest density of 12,000 plants/acre (12k) to ppm. A second experiment was conducted with concentrations
the highest population of 32,000 plants/acre (32k). What sets this of chloride from 0 to 20,000 ppm. Water quality was monitored
study apart from the previous sweet corn population studies that and growth parameters taken at harvest. Chloride treatments
have been published is our interest in two key factors: secondary over 5000 ppm chloride were lethal. Significant adverse effects
ear formation and the effects of “twin row” planting. Maximum were seen above 2000 ppm for both salts. Regression of the GI,
primary ear yield was achieved between 24k and 28k plants/ FSW, FRW, DSW, and DRW suggests that decline begins prior
acre, with 22831 ears/acre achieved at the 24k population, and to where differences are significant. Our research suggests that
25509 ears/acre achieved at the 28k population. The formation managers not view 2000 ppm chloride as a tipping point for
of secondary ears is affected by population, with the number lettuce but as the point at which significant adverse responses
of secondary ears increasing as the population decreases: 6669 occur. More research is needed to determine a specific salt level
secondary ears/acre were produced at the 12k population, as at which growth begins to be adversely affected.
compared with 864 secondary ears/acre at the 32k population.
Twin row planting did not have a significant effect on yield or
quality, and may not have been a factor due to an abundance of Saline Irrigation of Selected Annual Bedding
soil moisture throughout the growing season. The ear quality Plants for the Southeastern United States
measures included ear length, ear width, ear weight, and kernel Judson S. LeCompte*1, Amy N. Wright1,
row number. The differences in ear quality were due to both J. Raymond Kessler1, Charlene Lebleu2
population effects and cultivar effects, with the largest ears oc- 1
Department of Horticulture, 101 Funchess Hall, Auburn

S20 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

 University, AL 36849, 2Department of Landscape (2485 and 801 kg·ha–1 for fertilized and unfertilized subplots,
Architecture, 305 Dudley Hall, Auburn University, AL respectively), and biomass of PP was less than SS and SP in
36849 both fertilized and unfertilized subplots. Weed biomass was sig-
Drought and increase in population have the potential to place nificantly reduced in both SP and SS compared to PP subplots.
strain on the potable water supply of the southeastern United Weeds were more abundant in rolled compared to incorporated
States. Greywater is a renewable, recycled water source that sub-subplots. Tillage and fertilizer increased cabbage head weight
can help reduce the demand for potable water. Use of grey- within PP (2.6 t·ha–1) and SP (2.6 t·ha–1) compared to remaining
water for irrigation is limited by the potential for salt injury plots (P ≤ 0.05). The addition of 57 kg·ha–1 N had a negative
to plants. Research was conducted to evaluate three common impact on yield in rolled sub-subplots. Based on the results of
horticultural annual bedding plants, over the course of 6 weeks. this experiment, PP with 57 kg·ha–1 N and soil-incorporated
Species used were Portulaca oleracea, Begoina ×semperflorens resulted in the greatest cabbage yield.
cultorum, and Rumes sanguineus. Liners were planted in a 5:3:1
pinebark:peat:perlite substrate and amended with controlled- Warren S. Barham PhD Graduate
release fertilizer and dolomitic limestone. Plants were irrigated
daily 300 mL of tap water containing one of the following Student Paper Competition
concentrations of NaCl: 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L–1. Root dry
weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and survival were Anthocyanin Profile of Organically Grown
determined at experiment termination. There was no effect of Blackberries
treatment in all three species. All species had 100% survival rate Moo Jung Kim1*, Penelope Perkins-Veazie2,
and showed no symptoms of salt stress were observed. Results
and Gina Fernandez1
suggest that all three species can tolerate NaCl levels commonly
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina
1
observed in greywater.
State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; 2Plants for Human
Health Institute, NC Research Campus, North Carolina
Utilization of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081
and Sorghum Sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Total and individual anthocyanin contents in organically grown
Moench var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc.] Summer ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ blackberries were analyzed
Cover Crops to Improve Yield of Fall Cabbage at shiny black (SB) and dull black (DB) ripeness stages. Total
anthocyanin content was quantified as cyanidin 3-glucoside
Dakson Sanon1*, Danielle D. Treadwell1,
equivalents, and was highest in ‘Natchez’, followed by ‘Navaho,
Lincoln Zotarelli1, and Oscar E. Liburd2 and ‘Ouachita’. Anthocyanins in blackberry consist primarily of
1
Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of a cyanidin aglycone with various sugar attachments, and possibly
Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611, peonidin or pelargonidin aglycones. Freeze dried blackberry
2
Department of Entomology and Nematology, drupelet tissue was extracted with acidified methanol and samples
University of Florida, Building 970, Natural Area Drive, run using a high performance liquid chromatograph, diode array
Gainesville, FL 32611
detector, and 250 × 4.6 mm Syenergi HydroRP 80A column
The first year of a 2-year field experiment was conducted during using methanol. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was the predominant
fall 2011 at the UF–IFAS Suwannee Valley Agricultural Exten- anthocyanin in blackberries, representing 95%, 91%, and 90%
sion Center in Live Oak, FL to evaluate the effects of pigeon of total anthocyanins in ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’,
pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and of sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum respectively. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside
bicolor L. Moench var. sudanense) summer cover crops on yield contents were positively correlated with total anthocyanin con-
of cabbage. The objective was to identify the cover crop planting tent. Cyanidin 3-xyloside content in ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’
arrangement and tillage method that resulted in the greatest cab- was higher than in ‘Natchez’. Ripeness stage did not affect total
bage yield. Treatments were arranged in a split split-plot design anthocyanin content. The results indicate that organically grown
and replicated four times. Main effects included 4 cover crop ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ blackberries are excellent
(CC) treatments: pigeon pea (PP); sorghum sudangrass (SS); sources of cyanidin 3-glucoside, an anthocyanin considered
PP and SS biculture (SP); and no cover crop (control). Cover highly effective in quenching free radicals. Since cyanidin
crop plots were equally split in week 4 after CC emergence 3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in blackberries,
with two levels of nitrogen (N): 57 or 0 kg·ha–1 (subplots). Each representing 88% to 96% of total anthocyanin content, use of
subplot was equally split again prior to cabbage transplanting. the pH differential method with microplate reader or spectro-
Cover crops were mowed and soil-incorporated or rolled with photometer offers an accurate and low cost method to follow
a roller-crimper (sub-subplots). Data were collected on CC the anthocyanin profile of blackberries.
biomass, weed biomass, and cabbage head variables including
yield. Above-ground dry weight of SS, PP, and SP responded
Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Reblooming Iris
positively to 57 kg·ha–1 N application compared to 0 kg·ha–1 N (P
≤ 0.05). SP had greater biomass (2508 kg·ha–1 within fertilized Xiaojie Zhao1*, Guihong Bi2, and Richard L. Harkess1
subplots and 1086 kg·ha–1 within unfertilized subplots) than SS 1
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S21

 State University, Starkville, MS 39759; 2Truck Crop March–June 2012. The organic plot was naturally infested by M.
Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Crystal javanica. Compared with non- and self-grafted plants, ‘Honey
Springs, MS 39059 Yellow’ and ‘Arava’ grafted onto C. metulifer exhibited signifi-
The U.S. cut flower market is mainly supplied by imported cantly lower gall ratings and reduced RKN population densities
cut flowers. Newly developed specialty cut flower species in the soil. However, total and marketable fruit yields were not
have been proven to be profitable allowing domestic growers significantly different from those of non- and self-grafted plants.
to compete with imports. Iris germanica has great potential as There was a lack of RKN infestation in the conventional field
a specialty cut flower because of its fragrance, showy display plot where ‘Honey Yellow’ grafted onto C. metulifer showed a
and multicolors. However, with a short season of availability significantly lower total yield compared to non-grafted plants,
as a cut flower, scheduled year-around blooming is necessary. whereas the fruit yield of ‘Arava’ was not affected by grafting
There is currently no effective method of regulating reblooming with C. metulifer. Grafting with C. metulifer decreased the flesh
after cutting. Research has shown increased fertilizer rate can firmness of ‘Arava’ in both organic and conventional fields and
increase second bloom yield within the growing season. But resulted in a reduction in total soluble solids content under con-
limited research has been conducted concerning nitrogen (N) ventional production. In contrast, C. metulifer did not exhibit
fertilizer guidelines for reblooming cultivars. The main objective any significant impacts on the fruit quality attributes of ‘Honey
of this study was to identify optimal N nutrient management Yellow’. Results demonstrated the potential of using C. metulifer
for promoting reblooming and study the chemical composition for grafting specialty melons for RKN management. Although
of N and non-structural carbohydrates and their interaction in the improvement of RKN resistance did not translate into yield
response to different N supply. This research was undertaken enhancement, the reduction in soil RKN population densities
spring 2012 using ‘Immortality’, a reliable reblooming iris could make grafting a viable rotational tool for organic specialty
cultivar. The first part of the study focused on the effects of five melon growers. More research is needed to better understand
concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 mM) N fertigation on plant the scion-rootstock interaction effect on fruit quality.
growth and reblooming performance. The second part of the
study compared the influence of late fall foliar N application Irrigation and Tillage Regime Affect Soil
(3% urea) to soil fertilization. Research results demonstrated Compaction and Productivity of Bell Pepper
increasing N rate can improve the reblooming flower yield. High (Capsicum annuum L.)
N rate treatments not only accelerated the growth rate, but also
generated earlier first blooming to extend the growth period of Zheng Wang* and Timothy Coolong
new fans which produce the second bloom. The 20 mM N rate N-318 Agriculture Science Building, Department of
significantly increased the second blooming compared to other Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
rates. Thus, high N fertilizer on reblooming iris cultivars is a 40546-0091
feasible method to extend the available season of iris cut flow- The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of
ers. Foliar urea sprays in late fall enhanced N concentration in tillage regime and irrigation management in organically and
the plant storage tissues and has potential to improve spring conventionally managed systems on soil quality and yield of
blooming performance. bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) ‘Aristotle’. The trial was
arranged in a split-plot design with eight treatment combina-
Grafting Specialty Melons for Root-knot tions. Plants were grown in strip tillage and with plastic mulch
Nematode Management under well-watered and drought conditions in organically and
conventionally managed systems in 2011 and 2012 in Lexing-
Wenjing Guan*1, Xin Zhao1, Donald W. Dickson2, ton, KY. Soil compaction, leaf water potential, and yield were
and Judy Thies3 determined in this trial. There were significant interactions in
Horticultural Sciences Department, University of
1
soil compaction within and between rows in strip tillage and
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 2Entomology and plasticulture systems. In-row soil compaction was less in the
Nematology Department, University of Florida, plasticulture than in strip-tillage plots. However, between-row
Gainesville, FL 32611; 3USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable compaction was significantly greater in plasticulture at depths
Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC of 15, 20, and 30 cm compared to strip tillage plots. In addi-
29414 tion, organically managed plots had significantly less in-row
A recently conducted greenhouse inoculation study demonstrated compaction than conventionally managed plots at depths up
the effectiveness of using Cucumis metulifer as a rootstock for to 20 cm. Leaf water potential was measured at pre-dawn and
inhibiting reproduction of root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloido- mid-day during the growing season. There were no interactions
gyne incognita race 1 in honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’ among any treatments for leaf water potential. In addition, there
(Cucumis melo var. inodorus). A follow-up field experiment were no treatment effects for pre-dawn leaf water potential, but
further assessed the RKN resistance, yield, and fruit quality of there were significant differences in mid-day leaf water potential
specialty melons grafted with C. metulifer. ‘Honey Yellow’ and between plants subjected to well-watered and drought condi-
galia melon ‘Arava’ (C. melo var. reticulatus) both susceptible tions. This indicated that irrigation regime impacted plant water
to RKN were grafted onto C. metulifer and grown in organic status regardless of growing system. There were no significant
and nonfumigated conventional fields at Citra, FL, during interactions between treatments for yield. However, there were

S22 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

significant treatment differences in yield between well-watered ratories can be particularly challenging to teach as distance
and drought-stressed plants, with well-watered plants producing courses online. As part of the Alliance for Cooperative Course
significantly greater yields. Results suggested that while tillage Exchange in the Plant Sciences (ACCEPtS), Greenhouse Man-
system may impact soil quality characteristics, irrigation regime agement Laboratory was taught at the University of Arkansas,
was the only treatment that significantly impacted plant water Oklahoma State University, Mississippi State University, and
status and yield in this trial. Louisiana State University as an online laboratory. The University
of Arkansas’ Blackboard system was used as the backbone for
Soil Type and Cultivar Effect on Root Growth offering the laboratory. Blackboard was used to provide general
and Stomatal Conductance of Muskmelon information such as the laboratory syllabus, schedule and grade
reports. Blackboard was also used to provide information of the
(Cucumis melo L.)
laboratory’s learning activities to be conducted by the students.
Sat Pal Sharma1*, Daniel Leskovar1, Kevin M. Crosby2, The first learning activity involved students conduct small
A.M.H. Ibrahim3, and Astrid Volder2 research projects that were designed to demonstrate concepts
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, 1619 Garner
1 from the lecture or for skill set development. Greenhouse space
Field Road, Uvalde, TX 78801; 2Department of and laboratory supplies were made available and maintained at
Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College each location. Written instructions including learning objectives,
Station, TX 77843; 3Department of Soil and Crop materials required and experimental were provided to students.
Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Additionally, videos were recorded in which the instructor
77843 walked the students through each experiment and demonstrated
Melon cultivars with diverse genetic makeup were evaluated how to conduct each experiment. Therefore, students were able
in sandy loam (Weslaco, TX) and clay soils (Uvalde, TX) to both read and watch in video format how to conduct each
for root growth, stomatal conductance and fruit yield. Root experiment. At the termination of each experiment, students
length density (RLD, cm·cm–3), adaxial and abaxial stomatal provided written lab reports and were then provided feedback
conductance (mmol·m–2·s–1), and total fruit yield (TFY; t.ha–1) from the instructor. The second learning activity involved stu-
of six melon cultivars were measured. Melons produced more dents participating in virtual field trips. Each virtual field trip
RLD in clay soils (2.08 cm·cm–3) with an average increase of was a 25- to 30-min video of a greenhouse operation. Virtual
41% as compared to sandy loam soils (1.48 cm·cm–3). Cultivars field trips were designed to reinforce what the students learned
showed no significant differences for RLD; however, TAMU in the lecture section and to provide students with a broader
146, TAMU OC and Journey had numerically more root growth perspective of the greenhouse industry. Finally, a Greenhouse
than other cultivars. Most of the RLD (77%) was concentrated Management Laboratory YouTube channel was created which
in the upper 30 cm of the soil depth indicating an effective allowed the instructor to post video communications for students
rooting depth for subsurface drip irrigated melons. Averaged and provide updates, clarifications, answer questions, or share
across soil types and cultivars, adaxial conductance was higher interesting results from lab experiments.
(20%) than abaxial conductance. Melons grown under sandy
loam soil had 17% more abaxial conductance than clay soils, but Extending the International Experience into the
adaxial conductance was similar in both soils. Overall, cultivars Horticulture Classroom: The Creation and Use
had no significant differences for adaxial as well as abaxial of Reusable Learning Objects (RLOs)
conductance. Clay soils produced 19% higher fruit yield (87.9
t·ha–1) as compared to sandy loam soils (74.3 t·ha–1). Cultivar- M’Randa R. Sandlin*1, Theresa Pesl Murphrey1,
trait association analysis conducted by GGEbiplot showed that Kim E. Dooley1, James R. Lindner1,
high yielding cultivars Journey, TAMU OC and TAMU 146 had Leonardo Lombardini2, and Dan Lineberger2
better association with RLD however, none of these cultivars 1
Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education,
showed relationships with stomatal conductance. These results and Communications, Texas A&M University, College
indicate that heavy textured soils are better suited for enhanced Station, TX 77843-2116; 2Department of Horticultural
root growth and higher fruit yield in melons. The differences in Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
stomatal conductance could be attributed to variation in vapor 77843-2133
pressure deficit at the two locations rather than to soil types. Universities are searching for ways to integrate global concepts
into curricula. Faculty abroad programs provide faculty members
Education Section with the opportunity to create culturally and contextually rich
course materials while also engaging in experiential profes-
Teaching a Greenhouse Management sional development. Eight faculty members from Texas A&M
Laboratory Online University participated in a faculty abroad experience in Trinidad
and Tobago where they created short, self-contained, digital les-
Michael R. Evans sons known as reusable learning objects (RLOs). Pre-reflective
Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, and post-reflective interviews were conducted and qualitatively
Fayetteville, AR 72701 analyzed to determine the impact of this experience on partici-
Because of their highly interactive and hands-on nature, labo- pants’ teaching style and technology use. The analysis indicated
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S23
a perceived impact on teaching style as the participants intends each containing recorded video lecture, a reading assignment,
to integrate global connection with their discipline into their a discussion question assignment, a section quiz, and a pdf
curriculum. Although many participants regularly use technol- (Acrobat, Adobe Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA) of the lecture
ogy in the classroom, an increase in the level of technology use slides with much of the lecture material missing. The lectures
was indicated as they integrate various types of media into their were created in PowerPoint (Microsoft, Inc., Redmond, WA)
content to communicate experiences and establish context. It is and recorded/edited using Camtasia software (TecSmith Corp.,
recommended that faculty in horticulture be involved in inter- Okemos, MI). Each lecture was structured with a common
national opportunities to provide professional development and format starting with an opening slide containing an index for
globalize their classroom curricula. Implications for the field of the lecture and a set of expected learning outcomes. This slide
horticulture are that through the use of RLOs, students can have was followed by the lecture content and each lecture concluded
vicarious access to global content in a regular classroom setting. with a series of summary statements relating to the expected
Institutions and programs that support this type of activity for learning outcomes. Each lecture averaged 30 min in length.
faculty can generate a positive impact on the curricula that is Tests and quizzes were developed using Respondus software
being presented to students. (Respondus, Inc., Redmond, WA) and posted to the course
management website. This course has been offered fall semesters
Using Blogs to Communicate Student for the last 3 years. This course was not a required course for
any curriculum at the alliance institutions and enrollment has
International Experiences averaged 46 students per semester split 41% graduate students,
Mengmeng Gu*1, Xin Zhao2, Guihong Bi3, 59% undergraduate. The greatest student numbers were from
and James A. Robbins4 MSU where students reported the convenience of scheduling
1
HFSB 225, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas and use as a restricted elective as primary reasons for taking
A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX 77843- the course. Students in an online course still want to “see” the
2134; 2Horticultural Sciences Department, 1235 Fifield instructor. which required adding more pictures of the instruc-
Hall, University of Florida; 3Mississippi State University, tor and inserting picture-in-picture segments into the lectures.
Truck Crops Experiment Station, Crystal Springs, MS Accessability of course materials was a concern alleviated by
39759; 4University of Arkansas-CES, Little Rock, AR making lectures downloadable for students with slow internet
72204 connections and increasing open availability time for quizzes
Trip journal is a common way to document student learning dur- and exams. Quizzes were limited to 15 min and available over
ing international trips like a study abroad course. However, the 1 week. The exams were proctored, password protected, and
trip journal is only read by the professor, who may have required had a 1-h time limit. Grades in the course have averaged 2.06
the trip journal as part of the grading rubrics. Since the journal and 3.14 on a 4.0-point scale for undergraduates and graduate
is normally turned in at the end of the trip, although it may be students respectively. Other observations from teaching this
required to be checked periodically by the instructor, there is course included students were split 50/50 on preferring the
limited interaction between the instructor and students on how course being offered online vs. face-to-face and 50/50 yes/
to improve the journal. Instead of a trip journal, students on a indifferent on preferring the instructor being physically present
recent study abroad course in China were required to have daily to teach the course.
posts on a class specific class. The audience of the blog could
the whole world, thus it enables great information sharing and Where Did All the Students Go?
interaction. The blogs received 3,779 views from audience from
Cynthia B. McKenney* and Thayne Montague
the US, Russia, France, India, United Kingdom, Philippines,
China, Canada, Germany and Thailand. Blogs could be a valuable Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2122
tool to share information that students learned on the trip and
to promote awareness for future similar study abroad courses. The continuing expansion of distance education programs
across the country continues to provide uncharted waters for
traditional institutions of higher education. As of 2012, over
Experiences Teaching Plant Growth and
32%, or 6.7 million students, are taking online courses. The
Development Online major shift in online enrollment is in the age of students. About
Richard L. Harkess* 47% of the students enrolled in online courses are in their 40s.
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State Many of these returning students are pursuing a master’s degree
University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 program resulting in a substantial shift in graduate enrollment.
Given scholarship policies and military benefits, it is essential
Plant Growth and Development is an online course offered by
to have a minimum of 12 h of online graduate courses available
Mississippi State University (MSU) to ACCEPtS alliance institu-
each semester as online graduate students are more likely to be
tions. This course was offered online using course management
full time students than in previous years. Outstanding students
software. The course textbook was available to enrolled students
deserving awards and nominations are increasingly going to be
online free through the MSU Libraries. Plant Growth and De-
found at a distance rather than in the local classroom. Develop-
velopment was set up as a series of topical learning sections
ment of policies for advising and developing distance graduate

S24 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

committees need to be reviewed given the committee chair may riculum program. Blackboard© was the course platform for
have never actually met the student in person. Should the decision all content. Several means of creating interaction between the
be made to require an on campus defense, consider providing students and instructor, and among students were used. These
an opportunity for the student to meet individually with faculty? included frequent emails and announcements, weekly video an-
The potential for massive open online courses (MOOCs) is also nouncements, video introductions to weekly topics, and recorded
an issue on the horizon. content presentations. Students were required to write blogs and
respond blogs, and to write journal entries that were evaluated
Opportunities and Challenges in by the instructor. To create a more live interaction between the
students and the instructor, the “Collaborate” chat application
Internationalizing Organic Agriculture was used. The instructor conducted five 1-h discussion-interaction
Education sessions weekly. The sessions had an unstructured format with
Xin Zhao*1, Carlene A. Chase1, Marilyn E. Swisher2, the goals of clarifying content presented in the weekly learning
and Teresa Briz3 unit, explore additional ideas and content, and build a social
1
Horticultural Sciences Department, 2Department of network around the course and topics. In the sessions, the stu-
Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of dents could see and hear the instructor via internet camera and
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 3Agricultural Economics microphone. More than 80% of the home-institution students
Department, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid participated and 68% of all enrolled students participated dur-
28040 ing the semester. Approximately 42% of the enrolled students
participated in multiple sessions. Students who participated had
The need to internationalize undergraduate education is in-
a course grade GPA of 3.00 (±0.51 sd), while those who did
creasingly clear. Two interdisciplinary teams at the University
not participate had a course GPA of 2.10 (±1.56 sd). Informal
of Florida (UF) and Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM)
survey and review indicated students liked seeing and hearing
collaborated in this project. The goal was to integrate global
the instructor. The sessions provided an opportunity for personal
awareness and intercultural competence into the undergraduate
yet public discussions. Some students did not participate due to
program in organic and sustainable agriculture at both institu-
schedule conflicts and some student expressed that they did not
tions. A 2-credit study abroad course about organic production
want to “connect” in an online class and that the course should
and marketing in Spain was developed to incorporate the Euro-
be schedule-autonomous and anonymous. The instructor felt the
pean perspective on organic food systems into the organic crop
interactive tools allowed a personality to be expressed through
production curriculum in the Horticultural Sciences Department
the teaching-learning experience, kept the instructor connected
at UF. It was offered in 2009 and 2011 with a total enrollment
to the students and engaged in the class.
of 16 students. This 6-d international field experience provided
students an opportunity to directly compare organic agriculture
and regulations between Europe and U.S. It enabled students Extension Section
to more critically evaluate the global and intercultural issues in
agricultural and food systems. Some students raised concerns Horticulture Extension in China: Two Case
about international travel prior to departure. However, their posi- Studies
tive feedback after the experience clearly revealed the positive
Mengmeng Gu1*, Yan Chen2, Guihong Bi3,
impact of this study abroad trip on their professional develop-
ment as well as intercultural competence and understanding. Genhua Niu4, and James A. Robbins5
In addition, a short-term (2–4 months) international internship
1
HFSB 225, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas
program was established. Two senior undergraduate students A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX 77843-
from each institution conducted research projects under the 2134; 2 LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station,
supervision of faculty mentors at the partner institution. It was LA 70403; 3Mississippi State University, Truck Crops
Experiment Station, Crystal Springs, MS 39759; 4Texas
another important learning experience that enhanced cultural
A&M AgriLife Research, El Paso, TX 79927; 5University
exchange and students’ technical competence and intercultural
of Arkansas-CES, Little Rock, AR 72204
communication skills. During the implementation process of
these study abroad programs, financial support, housing ar- Funded by a grant from the USDA Scientific Exchange Coopera-
rangements, and coordination of international activities were tive Program (SCEP), faculty from four land-grant universities
identified as the main challenges. visited Beijing, Shanghai, and Zhejiang in 2012 to study low-cost
season extension technologies for local sustainable specialty crop
production and marketing. During the 2-week visit to China,
Creating Interaction in an Online Course two extension systems were observed and compared. Case I was
Curt R. Rom* Lvjiang Grape Specialized Cooperative (jxljpt.com) at Daqiao
Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Town, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. Headed by Mr. Zhu Yifeng,
Fayetteville, AR 72701 the Co-op has 150 farmers and utilizes protected production
(rain shelters) to improve grape quality and extend the season
An online course, Sustainable and Organic Horticulture, has
from July–August to May–October for the lucrative markets
been offered through the multi-state ACCEPtS shared cur-

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S25

in Shanghai and Hangzhou. The Co-op provides “extension” Timely Communication to Nursery and
services, ranging from new cultivar selection and propagation, Landscape Clientele: Facebook, e-News Updates
technology transfer and on-site consulting to Co-op members
through a range of methods from short message service to
and Trial Garden Reports
workshops. Case II was the ‘Agriculture Extension Alliance’ Allen Owings*
formed among Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Department of LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old
Agriculture and Huzhou Municipality. This alliance, which is Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403
based on the US extension system, involves specialists from
Communication efforts to clientele in the field of commercial
Zhejiang University and other agriculture colleges working
ornamental horticulture (primarily growers, independent retail-
directly with Huzhou Municipality and agriculture enterprises
ers, and landscape horticulturist/contractors) has been initiated
to work on 10 commodities: cereal and oil, vegetable, tea, fruit,
by the LSU AgCenter via Facebook, e-news updates and trial
silkworm/Morus, aquaculture, poultry, bamboo, nursery, and
garden reports. Faculty at the LSU AgCenter’s Hammond Re-
ag. tourism. In summary, development of an extension service
search Station initiated a Facebook social media page in May
similar to that found in the U.S. is at its infancy in China.
2011 (www.facebook.com/pages/LSU-AgCenter-Hammond-
Research-Station/222670654425080). The page is updated
Promoting The Crosby Arboretum through 3–5 times weekly with ornamental plant of the week postings,
Social Media interactive discussion questions and posts pertaining to research
and extension programs at the station and elsewhere at the LSU
Richelle A. Stafne*
AgCenter. 558 people currently like the page and monthly ac-
The Crosby Arboretum, Mississippi State University, 370 tive users number approximately 250. The page results in 2,000
Ridge Road, Picayune, MS 39466 contacts weekly. A separate Facebook page created by LSU
In late fall 2011 and early 2012, initiative was taken to update AgCenter communications faculty in Apr. 2010 has 4200 friends
The Crosby Arboretum image through its website and social (likes) with 250–500 monthly active users and 3,000–5,000
media. Measures were developed in hopes of increasing visitor contacts weekly. An ornamental horticulture e-news update
attendance, enrollment at educational programs, and volunteer was initiated in July 2007 and distributes information weekly
participation. The Arboretum encompasses more than 700 acres to 950 e-mail recipients. Updates are formatted as PDFs and
at seven sites in two coastal Mississippi counties. The stated mis- dated the Monday of each week. The e-news consist of 8–10
sion of the Arboretum is as follows: “The Crosby Arboretum is a pages with 3–4 photos, a weekly ornamental plant of the week,
not-for-profit institution dedicated to educating the public about event calendars, links to landscape horticulture news articles and
their environment by: Preserving, protecting, and displaying 2–3 ornamental horticulture timely topics. The LSU AgCenter
plants native to the Pearl River Drainage Basin in Mississippi and trial garden report from the Hammond Research Station is sent
Louisiana, Providing environmental and horticultural research twice monthly via e-mail to 950 recipients. This media com-
opportunities, and Offering cultural, educational, scientific, and munication was initiated in Sept. 2011. Issues are formatted as
recreational programs.” In this mission, the Arboretum also one-page, three-columned, letter size PDFs and dated the first and
meets the goals of the Mississippi State University Extension fifteenth of each month. 2–3 photos are included in each issue
Service, which: “… provides research-based information, edu- and along with 3–4 short plant trial related items. The ornamental
cational programs, and technology transfer focused on issues horticulture e-news update and the LSU AgCenter trial garden
and needs of the people of Mississippi, enabling them to make reports are archived on the Louisiana Nursery and Landscape
informed decisions about their economic, social, and cultural Association website (www.lnla.org).These mass media efforts
well-being.” Because of limited staff and funding, a goal of result in 436,000 primary clientele contacts annually.
recent outreach is to connect as many social media opportuni-
ties through the Arboretum website, increasing the Arboretum Teaching and Demonstration of Urban Nano
exposure and annual attendance without taxing the current
professional staff beyond what is manageable. Efforts included
Farm Techniques
updating the website, linking to Facebook, adding Wordpress Gary R. Bachman* and Christine E.H. Coker
blog, Twitter, Google Plus, Linkedin, Pinterest, and YouTube Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State
channel accounts. Google Alerts, a free email alert monitoring University, 1815 Popps Ferry Road, Biloxi, MS 39532
system, is being used to track the Arboretum brand weekly.
Consumers are displaying greater awareness and concern where
Google Analytics is being used to track usage of the website.
and how their fruits and vegetables are grown. The demand for
Data are being collected to determine the success of the website
locally grown produce is increasing. More consumers want to
and social media outlets. Initial results after one year indicate
grow at least a portion of their families food needs. This creates
the biggest impacts are those with the website, Facebook, blog
a problem as our society becomes more urban with less room
and Twitter accounts. Setting up social media to feed into one
for vegetable gardens. The term urban nano farming describes
another and into the website reduces overall time commitments
being able to grow more fresh vegetables on increasingly smaller
by staff while keeping these Arboretum sites “fresh.”
footprints of available land. Growing vegetables in containers
may be the choice especially for apartment and condo dwellers.

S26 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

Container growing saves space and actually can increase the been over 223 sponsored planting trips since the inception of
planting density. Traditional-style containers are a natural choice, the Coastal Roots Program. Biannual teacher workshops help
but sub-irrigated containers are a much better choice. Irrigation develop plant nursery skills, classroom lesson plans, learn current
systems to precisely control water usage are readily available. coastal issues, environmental impacts of economic development,
Pest control and fertilization are more easily monitored and wildlife and plant ecosystems, fishery issues, global warming,
controlled based on the homeowner’s preferences for synthetic ethical and political issues. Teachers leave the workshops with
or organic sources. Most seed companies are offering varieties provided crop seed and educational materials to integrate into
that are more suitable for urban nano farming in containers with their classroom curriculum. Three graduate students have earned
plants having smaller stature and full-sized fruits. a Master’s of Science or Arts from LSU using Coastal Roots
as a model. Over 12 academic papers have been published
Twitter for the Extension Specialist in academic journals and at least two handbooks have been
published by the LSU Sea Grant. Undergraduate, Master’s and
Eric T. Stafne* Ph.D. students participate in community service projects and
Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and educational outreach programs. Schools have been recognized
Extension Center, P.O. Box 193, Poplarville, MS 39470 nationally for their nursery and coastal stewardship activities.
Twitter is a poplar micro-blogging social network that has Local, regional and national presentations and workshops have
gained acceptance among many Extension personnel. Twitter been presented to audiences sharing information learned in this
posts, called “tweets,” are allowed to be 140 characters long program. Program Partners are an integral part of our success.
and can contain photos as well. One can “follow” other Twitter Integrating teaching, research, and community outreach has
users and interact with them. Tools to measure Twitter metrics, been the key to the success of this program.
such as TweetReach, are also available and can help establish
the value of using the social network. Twitter as a tool can be Using Electronic Newsletters to Communicate
viewed in many different ways—as an information network, a with the School Garden Community.
newsfeed, a communication tool, and to some, a distraction.
Research has shown Twitter users as falling into five different Kathryn Fontenot*
categories: Idea starter, Amplifier, Curator, Commentator, and LSU AgCenter, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil
Viewer. Users often employ multiple styles to deliver information Sciences 155 JC Miller Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
to the appropriate audience. If prudently used as a way to learn Communication with the school garden community is vital to
and convey information, Twitter can be an extremely vital tool the success and sustainability of individual school gardens. A
for Extension specialists to keep up-to-date on the latest news newsletter titled “Veggie Bytes” is mass distributed through email
in agriculture. Being involved in new technological advances is to over 700 recipients ranging from school garden volunteers,
important for Extension specialists to stay relevant to an ever- teachers, Master Gardeners to county agents. This newsletter is
changing clientele base. then forwarded to many other groups including Master Gardeners
in surrounding states and Farm Bureau agencies. Veggie Bytes
Integrating Teaching, Research and Community is a quarterly publication that touches on topics such as seasonal
Outreach Using Coastal Roots Nursery Program vegetable planting guides, how to harvest and prepare vegetables,
educational-based garden activities, suggested garden literature
Edward Bush1 and Pam Blanchard2 and specific activities at individual school gardens around the
1
LSU AgCenter, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil state. The use of electronic newsletters such as Veggie Bytes is
Sciences, Louisiana State University, 137 JC Miller Hall, a cost effective means to communicating with county agents
Baton Rouge, LA 70803; 2Louisiana State University, and clients throughout the state. Electronic communication
Curriculum and Instruction, 223-C Peabody Hall, Baton is important for Extension specialists to communicate with a
Rouge, LA 70803. diverse and distant audience without incurring high expenses
The Coastal Roots Nursery Program is a school-based envi- related to both travel and postage.
ronmental stewardship program teaching 1st–12th graders about
science and the coastal environment since 2000. This project Floriculture, Ornamentals, and Turf
has three goals: 1) conduct an ongoing school-based nursery
program growing native plants; 2) involve students in a hands-
Section
on habitat restoration planting; 3) engage teachers and students
with information on critical coastal environmental issues such as Finding a Fit in Floriculture: A Qualitative
ecological stewardship, wetland functions and values, wetland Study on Why Graduate Students Struggle to
erosion, habitat restoration and conservation, while learning basic Find Floriculture as a Career Path
geologic and horticulture concepts and skills. Each participating
school has a planting partner where coastal plants are needed. Lauri M. Baker1*, Quisto Settle2, and Tracy Irani2
Over 85,000 trees have been grown and planted by more than Kansas State University, Department of
1

10,000 students in more than 50 different schools. There have Communications and Agricultural Education, 307
Umberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; 2University of
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S27
 Florida, Agricultural Education and Communication Redi-Earth Professional Growing Mix in 50-cell plug trays, and
Department, 121E Bryant Hall Gainesville, FL 32611 rooted in a greenhouse under intermittent mist for 6 to 7 weeks.
Graduate student enrollment in specialized fields of agriculture, Upon harvest, cuttings of Texas privet exhibited no significant
like floriculture, continues to remain low nationally. To inves- difference in number of roots or total root length between the
tigate the phenomena of low enrollment and to develop better two products or among the different rates of IBA. Cuttings of
recruitment strategies, a qualitative study utilizing in-depth rose exhibited no significant difference in number of roots and
interviews was conducted with six graduate students enrolled in a marginally significant increase in total root length using the
these specialized areas at two land grant institutions, one in the Hortus product compared with technical grade K-IBA; number
mid west and one in the southeast. The objectives that guided of roots and total root length showed highly significant and mar-
this study were to 1) determine what factors influenced graduate ginal increases, respectively, with increasing rate of IBA with
students to enter a specialty academic program of agriculture both products. Cuttings of star jasmine exhibited no significant
like floriculture and 2) determine what barriers exist for gradu- differences in number of roots or total root length between the
ate students to enter these specialty programs of agriculture. two products, but significant increases with increasing rate of
Interview transcripts were analyzed utilizing Glazer’s Constant IBA with both products. Results indicate similar rooting results
Comparative Method. Themes identified as influential in the can be obtained using technical grade K-IBA and Hortus Water
decision making process of graduate students included inspiring Soluble Salts at the same rates of IBA.
undergraduate courses, personal interactions with faculty, and
testimonials from alumni. Barriers to entering these specialized Alternative Irrigation Sources for Urban
programs included the desire for more information to be avail- Landscape Water Conservation
able online about careers and the industry, the lack of visible
recruitment in all areas of the country, and student difficulty Raul I. Cabrera* and Daniel I. Leskovar
finding floriculture programs. Implications for recruitment ef- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center,
forts include the need for a national recruitment model, increased Texas A&M System, 1619 Garner Field, Road, Uvalde,
visibility of the industry both online and on campuses, the need TX 78801
for faculty and alumni to be involved in recruitment efforts, and The production and landscape maintenance of ornamental plants
a need to increase the availability of introductory courses for is characterized the use of massive inputs of water, fertilizers,
non-majors in specialized academic programs like floriculture. chemicals and labor. Dwindling water supplies, severe droughts,
water competition and pollution concerns significantly chal-
Rooting Response of Cuttings from Three lenges the future of these activities. In Texas there are some
135,000 and 1.4 million acres of irrigated golf courses and
Woody Ornamentals Using Water-Soluble
managed landscapes/lawns, respectively, which together account
Forms of IBA for about 21% of the total projected annual water demand by
Eugene K. Blythe* all activities in this state in 2010. The recent 2012 State Water
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi Plan addresses the need for additional water supplies in the next
State University, South Mississippi Branch Experiment decades, and calls for significant efforts in urban and agricultural
Station, Poplarville, MS 39470 irrigation water conservation and other management strategies
that include the use of alternative irrigation sources, such as
The potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) has been
reclaimed water, rainwater and desalinized waters, which are
recommended in some published research reports and plant
projected to provide ~38% of the additional water needs for the
propagation books for stimulating rooting of cuttings and, in
next 50 years. Regarding landscape irrigation, in addition to
the past, has been used by some commercial nurseries. Techni-
conservation practices using drought-tolerant plants materials
cal grade K-IBA is available for research use, but is not EPA-
and efficient irrigation technologies and management practices,
registered for commercial use. Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts,
the increased use of reclaimed water and graywater offers the
an EPA-registered product which forms K-IBA when dissolved
most potential. The supply of these water sources is considered
in water, is an alternative to technical grade K-IBA. Due to
more reliable and not as affected by rainfall and drought pat-
varying experiences with this commercial product, growers
terns. Reclaimed and gray waters, however, can be subject to
questioned whether Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts should be
wide fluctuations in water quality parameters, including total
used at the same or lower rates of IBA compared with techni-
salt content and potential specific ion toxicities, and thus will
cal grade K-IBA, thus prompting the current study. Solutions
require systematic monitoring to adjust irrigation management
were prepared using these two products at five rates of IBA:
practices and programs.
500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 ppm. Subterminal (3-node,
3.5-inch) cuttings of Ligustrum japonicum ‘Texanum’ (Texas
privet), single-node (1-inch) cuttings of Rosa ‘Red Cascade’ Landscape Performance of Caladiums in Full
(rose), and subterminal (2-node, 2.75-inch) cuttings of Trache- Sun in Southern Louisiana
lospermum jasminoides (star jasmine) were prepared in July
Yan Chen*, Regina Bracy, and Allen Owings
2012, received a 1-s basal quick-dip in one of the 10 auxin
solutions (30 cuttings per treatment), inserted into Sunshine LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old
Covington Hwy, Hammond, LA 70403
S28 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013
Caladiums are known for shade tolerance and have provided effects in Knock Out Red. All three rates resulted in less height
color to the long summer season in the South. Many new variet- growth in Knock Out Double Red compared to the untreated,
ies released from UFL caladium breeding program and Florida but no effect on width growth. Percentage of growth reduction
growers in the last ten years are sun tolerant or adaptive to full was smaller for Double Red quart liner than 4” liner. Double
sun. However, Louisiana landscape professionals are reluctant Red (quart) treated at 7 and 14 g/pot had more flowers than
to use caladiums in full sun because of a lack of information the untreated control at 4 and 6 weeks after treatments. These
on their performance under full sun in Southern Louisiana. results suggest that vigorously grown variety such Double Red
Two trials were conducted at the Hammond Research Station, responses better than weaker variety. However, plant response is
35 varieties in 2011 and 55 varieties in 2012, to evaluate their not uniform enough for the growers to change from hand pruning
emergence earliness, sun damage, and overall visual quality to this PGR. Further research is needed to identify key factors
under full sun and compared to partial shade. Changes in plant affecting plant response and improve uniformity.
size, leaf size, number of leaves, and foliage color under full
sun vs. shade were also compared. Top performing varieties Determining the Carbon Footprint of a Field-
were selected for each leaf type x color class: Fire Chief and
Hearts Delight for fancy-leaf red, Moonlight and White Cap for grown Colorado Blue Spruce Tree Using Life
fancy-leaf white, Carolyn Whorton and White Queen for fancy- Cycle Assessment
leaf pink, Celebration, Tapestry, and Creamsickle for fancy-leaf Dewayne L. Ingram*
multicolor; Lance Whorton and Red Ruffle for lance-leaf red, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky,
Mt. Everest, White Diamond, White Dynasty, White Marble, N-318 ASN, Lexington, KY 40546-0091
White Pearl, and White Ruffles for lance-leaf white, Florida
Sweetheart and Cherry Tart for lance-leaf pink, and Candyland The carbon footprint of production system components of a
for lance-leaf multi. Best-in-class varieties were also selected field-grown, 2-m-tall, 5-cm-caliper, Picea pungens (Colorado
for partial shade. Results were communicated with the industry blue spruce) in the Upper Midwest (liner) and Lower Midwest
through LSU AgCenter Lawn and Garden web site and field day (finished tree) U.S. was analyzed using life cycle assessment
handouts. The full sun trial will be repeated in 2013. Currently, protocols. The carbon footprint is a measure of the global warm-
growers and landscape professionals from South Louisiana and ing potential of a product and the seed-to-landscape carbon
surrounding region are using our recommendations to choose footprint of this tree was calculated to be 13.558 kg carbon
caladiums for their production or customers. dioxide equivalent (CO2e), including sequestration of 9.14 kg
CO2e during production. Equipment use would be the dominant
contributor to the carbon footprint of production in the defined
Effects of Topflor G on KnockOut Rose Growth model system. Seventy-six percent of CO2e emissions associ-
in Container Production ated with field production would occur at harvest. Querying the
Yan Chen*, Regina Bracy, and Allen Owings model revealed that adding one year to the assumed 5-year field
production phase would add less than 3% to the seed-to-landscape
LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old
carbon footprint of the product. The weighted positive impact
Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403
of carbon sequestration during a 50-year life would be -593 kg
KnockOut rose is a popular landscape shrub rose and a major CO2. Take down and disposal after the tree’s useful life would
nursery crop in Louisiana. It needs several sheering during pro- result in greenhouse gas emissions of 148 kg CO2e; therefore,
duction to have dense foliage and abundant flower buds. Growers the positive life-cycle impact on atmospheric greenhouse gases
are interested in using PGRs to reduce pruning, improve plant would be approximately -431 kg CO2e.
quality, or manage crop scheduling. Topflor G (flurprimidol,
SePRO) is the first granular type II growth retardant and has
shown size reduction effects in some crops. The first experiment
Response of Herbaceous Perennials to Growth
was conducted in early spring 2011 on Knock Out Red at a lo- Retardants Applied at Different Developmental
cal nursery. Plants were treated with Topflor G 5 weeks after Stages When Grown under Night-interrupted
potting from 4-inch liners to KO pots, at 0, 3.5, 5.25, and 7 g Lighting Outdoors in the Southern United
per 3-gal KO pots. No differences were found for plant growth States
(increased height and increased width) among treatments by 6
weeks after treatment (WAT). Large variation in growth response Gary J. Keever, J. Raymond Kessler, Jr.*,
was observed among plants within each treatment. In spring and James C. Stephenson
2012, three groups of plants: Knock Out Red 4-inch liners, 101 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849
Knock Out Double Red 4-inch liners, or quart liners, were pot- A study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine how
ted into KO pots and treated with Topflor G at 0, 7, 14, and 28 Coreopsis grandiflora ‘Early Sunrise’ and Rudbeckia fulgida
g/pot at 4 weeks after potting. Growth and number of flowers ‘Goldsturm’ responded to two plant growth retardants (PGR)
were recorded at 2, 4, and 6 WAT. Interactions were not found applied at three stages of plant development (SOD) when
between group and PGR rate, but significant among Group and plants were exposed to night-interrupted lighting (NIL) while
Sample date. Analyses for each group found no PGR treatment grown outdoors under nursery conditions in the southern U.S.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S29

Plant growth retardants treatments were 5000 ppm B-Nine or Fisher’s Least Significance Difference procedure. Throughout
20 ppm Sumagic applied at the beginning of a period of rapid the growing season, soil sensor data indicate soil under mulch
shoot elongation (SOD 2) and 2 weeks before (SOD 1) or 2 was cooler, had greater soil moisture, and less extreme fluctua-
weeks after (SOD 3) SOD 2. B-Nine was applied three times tion extremes when compared to soil under non-mulched trees.
to ‘Goldsturm’ at 7- to 14-day intervals beginning at each SOD. Gas exchange means indicate no differences between mulch and
Otherwise, the PGRs were only applied once to each cultivar non-mulched trees. Shoot growth for each species was greater
at each SOD. ‘Early Sunrise’ and ‘Goldsturm’ were taller at 6 for mulch trees when compared to non-mulch trees. Leaf area
or 8 weeks, respectively, after first PGR treatment in all plants for non-mulch chinquapin oak was greater when compared to
receiving NIL when compared to those receiving natural leaf area for mulched chinquapin oak trees. However, leaf area
photoperiods. However, vegetative height was suppressed by for mulched English oak trees was greater when compared to
B-Nine and Sumagic application when compared to NIL only. leaf are for non-mulched English oak trees. Fruit weight was
Applying either PGR at SOD 2 was more effective in suppress- similar for chinquapin trees, while fruit weight for non-mulched
ing vegetative height of ‘Early Sunrise’ and ‘Goldsturm’ when English oak trees was greater when compared to fruit weight for
compared to SOD 1 or SOD 3. There was no PGR difference mulched English oak trees. Our data suggest further research is
in plant height at first flower for ‘Early Sunrise’, but there was required to determine benefits of organic mulch placed under
a difference for ‘Goldsturm’. ‘Early Sunrise’ and ‘Goldsturm’ established oak trees under non-irrigated conditions.
were shortest at first flower when PGRs were applied at SOD
2 for ‘Early Sunrise’ and at SOD 3 for ‘Goldsturm’, and these Landscape Evaluation of Acalypha (Copper
treatments were not different in height from those under the Plant) Cultivars
natural photoperiod. All NIL treated plants flowered earlier than
those under NP. B-Nine delayed flowering by 6 days in ‘Early Allen Owings* and Roger Rosendale
Sunrise’ and ‘Goldsturm’ when compared to NIL. Sumagic LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old
delayed flowering by 3 days in ‘Early Sunrise’ when compared Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403
to NIL, but there was no delay in ‘Goldsturm’. Copper plants (Acalypha wilkesiana and similar species) are
popular semi-tropical plants for the summer and fall landscapes
Gas Exchange and Growth of Two Field Grown with home gardeners in Louisiana. These are considered long
Oak Species in Response to Post Establishment time “pass around” plants with popular cultivars such as ‘Loui-
siana Red’ and ‘Opelousas Red’. There are as many as 40–50
Applied Organic Mulch and Drought
cultivars on the market but these are not generally grown in large
Thayne Montague*, Cynthia McKenney, Staci Parks, numbers by nursery growers in Louisiana and the neighboring
and Kaylee Deker states. Plants are grown for the single, bicolored and tricolored
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech foliage patterns of green, yellow, reddish, bronze and similar
University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2122 shades. Since 2011, the LSU AgCenter’s Hammond Research
Station, Hammond, LA has evaluated landscape performance of
Under limited irrigation conditions, organic mulch is thought
24 cultivars with an additional 10–15 cultivars being included in
to provide many benefits to urban landscapes. However, limited
2013. Proven Winners cultivars studied have included ‘Bourbon
research has been conducted to determine if organic mulch placed
Street’, ‘Sizzle Scissors’, ‘Beyond Paradise’, and ‘LaBamba’.
below established landscape trees provides desired benefits.
A various assortment of 16 bronze and reddish foliage cultivars
Under non-irrigated conditions, our research objective was to
have been studied. Green and yellowish foliaged cultivars have
compare gas exchange and growth of established oak trees which
included ‘Tequila Sunrise’, ‘Kona Coast’, ‘Tahiti’, ‘Hoffmanni’,
had, and which did not have organic mulch placed on the soil
and ‘Fairy Dust’. The new collection of cultivars from Plug Con-
surface surrounding each tree. Containerized trees were planted
nection for consideration include ‘Peach Whirl’, ‘Firestorm’, ‘Is-
in 2002. English oak (Quercus robur L.) and chinquapin oak
land Sunrise’, ‘Jungle Cloak’, ‘Lava Flow’, ‘Tropical Typhoon’,
(Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.) trees were grown for 8 years prior
‘Tahitian Halo’, and ‘Tropical Tempest’. Data collected have
to application of organic mulch. In Fall 2009 three trees of each
included time of late season flowering, degree of mutation/sport-
species were randomly assigned a mulch treatment: no mulch
ing, plant height, and plant spread. Heavy flowering (considered
(2.4-m diameter area around tree kept weed free), or mulch (2.4
undesirable) was observed on ‘Jungle Dragon’ and ‘Curly Q’.
m diameter area around each tree covered with 10 cm of cypress
Mutation was very common on ‘Swizzle Scissors’ and ‘Peach
bark mulch). From Fall of 2009 through Fall of 2011 trees re-
Whirl’. Taller growing copper plant cultivars are ‘Hoffmanni’,
ceived weekly irrigation. Beginning 1 Jan. 2012, trees were not
‘Raggedy Ann’, ‘Jungle Dragon’, ‘Ceylon, ‘Haleakala, ‘Kona
irrigated. Below a mulch and a non-mulch tree soil moisture and
Coast’, ‘Tequila Sunrise’, ‘Curly Q’, ‘Tahiti’, ‘Opelousas Red’,
temperature sensors were placed 2.54 cm below the soil surface.
and ‘Louisiana Red’.
Six times throughout the 2012 growing season, mid-day gas
exchange data were measured with a Li-Cor 6400. At the end of
the growing season, shoot growth, leaf area, and fruit weight were Easy Elegance Roses—Landscape Observations
measured. All data were exposed to ANOVA. When significant on Cultivars Recommended for the South
treatment differences were observed, means were separated by
Allen Owings*, Roger Rosendale, and Regina Bracy
S30 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013
 LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old Nursery and Landscape Association, Louisiana Nursery and
Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403 Landscape Foundation for Scholarship and Research and more.
Easy Elegance roses represent a group of primarily landscape The Margie Jenkins azalea garden is named for nationally known
shrub type cultivars marketed by Bailey Nurseries. Cultivars nurserywoman Margie Jenkins, Amite, LA and includes azaleas,
tested in landscape trials at the LSU AgCenter’s Hammond native shrubs, trees and companion plants. This garden debuted
Research Station, Hammond, LA in 2011–12 included ‘Sweet in 2006 and was supported by $56,000 in contributions from
Fragrance’, ‘My Girl’, ‘All the Rage’, ‘Sunrise Sunset’, ‘Cen- friends of Margie Jenkins. The “Hody” Wilson camellia garden
tennial’, ‘Macy’s Pride’, and ‘Super Hero’. Plants were planted at the station dates its beginnings to the late 1930s but has been
in raised landscape beds located in full sun and supplied with renovated and is being used to provide educational opportuni-
typical pruning, fertilization and cultural practices recommended ties for home gardeners. The sun garden and shade garden is the
for growing landscape roses in Louisiana. Fungicides were not location for annual bedding plant trials, perennial evaluation and
applied. Replicated studies included observations of blackspot similar studies. Over 600 cultivars of warm season annuals and
susceptibility and visual quality ratings. Blackspot ratings 300 cultivars of cool season annuals are evaluated each year in
(based on a scale from 1–6 with 1 = 0% foliage with leaf spot, these gardens. The LSU AgCenter will be participating in the
2 = 1–10% foliage with leaf spot, 3 = 11-25% foliage with leaf National Plant Trials Database starting in 2013.
spot, 4 = 26–50 foliage with leaf spot, 5 = 51–75% foliage with
leaf spot and 6 = 76–100% foliage with leaf spot) were taken Use of Artificial Shade for Heliconia Cut-flower
twice annually (mid-May, mid-October). Visual quality ratings Production
(based on a scale form 1–5 with 1 = dead, 2 = below average,
3 = average, 4 = above average, 5 = superior) were taken April, Alma R. Solís-Pérez1, Raul I. Cabrera2*,
June, August and October. Pooling data from 2011 and 2012, and Edgardo Zalazar-Marcial1
‘Sweet Fragrance’ had the most significant blackspot disease
1
Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Córdoba, Carr.
presence in mid-May while ‘Sunrise Sunset’, ‘Sweet Fragrance’, Fed. Córdoba-Veracruz km. 348, Amatlán de los Reyes,
‘Macy’s Pride’, and ‘Centennial’ had the most blackspot disease Veracruz, 94946 (México), 2Department of Horticultural
in mid-October. Less than 10% of foliage on ‘Super Hero’, ‘My Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1619 Garner
Girl’, and ‘All the Rage’ exhibited blackspot symptoms in mid- Field Road, Uvalde, TX 78801
May. These three cultivars exhibited 10% to 25% foliage with Many Heliconia species native to tropical areas of Mexico,
blackspot at the mid-October evaluation. Visual quality ratings Central and South-America are commercially grown there for
were best for ‘Super Hero’, ‘My Girl’, and ‘All the Rage’ early cut-flower production. While many heliconia species gener-
in the year and best for ‘Super Hero’, ‘My Girl’, ‘All the Rage’, ally grow as understory plants, and occasionally in small open
and ‘Sunrise Sunset’ in the fall of the year. forest spaces, most producers in these regions typically grow
them in open, non-shaded production areas with higher levels
The Gardens at the LSU AgCenter Hammond of irradiance, lower relative humidity and warmer and desiccat-
ing summer winds. In this study we are evaluating the growth
Research Station performance, flower productivity and quality of three soil-grown
Allen Owings*, Regina Bracy, Yan Chen, heliconia species [H. psittacorum L.f. × H. spathocircinata
Roger Rosendale, and Joey Quebedeaux Aristeguieta ‘Golden Torch Adrian’ (PST); H. stricta Huber
LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, 21549 Old ‘Las Cruces’ (SLC) and H. stricta ‘Los Reyes’ (SLR)] under
Covington Highway, Hammond, LA 70403) five levels of shading: 0%, 35%, 50%, 70% and 90%. After 12
months of planting our preliminary results show that the number
Landscape horticulture research and extension efforts have
of pseudostems produced per plant was reduced by approximately
been the new focus of efforts at the LSU AgCenter’s Ham-
20%, 40% and 50% in plants grown under 50%, 70% and 90%,
mond Research Station, Hammond, LA over the past 8 years.
respectively, compared to the full sun plants. On the other hand,
Research programs and demonstration projects are conducted at
shading increased pseudostems diameter on average by 12%;
the station in service to the commercial ornamental horticulture
total leaf length by 24% in PST, and 40% in SLC and SLR, with
industry in the state and surrounding region. Areas and gardens
most of this increment observed in the leaf sheath. As for leaf
at the station developed in support of these efforts have include
color, full sun plants had greater L* and b* (higher brightness
a collection of Louisiana Live Oak Society registered southern
and yellow hue), and lower a* (higher green hue) values than
live oaks, southern homestead planting, retention pond and
shaded plants. Chlorophyll index, chlorophyll fluorescence and
constructed wetlands, firewise landscaping demonstration, phe-
stomatal conductance increased in shaded plants by up to 129%,
nology garden, crape myrtle demonstration garden, urban forest,
7% and 300%, respectively. Leaf adaxial temperature was reduced
sun garden, shade garden, the Margie Jenkins azalea garden,
by incremental shading on average by 3.2 °C with a maximum
an easy care rose garden, the “Hody Wilson” camellia garden,
temperature reduction of 14% (4.5 °C) at 90% shade. Most of
a care and maintenance area and the new piney woods garden.
these growth and physiological variables values reached a plateau
Much of this development has been supported with outside
between 70% and 90% shade. Flower productivity and quality
funding from various agencies and associations including the
parameters are currently under evaluation.
Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Louisiana

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S31

Field and GIS-based Surveys Implicate produced the highest number of clusters per vine – 76.8, while
Anthropomorphic Causes for Population ‘502-10’ had 12.5 clusters. Mid-season selection ‘502-01’ had the
largest cluster weight of 173 g and produced the largest berries,
Losses and Decline of Georgia Plume, Elliottia
while the late season selection ‘501-12’ had the sweetest berries
racemosa, a Rare Endemic Tree in 2012. The preliminary results for the recently developed PD
Justin A. Porter*, David Berle, and Hazel Y. Wetzstein resistant V. vinifera selections in Alabama are very encourag-
Department of Horticulture, 1111 Plant Science ing. The newly introduced grapes are expected to improve the
Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 grape production sustainability in the southeastern region and
enhance the agriculture and food systems by advancing the envi-
Georgia plume, Elliottia racemosa, is a rare threatened plant
ronmental and economic sustainability through implementation
endemic only to the state of Georgia. Accurate mapping, census
of advanced technologies.
information, and habitat descriptions are important for the de-
velopment of conservation strategies of rare plants. In this study,
a Geographic Information System (GIS)/Global Positioning Alternative Flood Irrigation Strategies That
System (GPS)-based conservation management tool was devel- Improve Water Conservation in Citrus
oped capable of inventorying and recording habitat conditions of Production
Georgia plume populations. Field visits were made to 32 of 57
known recorded populations. Populations not visited by ground Shad D. Nelson*1, Juan Enciso2, Hugo Perea2,
were evaluated using aerial photography. Census data of extant Lhou Beniken3, Mamoudou Setamou4, Mac Young5,
populations verified many populations have few individuals and Clinton F. Williams6
(75% contain fewer than 45 individuals; over 1/3 contained 12 1
700 University Boulevard, MSC 228, Department of
or fewer individuals); over 80% of populations have an area of Agriculture, Agribusiness and Environmental Sciences,
less than 0.3 ha. Field ground visits in conjunction with aerial Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363; 2Texas
photography assessments indicate that about half of previously A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
known populations no longer exist. Potential causes for popu- Weslaco, TX 78596; 3Institut National De La Researche
lation losses and decline were assessed by relating previously Agronomique (INRA), Morocco; 4312 N. International
described historic locations containing Georgia plume with Boulevard, TAMU–Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco,
currently inactive sites. Population losses were associated with TX 78596; 5Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station, Corpus Christi, TX 78410; 6U.S.
anthropomorphic causes including land use conversion to pine
Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research
plantations and agricultural cropland.
Service, Maricopa, AZ
Texas citrus production is concentrated in the southern region
Fruit Section of the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV). This area is well
known for its high quality horticultural crops due to the close
Is it Feasible to Grow Pierce’s Disease Resistant proximity to water supplies along the Rio Grande River. Two
87% Vitis vinifera Grapes within the High reservoirs hold water back for irrigation and serve growers near
Disease Pressure Southeastern Region? the Rio Grande River on both sides of the U.S./Mexico border.
Elina D. Coneva*1, Edgar L. Vinson1, and James Pitts2 During periods of extended drought the reservoirs become de-
pleted to the point that water restrictions are placed on growers.
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn
1
However, for perennial crop producers deciding not to irrigate
University, AL 36849, 2Chilton Research and Extension
Center, 120 Co. Rd. 756, Clanton, AL, 35045 citrus trees is not an option for growers in South Texas if they
want to maintain good tree health, make money and keep trees
Three recently developed Pierce’s disease (PD) resistant 87.5% alive. The majority of citrus groves are irrigated using traditional
V. vinifera selections from the U.C.–Davis grape breeding pro- flood irrigation practices. Because water is relatively cheap in
gram ‘502-10’, ‘502-01’, and ‘501-12’, were established at the the LRGV and the system was designed for flood irrigation
Chilton Research and Extension Center (CREC) near Clanton, practices that allocate a large volume of water over short periods
Alabama in 2010. The experimental vineyard utilizes a RCBD of time, the incentive to change to a more conservative irriga-
with 6 blocks and 5 vines per block, and is trained to a vertical tion practice like drip or micro-sprinklers does not get traction
shoot positioning trellis. The first commercial crop was produced among growers. The purpose of this study was to compare an
in 2012. Our preliminary results suggest selection ‘502-10’ had alternative form of flood irrigation to traditional flood (TFd)
the lowest pruning weight of 0.75 kg in 2012, while ‘501-12’ had called border flood (BFd) that channels water faster down the
the highest (1.2 kg). Selection ‘502-10’ started to mature early in tree row. In this research study, water was metered to evaluate
the season, while ‘501-12’ initiated the veraison in mid-August total water applied in a replicated field study comparing TFd
and ripened late in September. The three selections differed in and BFd. The water savings results observed in this research
total yield per vine. The late maturing ‘501-12’ produced the study was very similar to on-farm demonstration investigations
largest crop of 5.8 kg/vine. Bird feeding caused a considerable of water use comparing TFd and BFd irrigators in the LRGV. It
crop loss for the early ripening ‘502-10’. Selection ‘501-12’ was found that using BFd irrigation method saved about 36%

S32 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

of water compared to TFd irrigation practices. This amount is Berry size averages 5.0 g. Flavor of ‘Osage’ is a major attribute,
equivalent to the amount of water saved by current growers using having a lower acidity flavor and noteworthy aromatic com-
more expensive drip and microjet sprinkers systems. ponents. ‘Osage’ has shown exceptional postharvest storage
performance, comparable to better than other Arkansas cultivars.
It should be valuable for shipping and local-market production.
Assessing the Crop Potential and Vigor of
The seedless table grape cultivars Faith, Hope, Joy, and Gratitude
Selected Pierce’s Disease Tolerant Bunch Grape were released to provide additional local-market options for
Cultivars in North Alabama’s Environment growers. ‘Faith’ is blue, mostly neutral in flavor, has medium
during the Years of Vineyard Establishment clusters, and excellent plant health along with early ripening
Elina D. Coneva*1, Y. Hu1, R. Kessler1, J. Spiers1, (late July at Clarksville). ‘Hope’ is white (green), has a light
fruity flavor, and has produced exceptional yields. It ripens on
E. Vinson1, and J. Ducar2
average 20 Aug. at Clarksville. Clusters are often tight to well
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn
1
filled and medium-large. ‘Joy’ is blue, has a very thin skin, and
University, AL 36849; 213112 Highway 68, Crossville,
has an exceptional light fruity flavor. ‘Joy’ ripens on average
AL 35962
11 Aug. at Clarksville and has medium clusters. ‘Gratitude’ is
Eleven Pierce’s disease (PD) tolerant American and French- white (green), is very crisp, and is neutral in flavor. ‘Gratitude’
American hybrid bunch grape cultivars including ‘Black Span- has large clusters and ripens in late August. These table grapes
ish’, ‘Blanc du Bois’, ‘Champanel’, ‘Conquistador’, ‘Cynthiana’, have very good resistance to fruit cracking at maturity, a major
‘Favorite’, ‘Lake Emerald’, ‘Stover’, ‘Villard Blanc’, ‘Seyval limitation of many table grape cultivars.
Blanc’, and ‘Seyval Blanc’ grafted on Coudrec 3309 rootstock
(‘Seyval Blanc’/3309C) were planted at the Sand Mountain
Research and Extension Center (SMREC) in Crossville, AL
Investigations to Determine the Performance of
in 2008 to study the feasibility of growing PD tolerant hybrid Recently Released Seedless Table Grapes and
bunch grape cultivars in the Alabama environment. Our results Advanced Selections from the University of
indicate that ‘Champanel’ had the most vigorous vegetative Arkansas Breeding Program
growth, while ‘Seyval Blanc’ had the weakest. ‘Stover’ had
Elina D. Coneva*1, Y. Hu1, J.R. Clark2, R. Kessler1,
the earliest shoot development, while ‘Champanel’ and ‘Cyn-
thiana’ had the latest. ‘Stover’ and ‘Seyval Blanc’ flowered
J. Spiers1, E. Vinson1, and A.W. Caylor3
earliest, while ‘Cynthiana’ and ‘Lake Emerald’ flowered late
1
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn
in the season. ‘Seyval Blanc’ and ‘Seyval Blanc’/3309C had University, AL 36849; 2316 Plant Science Building,
Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas,
the earliest fruit maturity, while ‘Lake Emerald’ matured late.
Fayetteville, AR 72701; 3765 County Road 1466, North
‘Villard Blanc’ produced the largest yield of 12.7 kg/vine and
Alabama Horticulture Research Center, Cullman, AL
had the largest cluster weight of 287.1 g. ‘Champanel’ produced
35055
the largest berries of 4.8 g. ‘Cynthiana’ and ‘Lake Emerald’
had the highest soluble solids content (SSC) with 19.8% and Three recently released seedless table grape cultivars, ‘Hope’,
18.8%, respectively, while ‘Champanel’ had a SSC of 13.1% ‘Joy’, and ‘Gratitude’; two previously released cultivars, ‘Mars’
at harvest. ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Stover’ had the highest pH of and ‘Neptune’; and eight advanced grape selections from the
3.58 and 3.49, respectively. There were no significant differences University of Arkansas breeding program, ‘A 2817’, ‘A 2245’,
in titratable acidity (TA) among cultivars tested which ranged ‘A 2359’, ‘A 2467’, ‘A 2574’, ‘A 2602’, ‘A 2632’, and ‘A 2786’,
from 0.56 to 1.36 g/100 mL. ‘Villard Blanc’, ‘Cynthiana’, and were planted at the North Alabama Horticultural Research Cen-
‘Black Spanish’ were the best performing cultivars combining ter (NAHRC) in Cullman, AL in 2008 to study the feasibility
vigorous vegetative growth, high yields, and good fruit quality of growing advanced table and processing grape selections in
at the SMREC in the two study years. the Alabama environment. Two Pierce’s disease (PD) tolerant
cultivars ‘Conquistador’ and ‘Stover’ were also included as
controls. Vegetative growth, cropping potential and fruit quality
‘Osage’ Thornless Blackberry and ‘Hope’, of the tested cultivars and selections were evaluated during 2011
Faith’, ‘Joy’, and ‘Gratitude’ Table Grapes
 and 2012 seasons. Our results indicate that ‘Joy’ (‘A 2494’) had
John R. Clark and James N. Moore the most vigorous vegetative growth, while ‘A 2786’ had the
316 Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, least. ‘Stover’ had the earliest shoot and flower development in
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 both seasons. Selection ‘A 2359’ had 3.5 fruiting clusters per
shoot that was the highest fruiting cluster number among all the
‘Osage’ is the newest thornless, erect blackberry released from cultivars and selections. ‘Mars’ and ‘Faith’ were early ripening
the University of Arkansas blackberry breeding program. Se- and early maturing, while ‘Conquistador’ started to develop
lected in 2003 from a 2000 cross of A-1719 × A-2108, ‘Osage’ late in the season. The highest yielding selections and cultivars
offers a complement to the popular ‘Ouachita’. ‘Osage’ ripens recorded were ‘A 2574’, ‘A 2359’, ‘Neptune’, ‘A 2245’, and
on average 10 June at Clarksville, AR, 5 d after ‘Natchez’ and ‘Conquistador’ that produced 12.0 kg/vine or higher in both
3 d before ‘Ouachita’. Yields have been very good in replicated experimental years. Seedless table grape cultivars ‘Gratitude’
trials, equal to or exceeding those of ‘Natchez’ and ‘Ouachita’.
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S33
and ‘Neptune’ had the largest cluster size of 490 g. ‘Gratitude’ soluble solid content from mid-December to mid-March. These
and ‘A 2817’ produced the largest berries of 4.9 g. ‘A 2632’ had results suggested that the widely-used practice of changing N:K
the highest soluble solids content, while ‘Conquistador’ had ratios from 1:1 to 1.5 during late-season to improve strawberry
the lowest sugar concentration at harvest. Fruit pH level of all fruit yield and quality was not supported by the data.
cultivars and selections ranged from 3.28 to 3.95. ‘A 2817’ had
the highest number of seed traces, 3.2, while ‘Gratitude’ had the An Improved and Efficient Micropropagation
lowest number of seed traces. Our preliminary results suggest
‘Neptune’ and ‘Gratitude’ were the best performing seedless System for Grapevine (Vitis sp.)
table grape cultivars in North Alabama based on their vegetative Kyung-Hee Kim*, Zhijian T. Li, Jonathan R. Jasinski,
growth, cropping potential, and fruit quality. and Dennis J. Gray
Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of
Comparison of Population Densities of Florida/IFAS, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703
Strawberry Cultivars In vitro micropropagation of grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera
and Vitis rotundifolia) was examined on five media reported to
Bielinski M. Santos and Vance M. Whitaker
promote shoot multiplication. Cultures were grown for 4 weeks
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS,
and the number of shoots produced by each apex were counted.
University of Florida. 14625 County Road 672,
Grape apices developed rapidly when cultured on modified DKW
Wimauma, FL 33598
medium containing 4 µM of benzyladenine (BA) for 4 weeks.
Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of planting The average number of shoots produced per apex was 6 to 7 for
densities on the performance of strawberry cultivars in Florida. all grapevine cultivars. It was observed that this rate of shoot
Densities were achieved by changing in-row distances between production continued through 3 subcultures. Whereas modified
plants (30 and 37.5 cm), which resulted on populations of 54,450 DKW medium containing 1 and 2 µM of BA and C2D medium
and 43,500 plants/ha, respectively. Cultivars were Strawberry containing 4 µM BA produced only 1 to 2 shoots in the same
Festival, Florida Radiance, and Winterstar. Data from both sea- time period. In addition, shoot fresh weight on DKW medium
sons indicated that there were significant effect of the cultivars at low levels of BA and on C2D with 4 µM BA was drastically
on growth and yields but densities by itself and the interaction decreased in all cultivars. The optimum medium for efficient
between cultivars and densities did not influence the response. micropropagation was modified DKW medium containing 4
Both densities resulted on average strawberry early and total µM of BA for all grapevine cultivars. This protocol is useful for
fruit weights of 1.4 and 16.5 t/ha, respectively. Early fruit weight the rapid multiplication and later embryogenesis of desirable
per plant did not vary with in-row distances, whereas total fruit grapevine cultivars.
weight per plant was the highest in the lowest density. Across
cultivars, ‘Winterstar’ had the highest early fruit weight (2.0 t/ha),
while ‘Strawberry Festival’ resulted on only 0.9 t/ha. However,
‘Amoore Sweet’ and ‘Bowden’ Nectarines and
seasonal production of ‘Florida Radiance’ reached 28.4 t/ha, ‘Souvenirs’ Peach Offer New Options for Mid-
which was 60% higher than the other two cultivars. South Growers
John R. Clark and Paul Sandefur
Influence of Late Nitrogen and Potassium Rates 316 Plant Science, Department of Horticulture,
on Strawberry Cultivars University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Bielinski M. Santos and Vance M. Whitaker New nectarines ‘Amoore Sweet’ and ‘Bowden’ and yellow peach
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, cultivar Souvenirs are three recent releases from the University
University of Florida, 14625 County Road 672, of Arkansas peach and nectarine breeding program. The nectar-
Wimauma, FL 33598 ines are siblings resulting from a 2001 cross of A-699 × A-663
and were selected in 2004. Both nectarines are clingstone, have
The performance of strawberry cultivars under late-season non-melting flesh originally derived from processing peach, and
nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization programs was as- are very firm at full maturity. ‘Amoore Sweet’ has yellow flesh,
sessed over two seasons in Florida. Cultivars were ‘Strawberry with a unique “mango-like” low-acid flavor. ‘Bowden’is the
Festival’, ‘Florida Radiance’, and ‘Winterstar’. Strawberry program’s first white nectarine release, with very good flavor
transplants were set on early October and late-season fertilization and standard acidity. ‘Bowden’ matures on average 4 July and
programs consisted of drip-applied N and K rates applied from ‘Amoore Sweet’ 6 July at Clarksville, AR. ‘Souvenirs’ is the pro-
1 Dec. to 1 Mar. of each season. All plots received the same N gram’s first yellow-flesh, fresh-market peach. It also has low-acid
and K rates prior to 1 Dec. Rates of N and K were: a) 1.1 and flavor along with 90% skin blush. The flesh type of ‘Souvenirs’
1.1 kg/ha; b) 1.1 and 1.4 kg/ha; c) 1.1 and 1.7 kg/ha; d) 1.4 and is slow melting, and fruit are very firm at maturity but soften
1.1 kg/ha; e) 1.4 and 1.4 kg/ha; and f) 1.4 and 1.7 kg/ha. There when fully ripe. The fruit is freestone. These new releases all
were no significant cultivar by fertilization interactions for all have bacterial spot resistance, a key attribute for production in
studied variables. Changing N and K late-season fertilization areas of the U.S. and world where this disease is present. Chilling
programs did not alter plant diameter, total fruit weight, and hours are estimated at 800 for these new cultivars.

S34 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

Preliminary Results of Performance of Three Effects of Irrigation Regime on Gas Exchange of
Arkansas Grape Cultivars (‘Faith’, ‘Hope’, and Field Grown Olea europaea L.
‘Mars’) under High Tunnel Conditions Staci Parks*, Thayne Montague,
M. Elena Garcia, D. Dickey, and S. Frey and Cynthia McKenney
316 Plant Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2122
A study was initiated in Apr. 2011 to determine the feasibility Commercially grown olives to produce olive oil have gained
of growing table grapes under high tunnel (HT) conditions. recognition as an emerging crop in Texas. Producers are look-
Root cuttings of the newly released University of Arkansas ing to expand production acreage and distinguish the best suited
table grape cultivars ‘Hope’ and ‘Faith” were planted along varieties to the southern regions of the state. Limited research
with ‘Mars’ (control) under HT and ambient conditions at has been done to determine best management practices for Texas
Fayetteville, AR. The experimental design was completely olives trees, specifically regarding irrigation regime. Established
randomized with three replications and two plants per rep- Olea europaea L. ‘Arbequina’ trees from two orchard locations
lication at 2.44-m spacing between plants using the Geneva (Carizzo Springs and Asherton, TX) were used for this study. The
double curtain training system. Standard cultural practices experiment was a randomized block design utilizing 3 trees in
were followed for fertilizer application and pest management. adjacent rows with 2 guard trees on either side of experimental
In 2012, the vines under HT conditions produced a crop and trees. Trees within rows were exposed to one of three irrigation
two fungicide applications were applied to prevent diseases. treatments: high (3 emitters per tree), medium (2 emitters per
Vines under ambient conditions did not bear a crop. Yield per tree), and low (1 emitter per tree). Throughout the 2012 grow-
HT vine was significantly higher for ‘Hope’ (37.4 kg) than for ing season, mid-day Li-Cor 6400 gas exchange measurements
‘Faith’ (18.1 kg) and ‘Mars’ (5.9 kg). These preliminary results were taken once per month (May–September). At the end of the
indicate high tunnels provide a highly suitable environment growing season shoot growth was also measured. Gas exchange
for table grape production by advancing production by at least and shoot growth data were exposed to ANOVA. Fisher’s LSD
one year and reducing the number of fungicide applications was used to separate means when significant differences were
necessary to obtain a high quality product. observed. Pooled data from throughout the growing season
indicate no differences in stomatal conductance for trees grown
at the Asherton, TX orchard. However, there was a difference
Correlating Fruit Maturity at Harvest with between the high and low irrigation treatments for trees grown
Fruit Quality in Peach in Carrizo Springs, TX. Photosynthetic rates for Asherton, TX
Ksenija Gasic* and Gregory L. Reighard trees were greatest for high irrigation regime trees, while rates
School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental for Carrizo Springs, TX trees were greatest for trees exposed
Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 to the medium irrigation regime. No differences were shown
for either orchard with regard to transpiration rate, or water use
Peach maturity at harvest affects fruit quality and consequently efficiency. As expected, trees receiving the greatest amount of
consumer preference in the market. Fruit size and red coloration irrigation volume produced the greatest shoot growth at each
of skin are the most common indicators of fruit maturity used to
orchard location. Our data suggests there may be an opportunity
decide when to harvest in everyday orchard operations. These
to reduce irrigation volume without compromising productivity.
attributes do not allow for fully reliable assessment of maturity,
However, further research is needed to quantify the impact of
especially in newly released varieties with extensive red skin
lower irrigation levels on oil quantity and quality.
color. Fruit firmness (FF), soluble solids concentration (SSC)
and/or total acidity (TA) are better indicators of fruit maturity.
Their simple and rapid assessment, however, does not provide Evaluation of Freeze Protection Methods for
all necessary information and requires fruit destruction. The Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) Production in
DA meter, a newly developed portable spectrometer, has been Florida
evaluated in 10 peach cultivars grown and marketed in South
Carolina over three years for its ability to determine fruit maturity Ixchel M. Hernandez-Ochoa* and Bielinski M. Santos
(Iad) and correlate maturity index to ripening related changes in Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS,
fruit quality parameters. Data revealed that few cultivars were University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
harvested at the correct maturity and genotype influence on Iad. Florida is the second largest strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa)
FF was positively correlated with maturity index, while SSC and producer in the United States. Production fields are concentrated
TA showed no difference between fruit of different maturities. in Plant City and Dover in west-central Florida. Water resources
SSC/TA ratio, however, was negatively correlated with fruit in this area are shared between agricultural production and
maturity index suggesting better taste of more mature fruit hav- urbanization. During freeze protection, the standard practice
ing an Iad index ≤0.6, which was valued most by consumers. is the use of sprinklers delivering water at 4.5 gal/min. This
Feasibility of using an Iad index in everyday orchard practices activity is highly inefficient due to the use of large volumes
to determine when to harvest will be discussed. of water. There are alternatives to reduce water usage such as

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S35

reduced-volume sprinklers, row covers, and crop protectants. A Daniel MacLean2, Anthony G. Bateman3,
study was conducted in the 2011–12 season to assess the effect and Suzzanne Tate1
of these techniques on strawberry growth and yield. Treatments 1
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia,
were: a) 4.5 gal/min sprinkler heads (control), b) 3.5 gal/min 1111 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602;
sprinkler heads (1/8-inch nozzle), c) light row covers on the crop 2
Agrofresh, 620 Cantrill Drive, Davis, CA 95618; Vidalia
canopy (0.6 oz/yd2), d) light row covers on 1.5-ft high minitunnel Onion Research Laboratory, 2360 Rainwater Road,
hoops, e) heavy row covers on the crop canopy (0.9 oz/yd2), f) Tifton, GA 31793
heavy row covers on 1.5-ft high minitunnel hoops, and h) crop
Vidalia onions are very susceptible to storage diseases. Botrytis
protectant polymer (desikote Max®, 40% di-1-p-menthene).
neck rot caused by Botrytis alli is most destructive. Controlled
There were five freezing and near freezing nights (≤34 °F) at
atmosphere storage (CAS) can be effective in controlling the
the experimental site with a minimum air temperature of 27
disease. Curing before storage can also be helpful in reducing
°F. Row covers provided a protection between 5 to 8oF at the
the risk of Botrytis neck rot. Postharvest chemical treatments
canopy level. Early and total marketable fruit weight were 21%
can also be helpful in controlling diseases, which in turn can
and 25% higher in non-irrigation treatments with an average of
increase marketability. In these experiments, curing onions either
1.9 and 9.3 tons/acre respectively. These results could be due to
in the field or with heated air helped increase marketability. Stor-
the water damage caused to flowers and on the skin of young
ing onions in CAS, or using SO2 improved storability in both
and mature fruit due to the impact of high velocity droplets on
years of the study. Ozone improved storability in only one year.
these plant organs.
In general longer storage time decreased marketability as did
increased post-storage shelf-life. Postharvest drench treatments
Chestnut Gall Wasp Susceptibility of Castanea with fungicides Luna, Pristine, or Scholar improved storability.
Cultivars and Seedlings This was particularly evident when heat curing was not used. Use
of copper based compounds Kocide or Clearblue as postharvest
Gregory L. Reighard*
drenches did not improve storability of onions.
School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental
Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
Effectiveness of Ethephon for De-greening
Between 1995 and 2000, 28 grafted Castanea spp. cultivars and
8 OP seedling populations were planted on a Cecil loamy sand Satsuma (Citrus unshiu)
soil near Clemson, South Carolina. The design was completely James D. Spiers1*, Bryan S. Wilkins2, David H. Picha3,
randomized with 2 replications per genotype and 4–20 trees and William A. Dozier, Jr.1
for each seedling population. The orchard was not irrigated and 1
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn
received no fertilizer after establishment. Weeds were controlled University, Auburn, AL 36849; 2Gulf Coast Research
but no cover sprays were applied. A few trees appeared to have and Extension Center, Fairhope, AL; 3School of Plant,
died from Phytophthora spp., and some genotypes died from Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State
chestnut blight (e.g., ‘Nevada’). In Summer 2004, twig galls of University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
the oriental chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) were
Early season satsuma fruit are often at an optimum consump-
found in the planting. Chemical controls and pruning were not
tion stage prior to complete peel color development. Most con-
implemented. Years 2006 and 2007 had the most infestation
sumers prefer a darker yellow-orange peel color. To allow for
with galling noticeably decreasing in 2008. No galling was
expanding the marketing season of Alabama-grown satsumas,
observed after 2009. Ratings of the number of twig galls from
postharvest de-greening studies were conducted to determine
0 (none) up to 5 (severe) were taken for each tree in Mar. 2009.
appropriate methods for enhancing peel coloration of green and
All trees were galled except ‘Lockwood’, which was the only
color-breaking satsumas. Green fruit were totally green and
C. crenata cultivar planted. The next least galled cultivars were
color-breaking fruit were mostly green with slight yellowing
all C. mollissima (‘AU-Leader’, ‘AU-Cropper’, ‘Meiling’, ‘AU-
(initial color break). Green and color-breaking satsumas were
Cropper’ seedlings). Hybrids ‘Colossal’ (C. crenata × C. sativa)
dipped in a solution of 0, 500, 750, or 1000 ppm ethephon for
and ‘Layeroka’ (C. mollissima × C. sativa) were severely galled.
30 s and stored at 90% to 95% RH and 23 °C. Each of these
The gall wasp infestation began, peaked and collapsed within 6
solutions contained either 0 or 2% chlorine (16 treatments total).
years. Though not verified, native or introduced parasitic wasps
A separate study was conducted to determine the effects of eth-
were suspected to have been biological control agents.
ylene gas (5ppm) on peel coloration of green and color-breaking
satsumas. Submersion of fruit in 750 ppm ethephon de-greened
Postharvest/Plant Biotechnology color-breaking fruit in 72 h. Ethephon treatments of 500 and
1000 ppm de-greened color-breaking fruit in 96 h. Submersion
Section of fruit in water (control) did not reach adequate peel color in
168 h. Chlorine had no effect on de-greening process. Ethylene
Postharvest Curing, Treatment, and Storage of (5 ppm) adequately de-greened color-breaking satsumas in ≥
Short-day Onions 120 h, compared to ≥ 240 h without ethylene. The effectiveness
George E. Boyhan*1, Manish K. Bansal1, of ethylene and ethephon for de-greening green satsumas was

S36 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

quite variable. Ethephon appears to be efficient for de-greening ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ blackberries were analyzed
color-breaking satsumas. at shiny black (SB) and dull black (DB) ripeness stages. Total
anthocyanin content was quantified as cyanidin 3-glucoside
equivalents, and was highest in ‘Natchez’, followed by ‘Navaho,
Subjective and Quantitative Methods to
and ‘Ouachita’. Anthocyanins in blackberry consist primarily of
Estimate Peach Fruit Browning a cyanidin aglycone with various sugar attachments, and possibly
Penelope Perkins-Veazie1*, Shawn Beam2, peonidin or pelargonidin aglycones. Freeze dried blackberry
Guoying Ma1, Joyce O’Neal1, and Danelle McKnight3 drupelet tissue was extracted with acidified methanol and samples
1
Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of run using a high performance liquid chromatograph, diode array
Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, detector, and 250 × 4.6 mm Syenergi HydroRP 80A column
Kannapolis, NC 28081; 2Department of Horticultural using methanol. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was the predominant
Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC anthocyanin in blackberries, representing 95%, 91%, and 90%
27695, 3Montgomery County Extension, 203 W. Main of total anthocyanins in ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’,
Street, Troy, NC 27371 respectively. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside
Yellow fleshed peaches have traditionally been ranked by North contents were positively correlated with total anthocyanin con-
Carolina breeders for browning of puree. The present study was tent. Cyanidin 3-xyloside content in ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’
done at the request of peach growers to determine the browning was higher than in ‘Natchez’. Ripeness stage did not affect total
of new releases from the NC breeding program. A total of four anthocyanin content. The results indicate that organically grown
white-fleshed and 18 yellow-fleshed varieties were harvested ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ blackberries are excellent
from the Sandhills and Mills River NC research stations from sources of cyanidin 3-glucoside, an anthocyanin considered
5-year-old trees. Most cultivars were harvested at least twice highly effective in quenching free radicals. Since cyanidin
for the study. A total of 10 fruit per selection and harvest were 3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in blackberries,
selected that were free of injury and near 3 kg firmness. After representing 88 to 96% of total anthocyanin content, use of the
cutting through the suture and peeling, one-quarter of the peach pH differential method with microplate reader or spectropho-
was used for soluble solids and pH determination, one quarter tometer offers an accurate and low cost method to follow the
pureed, and one quarter freeze dried. A subsample of the puree anthocyanin profile of blackberries.
was diluted and color measured using transmission through
cuvette on a Hunter Ultrascan colorimeter. Non diluted purees Fresh Market Muscadines: Evaluation of New
were ranked for degree of browning (0 to 5) after 4 h at room Selections and Postharvest Treatments for
temperature then again after 4 d refrigeration followed by Longer Shelf Life
warming to room temperature. Cultivars that were evaluated 35
years ago were also included in this trial. Those that expressed Penelope Perkins-Veazie1, Jim Ballington2,
little or no browning in original trials, such as ‘Candor’, had and Joyce O’Neal1
little browning in the current trial. One of the new white peach 1
Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of
selections (NC97-25) showed almost no browning, even when Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University,
left at room temperature for several days. In yellow fleshed Kannapolis, NC 28081; 2Department of Horticultural
peaches, the “b*” color value was positively and linearly cor- Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
related (0.67) to brown ratings, increasing in value as browning 27695
increased. In white fleshed peaches, correlation of b* and brown Fresh market muscadine fruit are much larger and firmer than
ratings increased to 0.80. Our results indicate that colorimeter juice type cultivars. The current recommended shelf life for fresh
values can easily and quickly be used to obtain a quantitative market muscadines is 2 weeks at 2 to 5 °C. The purpose of this
value for peach browning. Proanthocyanidins (flavanols) and work was to evaluate shelf life and quality of new selections
hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic and neochlorogenic) were and cultivars of muscadines adapted to North Carolina. A total
the dominant peaks in freeze dried peach extracted with acidified of 9 bronze, 1 red, and 12 purple cultivars and selections were
methanol and run on HPLC. harvested from a 3-year-old vineyard and held from 14 to 87 d
at 5 °C, evaluated weekly for market appearance. The primary
Anthocyanin Profile of Organically Grown loss of storage quality was softness then leak and browning. In
Blackberries bronze types, brown patch development was found in 42% of
berries rated. This condition appears to be related to chill injury
Moo Jung Kim1, Penelope Perkins-Veazie2, and starts as light brown discolored spots below the peel, usually
and Gina Fernandez1 after 14 to 28 d, and ultimately becoming a split. Leak, softness,
1
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina scar tears, mold, and brown patch were negatively correlated with
State University, Raleigh ,NC 27695; 2Plants for Human storage life. ‘Farar’, ‘Early Fry’, ‘Granny Val’ and ‘NC1006’
Health Institute, NC Research Campus, North Carolina had good shelf life (24–36 d). Addition of 15% carbon dioxide
State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 to the storage atmosphere extended shelf life by 7 d. An overall
Total and individual anthocyanin contents in organically grown score of 100%-sum(soft, brown patch, mold, leak) was used to

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S37

determine performance. When evaluating genotypes for fresh root growth, stomatal conductance and fruit yield. Root length
market shelf life, ‘Triumph’, ‘Fry’, ‘Summitt’ (bronze) and density (RLD, cm·cm–3), adaxial and abaxial stomatal conduc-
‘Nesbitt’, ‘Supreme’ are controls to establish if new selections tance (mmol.m–2·s–1), and total fruit yield (TFY; t.ha–1) of six
are better or worse in quality, having overall scores above 20% melon cultivars were measured. Melons produced more RLD
and 30%, respectively. in clay soils (2.08 cm·cm–3) with an average increase of 41% as
compared to sandy loam soils (1.48 cm·cm–3). Cultivars showed
no significant differences for RLD; however, TAMU 146, TAMU
Genetic Factors Associated with Seed Oil
OC and Journey had numerically more root growth than other
Percentage in Watermelon cultivars. Most of the RLD (77 %) was concentrated in the upper
Geoffrey Meru* and Cecilia McGregor 30 cm of the soil depth indicating an effective rooting depth for
1111 Plant Sciences Building, Department of subsurface drip irrigated melons. Averaged across soil types and
Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 cultivars, adaxial conductance was higher (20%) than abaxial
conductance. Melons grown under sandy loam soil had 17% more
Egusi watermelon (Citrullus lanatus subsp. mucosospermus
abaxial conductance than clay soils, but adaxial conductance
var. egusi) is known for its distinctive fleshy-pericarp seed
was similar in both soils. Overall, cultivars had no significant
phenotype and high seed oil percentage (SOP). The seed is
differences for adaxial as well as abaxial conductance. Clay soils
part of daily diet in West Africa where it is used in soups and
produced 19 % higher fruit yield (87.9 t·ha–1) as compared to
stews or processed for cooking oil. Genetic mapping studies
sandy loam soils (74.3 t·ha–1). Cultivar-trait association analysis
have revealed that most of the variation in SOP between egusi
conducted by GGEbiplot showed that high yielding cultivars
and normal, non-egusi seed is explained by the egusi (eg) locus,
Journey, TAMU OC and TAMU 146 had better association with
which is also associated with the unique seed phenotype. How-
RLD however, none of these cultivars showed relationships with
ever, variation in SOP is also observed within egusi and normal
stomatal conductance. These results indicate that heavy textured
seed types although its basis remains to be elucidated. A high
soils are better suited for enhanced root growth and higher fruit
correlation between kernel percentage (KP) and SOP has been
yield in melons. The differences in stomatal conductance could
observed in watermelon and other crops, and recent data also
be attributed to variation in vapor pressure deficit at the two
suggest association between seed size and SOP in watermelon.
locations rather than to soil types.
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between
SOP, KP and seed size traits in watermelon and to identify
quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the latter traits to Grafting Specialty Melons for Root-knot
facilitate marker assisted selection (MAS) for traits correlated Nematode Management
with SOP. KP showed a significant (α = 0.05) positive correla-
Wenjing Guan1*, Xin Zhao1, Donald W. Dickson2,
tion with SOP in both egusi and normal seed types while seed
size traits showed significant negative correlations with SOP. and Judy Thies3
QTL associated with KP and seed size traits in normal seed
1
Horticultural Sciences Department, University of
were co-localized with a previously mapped locus for SOP Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 2Entomology and
on linkage group (LG) 2, but in egusi seed, a QTL explaining Nematology Department, University of Florida,
33% of phenotypic variation in KP was localized on LG 7. The Gainesville, FL 32611; 3USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable
Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC
results of this study show that SOP in watermelon is correlated
29414
with KP and seed size, but KP is associated with different loci
in normal and egusi seed phenotypes. A recently conducted greenhouse inoculation study demonstrated
the effectiveness of using Cucumis metulifer as a rootstock for
inhibiting reproduction of root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloido-
Vegetable Crops Section gyne incognita race 1 in honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’
(Cucumis melo var. inodorus). A follow-up field experiment
Soil Type and Cultivar Effect on Root Growth further assessed the RKN resistance, yield, and fruit quality of
and Stomatal Conductance of Muskmelon specialty melons grafted with C. metulifer. ‘Honey Yellow’ and
(Cucumis melo L.) galia melon ‘Arava’ (C. melo var. reticulatus) both susceptible
Sat Pal Sharma1*, Daniel Leskovar1, to RKN were grafted onto C. metulifer and grown in organic
and nonfumigated conventional fields at Citra, FL, during
Kevin M. Crosby2, A.M.H. Ibrahim3 and Astrid Volder2
March–June 2012. The organic plot was naturally infested by M.
1
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, 1619 Garner
javanica. Compared with non- and self-grafted plants, ‘Honey
Field Road, Uvalde, TX 78801; 2Department of
Yellow’ and ‘Arava’ grafted onto C. metulifer exhibited signifi-
Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College
cantly lower gall ratings and reduced RKN population densities
Station, TX 77843; 3Department of Soil and Crop
in the soil. However, total and marketable fruit yields were not
Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
significantly different from those of non- and self-grafted plants.
77843
There was a lack of RKN infestation in the conventional field
Melon cultivars with diverse genetic makeup were evaluated plot where ‘Honey Yellow’ grafted onto C. metulifer showed a
in sandy loam (Weslaco, TX) and clay soils (Uvalde, TX) for

S38 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

significantly lower total yield compared to non-grafted plants, Opportunities for Broccoli Production in
whereas the fruit yield of ‘Arava’ was not affected by grafting Florida
with C. metulifer. Grafting with C. metulifer decreased the flesh
firmness of ‘Arava’ in both organic and conventional fields and Monica Ozores-Hampton1*, Lincoln Zotarelli2,
resulted in a reduction in total soluble solids content under con- Gene McAvoy3, and Douglas Gergela4
ventional production. In contrast, C. metulifer did not exhibit 1
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural
any significant impacts on the fruit quality attributes of ‘Honey Sciences, South West Florida Research and Education
Yellow’. Results demonstrated the potential of using C. metulifer Center, Immokalee, FL; 2University of Florida, Institute
for grafting specialty melons for RKN management. Although of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Sciences
the improvement of RKN resistance did not translate into yield Department, Gainesville, FL; 3Hendry County Extension
enhancement, the reduction in soil RKN population densities Service, LaBelle, FL; 4Research Coordinator, Hastings
could make grafting a viable rotational tool for organic specialty Research Center, Hastings, FL
melon growers. More research is needed to better understand Most U.S. broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) production occurs in
the scion–rootstock interaction effect on fruit quality. the western U.S., however rising fuel and transportation costs
may make it difficult for distribution to eastern markets to remain
Effects of Cover Crops and Reduced Tillage on economically viable. This situation provides an opening in the
eastern markets that Florida growers may have an opportunity.
Yield and Weed Population in Organic Lettuce
The estimated area devoted to broccoli production in Florida is
Production less than 2,000 acres, which is located primarily in the northeast
Yushen Huang*, Xin Zhao, Carlene A. Chase, and central-south Florida. Broccoli production in northeast and
and Jason M. Neumann central Florida occurs from August to March, while in south
Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Florida from September to January. The objective of this study
Gainesville, FL 32611 was to evaluate the yield and quality of broccoli varieties in two
production regions in FL. Seven broccoli varieties: BZ 1001
A field experiment was conducted at the Plant Science Research and 1004 (Enza Zaden), Emerald Crown, Green Gold, Green
and Education Unit in Citra, FL to assess the effect of summer Magic, Imperial (Sakata) and Ironman (Seminis) were tested
cover crops and reduced tillage on organic lettuce yield and weed in Felda (southwest) and Hastings (northeast). Both trials were
suppression in fall 2012. Sunn hemp and sorghum-sudangrass planted on Nov. 2011 with 6-inch spacing between plants in a
were planted as a biculture in August and terminated in October single row 3 ft apart with a plant population of 29,040 plants/
10 d prior to lettuce transplanting. Five production systems were acre. Broccoli florets were harvested manually, and weighed
evaluated including: 1) incorporated cover crops with raised beds for marketable and unmarketable yield. Postharvest evaluation
and polyethylene mulch, 2) incorporated cover crops with raised consisted of head diameter, color and density, and stalk internal
beds and no polyethylene mulch, 3) no cover crops with raised cavity. Hasting produced higher yields than Felda due to higher
beds and polyethylene mulch, 4) no cover crops with raised head diameter (6–7 inches/head). In Felda, the highest market-
beds and no polyethylene mulch, and 5) reduced tillage with able yield were from BZ 1001, Emerald Crown, Green Gold
cover crops retained as organic mulch. The production systems and Green Magic; however, head diameters were between 4.0
were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 to 4.5 inches. The varieties with the highest color rating and
replications. Two loose leaf lettuce cultivars, ‘Tropicana’ and head density were Imperial, BZ 1001, and Emerald Crown. In
‘New Red Fire’, were transplanted into the field on 1 Nov. and Hastings, the average broccoli yield was 10.7 ton/acre with an
harvested after 7 weeks. Incorporation of cover crops did not average weight of head of 1.12 lb. There were no differences
influence lettuce yields. Overall, lettuce grown with polyethylene in marketable yield and head weight among varieties. Florida
mulch had higher yields than in systems without polyethylene has the potential to produce high broccoli yields and quality
mulch. Weed density and biomass assessment results showed during the winter season.
the effectiveness of using summer cover crops for nutsedge
management. The reduced tillage system and the polyethylene
mulch system with cover crop incorporation exhibited the
Evaluation of Three Foliar Fertility Programs in
lowest density and dry weight of nutsedges towards the end of Bell Pepper in North Carolina
the lettuce crop. However, by 4 weeks after transplanting, the Christopher C. Gunter1*, Christopher J. Biai1,
perennial grass population was highest in the reduced tillage Jose G. Garzon1, Jonathan R. Schultheis1,
system, whereas broadleaf weeds became a problem in the non- and Ronald J. Gehl2
mulched beds. Regrowth of sorghum-sudangrass was observed 1
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina
in the reduced tillage system at 2 weeks after transplanting. The State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609; 2Department
results support a role for sunn hemp/sorghum-sudangrass cover of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Mills
crops for nutsedge control in fall-grown vegetables; however, River, NC
nutrient and plant management practices need to be developed
for minimizing yield loss in systems without polyethylene mulch. Soil application of fertilizers is a common and effective way to
deliver plant nutrients and achieve maximum economic crop
yields. However, foliar fertilization is frequently used by com-
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S39
mercial growers who view it as a potentially economical and effect on number of fruit, fruit marketable yield or individual
effective method of nutrient delivery. A field study was conducted fruit weight. Black mulch had higher percentage of marketable
to evaluate the effectiveness of three different approaches of soil- fruit than silver mulch. Fruit production rate and individual
applied fertilizer regimes with a combination of three different fruit weight decreased quadratically with increased mean air
foliar programs on nutrient status and yield of bell peppers. temperature for the period of 30 d before harvest. Optimal air
Twelve different treatment combinations were arranged in a temperature for fruit production was 17.0 °C for the period of
randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Preplant 30 d before harvest.
(PRE) treatments consisted of 100% nutrients applied prior to
transplanting; Split (SP) treatments, consisted of 50% nutrient Microgreens: Specialty Crop for the Local Food
applied prior to transplanting and 50% of nutrients applied
post-planting as liquid fertigation; and Liquid Fertigation (LF) Market
treatments consisted of 100% nutrient applied post-planting, all Gary R. Bachman* and Christine E.H. Coker
in combinations with three different foliar application schedules. Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State
The three foliar application schedules included Foliar Program University, 1815 Popps Ferry Road, Biloxi, MS 39532
1 (FP1), which used conventional chelated minerals, and Foliar
The increased consumer interest in locally grown foods has
Program 2 (FP2) and Foliar Program 3 (FP3) which used Met-
resulted in local producers expanding the variety of vegetables
alosate chelated minerals. Programs FP1 and FP2 were delivered
being grown for the market. A crop group that is gaining at-
on a calendar schedule, while FP3 was delivered based on the
tention are microgreens. Microgreens are a high value crop
results of foliar tissue (leaf) nutrient analysis. Early yields from
composed of various cruciferous vegetables, Asian greens, and
SP and LF treated plots were significantly greater than PRE
herbs that are harvested 10 to 25 d after germination. These are
while late yields were only greater for SP compared with PRE
adaptable to different growing strategies, from nutrient culture
treatment combinations. Total yield (Early + Late) for SP and
to production in soilless media in trays or containers. Consumers
LF were significantly greater than PRE. Generally, the FP2 and
are interested in the increased levels of vitamins and carotenoids
FP3 treated plots tended to have the greatest yields when used
compared to the full grown plant. Their colors and sharp flavors
with SP and LF compared with the non-foliar and FP1, how-
make them an attractive crop for restaurant sales and useful in
ever statistical differences were not measured. A strong linear
commercial cuisine. Microgreen production has the potential to
relationship (R2 = 0.90) between mean leaf N concentration at
be a 12-month product which is a highly desirable characteristic
the first flowering stage and mean early yield was observed,
for local food producers to maintain market visibility.
indicating a potential means for predicting early yield in bell
pepper. Regardless of the foliar application from Foliar Program
1, 2, or 3, no yield advantage was obtained. Effects of In-Row Distances on Bell Pepper
(Capsicum annuum) Cultivars under High
Poblano Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Yield as Tunnels in Florida
Affected by Cultivar and Color of Plastic Film Emmanuel A. Torres-Quezada
Mulch and Bielinski M. Santos*
Juan C. Díaz-Pérez, Jesús Bautista, and Nélida Bautista Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS,
University of Florida. 14625 County Road 672,
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia,
Wimauma, FL 33598
Tifton, GA 31793
Two studies were conducted to assess the effect of in-row dis-
Poblano pepper is widely consumed in Mexico and is of increas-
tances on the growth and yield of determinate and indeterminate
ing popularity in the U.S., but there is limited information on
bell pepper cultivars under high tunnels. In-row distances were
this type of pepper. The objective was to determine the effects
20, 25, and 30 cm with rows separated 1.50 m apart, resulting
of plastic film mulch and cultivar on fruit yield. The experiment
on densities of 14,520, 11,616, and 9,680 plants/ha. Determinate
was conducted in Tifton, GA during the spring of 2011. The
cultivars were ‘Crusader’ and ‘Lafayette’, while ‘Maria’ was
experiment was randomized complete block with a split plot
indeterminate. Determinate cultivars were planted in two suc-
arrangement. Whole-plot was plastic film mulch (black or silver
cessive seasons (9-month total), which were compared to one
reflective) and split-plot was cultivar (‘Ancho’, ‘Don Emilio’,
9-month season of the indeterminate cultivar. Results showed
‘Don Matias’, ‘Masivo’, ‘San Ardo’, ‘Tiburon’). Plants were
that ‘Maria’ had the highest fruit number per plant and per acre
planted on 13 Apr. and were grown on raised beds and drip
but the lowest fruit weight per fruit in comparison to the other
irrigation, following the UGA extension recommendations for
two cultivars. There were no significant in-row distance by
bell pepper. Plants were harvested eight times from 22 June (71
cultivar interactions for marketable fruit number and weight.
DAT) to 16 Nov. (218 DAT). ‘San Ardo’ had highest marketable
However, as in-row distances increase there was a significant
yield, while ‘Ancho’ produced the lowest marketable yield, largest
decrease on these two variables. Marketable fruit weight aver-
number of marketable fruit, and the smallest fruit size. ‘Masivo’
aged 27% more in rows with plants separated 20 cm apart than
had the fewest number of marketable fruit. Mulch color had no
in the standard 30-cm between-plants treatment. Planting two

S40 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

consecutive seasons of determinate bell pepper cultivars resulted mountains (Mills River) and upper piedmont (Reidsville) re-
on the same marketable fruit weight than planting only one long gions of North Carolina to determine the effects of location on
season of indeterminate pepper. six sources of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia
(five from commercial seed companies and one from a private
farm). The tops and roots of these plants are used in a wide
Studies in Support of Western North Carolina
variety of natural botanical products. At each location there
Mountain Broccoli Production are two studies, one for each species. Each study is a split plot
Jeanine Davis* and Emily Bernstein design with years as the main plots and sources as the subplots.
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina Data are being collected on growth stage, plant vigor, plant
State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research height, flowering date, number of flowers, and top and root dry
and Extension Center, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, weight. After one season of growth, the E. purpurea plants at
NC 28759 Mills River were more vigorous and had larger top dry weights
The majority of broccoli consumed in the U.S. is grown in than their counterparts at Reidsville. Flower numbers and root
California and Arizona. Rising costs of transportation and a weights for E. purpurea, however, were similar between the
strong local food movement present an opportunity for east coast two locations. This may indicate that plant vigor and large top
farmers to produce broccoli. Most available broccoli varieties weights are not necessarily a predictor for increased root pro-
were developed for growing conditions in the western part of the duction in E. purpurea. In contrast, the top and root dry weights
country. The Eastern Broccoli Project, a multi-state effort led by for E. angustifolia were similar between the two locations, but
Cornell University, is working with private and public breeders the Mills River E. angustifolia produced more flowers than
to develop and test varieties in five states from Maine to South those at Reidsville. Some differences were noted among the
Carolina. The North Carolina trials are being conducted in the seed sources, in particular, vigor and top dry weight for both
mountains in the western part of the state. The Phase I trials were species. This will be an issue for the industry when sourcing
started in 2011, with over 30 varieties and advanced lines planted seed. The location differences are most likely due to the varia-
twice each year, targeting an optimum time and heat-stressful tions in climate, soil type, and fertility which will be examined
time. The Phase II trials were started in 2012 with 12 breeding as these studies continue.
lines or varieties planted at five times. The Phase III trials will
start in 2013 with large on-farm trials of three varieties. In North Phytoremediation of Aquaculture Effluent Using
Carolina additional funding permitted the addition of an organic Beit Alpha Cucumber Production
participatory variety screening project. Organic farmers chose
the varieties to test and did the final evaluations. To date, the Jeremy M. Pickens1*, Jeffrey L. Sibley1,
Eastern Broccoli project trials have helped identify breeding Jesse A. Chappell2, Jason J. Danaher2,
lines and existing varieties that perform well in individual loca- Terrill R. Hanson2, and Claude E. Boyd2
tions as well as across a wide geographic range and conditions. 1
Auburn University, Department of Horticulture, 101
Population studies have shown that yields and marketable heads Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849; 2Auburn University,
can be increased by increasing plant populations. The organic Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture, 203
study revealed that the researchers were more critical in their Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849
evaluations about what is marketable or not than the growers. Yield, fruit count, and nutrient assimilation of Beit Alpha cu-
A number of the varieties tested in the organic study produced cumber (Cucumis sativa ‘Manar’) was compared between plants
higher yields, more marketable heads, and better tasting broccoli grown with conventional hydroponic fertilizer and aquaculture
than did the standard variety Packman. Two open pollinated lines, effluent. Aquaculture effluent was from a 100-m3 biofloc system
developed by Oregon State University through a participatory producing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Plants receiv-
breeding project, also performed well in this study. ing the conventional hydroponic fertilizer received 30 mg/L N
from Total Grow Tomato Bag Special (3–13–29) and 150 mg/L
Comparing Phenotypical Variation among N from calcium nitrate (15.5–0–0). Plants were arranged in a
completely randomized design with 68 plant replicates and
Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia
grown using conventional methods in a perlite and Dutch Bucket
Varieties Grown as Medicinal Herbs in Two system. Fruit was harvested daily. The study was terminated
Environments 43 d after transplanting. There were differences in total fruit
Jennifer Crumley1*, Lijing Zhou1, John Balles2, yield between aquaculture effluent (3.2 kg) and the commercial
and Jeanine Davis1 hydroponic fertilizer (4.5 kg). Aquaculture effluent plants had a
Dept. of Horticultural Science, NC State University, 29% reduction in fruit count and a 28% reduction in fruit yield
Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension when compared to the commercial hydroponic fertilizer. The
Center, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759; reduction in fruit yield could be attributed to lower phosphorus
2
Nutrition Product Development, Amway Corporation, concentrations in aquaculture effluent. Phosphorus was 60%
19600 6th Street, Lakeview, CA 92567 lower in tissue of plants receiving aquaculture effluent. Aqua-
culture effluent mean PO4-P concentration was 3.3 mg/L and
Three-year field trials were initiated in 2012 in the southern

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S41

the hydroponic fertilizer was 61.7 mg/L. Low levels of reactive improve and maintain productivity and profitability. Specifically
phosphorus in aquaculture effluent could be attributed to high the focus of this project was to evaluate timing and number of
Ca concentration (418 mg/L) and a high pH (6.7). flower production for various pollenizer varieties in addition to
their susceptibility to a common pathogen, anthracnose (Col-
Micropropagation of Artemisia annua, letotrichum obiculare). The experiment was established (May
2012) in the field in Vincennes, IN, at the Southwest Purdue
a Medicinal Plant with Anti-malarial and Agriculture Center. Specifically the focus of this project was
Anti-cancer Activities to evaluate timing and number of flower production for 15 pol-
Theophilus M. Mutui1, Weiguang Yi2, lenizer varieties in addition to their susceptibility to a common
Jorge F.S. Ferreira3, and Hazel Y. Wetzstein*2 pathogen, anthracnose. The field site was prepared by tillage,
1
Department of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Sciences, bed formation, and installation of plastic mulch and drip tape.
Chepkoilel University College (Moi University), P.O. All fertilizer was applied pre-plant in the following amounts:
Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya; 2Department of 350 lb (46–0–0), 100 lb (0–0–60), and 200 lb of pelletized lime.
Horticulture, 1111 Plant Science Building, University of Transplants were taken to the field on 16 May 2012, and planted
Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; 3U.S. Salinity Laboratory, in the designated plots as dictated by the randomized complete-
USDA–ARS, 450 W. Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA block design. Plants were irrigated as needed throughout the
92507-4617 season and treated with insecticides as dictated by scouting
reports. Accomplice and SP-5 had statistically greater number of
Artemisia annua L., also known as Sweet Annie and annual
total male flowers throughout the growing season as compared
wormwood, has long been recognized for its medicinal proper-
to the other varieties. Additionally, Accomplice had greater total
ties. It is a critical medicinal plant because it is the only com-
male flowers in the first four weeks of the season as compared
mercial source of artemisinin, a potent compound used against
to all other varieties except Pollen Pro. SP-5 had greater total
drug resistant malaria. In addition, Artemisia produces bioactive
male flowers in the middle 4 weeks of the season. Sidekick and
metabolites possessing anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-
Accomplice had greater total male flowers as compared to 10 of
parasitic activities. Plant material is currently the only economical
the varieties evaluated in the late season. Ace had the greatest
source of artemisinin, thus supply is reliant upon agricultural
susceptibility to anthracnose having more than 37% disease.
crop production. Unfortunately, farming A. annua from seeds
SP-5 and SP-4 being two varieties that expressed greater re-
leads to plants with a wide range of artemisinin content. Cloned
sistance having less disease as compared to 11 of the varieties
plants have the potential to produce consistently high artemisinin
evaluated. The experiment will be replicated in the next season
crops, increasing yield, and facilitating predictions of artemisinin
to verify consistency.
yield. With demand growing, satisfying the need for artemisinin
will require propagation of improved plant material that contains
consistently high artemisinin levels, leading to better utilization Degradable Mulches May Have a Place in
of land and resources. We have developed an efficient method Southern Vegetable Farming
using in vitro tissue culture that is capable of producing large
William B. Evans1*, Richard G. Snyder1,
numbers of shoots. Regenerated plants performed well in the
greenhouse and field. High performance liquid chromatography
Vasile Cerven1, and M. Hutton2
analyses proved that tissue culture propagation methods produced
1
MAFES Truck Crops Branch, P.O. Box 231, Crystal
uniform plants with the same high artemisinin contents as the Springs, MS 39059-0231; 2Highmoor Farm, P.O. Box
179, 52 U.S. Route 202, Monmouth, ME 04259-0179
parent plants.
Three mulch types were evaluated for watermelon and tomato pro-
duction on raised beds with drip irrigation. Treatments included
Evaluation of Pollenizer Varieties for Triploid
standard black polyethylene mulch, a degradable starch-based
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Production in mulch similar in feel and appearance to black polyethylene,
Southwestern Indiana and a coated paper mulch that was thicker and somewhat more
Shubin K. Saha1* and Dan Egel2 rigid than either of the other products. All were applied with a
1
Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, mechanical mulch layer over raised beds with a 24-inch flat top.
2
Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Southwest Drip irrigation tubing was placed under the bed mulches at the
Purdue Ag Program, Purdue University, Vincennes, IN time of application. Watermelon and tomato transplanted into the
47591 mulch plots and managed with standard local practices through
harvest. Compared to the other two products, the paper mulch was
Watermelon production accounts for 48% of the total fresh more difficult to apply with a standard bedder/mulching machine
market vegetable acreage planted in the state of Indiana. Addi- and required some additional hand labor to secure the sides well.
tionally, it accounts for 52% of the total value for fresh market Paper mulch reduced or eliminated nutsedge populations in the
vegetables, at $29.7 million in 2012. Based on the importance early season. Paper mulch began to break down within 40 days
and economic significance in the state, there is a need for applied of application, with starch-based mulch also showing degrada-
research to provide practical information for producers and the tion. Tomato yields were significantly higher in paper mulch
industry. Various production practices could be investigated to

S42 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

plots than in others, while watermelon yields were unaffected by graft ‘Athena’ cantaloupe (2010). Non-grafted and self-grafted
mulch type. The polyethylene mulch required significant labor tomato and melon plants were grown as controls. Overall ap-
and effort to remove. The paper and starch mulch degraded and pearance and acceptability, firmness, flavor, and sweetness of
did not need to be removed at the end of the season. The paper tomatoes and melons were assessed in the consumer sensory
mulch and starch mulch have promise in southern horticulture, evaluations using a 1–9 hedonic scale. In 2010 (75 panelists),
but the paper may need some reformulation to improve how fruit from ‘Brandywine’ grafted onto ‘Survivor’ received sig-
easy it is to work with its longevity in the field. nificantly lower ratings in appearance, acceptability, and flavor
than fruit from non-grafted ‘Brandywine’, while grafting with
High Tunnel Vegetable Update from Mississippi: ‘Multifort’ resulted in a significant decrease in acceptability
and flavor. The rootstock effect was not detected in 2011 with
Crops, Fertilizers, and Production Techniques ‘‘Brandywine’ fruit (69 panelists); however, flavor of ‘Flamme’
William B. Evans*, Guihong Bi, and Vasile Cerven fruit (75 panelists) from plants grafted with ‘Survivor’ was scored
MAFES Truck Crops Branch, P.O. Box 231, Crystal significantly lower compared to non-grafted treatment. Grafting
Springs, MS 39059-0231 led to significantly reduced scores for acceptability, sweetness,
and flavor of ‘Athena’ fruit (100 panelists). Moreover, differential
Mississippi now has more than 200 high tunnels scattered
rootstock effects were observed. Overall, self-grafting of scions
throughout the state. High tunnels are unheated structures for
showed much fewer effects than the use of rootstocks. Further
growing high value crops over an extended season. Over the
studies are warranted to elucidate the rootstock influence on fruit
last five years, researchers at Mississippi State University have
ripening and consumer perceived sensory properties.
studied several aspects of high tunnel production. At the Truck
Crops Branch Experiment Station, south of Jackson, we have
seven high tunnels. We have organic and non-organic tunnel Nitrogen Rates Effects on Yields and
production, centered on vegetables and cut flowers. The team has Profitability of Tomato with Subsurface
had success at extending the growing season in the spring and the Irrigation in Florida
fall, and growing warm season crops over winter using secondary
covers. We have tested more than 20 crops in the tunnels, from Monica Ozores-Hampton1*, Eric Simonne2,
beans to papayas to snap dragons, and evaluated more than 50 Fritz Roka1, Kelly Morgan1, Steven Sargent2,
cultivars for high tunnel production. We have tested organic and Crystal Snodgrass3, and Eugene McAvoy4
conventional fertilizers, and are now conducting evaluations of 1
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural
cover crops and shade systems for tunnel production as well. Sciences, South West Florida Research and Education
The team has hosted more than 2,000 people for field days, tours Center, Immokalee, FL; 2University of Florida, Institute
and trainings. The team has created a high tunnel information of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural
website and several print-on-demand publications. We have and Sciences Department, Gainesville, FL; 3Manatee County
are hosting several high tunnel construction demonstrations Extension Service, Palmetto, FL; 4Hendry County
around the state as well. Extension Service, LaBelle, FL
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is considered extremely
Sensory Attributes of Tomato and Muskmelon important issues by the Florida tomato industry. Currently, the
“Optimum fertilization management and application” section
Fruits as Affected by Grafting
of the Florida BMP manual includes the University of Florida,
Xin Zhao*1, Charles A. Sims2, Charles E. Barrett1, Institution of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) rec-
and Eric Q. Dreyer2 ommendation of pre-plant 224 kg·ha–1 of N plus a 13.7 kg·ha–1
Horticultural Sciences Department, 2Food Science and supplemental N application under specific conditions (post-
Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, planting). However, growers often use N fertilizer rates above
Gainesville, FL 32611 the UF/IFAS recommended rate due to N losses by leaching
and/or denitrification. Therefore, a partnership was created
Grafting as an effective tool for soilborne disease management
with growers, State agencies and UF/IFAS. The objectives of
has been used successfully in solanaceous and cucurbitaceous
this study were to identify a range of N rates that would result
vegetable production. As more rootstocks become available,
in highest yields, acceptable postharvest quality, and maximum
limited information is available regarding the rootstock impacts
economical return for tomato, grown with seepage irrigation
on fruit quality particularly the sensory attributes. In this study,
(management of a perched water table above an impermeable
consumer sensory analyses were preformed on tomato and
soil layer or hard pan) during spring season (low probability of
muskmelon fruits from grafted plants during the spring produc-
leaching rain events). The study was conducted in spring 2007
tion seasons in 2010 and 2011 in north Florida. For the grafted
and 2008 in Palmetto, FL with N rates ranging from 22 to 470
tomato experiment, organic heirloom tomato ‘Brandywine’
kg·ha–1 at pre-plant as NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate). Weather
(2010 and 2011) and ‘Flamme’ (2011) were grafted onto tomato
conditions were typical of a dry spring season in Central Florida
hybrid rootstock ‘Survivor’ and interspecific tomato hybrid
with no leaching rain events recorded in either year. In the
rootstock ‘Multifort’, respectively. Two interspecific squash
absence of leaching rain and frost protection (either may raise
hybrid rootstocks ‘Strong Tosa’ and ‘Tetsukabuto’ were used to

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S43

the water table), petiole sap NO3-N decreased over time and Colored shadecloths have shown a potential to lengthen the
the rate of decline depended on the N fertilizer rate. Extra-large growing season of many crops. This study was designed to
and total marketable fruits yields showed a quadratic plateau evaluate three different colors of shadecloth on the production
response to N rates with maximum yields at two harvests (97% of tomatoes in Oklahoma. Black, red, and aluminet shadecloths
of the yields) grown with 172 and 298 kg N·ha–1 in 2007 and were compared to a control. There was no significant difference
2008, respectively. Nitrogen rate did not correlate consistently in total production among the treatments. The control plants
to fruit ripening rate, fruit firmness nor compositional quality produced 25% more total fruit per plant than the plants grown
at table-ripe stage. With favorable growing conditions (i.e. under the black shadecloths. There was not a difference in total
conditions in 2008), a grower’s net return would have decreased fruit production per plant grown under any of the shadecloths.
between $1,000 and $2,000 per hectare depending upon market There was no significant difference in weight per fruit among the
conditions. However, if the UF/IFAS recommended rate of 224 treatments. All colored shadecloths increased percent marketable
kg·ha–1 resulted in the highest yield, applying 300 kg·ha–1 would fruit and marketable yield compared to the control. Marketable
have increased grower production costs by $67/ha. These results fruit grown under black shadecloth was 12.5% higher than
may be useful for growers to determine the optimal N rates for the control. Marketable yield of tomatoes grown under black
production and profit, and by state agencies to understand the shadecloth was 9.5 percent higher than the control. This is the
potential effects when N rates are reduced. first year of the study and data does not support that utilization of
colored shadecloth increases production of tomatoes. However,
Effect of Plant Population and Pruning on colored shadecloth does increase marketable fruit.
Grafted Tomatoes for Open Field Production
Nitrogen Rate Effect Using a Hybrid
Joshua H. Freeman1* and Theodore P. McAvoy1
Controlled-release and Soluble Fertilizer
1
Virginia Tech, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and
Extension Center, 33446 Research Drive, Painter, VA Program on Tomato Production in South
23420 Florida
The use of grafted tomatoes has shown great promise as a tool Luther C. Carson*, Monica Ozores-Hampton,
to manage soil-borne disease in the absence of soil fumigation. and Kelly T. Morgan
The most appropriate cultural practices for grafted tomatoes Southwest Florida Research and Education Center,
remain unclear. This project was initiated to answer some University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142
questions regarding plant population and pruning. Experiments
Florida best management practices include the use of controlled-
were conducted during the summer of 2011 and 2012. Two graft
release fertilizers (CRFs), which are soluble nutrients coated
combinations, ‘FL 47’ grafted to ‘Cheong Gang’ and ‘FL 47’
with a resin, polymer, sulfur or a hybrid of sulfur and polymer.
grafted to ‘Shin Cheong Gang’, were compared to ungrafted
A hybrid CRF/soluble nitrogen fertilizer (SNF) system (HS)
‘FL 47’ at three plant populations and were either pruned or
was developed to ameliorate low soil test nitrate levels found
not. Pruning consisted of removal of cotyledon suckers plus two
in other CRF studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
additional suckers. Plant populations used were 8966, 7172,
the effects of three CRF rates in a HS compared with two SNF
and 5977 plants/ha, respectively. During both years, pruning
rates using seepage irrigation on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
significantly reduced fruit yield in large, extra-large, and total
L.) yields, petiole sap nitrate (NO3-N) content, and postharvest
marketable categories. Reducing plant population from 8966
fruit quality. Treatments of 100, 150, and 200 lb/acre CRF plus
to 7172 plants per hectare reduced total marketable yield in
50 lb/acre of SNF for total N of 150 (CRF100/SNF50), 200 and
2011 but not 2012. Reducing plant population from 8966 to
250 lb/acre were compared with IFAS (230 lb/acre) and grower
5977 plants per hectare significantly reduced tomato fruit
standard (250 lb/acre) of SNF applied pre-plant. Tomatoes were
yield in all size categories in both years. In 2011, grafting did
planted on 29 Aug. 2011 using polyethylene mulch. Petiole sap
not improve fruit yield in any category while in 2012 ‘FL 47’
NO3-N contents were above the IFAS sufficiency range for all
grafted to ‘Cheong Gang’ increased yield of extra-large and
treatments and sample dates. Soil temperatures ranged from
total marketable fruit compared to un-grafted ‘FL 47’ or ‘FL
59.4 to 104.2 °F and averaged 79.1 °F during the trial, which
47’ grafted to ‘Shin Cheong Gang’. These data do not provide
is higher than the temperature at which manufactures demon-
conclusive evidence for the reduction of plant population when
strate N release. There were no differences in extra-large and
grafted plants are used. It is also unclear whether grafted toma-
total marketable yield at first harvest and total extra-large yield
toes will consistently increase yield over un-grafted tomatoes
(three harvests combined) among treatments. However, total
when used in open field culture.
marketable yield for IFAS, CRF100/SNF50, CRF150/SNF50,
and CRF200/SNF50 was greater than the grower standard,
Evaluation of Colored Shadecloth on Tomato which ranged from 1,830 to 2,175 25-lb boxes/acre. Grower
Production in Oklahoma standards had greater firmness (less fruit deformation) than
CRF200/SNF50 13 d after harvest (DAH). Treatment CRF100/
Will Chaney*, Charles Rohla, and Steve Upson SNF50 and CRF200/SNF50 had the greatest red color among
Ag Research, Agriculture Division, The Samuel Roberts
Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
S44 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013
the treatments 13 DAH. A HS containing a significant portion ability to maintain a variety of soil moisture levels; allowing
of CRF plus SF allows for a reduced N application with yields field plots to be maintained in narrow (–45/–40 KPa) or wide
similar to IFAS recommended rates. (–45/–10 KPa) ranges within the same trial. Irrigation run times
were logged using state dataloggers, (Hobo U9; Onset, Cape
Improved Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) Control on Cod, MA) which record voltage changes corresponding to the
initiation and termination of irrigation. This system has allowed
Bed Edges with Metam Potassium and Soil researchers to maintain soil volumetric water content (±1%) of
Surfactants a predetermined set-point when rainfall is not present. A second
Bielinski M. Santos* system was developed using Watermark™ (Irrometer) sensors
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, with battery-powered controllers (WEM-B; Irrometer) and ir-
University of Florida, 14625 County Road 672, rigation timers (SVC; Hunter Irrigation, San Marcos, CA). In
Wimauma, FL 33598 this system, the controller is preset to irrigate up to eight times
daily; however, when soil moisture levels are greater than a
Soil fumigants, including metam potassium, are widely recom- predetermined set point (as measured by the Watermark™ sen-
mended to manage purple and yellow nutsedges (Cyperus rotun- sors) the irrigation cycle is skipped. This method has allowed
dus and C. esculentus) in vegetable and strawberry production for maintenance of soil volumetric water content (±0.5% to 2%)
in Florida. Lateral movement of metam potassium is closely of a predetermined set point under rain-free conditions depend-
related to water capillarity, but when applied with a single ing on depth of measurement. Both systems provide sufficient
drip tape in fumigated beds for vegetables and strawberry, two management of water applications for field-based study of
untreated strips (each 10 to 15 cm wide) on the sides of beds irrigation scheduling in vegetable crops and significantly less
occur. The soil surfactant Integrate (triblock copolymer 61% and variability than manually operated irrigation treatments with
glucoethers 19%) is used to improve soil wetting. Two studies similar set-points.
were conducted to evaluate the performance of metam potassium
against nutsedge when Integrate was applied to the soil. Treat-
ments consisted of 1) metam potassium, 2) Integrate followed Irrigation and Tillage Regime Affect Soil
by metam potassium, and 3) a non-fumigated control was added. Compaction and Productivity of Bell Pepper
The surfactant was applied at a rate of 9.5 L/ha (5.5% v/v) and (Capsicum annuum L.)
metam potassium at 568 L/ha (5.5% v/v). Integrate was applied
1 d before the fumigant. Addition of Integrate to the soil prior
Zheng Wang* and Timothy Coolong
to the fumigation improved nutsedge control and soil moisture N-318 Agriculture Science Building, Department of
at 5 inches deep. In the first study, plots treated with the soil Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
surfactant and metam potassium had consistently between 20% 40546-0091
and 28% less nutsedge than plots treated with metam potassium The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of
alone. In the second trial, nutsedge populations were 50%, 52%, tillage regime and irrigation management in organically and
and 39% less in plots treated with Integrate + metam potassium conventionally managed systems on soil quality and yield of
at 14, 21, and 28 d after treatment than in plots applied with bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) ‘Aristotle’. The trial was
metam potassium only arranged in a split-plot design with eight treatment combina-
tions. Plants were grown in strip tillage and with plastic mulch
under well-watered and drought conditions in organically and
Methods for Controlling Soil Moisture-based
conventionally managed systems in 2011 and 2012 in Lexing-
Irrigation in Field-grown Vegetables ton, KY. Soil compaction, leaf water potential, and yield were
Timothy Coolong1*, Richard Warner2, John Wilhoit2, determined in this trial. There were a significant interactions in
and Zheng Wang1 soil compaction levels within and between rows in strip tillage
1
N-318 Agriculture Sciences North, Department of and plasticulture systems. In-row soil compaction was less in the
Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY plasticulture plots than in strip-tillage plots. However, between-
40546; 2128 C.E. Barnhart Building, Department of row compaction was significantly greater in plasticulture plots
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Lexington, at depths of 15, 20, and 30 cm compared to strip tillage plots.
KY 40546 In addition, organically managed plots had significantly less in-
row compaction than conventionally managed plots at depths up
Methods for automating soil-moisture based irrigation are neces-
to 20 cm. Leaf water potential was measured at pre-dawn and
sary to conduct field-based research for irrigation management.
mid-day during the growing season. There were no interactions
Manually operated irrigation systems rely on continuous moni-
present among any treatments for leaf water potential. In ad-
toring by humans, which may increase the variability of water
dition, there were no treatment effects for pre-dawn leaf water
applications in field-settings. Two automated irrigation control
potential, but there were significant differences in mid-day leaf
systems were developed to reduce human-induced variability.
water potential between plants subjected to well-watered and
One system, used two-switching tensiometers (Irrometer, Riv-
drought conditions. This indicated that irrigation regime im-
erside, CA) to control irrigation. Using this system, research-
pacted plant water status, regardless of growing system. There
ers can set values to turn irrigation on and off, resulting in the

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S45

were no significant interactions between treatments for fruit Ramón Arancibia1*, Chris Clark2, Beth Stokes3,
yield. However, there were significant treatment differences in Lori Grelen1, Washington da Silva2, Richard Baird3,
yield between well-watered and drought-stressed plants, with and Jeff Main1
well-watered plants producing significantly greater yields than 1
Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment
drought-stressed plants. Results suggested that while tillage Station, North Mississippi Research and Extension
system may impact soil quality characteristics, irrigation regime Center, Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS
was the only treatment that significantly impacted plant water 38863; 2Department of Plant Pathology and Crop
status and yield in this trial. Physiology, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-
1720; 3Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology,
Inheritance of Pericarp Thickness and Fruit Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
Shape Traits of Consumer Interest in Capsicum
annuum Sweetpotato tip rot is a disease/disorder with unknown etiology
that has been observed in recent years. Tip rot or restricted end rot
Denee K. Salazar1*, Ann M. Greene1, is manifested as a small sunken and irregular lesion at or close to
Lucianne B. Vilarinho1, 2, and Bala Rathinasabapathi1 the proximal end of the storage root that appears after 2–4 weeks
1
Horticultural Sciences Department, University of in storage. The lesion is usually shallow and progresses onto
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690; 2Universidade the root asymmetrically, but sometimes extends into the interior
Federal de Roraima, Aeroporto-Boa Vista 69304220, of the root. Tip rot is distinct from unrestricted end rot since
Brazil the later is usually deep (spans the storage root) and progresses
“Building Better Peppers” was designed as a plant breeding onto the storage root symmetrically. Stress-inducing factors
program where undergraduate students could explore different such as ethylene and fungal pathogens appear to be involved
areas of research while focusing on the long-term goal of design- to some extent in predisposing and/or causing the syndrome.
ing novel, commercially viable pepper cultivars. The objective Several pathogenic (Fusarium spp., Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia,
of this research was to evaluate the inheritance of fruit shape Macrophomina) and non-pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp.) have
and pericarp thickness in the progeny of a cross between two been isolated from symptomatic storage roots in Mississippi
heirloom cultivars Round of Hungary (ROH) and Bulgarian car- and Louisiana. Inoculation studies were conducted to determine
rot (BUC). ROH fruits had red ripe fruit color, thicker pericarp, the relationship between these isolates and tip rot or end rot
a fluted shape and no pungency. BUC fruits had orange yellow development. Greenhouse and field plants were inoculated by
ripe fruit color, thin pericarp, smooth shape and high pungency. inserting a PDB-saturated toothpick colonized with the fungus
Data on ripe fruit characteristics were collected from parents, in the main stem at 1 to 2 inches above ground. Ethephon was
F1 and F2 population plants grown in a greenhouse. The data on applied 1 or 2 weeks before harvest to half of the plants. Storage
“fasicled” fruit shape trait of ROH fitted a two-gene model, with roots were stored at 60 °F for 2 months and evaluated for rot
semidominance and pericarp thickness behaved as multigenic incidence. Tip and end rot incidence in roots from inoculated
trait. Light microscopy of wet sections of pericarp indicated that plants varied significantly depending on isolate and ethephon
increased pericarp thickness of ROH was more influenced by application. Tip rot and proximal end rot in Mississippi varied
larger cell size than increased number of cell layers compared from 0% to 64% and 0% to 46%, respectively, and rot incidence
to BUC. Though the cuticular wax thickness was comparable was higher in roots from ethephon-treated plants. Incidence of
between ROH and BUC, there were significant differences in the distal end rot was low and ranged between 0% and 8%. Tip rot
arrangement of cell layers below the epidermis and the distribu- and distal end rot incidence in Louisiana ranged from 0% to
tion of chromoplasts. It appeared that the cellular structure of 33% and 0% to 48%, respectively. In contrast to Mississippi,
the F1 fruit was a delineated combination of the parental types, incidence of proximal end rot was lower than distal end rot and
with the first three to four cell layers resembling BUC and the ranged between 0% and 20%.
remaining cell layers resembling ROH. Additional research is in
progress for selecting offspring with the goal of creating a highly End Rots, Tip Rot, and Internal Necrosis:
nutritious pepper with excellent keeping quality and attractive Investigations into Cause and Resistance
fruit shapes. Funding support from the College of Agriculture
and Life Sciences to B.R. and D.S. and University of Roraima Chris Clark1*, Washington da Silva1,
to L.V. is gratefully acknowledged. Ramón Arancibia2, Jeff Main2, Jonathan Schultheis3,
Zvezdana Pesic-VanEsbroeck3, and Chen Jiang3
National Sweetpotato Collaborator 1
Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, LSU
AgCenter, Baton Rouge 70803-1720; 2Pontotoc Ridge–
Group Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, North Mississippi
Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State
Sweetpotato Tip and End Rot Incidence University, Pontotoc, MS 38863; 3North Carolina State
in Response to Pathogen Inoculations and University, Department of Horticultural Science, Box
Preharvest Foliar Applications of Ethephon 7609, 2721 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609.

S46 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

A complex of disorders has been observed in recent years that In submergence tests at 30 °C using roots from storage, soft rot
develop at or near the ends of sweetpotato storage roots during appeared in ‘Beauregard’ in 3 to 7 d but took 6 to 10 d to appear
storage. There are four predominant syndromes: 1) distal end rot in ‘Evangeline’. In field tests, yield loss was similar between the
(DER) involving a dry rot progressing symmetrically from the two cultivars under severe flooding stress, but a low incidence
distal end of the root and affecting the entire cross section of the of soft rot occurred in ‘Beauregard’ but not in ‘Evangeline’ in
root; 2) proximal end rot (PER) involving a dry rot progressing mild flooding stress. Penetration of aniline blue stain into stor-
symmetrically from the proximal end of the root and affecting age roots was used to estimate the incidence of lenticels open
the entire cross section of the root; 3) tip rot (TR) which occurs to water diffusion. Prior to submergence, 12% of lenticels of
at or near the proximal end of the root, develops asymmetrically, ‘Beauregard’ roots were penetrated by stain while at 2, 4, and
is usually restricted and shallow but sometimes extends into 6 d after submergence, the incidence increased to 58%, 70%,
the interior of the root, and 4) internal necrosis (IN) which is and 93%, respectively. Storage roots from plants treated with
a discoloration having dark brown margins developing within ethephon before harvest had erumpent lenticels, suggesting
the root extending from the proximal end, often with little or no lenticel proliferation. Preliminary tests in which granules of
external symptoms. The cause of these disorders is not firmly 1-methylcyclopropene (blocks ethylene binding) were applied
established and multiple factors including exposure to ethylene, on the soil surface immediately before flooding resulted in
curing, and fungal pathogens may be involved to some extent reduced yield loss of ‘Beauregard’ in low and moderate flood
in predisposing and/or causing these syndromes. This study stress plots and for ‘Evangeline’ in moderate flood stress plots.
was undertaken to assess the susceptibility of major cultivars Flooding stress also increased incidence of end rots on surviving
and breeding lines of sweetpotato and measure the influence roots that were cured and stored
of pre-harvest application of ethephon and curing immediately
after harvest on these disorders. Field tests were conducted with
Evaluation of Various Insecticides in
an early harvest and late harvest in Louisiana, Mississippi, and
North Carolina. About 2 weeks prior to harvest, ethephon was Sweetpotato Production for Control of
applied to vines in half the plots. At harvest, two samples of Wireworms in the Mid-South, 2012
roots were collected from each plot; one was cured for 5–7 days Larry Adams*1, Randall Luttrell1, and Tara Smith2
before storage and the other was placed immediately into storage USDA, ARS, SIMRU, Stoneville, MS 38776; 2LSU
1

at 60 °F. After 2–3 months, roots were washed and incidence AgCenter, Chase, LA 70803
of end rots and tip rot was determined. Roots were then sliced
and incidence and severity of internal necrosis was recorded. In the mid-South several species of wireworms cause losses in
Ethephon increased PER, TR, and IN. Curing reduced DER, sweetpotato production. The tobacco wireworm, Conoderus
PER, and TR but increased IN. Cultivars varied significantly vespertinus (F.), is a significant insect pest of sweetpotato,
for incidence of all four disorders. Ipomoea batatas L., in Louisiana and Mississippi sweetpotato
production. Adults, known as click beetles, do not feed on the
crop but oviposit in the soil near the crop, weeds, or other veg-
Lenticel Proliferation and Flooding Associated etation. Larvae produce small, shallow feeding holes on the root
Soft Rot in Sweetpotato surface from the time they enlarge until harvest. The life cycle
Chris Clark1*, Washington da Silva1, lasts for 2–3 years. During the 2012 growing season USDA,
ARS, Southern Insect Management Research Unit (SIMRU) and
and Arthur Villordon2
1
LSU AgCenter collaborated to evaluate six insecticides regimes
Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, for efficacy against tobacco wireworm in sweetpotato. A cage
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1720; 2LSU study was conducted at the SIMRU location in Stoneville, MS.
AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station, Chase, LA Beauregard sweetpotatoes were transplanted to four row plots
71324 in the 1/8 acre field cages (14 plots per cage) and treatments
When sweetpotato fields are flooded shortly before harvest, were applied. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and
catastrophic losses can occur, as has happened several times in replicated four times. Sweetpotatoes were harvested from the
Louisiana since 1998. There are many physiological responses two center rows of each plot. Yield, quality and insect damage
that occur in sweetpotatoes in response to flooding, but the were recorded and analyzed. Twenty-five US#1 sweetpotatoes
rapid soft rot that ensues destroys the storage roots. Anaerobic, per plot were chosen randomly and evaluated for insect damage
soil-borne, bacteria in the genus Clostridium can cause soft after washing. Wireworm damage ranged from 8.0% to 26.00%
rotting on roots in hypoxic conditions. The decay develops so in this study. Preplant applications of Belay 2.13 SC, Lorsban
rapidly in the field that it is difficult to see the point of origin, 4E, Lorsban 4E plus Admire Pro and Admire Pro resulted in
but when roots were exposed to hypoxia by submergence in significantly less damage compared to the untreated control
water, the soft rot most often emanated from lenticels. Since plots. All of these treatments included a foliar layby application
proliferated lenticels have been described as points of entry into of Belay and the Lorsban 4E plus Admire Pro also included a
potato tubers by soft rot bacteria, this study was undertaken to weekly foliar application of a selected insecticide.
examine their role in flood associated soft rotting of sweetpotato.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S47

Evaluation of Selected Insecticides Regimes were collected and brought to the greenhouse for further stud-
for Management of Sugarcane Beetle in ies. Indicator plants (n=129) were tested for virus detection by
NCM-ELISA, PCR and multiplex RT-PCR. Preliminary results
Sweetpotato
suggested that potyviruses and a geminivirus were widespread
Tara P. Smith1*, J. Beuzelin2, and T. Arnold1 in both experimental locations. Single viral infections were
LSU AgCenter Center: 1Sweet Potato Research Station, found in 34% of the samples and mixed viral infections were
Chase, LA, 2Dean Lee Research and Extension Center, detected in 66% of the samples, with potyviruses mixed infec-
Alexandria, LA tions being the most common. Sweetpotato feathery mottle
The sugarcane beetle, (Euetheola humilis rugiceps Burmeister) is virus (SPFMV) was the most prevalent followed by Sweetpotato
a significant insect pest affecting sweetpotato in Louisiana. Adult virus G (SPVG), Sweetpotato virus C (SPVC), Sweetpotato
sugarcane beetles feed on sweetpotato roots late during the pro- leaf curl virus (SPLCV), and Sweetpotato virus 2 (SPV2). This
duction season. Sugarcane beetle feeding damage compromises study showed the wide occurrence of the potyviruses SPFMV,
the aesthetic quality of sweetpotato roots, often leaving them SPVG, SPVC and the geminivirus SPLCV in North Carolina.
unsuitable for market. Producers currently rely on traditional Detection methods used in this study demonstrated the appli-
labeled soil insecticides and planting date recommendations to cability of standardized protocols to investigate virus infection
manage this insect in commercial fields. More information is in sweetpotato production areas. Further research includes the
needed on monitoring techniques and chemical control options detection of Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) by real
for this insect. Several insecticides currently labeled for use on time RT-PCR and storage root development studies in mixed
sweetpotato in Louisiana were evaluated at several locations viral infections.
in 2011 and 2012 for their efficacy against sugarcane beetle.
Preplant and layby applications of various labeled insecticides Evaluation of Weed Control and Sweet Potato
were evaluated. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and Tolerance to Alternative Herbicides I.
replicated four times in all trials. Preplant and layby insecticides D.K. Miller*, T.P. Smith, M.S. Mathews, and T. Arnold
were applied as a band along the row center or as a broadcast
LSU AgCenter, St. Joseph, LA
application prior to rowing, to the two center rows. At harvest,
25 roots were chosen at random from the two center rows of Field studies were conducted in 2012 at the Sweet Potato Re-
each plot and evaluated for insect damage after washing. In search Station near Chase, LA, to evaluate weed control and crop
2011, sugarcane beetle damage ranged from 0% to 40.00%. In tolerance with alternative herbicides applied in sweet potato.
2012, sugarcane beetle/white grub damage ranged from 6.00% to Treatments in study one included Zidua at 2 oz/acre, Balance
37.00% in a trial conducted in Ville Platte, LA, with the majority Pro at 2 oz/acre, Fierce at 3 oz/acre, Prefix at 2 pt/acre, Valor at
of damage attributed to sugarcane beetles. The Lorsban/Admire 2 oz/acre, and Corvus at 3 oz/acre, all applied PRE-transplant.
preplant treatment followed by Belay layby resulted in 88% less Study two evaluated same treatments except Fierce and Valor
damage compared to the non-treated control in the Ville Platte were replaced with Dual Magnum and Reflex each at 1 pt/acre
trial. Damage in a trial conducted in Gilbert, LA, 2012, ranged with all applied immediately POST-transplant. In both studies,
from 12.00% to 57.00%. Results at the Gilbert location were Valor at 2 oz PRE-transplant followed by Command at 2 pt/acre
variable; however, the preplant, broadcast treatment of Belay immediately POST-transplant was included as a standard. Variety
resulted in 73% less damage than the non-treated control. 07-146 was planted on 18 July on silt loam pH 5.8. Measure-
ments included crop injury 14 and 42 d after treatment (DAT)
weed control 42 d after planting (DAT), and yield. Injury was not
Field Survey and Detection of Sweetpotato
observed in study one. Equivalent control of barnyardgrass (88%
Viruses in North Carolina to 100%), yellow nutsedge (88% to 93%), carpetweed (100%),
Christie V. Almeyda*, Tamara Abernethy, and entire leaf morning glory (100%), spiny amaranth (67% to 97%),
Zvezdana Pesic-VanEsbroeck and goosegrass (92% to 100% was observed for all treatments.
Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Zidua, Corvus, and Balance Pro resulted in no greater than 58%
University control of cutleaf groundcherry, while other treatments controlled
the weed at least 85%. Yield of U.S. no. 1 and total yield for
North Carolina is the major sweetpotato producer in the U.S. the standard was 159 and 302 bu/acre, respectively, which was
Sweetpotato is prone to virus infections due to vegetative propaga- equal to Fierce (169 and 294 bu/acre) and Valor (146 and 264
tion that results in cultivar decline. There is limited information bu/acre), and greater than other treatments (48 to 75 and 113 to
on the status of sweetpotato viruses in North Carolina in the last 163 bu/acre). In study two, Balance Pro and Corvus resulted in
two decades. The goal of this study was to evaluate the virus 72% and 82% injury, respectively, 14 DAT. All other treatments,
infection status in sweetpotato through a field survey in North with the exception of the standard (0% injury), injured the crop
Carolina using biological, serological and molecular detection 15% to 40%. At 42 DAT, injury was 73% and 85% for Balance
methods. Susceptible indicator plants (Ipomoea setosa) were Pro and Corvus, respectively. Zidua resulted in 30% injury while
evenly distributed in sweetpotato experimental plots at two other treatments resulted in no greater than 8% and equal to that
different locations in North Carolina during the summer 2012. for the standard. All treatments resulted in equivalent control of
Naturally infected indicator plants showing virus-like symptoms barnyardgrass (85% to 100%), spiny amaranth (77% to 95%),

S48 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

yellow nutsedge (85% to 92%), cutleaf groundcherry (22% to rainfall event within 24 h after transplanting slips. Symptoms
78%), carpetweed (97% to 100%), common purslane (95% to associated with quality decline are shorting or rounding of roots
100%), entire leaf morning glory (100%), and goosegrass (95% and malformations such as extreme root elongation (carrot-
to 100%). The standard resulted in 150 and 296 bu/acre yield shaped). Research has not been conducted to determine the
of U.S. no. 1 and total yield, respectively, which was equal to specific cause of these symptoms that render storage roots as
Dual Magnum (111 and 231 bu/acre), and greater than other unmarketable culls. Therefore, the objective of this study was
treatments (0 to 58 and 7 to 140 bu/acre). to determine S-metolachlor effects on sweetpotato growth and
storage root development under low (25/17 °C), optimum (30/22
Evaluation of Weed Control and Sweet Potato °C) and high (35/28 °C) day/night temperatures with no-rainfall
and rainfall immediately after application. The sweetpotato
Tolerance to Alternative Herbicides II cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was transplanted in white polyvinyl chlo-
D.K. Miller*, T.P. Smith, M.S. Mathews, and T. Arnold ride (PVC) pots (20 cm diameter × 30 cm height) filled with
LSU AgCenter, St. Joseph, La. sandy loam soil. Five levels of S-metolachlor (0.0, 0.86, 1.72,
2.58 and 3.44 kg ha ) with and without rainfall were imposed
-1

A field study was conducted in 2012 at the Sweet Potato Re-

immediately after transplanting. S-metolachlor treatments were
search Station near Chase, LA to evaluate weed control and crop
applied POST and half of the pots were then subjected to 38 mm
tolerance with alternative herbicides applied in sweet potato.
rainfall at 50.8 mm·h–1 intensity within the first 24 h. All pots
Treatments included Zidua at 2 oz/acre, Balance Pro at 2 oz/
were transferred into sunlit, computer-controlled plant growth
acre, Dual Magnum at 1 pt/acre, Reflex at 1 pt/acre, Prefix at 2
chambers that were maintained at the respective temperatures
pt/acre, Valor at 2 oz/acre, and Corvus at 3 oz/acre, all applied
and ambient carbon dioxide concentration (380 ppm) for 60 d.
15 d POST-transplant following Valor at 1 oz PRE-transplant
An evapotranspiration-based irrigation and fertigation system
and Command at 1 pt/acre immediately POST-transplant.
was used to supply nutrients and water as required at each
Valor at 2 oz PRE-transplant followed by Command at 2 pt/
temperature regime. Plant biomass components and quantity of
acre immediately POST-transplant was included as a standard
storage roots were recorded at the end of the experiment. Storage
comparison. Variety 07-146 was planted on 18 July on silt
root yield was highest for the optimum temperature with rainfall
loam pH 5.8. Measurements included crop injury 28 and 42 d
treatment and declined with treatments that included low and
after treatment (DAT), weed control 42 d after planting (DAT),
high temperatures. Plant total, shoot and root biomass yields
and yield. Corvus resulted in 83% injury, greater than all other
declined with increasing concentration of S-metolachlor in all
treatments. Reflex injured the crop 8%, which was greater than
temperature treatments. Yield and quality of storage root decline
all treatments (0% injury) 28 DAT. At 42 DAT, injury was 65%
were aggravated by rainfall event in all temperature regimes;
for Corvus and the only one to result in injury. All treatments
65% and 100% decline in marketable storage roots at 2.58 kg
resulted in equal control of spiny amaranth (83% to 97%), cut-
ha–1 S-metolachlor concentration with and without rainfall event,
leaf groundcherry (55 to 92%), carpetweed (100%), entire leaf
respectively, when averaged across temperatures. These results
morning glory (100%), and goosegrass (87 to 100%). Control
can be used to improve management decisions that optimize
of barnyardgrass with the standard was complete, which was
yield under variable temperature and rainfall conditions as well
equal to that for Zidua (100%), Dual Magnum (93%), and Prefix
as mitigate risk of injury that could be associated with the use
(95%), and greater than other treatments (77 to 85%). Yellow
of S-metolachlor in sweetpotato weed management systems.
nutsedge was completely controlled by Zidua, Dual Magnum,
and Reflex, and control was equivalent to Balance Pro (95%)
and Prefix (98%), and greater than other treatments (82% and Changes in the Level of Lignification/
83%). Corvus resulted in no yield. All other treatments resulted Suberization in Sweetpotato Skin with
in equal yield ranging from 132 to 247 for U.S. no. 1 and 263 Preharvest Defoliation and Ethephon Induced
to 373 for total. Stress Confocal Microscopy
Nestor Bonilla*, Ramon A. Arancibia2, Frank Matta1,
Effects of S-Metolachlor Rainfall and Mark Shankle2, K. Raja Reddy1, Juan Silva3,
Temperature on Sweetpotato Storage Root and Don LaBonte4
Development 1
Plant and Soil Sciences Dept. Mississippi State
Issah A. Abukari *, Mark W. Shankle ,
1 2 University, 117 Dorman Hall, Mississippi State, MS
K. Raja Reddy1, and Ramon Arancibia2 39762; 2Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment
Station, North Mississippi Research and Extension
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State
1
Center, Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS
University, MS; 2Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch,
38863; 3Food Sciences, Nutrition and Health Promotion,
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS;
The herbicide S-metolachlor controls yellow nutsedge (Cype- 4
School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences,
rus esculentus), annual grasses, and several broadleaf weeds Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton
in sweetpotato. However, a decline in quality storage roots is Rouge, LA 70803
suspected with the use of this herbicide following an excessive

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S49

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is an important crop in line’, ‘Hatteras’, and ‘Carolina Rose’, were calculated applying
the U.S. southern states, and Mississippi contributes about 15% the principle of mass balance. The sweetpotato roots used in
of the country's total production. Skinning at harvest is one of the the study were grown and stored in central North Carolina. All
main factors influencing postharvest losses to shrinkage (moisture the roots were U.S. No 1 grade. The roots were stored in an
loss) and diseases (wound susceptible to infections). In addition, environmentally controlled room at the following temperature
when a root is not properly cured immediately after harvest, ranges: 14.4–16.6, 16.7–18.8, 18.9–21.1, and 21.2–23.3 °C
the skinned area becomes dark and sunken, and unappealing and 85 ± 5% relative humidity. Variables were measured every
to consumers. The objective of this study was to determine the hour for a period of 10 months by a data acquisition system
changes in skin lignification/suberization in response to different designed and built for this specific application. Mass balance
treatments applied before harvest. Sweetpotato Beauregard B14 was achieved applying the respiration equation and assuming
was used in this study and was grown at the NMREC-Pontotoc that the substrate loss was entirely glucose. Temperature and
research station. Pre-harvest treatments consisted in foliar ap- variety significantly (P < 0.05) affected respiration rates cal-
plication of ethephon, defoliation and untreated control. Storage culated. Respiration rates were lower at low temperatures and
roots were sampled directly from the field 3 and 7 d after treat- increased as temperature increased. Covington had the lowest
ment and the skinning force was measured immediately with respiration rate at the 14.4–16.6 °C temperature range from the
a torquometer. The level of skin lignification/suberization was tested varieties. ‘Carolina Rose’ showed the highest susceptibil-
determined by confocal microscopy in the fluorescence mode. ity to temperature during the study. Calculating respiration rates
The level of skin lignifications/suberization increased with pre- by measuring the substrate consumed in respiration as glucose
harvest foliar application of ethephon as well as with defoliation is a valid and accurate method. This method is especially suit-
when compared to roots from untreated plants. able for commodities that can be stored for long periods, such
as sweetpotatoes. Environmental conditions are a determining
Effect of Cultivar, Curing, and Preparation factor in the respiration rate of sweetpotatoes, but the genetic
characteristics are the most important contributing aspect in the
Method on Water-soluble Vitamin Content in respiration rate of sweetpotato roots. Modeling respiration rate
Sweetpotatoes applying the mass balance principle in sweetpotatoes revealed
Wilmer A. Barrer* and David H. Picha differences in the respiration rate of sweetpotato varieties at
School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, different temperatures.
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Evaluation of Irrigation Scheduling Regimes for
Nutritional information is increasingly becoming an important
quality characteristic that consumers use to purchase food Drip Irrigated Sweetpotatoes in Eastern North
products. Sweetpotato consumption has significantly increased Carolina
during the last decade, partly due to its perceived nutritional Robert L. Vick, Jr.1*, Jonathan R. Schultheis2, and
value. Several older studies have provided a general reference Garry L. Grabow1
for the nutritional value of sweetpotatoes, including various 1
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering,
B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). However, it is not North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;
clear to what extent postharvest storage conditions, cultivar, 2
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina
and processing methods affect the B vitamins and ascorbic acid State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
content. Significant differences were found between sweetpotato
cultivars and processing methods in thiamine (vitamin B1), There is growing interest among North Carolina sweetpotato
riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and vitamin producers in the potential benefits of drip irrigation, but limited
C content. The information generated from this research may understanding on how to properly manage it. A study was con-
be useful to sweetpotato breeders, marketers, agro-processors, ducted in 2011 at the Cunningham Research Station in Kinston,
and consumers interested in more detailed vitamin nutrition NC to evaluate three different soil moisture management regimes
information on sweetpotatoes. on yield of ‘Covington’ sweetpotatoes. No irrigation (Control),
timer based irrigation (Timer), and “smart” irrigation (Smart)
treatments were replicated five times for two planting dates
Modeling Respiration Rate of Five Varieties (7 and 28 June). Each planting was harvested three times (ap-
of Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] at proximately 13, 16, and 19 weeks after transplanting) and drip
Different Temperature Ranges by Applying the tape was laid on the surface of each irrigation row. The Timer
Mass Balance Principle treatment ran on a fixed schedule except during rainfall events
that exceeded 0.5 inches. The Smart treatment was controlled
José G. Garzon* and Michael D. Boyette remotely based on daily readings from soil-moisture sensors in
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, each row. Irrigation regime did not affect root set (P = 0.50);
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 however, planting date and weeks to harvest within planting
Respiration rates of five different varieties of sweetpotato [Ipo- date were determining factors (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.03, re-
moea batatas (L.) Lam], ‘Beauregard’, ‘Covington’, ‘Evange- spectively). Early plants yielded 7.7 roots per hill compared
to 6.5 roots per hill for late plants across all harvests and ir-

S50 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

rigation regimes. Irrigation did affect total yield (P < 0.0001). hypothesized that cutting the deep root of the sweetpotato plant
Plants that received no irrigation averaged 402 cwt a–1, while would allow this process to begin. Therefore, two different un-
the Timer and Smart treatments yielded 264 and 303 cwt a–1, dercutting implements were designed and fabricated. One was
respectively. Soil-water retention curves developed during the assembled from currently available off-the-shelf components and
second week of July revealed that field capacity (FC) was lower the other was a modified commercially available sweetpotato
than originally estimated. Irrigation schedules were promptly digger. These implements were tested in experimental plots and
adjusted, but it is likely that nutrient leaching and water stress the skin strength was directly measured. Root skin strength was
had already adversely affected yields. Planting date and weeks measured at 3 d and 6 d after treatment. There was a significant
to harvest within planting date also affected total yields (P < rainfall event on the fifth day after treatment, meaning that no
0.0001 for both). Plants that were set early and harvested 16 and comparison between the time periods can be made. One of the
19 weeks after transplant yielded more than those that were set tested varieties responded to undercutting. Results indicated that
early and harvested early. They also yielded more than the plants at 3 d after treatment, undercutting had no significant effect on
set later, regardless of time to harvest, probably due to receiving skin strength for both vine conditions (vine-on and de-vined).
more heat units. Across all plantings and harvests, significantly At 6 d after treatment, undercutting with the newly developed
less irrigation was applied by the Smart system compared to implement significantly increased skin strength for roots in which
the Timer system. The importance of accurately characterizing the vine had been left on. There was no difference between using
soil-water holding capacity and properly scheduling planting the modified digger and no treatment. Additionally, there was
and harvests were highlighted in this study and should be points no treatment effect on roots which were de-vined. These results
of emphasis moving forward. indicate that in a bulk harvesting system, undercutting with the
new implement will increase skin strength after the roots have
Development of a Mechanical Undercutting cured in the ground.
System to Minimize Sweetpotato Skinning
during Harvest Selected Insecticides for Soil Insect Control in
Sweetpotato
Bradley H. Hayes1*, Jason K. Ward1, John W. Lowe1
Jeremiah D. Davis1, Mark W. Shankle2, Shaun A. Francis*, Obadiah M. Njue,
and Ramon A. Arancibia2 and James O. Garner
Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at
State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762; 2Pontotoc Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR
Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, 8320 71601
Highway 15 S., Pontotoc, MS 38863 US No. 1 grade sweetpotato roots give the best economic
Sweetpotatoes have been an important high-value crop in return. To qualify for a US No. 1 grade, sweetpotatoes must
Mississippi and future growth is expected. Industry growth be free of insect damage. However, soil borne insect pest is a
has created the need for a continuous supply of sweetpotatoes major limiting factor in sweetpotato production in the southern
throughout the year. Therefore, managing the harvest process United States where significant yield and quality effects are as-
and postharvest storage environment is critical to maintaining sociated with soil borne insect damage. In an effort to control
a year-round supply of quality sweetpotato roots. This has been this damage, sweetpotato field experiments were conducted in
a challenge in Mississippi and growers have been experiencing the U.S. and in Guyana, South America. The objective was to
post-harvest losses due to excessive root shrinkage (weight evaluate selected insecticides for control of soilborne insects.
loss) and bacterial and fungal rots. Studies indicate that 20% The experimental design was a randomized complete block with
to 25% of sweetpotatoes are lost to moisture loss and decay five replicates. Treatments included methyl parathion (20.9%),
during postharvest storage. This is directly related to skinning phosmet (70%), chlorpyrifos (44.9%), imidacloprid (42.8%),
at harvest procedures that cause cuts and abrasions (skinning) and beta-cyfluthrin (12.7%). In Guyana, these treatments were
to the delicate skin of the sweetpotato root is. These wounds compared with a local insecticide, fipronil (80%), commonly
provide a way-of-entry for diseases to infect the root, as well as used by farmers. Each treatment was applied prior to planting
moisture loss that results in root shrinkage. De-vining sweetpo- and incorporated into the soil. After harvest, roots from each
tatoes prior to harvest is a commonly used method to halt root treatment plot were examined for insect feeding damage and
growth and to begin toughening the skin. This method is viable insecticidal efficacy was determined by counting marketable
for producers using manually-assisted harvesting for the fresh roots with insect feeding scars and converting this number to a
market. Producers using bulk harvesting prefer to leave vines percent damage value. In the Guyana trials, fiprinol provided
on to reduce the amount of foreign material going into storage. the best results, while there was significantly less damage to
A new method of halting plant growth and allowing the root sweetpotato roots harvested from plots treated with chlorpyrifos,
to cure in the ground prior to harvest is needed. The objective compared to the other plots. In the U.S. trials, which excluded
of this study was to design and test a mechanical root pruning fipronil, there was also significantly less damage to sweetpotato
blade to halt plant growth and initiate skin set prior to harvest roots harvested from plots treated with chlorpyrifos. No other
of sweetpotatoes and to quantify the effects of undercutting treatment reduced soil borne insect damage below that of the
sweetpotatoes on skin strength relative to de-vining. It was control in both locations. These results verify the recommenda-

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S51

tion of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®) as an effective chemical control A series of studies were conducted to understand the occurrence
for soil insects in sweetpotatoes. and causes of internal necrosis (IN) in ‘Covington’ sweetpotato. A
survey was conducted for two seasons across 25 North Carolina
Implementing Irrigation on Small-scale Farms: commercial facilities in each season in order to understand the
An Economic Feasibility Study Using Sweet occurrence of IN in ‘Covington’ during storage. Results indi-
cated the problem was widely spread throughout North Carolina
Potato Irrigation but both incidence and severity were generally low, with some
Rockiell Woods1*, Gretchen F. Sassenrath2, exceptions in which a few businesses were impacted by a high
John Halloran3, and Wesley Whittaker4 percentage of IN with high severity. Storage conditions (tempera-
1
Alcorn State Experiment Station, Mound Bayou, MS, ture and relative humidity) were monitored in commercial facili-
38762; 2USDA-ARS Crop Production Systems Research ties that were surveyed and no relationship was found between
Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776; 3USDA-ARS New England the occurrence of IN and storage conditions. Internal tissue of
Plant, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, University symptomatic roots was cultured in both moisture chambers and
of Maine, Orono, ME 04469; 4Alcorn State University, acidified PDA medium and there was no consistency in the types
Department of Agriculture Education, Alcorn State, MS of pathogens that were isolated. Laboratory studies which stored
39096 sweetpotato roots in air-tight barrels with 100 ppm ethylene did
Economic challenges have contributed to an alarming decline in not find any relationship between ethylene gas in storage and the
small farms, particularly in the Mississippi Delta, due to barriers occurrence of IN. Field studies tested the effects of the growth
that hinder them from realizing production viability and economic regulator Prep (ethephon compound) as well as various kinds
success. While small farms have difficulty competing with large of commonly used pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) on
farms in national and international markets, they can compete the occurrence of IN. Besides Prep, no other pesticides induced
in local and regional food markets. This source of local food is IN. IN symptoms were rarely detected at harvest; the earli-
especially critical in the Mississippi Delta, a region identified est significant incidence was found 8 days after harvest, with
as having substantial food deserts. In order for small farms to symptoms becoming even greater 30 days after harvest. Curing
survive, strategies are required that yield high value fruits and enhanced the incidence and severity of IN. Anatomical work
vegetables and enable farmers to remain economically solvent. was approached using DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)
This research was undertaken to identify potential yield improve- fluorescent dye to detect cell death in roots which had been ap-
ments and economic return in small-scale vegetable production plied with Prep but prior to the presence of visual IN symptoms.
systems. We use as a case study supplemental irrigation in sweet This approach was not successful and could be attributed to the
potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) production. Irrigation costs variation in cellular structure from one root to the other, and the
were incorporated into enterprise budgets, and potential return on variation in the specific region on the root where IN occurred.
investment calculated. Even very modest (10%) improvements
in yield are sufficient to economically justify implementing Sweetpotato Variety Development in California
irrigation. Improving vegetable crop productivity will benefit
C. Scott Stoddard1 and Don LaBonte2
individual farmers by improving economic returns. It will also
enhance rural communities by providing a better selection of University of California Cooperative Extension, 2145
1

vegetables and reduce food deserts. Implementing irrigation Wardrobe Ave, Merced, CA 95341; 2 Louisiana State
University, 131 J.C. Miller Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
may be a simple tool that farmers can use to enhance their
management practices and maximize profits. Access to startup The California market for sweetpotatoes is somewhat unique
capital and knowledge are still critically needed, however, to compared to the rest of the U.S. by the greater amount of vari-
allow small, limited resource farmers access to tools and skills eties offered. Varieties, particularly those used for market use,
that will improve the output and economic return of their pro- fall into one of four categories based on skin color and flesh
duction systems. The results from this research will be used to characteristics. “Red yams” are sweetpotatoes with red-skin and
develop management tools for farmers to improve access to orange flesh, and are a dominant category – annual production is
production information and assist in making crop management about 40% to 50% of the total. Currently, ‘Diane’ is the cultivar
and business decisions. that mainly represents the red-yam category. Introduced from the
University of Maryland via the Collaborators Trial ca. 1987, it is
Internal Necrosis in ‘Covington’ Sweetpotato; characterized by dark-red, smooth skin with deep orange flesh.
Its Occurrence and Severity in the Commercial ‘Diane’ is marketed mainly in California, where red-skinned
sweetpotatoes are popular and frequently command a higher
Industry and in Response to Various price. While UC Cooperative Extension has been a participant
Chemistries in the National Sweetpotato Collaborators Trial since its incep-
Chen Jiang1*, Mike D. Boyette2, tion and it continues to be the source for new cultivars for the
Sylvia M. Blankenship1, and Jonathan R. Schultheis1 industry, the emphasis on yam-types left little to evaluate for
1
Department of Horticultural Science, 2Department of the other market classes. This is unfortunate, as both the LSU
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina and NCSU breeding programs routinely screen a variety of new
State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 potential varieties that could have tremendous potential in the

S52 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

California market, but which were never evaluated here because Chase, LA 71324; 2LSU AgCenter School of Plant,
they did not have a fit in the typical yam markets that dominate Environmental, and Soil Sciences, 137 J.C. Miller
their respective states. This lack of variety evaluation was espe- Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-2120; 3Institute of Plant
cially detrimental for the red yam category, and growers have Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research
continuously listed a replacement for ‘Diane’ as the number one Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
priority in industry surveys. Thus, beginning in 2005, a separate Lateral root (LR) development is influenced by internal cues
collaborative variety evaluation trial began with LSU specifically and external factors. The spatial configuration and distribution
to evaluate new varieties other than yams, called the Advanced of LRs help to determine root system architecture which in
Line Trial, or ALT. In that first year, 11 numbered lines from turn influences the capacity of the root system to exploit soil
crosses made in 2002 and 2003 were grown in small plots in a nutrients and moisture. The overall objective of this study was to
commercial field—all were considered inferior at harvest and assess the relationship between LR attributes and different rates
were dropped out of the trial. Subsequent evaluations have of nitrogen in the growth substrate at the onset of anomalous
continued each year with greater success, with approximately cambium during the critical period of storage root initiation in
10–12 entries that are evaluated in non-replicated plots for skin ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato. In model systems, it has been shown
color, skin texture, flesh color, shape, and general production. that external nitrogen supply and internal nitrogen status directly
Promising entries are saved and reevaluated the following year influence LR development. In particular, high rates of nitrate
before moving to replicated plots. The ALT has been an effective supply have been shown to inhibit early LR development. We
way to evaluate a greater number of potential new varieties for will present data on the effect of low, intermediate, and high
the sweetpotato market. Such collaborative projects have been rates of nitrogen on ‘Beauregard’ LR development during the
beneficial for both UC and LSU while also serving the needs of critical storage root formation stage. This information can be used
the sweetpotato industry throughout the U.S.nr.edu for further optimize storage root yield by identifying optimum
nitrogen rates associated with desirable LR development during
Comparison of Light-emitting Diode, the critical storage root initiation stage.
Fluorescent, and Ambient Light Treatments for
Sweetpotatoes Grown in Greenhouse Conditions Yield Response to Potassium Sidedressing in
Theresa Arnold*, Tara Smith, and Arthur Villordon Sweetpotato under Drip Irrigation
LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station, Chase, Ramon A. Arancibia* and Jeff L. Main
LA 71324 Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station,
Recent advances in light-emitting diode (LED) technology have North Mississippi Research and Extension Center,
allowed this equipment to become commercially available. Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863
The current work compares LED and fluorescent supplemental Sweetpotato requires high rate of potassium fertilizer to promote
lighting as well as ambient lighting for sweetpotatoes grown in storage root growth and improve yield. Potassium is applied
greenhouse conditions during the off-season. LED technology pre-planting, but some growers apply it again later in the season
allows the precise control of light quality, quantity and combi- with the belief that will improve storage root development and
nations thereof. Specific light combinations can be adjusted to yield. We tested this hypothesis and evaluated the yield response
potentially optimize specific traits like plant height and growth to continuous potassium fertilization applied through drip irriga-
rate. It has also been documented that LED technology provides tion from 20 to 70 d before harvest until harvest for 2 years. In
increased energy savings relative to conventional lighting tech- both years standard pre-planting fertilization (40–100–250) was
nologies. In Louisiana, the sweetpotato virus-tested foundation applied to the whole field prior to experiment set up. Beauregard
programs routinely begins with in-vitro derived plants that are (B-14) and Evangeline, and Beauregard (B-14) and 07-146 were
grown in greenhouses during winter. During this period, light used in 2011 and 2012 respectively. In 2011, potassium was
can be a limiting variable to growth and development. We applied 20 d before harvest. In 2012, potassium side-dressing
will describe the use of commercially available LED lighting started at 70 d after planting and the experiment was extended
technology with adjustable light intensity and color ratio. We to three harvest times (90, 115, and 140 d after planting) to de-
will report on the performance of sweetpotato plants derived termine the effect of potassium side-dressing over time. There
from cuttings as well as in vitro cultures. The results of these were no differences in yield due to potassium side-dressing for
experiments can be used to develop precise lighting manage- any grade in both years. These results suggest that the standard
ment strategies to optimize sweetpotato grown in greenhouses pre-harvest fertilization rate is enough to satisfy the sweetpotato
during the off-season. potassium requirements.

Influence of Nitrogen Rates on Lateral Root Use of Confocal Microscopy to Determine Skin
Development in ‘Beauregard’ Sweetpotato Characteristics and the Degree of Lignification/
Adventitious Roots Suberization in Sweetpotato
Arthur Villordon1*, Don LaBonte2, and Nurit Firon3 Ramon A. Arancibia1*, Nestor Bonilla2,
1
LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station, Don LaBonte3, and Jeff L. Main
HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S53
 1
Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, disk incorporated prior to bed formation. Soil organic matter was
North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, not different among treatments, in 2012 ranging from 1.2 to 1.7,
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863; for mustard and fallow treatments, respectively. Nitrogen levels
2
Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Mississippi varied among treatments in 2012. Nitrate nitrogen ranged from 8
State University, 117 Dorman Hall, Mississippi State, to 44 ppm for the wheat and the fallow treatments, respectively,
MS 39762; 3School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil in 2012. Total marketable sweetpotato yield ranged from 497 to
Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1011 boxes/acre for wheat and ‘Dwarf Essex’ rape cover crops,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 respectively. In 2012, sweetpotato yields were comparable be-
Skinning, or surface abrasion, is the most frequently observed tween cover crops and conventional tillage.
blemish of sweet potato storage roots for fresh market since
the root becomes visually unappealing. In addition, the skin Three Years Sweetpotato Production with
is the first line of defense against pathogens and moisture loss
Winter Cover Crops and Stale Beds in North
where suberin/lignin content plays an important role. The root
periderm is composed by the phellem or the outer cell layers Mississippi
(skin), phelloderm or inner cell layers and phellogen in between Jeff L. Main* and Ramon A. Arancibia
that generates the periderm. Since suberin/lignin is deposited in Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station,
the phellem, histological studies with a confocal microscopy in North Mississippi Research and Extension Center,
the fluorescence mode were conducted to investigate the charac- Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863
teristics of the root’s native as well as wound periderm among
Sweetpotato is a high value, high input crop, with an estimated
varieties and during curing. Autofluorescence of the phenolic
production value of more than $478 million in 2010 (USDA,
domain of suberin and/or lignin was distinctively detected in the
National Agricultural Statistics Service). Mississippi production
cell walls of the phellem but not in the phelloderm. The phellem
of sweetpotato has increased from 13,000 acres, in 2000 to 22,400
of a skinning resistant variety (L07-6R) was significantly thicker
acres, in 2012. Sweetpotato fields are generally left bare after
(number of lignified/suberized cell layers) than commercial
mechanical harvest, allowing soil erosion and overwintering
varieties. This suggests that skin thickness may influence the
sites for insect and rodent pests in culled roots. In 2009, stud-
susceptibility to skinning by resisting rupture across the phellem
ies of cover crops and tillage were begun at Mississippi State
(tensile fracture). Similarly, separation of the phellem from the
University’s Pontotoc Branch Experiment Station; Pontotoc
phelloderm occurs along the phellogen (shear fracture) which
County Miss. Cover crops included legume and grass species and
showed no lignification/suberization features. Therefore the
mixtures of the two species. In all years cover crops were estab-
phellogen appears to be the weakest plane in the periderm due
lished following the formation of fall beds by broadcast seeding
to its cambial nature. Once skinning has occurred, the healing
and then rolling the tops of the beds. In 2011 phosphorous and
process (periderm formation and suberin/lignin deposition)
potassium were applied broadcast before bed formation while
differed depending on the conditions the root was kept. Curing
nitrogen was applied in a band prior to the 2012 sweetpotato
at high humidity resulted in wound periderm formation with
crop transplant using a liquid UAN applicator calibrated for 40 lb
minimal scar tissue.
actual N/acre. Cover crops were destroyed using herbicides then
rolling the resulting in a mulch formation. Soil organic matter
Three Years of Winter Cover Crops Effect on was not different among treatments, in 2012 ranging from 1.5
Soil Characteristics and Sweetpotato Production to 1.7, for Crimson clover with ryegrass and wheat treatments,
in North Mississippi respectively. Nitrate nitrogen ranged from 4 to 12 ppm for the
Crimson clover with ryegrass and the hairy vetch treatments,
Jeff L. Main*, Xiang Wang, Lori B. Grelen, respectively, in 2012. Total marketable sweetpotato yield ranged
and Ramon A. Arancibia from 647 to 723 boxes/acre for Crimson clover with ryegrass
Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, and wheat cover crops, respectively.
North Mississippi Research and Extension Center,
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863
Adapting Open Source Image Processing and
Sweetpotato is a high value, high input crop, with an estimated Analysis Components for High-throughput Root
production value of more than $478 million in 2010 (USDA,
National Agricultural Statistics Service). Mississippi production
Phenotyping in Sweetpotatoes—An Example
of sweetpotato has increased from 13,000 acres, in 2000 to 22,400 for Discriminating Storage Root Formation at
acres, in 2012. Sweetpotato fields are generally left bare after the Initial Root Bulking Stage in ‘Beauregard’
mechanical harvest, allowing soil erosion and overwintering Subjected to Varying Daily Light Integral
sites for insect and rodent pests in culled roots. In 2009, stud- Treatments
ies of cover crops and tillage were begun at Mississippi State
University’s Pontotoc Branch Experiment Station; Pontotoc Arthur Villordon1*, Don LaBonte2, Nurit Firon3,
County Miss. Cover crops included brassica, legume, and grass and Edward Carey 4

species. In all years cover crops were destroyed by mowing then

1
LSU AgCenter Sweet Potato Research Station,

S54 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

 Chase, LA 71324; 2LSU AgCenter School of Plant, 50% of total bacteria identifications. Average densities for the
Environmental, and Soil Sciences, 137 J.C. Miller three most dominant species had twice the population values
Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-2120; 3Institute of Plant than all other bacterial isolates across all sampling periods.
Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Identifications were confirmed for all microbes using molecular
Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; sequence data, cultural characteristics and, for bacteria, MIDI
4
International Potato Center (CIP), c/o CSIR-CRI, P.O. fatty acid profile comparisons. The most commonly occurring
Box 3875, Kumasi, Ghana confirmed pathogenic fungi were three morphological forms
High-throughput phenotyping of root systems represent an of Macrophomina phaseolina, one type each of Aspergillus
important tool for studying sweetpotato storage root formation flavus, A. niger, A. tubingens, and A. japonicus, and six spe-
response to management variables under greenhouse conditions. cies of Fusarium. From growth chamber trials on disease-free
Such methods allow the automated or semi-automated evalu- sweetpotato tissue, two taxa, later identified as F. oxysporum and
ation of a large quantity of samples over a period of time by F. solani, consistently produced necrotic lesions in sweetpotato
means of image acquisition and analysis techniques. During the root tissue. The latter species accounted for nearly 70% of the
analysis phase, images of plant tissue are analyzed by applying isolates from early season samples originating from seed stock
sophisticated image analysis algorithms. Proprietary software and bedding plants. Postharvest samples showed differences
systems are available but these are expensive and cannot be eas- in relative abundance of the dominant species. Macrophomina
ily modified. We will describe the use of ImageJ and HTPheno, phaseolina increased to an average of 6.5% in samples originating
open source software applications, for the semi-automated from storage, and the confirmed pathogens F. oxysporum and
analysis of storage root formation at the early bulking stage in F. solani decreased to an average of 27% between 60 and 90 d
‘Beauregard’ sweetpotatoes subjected to two daily light integral postharvest. Diversity indices are being calculated for individual
treatments. ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato cuttings were planted in identified pathogens, benefitting growers by showing potential
sand contained in transparent pots that were covered during the trends in the development of the pathogenic fungal communities
treatment period. Two daily light integral environments were within their crops. Since selective media can miss potentially
created by the use of fluorescent lamps and light emitting diode important taxa, pyrosquencing (Illumina) data is being gathered
grow lights, respectively. We describe problems encountered from corresponding cultured tissues previously used for the
during the image acquisition phase, including light reflection selective media isolations.
in pictures and pot condensation. We will present experimental
results that show the ability of the open-source components to Evolutionary Relationships among Ipomoea
discriminate storage root formation during the initial bulking
batatas and Closely Related Species
stage. These results demonstrate the potential of using properly-
calibrated high-throughput phenotyping systems for studying George P. Tiley* and Richard E. Miller
root architecture and storage root formation in sweetpotatoes.  Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern
Louisiana University, Hammond, LA
Diversity and Density Indices of the Pathogenic Sweet potatoes and their wild crop relatives form a monophyletic
Microbial Community Present in Tip/End Rot syngameon, a hybridizing species complex that includes fourteen
named species. The taxonomy of these species is challenging, as
Disease of Sweetpotato
one would expect. Furthermore, evolutionary relationships among
C.E. Stokes1*, R.A. Arancibia2, and R.E. Baird1 these species is poorly understood. A total of 229 accessions of
1
215 Dorman Hall, Department of Biochemistry, germplasm of the Batatas group were obtained from national
Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, centers as well as our own collections. From this larger collection,
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 72 accessions were selected for detailed analyses representing as
39762; 2MAFES North Mississippi Research and many replicate populations of the named species from as wide a
Extension Center, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods Branch, geographic sample as possible. DNA sequence data was obtained
8320 Highway 15S, Pontotoc, MS 38863 for four gene regions, DFR-B, ANS, UF3GT, and trnD-trnT to
The objective of the 2-year study was to determine the microbial examine evolutionary relationships among these populations.
communities with emphasis on pathogenic bacteria and fungi A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of each gene region revealed
suspected as causal agent(s) for tip/end rot disease. Using selec- that in no case did replicate populations of a named species form
tive media, the microbes were sampled from different positions a monophyletic group. Furthermore, some taxa such Ipomoea
of sweetpotato roots during specific growth stages. Most com- batatas were placed throughout the phylogenetic hypotheses
monly associated taxa associated with necrotic tissues were represented by the four gene trees. A consistent pattern was
evaluated in growth chamber and greenhouse trials for their that the accessions, irrespective of species, formed two groups
pathogenicity potential. Species richness and diversity values representing populations from the United States and Mexico
across growth stages (including storage) varied between and versus populations from Central and South America with the
among bacteria and fungi. Bacillus spp., Lysobacter enzymo- greatest phylogenetic structure being observed among the later
genes, and Paenibacillus lentimorbus accounted for more than populations. These phylogenetic analyses clearly indicate a
population genetic approach is warranted for examining rela-

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S55

tionships within the Batatas group. These analyses demonstrated homogeneous treatment variances, can be used to determine
the greatest genetic diversity was found in Central and South optimum plot size by assessing significant differences in vari-
American populations. Also the populations of Ipomoea batatas ances as plot size is increased. Using 3.34 m2 as the basic unit,
were highly diverse. Some directions for future research include Bartlett’s test indicated that plot sizes of 14–20 basic units would
integrating population genetic analyses of molecular data with be optimum. This size is larger than what is routinely used with
an analysis of morphological variation, carrying out crossing watermelons. Hathaway’s method calculates a percent of the
studies retaining the information for individual populations in mean for detecting a true difference. Hathaway suggests that
the experimental design, and expanded study of populations the optimum percent is 20%. Plotting trend lines of different
from Central and South America. replications with the true difference on the y-axis and the number
of basic units on the x-axis were constructed. Using a basic unit
Vegetable Crops Section— of 3.34 m2, the 20% threshold occurs at approximately 12 basic
units with 3 replications and 10 basic units with 4 replications.
Watermelon Using 6.69 m2 basic unit results in plot sizes of approximately
6 basic units with 3 replications and 5 basic units with 4 rep-
Texas Statewide Watermelon Trials for 2012 lications. These results are in line with current practices. The
final method calculated Least Significant Differences (LSDs)
Juan R. Anciso1*, Larry Stein2, Joseph Masabni3,
with 15 treatment degrees of freedom. Calculated LSDs that are
and Russ Wallace4 5% or less of the mean for a specific plot size are considered
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M appropriate. Calculated LSDs, using a 3.34-m2 basic unit plot
University, 1Weslaco, TX, 2Uvalde, TX, 3College Station, size, suggests that 10 basic units and 5 replications would be
TX, 4Lubbock, TX appropriate. Other combinations that met these criteria included
Texas usually ranks 3rd or 4th in U.S. production of watermelons 14 basic units and 2 or more replications.
with 27,000 to 38,000 acres annually planted with a wide range
of harvest dates. It is estimated that over 100 of the state’s 254 Delaware Triploid Watermelon Cultivar
counties are involved with commercial watermelon production.
Most of the commercial production uses plastic mulch and
Evaluations
drip irrigation but some dryland production continues to exist. Emmalea G. Ernest* and Gordon C. Johnson
Seedless watermelon production has been the biggest change University of Delaware, Elbert N. and Ann V. Carvel
in the industry. Texas often ranks 2nd in seedless watermelon Research and Education Center, 16483 County Seat
production in the U.S. with over 90% of its total production Highway, Georgetown, DE 19947
being seedless. Usually seeded watermelon varieties are used Thirty-three triploid (seedless) watermelon cultivars were evalu-
as the pollenizers but newer pollenizers that give no marketable ated in a replicated trial located in Georgetown, DE in 2012.
production are also used to provide pollen for the pollen sterile Similar trials have recently been conducted in 2005, 2006, 2008,
seedless varieties. During 2012, the statewide watermelon trial and 2010. Cultivars were evaluated for yield, size, soluble solids
had 31 variety evaluations and was conducted in four locations and hollow heart, a physiological defect. The highest yielding
to include Weslaco, Uvalde, College Station, and Lubbock. cultivar in the 2012 trial was ‘Maxima’ and the following ten
Harvests start in April in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (Weslaco varieties were not significantly different from ‘Maxima’ in terms
area), in June in the Winter Garden (Uvalde area), July in East of marketable yield: ‘SS 7187’, ‘Troubadour’, ‘SS 7387’, ‘Sug-
Texas (College Station area), and July through September in the aRed’, ‘ACX 6177’, ‘Tri-X 313’, ‘Crunchy Red’, ‘WDL-408’,
Rolling High Plains (Lubbock area). Industry standards such as ‘Crisp ’n Sweet’, and ‘Sweet Polly’. ‘SS 7187’, ‘Crunchy Red,’
the seeded variety Summer Flavor 800 and seedless varieties and ‘Tri-X 313’ were also among the top yielding cultivars in
such as Summer Sweet 5244 and Tri-X 313 continue to perform the four trials previous to 2012. Yields of these three cultivars
in yield in comparison to the other 28 varieties in the trial. are not significantly different than one another in analysis of
the data from all five trials. ‘SugaRed’ and ‘Crisp ’n Sweet’
Optimum Plot Size and Number of Replications have been evaluated in previous trials, and were among the
for Watermelon Trials and 2012 Watermelon top yielding varieties in all years they were tested. In the 2012
Trial Results trial there were significant differences between the cultivars in
percent soluble solids, although all of the cultivars in the trial
George E. Boyhan*, Suzzanne C. Tate, averaged above 10% soluble solids. ‘SugaRed’, ‘Crisp ’n Sweet’
and Ryan D. McNeil and ‘SS 7387’ were the cultivars with the highest soluble solids
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 which were also high yielding. None of the highest yielding
Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602 varieties in the 2012 trial had high incidence of hollow heart.
Three methods were used to estimate optimum plot size and Detailed reports on the trials conducted in Delaware are avail-
number of replications for watermelon yield. Bartlett’s test for able at: http://extension.udel.edu/ag/vegetable-fruit-resources/
homogeneity of variance, which is traditionally used to insure vegetable-small-fruits-program/variety-trial-results/.

S56 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

MelCast Fungicide Application Scheduling for tests. Differences were observed in staminate flower counts and
Mid-Atlantic Watermelons: A Re-evaluation Fusarium wilt reactions in both years of field evaluations and to
Fusarium wilt among cultivars evaluated in the greenhouse. ‘SP-
Kathryne L. Everts* and Mason J. Newark 1’, ‘Sidekick’, and ‘5WDL 6146’ were the cultivars with high
Department of Plant Science and Landscape staminate flower counts in the field both years. These cultivars
Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, also were among the most resistant to Fusarium wilt in both
LESREC, Salisbury, MD 21801 years of field tests. Significant correlations occurred between
Gummy stem blight (caused by Didymella bryoniae) and an- the rankings of the cultivar’s Fusarium wilt reactions in both
thracnose (caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare) are the most the two field and three greenhouse experiments, indicating a
prevalent foliar diseases of watermelon in the eastern United high degree of correlation between field and greenhouse tests.
States. MelCast, developed at Purdue University, is a weather-
based forecasting model for fungicide application scheduling The Effect of Particle Films, Growth Regulators,
to manage both diseases. Watermelon growers in Maryland and a Bacterial Inoculant on Stress Indicators,
and Delaware have received MelCast information since 1998.
At the time the program was initiated, the predominant fungi-
Fruit Yield, and Fruit Quality in Triploid
cide used was chlorothalonil, and growers who used the model Watermelons
reported an average fungicide reduction of two applications. Gordon C. Johnson1*, Emmalea G. Ernest1,
Fungicide use patterns have changed in the 14 years since the and D. Janine Sherrier2
MelCast program began, and the current grower practice is to 1
University of Delaware, Carvel REC, 16483 County
spray Folicur or Inspire Super in alternation with chlorothalo- Seat Highway, Georgetown, DE 19947; 2University
nil. An experiment was conducted in 2012 to evaluate disease of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15
management and yield of watermelons sprayed according to Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
a MelCast schedule when Folicur or Inspire Super were used.
Plots were sprayed with Folicur alternated with chlorothalonil Field studies were conducted in triploid watermelons in 2011and
according to MelCast or weekly, Inspire Super alternated with 2012 on the effects of growth regulators, bacterial inoculants,
chlorothalonil according to MelCast or weekly, or not sprayed. and particle films on plant stress, fruit set and yield. The effects
Anthracnose, gummy stem blight, and Cercospora leaf spot of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and limiting pollen were
severities were rated individually until the lesions coalesced. At examined on Liberty and SS7187 triploid watermelons. Plots
that time, severity of defoliation was assessed on a whole plot were transplanted 0.9 m apart with one diploid pollenizer plant,
basis. Anthracnose was the most severe disease throughout the cultivar SP5 or Accomplice, planted to every 10 plants. PGR’s
season. All fungicide schedules reduced anthracnose compared were broadcast sprayed weekly 3× from first flower and included
to the nontreated plots on 3 Aug. On 20 Aug. all treated plots 1) Maxcel (a cytokinin), 2) Promalin (cytokinin + gibberellins),
had less defoliation compared to the nontreated plots. Folicur 3) Radiate (auxin + cytokinin). At maturity, watermelon fruits
programs reduced defoliation compared to the Inspire Super from test plots were split and hollow heart incidence (hhi), length
programs on 20 Aug. (P = 0.0107). On 27 Aug., watermelons and diameter; melon diameter and length; node of attachment;
sprayed according to MelCast had significantly more defolia- distance from seedless mother plant crown, and distance from
tion compared to watermelons sprayed on a weekly schedule the nearest pollenizer crown were recorded. There was a delay
(P = 0.0030). Downy mildew, which was first observed on 17 in fruit set and an increase in hollow heart with increasing dis-
Aug., may have contributed to defoliation. The experiment will tance from the pollenizer plant. Early fruit set was improved by
be repeated in 2013. all PGRs. PGR 1 and 2 did not impact hhi in 2011 but caused
increases in 2012. PGR 3 increased hhi in both years. All three
PGRs tested improved yields where pollen was less limiting but
Staminate Flower Production and Fusarium not where pollen was more limiting. A Bacillus subtillis bacte-
Wilt Reaction of Diploid Cultivars Used as rial inoculant was trialed in 2011 and 2012 as a planting hole
Pollenizers for Triploid Watermelon treatment or plant tray drench. In 2011, significant increases in
yield were seen in 2 triploid cultivars, SS7187 and Fascination
Chris Gunter1 and Daniel S. Egel2 but no significant yield increases were found in 2012 over 4
1
Department of Horticultural Science, 230 Kilgore Hall, cultivars tested. In a stress reduction study, particle film products,
Box 7609, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Screen Duo and Surround, were tested on 3 triploid cultivars in
27695-7609; 2Department of Botany, 4369 N. Purdue 2012 along with Maxcel cytokinin. Products were applied 3×
Road, Purdue University, Vincennes, IN 47591-7581
at 10-d intervals starting 14 d after transplanting. First harvest
Several cultivars of nonharvested watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit weights were increased by Screen Duo over all cultivars,
pollenizers were compared for staminate flower production by Surround in Crunchy Red watermelon, and by Maxcel in
in field tests and disease reaction to Fusarium wilt [Fusarium the cultivar Troubadour. Overall yields were not increased by
oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON)] in both greenhouse and field any of the treatments.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S57

Using Genomic Tools to Identify and Exploit were identified. A QTL associated with MFI co-localizes with
Wild Watermelon Genotypes Useful in a QTL for DMF on LG 9. The region of the major QTL on
LG 11 corresponds to a region on chromosome 3 of the draft
Enhancing Disease or Pest Resistance among
genome sequence containing a homologue (Cla009504) of
Watermelon Cultivars the FLOWERING LOCUS T associated with flowering time
Amnon Levi1*, Judy Thies1, W. Patrick Wechter1, in various other species. Cla009504 represents an excellent
Kai-shu Ling1, S. Kousik1, Umesh K. Reddy2, candidate gene towards the development of a functional marker
Padma Nimmakayala2, and Zhangjun Fei3 for marker assisted selection for flowering time in watermelon.
1
USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah
Highway, Charleston, SC 29414; 2Department of 2012 Evaluation of Triploid Watermelon
Biology, Douglass Land-grant Institute, West Virginia (Citrullus lanatus) Varieties in Southwestern
State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000; 3Boyce
Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road
Indiana, 2011
Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 Shubin K. Saha* and Larry Sutterer
There is a continuous need to enhance watermelon cultivars Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department,
for disease and pest resistance. U.S. Plant Introductions (PIs) Southwest Purdue Ag Program, Purdue University,
representing the different groups of watermelon (Citrullus spp.) Vincennes, IN 47591
are considered a useful source for enhancing disease or pest Watermelons account for 48% of the total fresh market vegetable
resistance in watermelon cultivars. In this study, we have used acreage and 52% of the total value of fresh market vegetables
high frequency oligonucleotides - targeting active gene (HFO- in Indiana. In 2012, Indiana was ranked 7th in the U.S. in acres
TAG) primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments harvested (7,000) and had a total value of approximately $29.7
to produce over 560 polymorphic markers among the Citrullus million. Growing watermelons takes considerable planning and
genotypes. Also, we used the next generation sequencing technol- decision making to be successful. One of the primary decisions
ogy “genotyping by sequencing” (GBS) to produce over 10,000 is the selection of a suitable variety to meet the needs of the
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that represent producer with respect to yield and fruit quality. A randomized
most parts of the watermelon genome. The HFO-TAG and SNP complete-block design experiment was established (May 2012)
data were used in cluster and multidimensional scaling plot in Vincennes, IN at the Southwest Purdue Agriculture Center.
and population structure analyses to produce distinct groups The objective of the project was to evaluate 33 experimental or
of Citrullus PIs. The SNP and HFO-TAG marker results are newly released varieties to assess adaptability to growing under
consistent with our recent findings using fluorescence in situ southwestern Indiana conditions. Raised-beds were formed
hybridization (FISH) technology showing major differences in and covered in black plastic mulch after pre-plant fertilizer
configuration of ribosomal DNA markers between the Citrullus application of 350 lb (46–0–0), 100 lb (0–0–60), and 200 lb of
groups. Overall, a wide genetic diversity exists among Citrullus pelletized lime. Plants were harvested four times from 17 July
spp. and different sources should be useful for enhancing disease to 8 Aug. at which time each fruit was weighed. Additionally
or pest resistance in elite watermelon cultivars. nine fruits from each variety were evaluated for quality charac-
teristics including percent soluble solids, size, rind thickness,
Flowering Time in Watermelon and firmness. Overall yield in 2012 was from 15,700 to 55,500
lb/acre and average fruit weight ranged from 12.9 to 17.8 lb.
Cecilia E. McGregor* and Vickie Waters AC 5234 Plus had the highest numerical yield (489 lb/plot) and
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 was statistically greater than 22 of the 33 varieties. However, AC
Miller Plant Science Bldg., Athens, GA 30602. 5234 Plus was ranked last of all varieties with regard to soluble
US watermelon production is worth approximately half a solid content. Olympia and SVR-8039-0257 had higher brix
billion dollars annually to growers and nearly all of them are (11.1%) than 16 other varieties; however, yields were relatively
dependent on reliable synchronized flowering time of triploid low. Varieties with higher yields and high soluble solids include
cultivars and diploid pollenizers in their production fields. Crunchy Red (413 lb/plot, 10.4% brix), Sugared (402 lb/plot,
One aspect of this synchronization is time to flowering, the 10.8% brix) and WDL 9408 (397 lb/plot, 11.1). Maxima had
change from the vegetative to reproductive phase of a plant. the highest numerical yield (146 lb/plot) and had statistically
We used the previously mapped ‘Klondike Black Seeded’ × greater yield compared to 29 of the varieties evaluated in the
‘New Hampshire Midget’ recombinant inbred line population first harvest period. Other high early yielding varieties were
to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with days to Sugar Coat, RWT 8231, and Sugared (Table 3). In the second
first male flower (DMF), days to first female flower (DFF) week of harvest, Maxima (150 lb/plot) continued the same trend
and the interval between the appearance of the first male and and although it was not numerically the highest with respect to
female flower (MFI). Three QTL associated with DMF and yield, it was not statistically different from the highest AC 7387
DFF, including a co-localized major QTL on LG 11 explaining HQ (193 lb/plot). Yield for all varieties in the third and fourth
~50% of the phenotypic variance observed in the population individual harvests did not differ statistically.

S58 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

North Carolina Triploid Watermelon Cultigen U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), ARS, USDA, has focused
Evaluations for 2012 on selecting and developing RKN-resistant wild watermelon
(C. lanatus var. citroides) lines for use as rootstocks for grafted
Jonathan R. Schultheis* and Bradfred Thompson seedless watermelon. In this study, we tested the concept of
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina employing F1 hybrids, derived from crossing our most resistant
State University, Box 7609, 2721 Founders Drive, C. lanatus var. citroides lines, as rootstocks for seedless water-
Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 melon. We evaluated the performance of four resistant parental
A triploid, standard size watermelon cultigen evaluation study, lines (RKVL 301, RKVL 316, RKVL 317, and RKVL 318) of
which included 44 entries) was conducted at the Central Crops C. lanatus var. citroides and F1 hybrid crosses of these lines
Research Station, Clayton, NC in 2012 to determine yield and as rootstocks for the scion ‘Tri-X 313’ seedless watermelon in
quality attributes. The key production practices used were: black RKN-infested fields at USVL, Charleston, SC in 2011 and 2012.
polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation, 10 ft between row cen- The commercial rootstocks ‘Emphasis’ bottle gourd (Lagenaria
ters, 2.5 ft in-row spacing, and total seasonal fertilization of 110 siceraria), ‘Strong Tosa’ squash hybrid (Cucurbita maxima ×
lb/acre N and 240 lb/acre K2O. The transplants were set in the C. moschata), ‘Ojakkyo’ wild watermelon rootstock (C. lanatus
field on 8 May, and four harvests were taken 7, 17, and 26 July, var. citroides), and self-grafted and non-grafted ‘Tri-X 313’ also
and 23 August. There were 10 triploid plants per plot which were were included in the studies. In 2011, three parental lines, three
interplanted with three plants of the pollenizer Ace. Plot design wild watermelon F1 hybrids, and ‘Ojakkyo’ had lower (P < 0.05)
was a randomized complete plot design with four replications. numbers of RKN eggs (range: 5–12 eggs/gram fresh root) than
Each fruit was harvested and weighed, and yield per acre was ‘Tri-X 313’ seedless watermelon (self-grafted and non-grafted,
determined. Quality attributes evaluated were fruit size, flesh 34 and 41, respectively), ‘Emphasis’ (1144), and ‘Strong Tosa’
firmness, and hollow heart incidence and severity. The top 11 (2653). One parental line (RKVL 301) and ‘Strong Tosa’ had
yielding cultigens over four cumulative harvests on a fruit per lower fruit weights (P < 0.05) than eight of the wild watermelon
acre and tonnage basis were Affirmed, Declaration, SVR-0241, rootstocks; however, RKVL 301 produced high yields of grafted
HMX 1915, WDL 9409, Summer Sweet 5234, Super Seedless Tri-X 313 seedless watermelon in previous years. In 2012, six wild
7177, WDL 9408, Crunchy Red, and Super Seedless 9651 and watermelon rootstocks had lower (P < 0.05) percentages of root
6177. Yields of these cultigens ranged from 3267 to 3790 fruit galling (range: 2%–7%) than ‘Tri-X 313’ seedless watermelon
per acre. The cultigens which produced larger fruits (>15 lbs) (self-grafted, 16% and non-grafted, 32%), ‘Emphasis’ (74%),
were Sugared, WDL 9405, Fascination, Crunchy Red, Super and ‘Strong Tosa’ (87%). Although significant differences were
Seedless 6177, Maxima, Sugar Coat, and WDL 9408. Three not observed for watermelon yields in 2012, two of the crosses
of these cultigens which produced large fruits also were some (RKVL 301 × RKVL 317 and RKVL 316 × RKVL 301) ranked
of the highest yielding; they were WDL 9408, Super Seedless first and second of 18 rootstock/scion combinations for fruit
6177 and Crunchy Red. Some of the cultigens with the smallest weights. The bottle gourd and hybrid squash rootstocks were
average fruit size were Citation, Middie Sweet, Lil Red Rock highly susceptible to RKN with severe root galling, high RKN
and Fusion. The cultigens with the firmest flesh were Distinc- reproduction, and low yields. Thus, bottle gourd and hybrid
tion, Fusion, Crunchy Red, Maxima, Super Seedless 6177, and squash are unsuitable for use in RKN-infested fields without
WDL 9409, while the cultigens with the most incidence of methyl bromide or other nematicide treatment. Overall, the wild
severe hollow heart which render the fruit unmarketable were watermelon rootstock lines (parents and F1 hybrids) exhibited
(20%+) were Sugar Coat, Sugared, Cut Master, CS 741704, and resistance to RKN and performed well as rootstocks for grafted
Gilboa. It is critical to have cultivars that are both high yielding seedless watermelon. These wild watermelon lines should be
and outstanding quality. useful sources of RKN-resistance for development of rootstocks
for grafted watermelon.
Response of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides
Rootstocks for Grafted Watermelon to Root- Poster Section
knot Nematodes
Effect of Ethylene on Adventitious Root
Judy A. Thies1*, Sharon Buckner1, Richard L. Hassell2, Formation in Abelia
and Amnon Levi1
Bodie Pennisi* and C. Robacker
1
U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Charleston,
SC 29414; 2Clemson Coastal Research and Education University of Georgia, Department of Horticulture, 1109
Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223

Since the ban of methyl bromide for pre-plant fumigation of This study was aimed at determining if ethylene applications
soil, the southern root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne would reduce flower formation in Abelia ‘Raspberry Profusion’
incognita has re-emerged as a serious pest of watermelon in the in the propagation environment and increase adventitious root
U.S. and worldwide. Many countries in Asia, the Mediterranean, formation. Cuttings were taken from stock plants grown in a
and Europe, commonly use cucurbit rootstocks for grafted field plot in July. A total of 90 cuttings (4-node, tip cuttings)
watermelon to control soil-borne diseases. Our program at the were treated with 3,000 ppm IBA and stuck in a rooting media

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S59

and placed under mist (10 s at 5 min) under natural light. The (bisexual) with the latter two as the main fruit-bearing types. The
following treatment schedule and chemical rates were used: 30 objective was to study the relationship between the female and
cuttings were treated on day 0 (day of sticking, 7 and 14 d after hermaphrodite papaya gender and its effect on height and fruit
sticking), 30 cuttings were treated 7 d after sticking (day 7, and production. Four varieties of importance to the US Virgin Islands,
7 d after), and 30 cuttings were treated on day 14 (14 d after ‘Maradol’, ‘TW’, ‘Tainung 5’ and ‘UVI’ and four hybrids, FW
sticking) with 0, 2,500, 5,000, 7,500 or 10,000 ppm of ethephon × C, ‘Maradol’ × ‘Tainung 5’, ‘Maradol’ × ’Young Nong 1’, and
(Florel) applied as a foliar spray. Therefore, Day 0 cuttings ‘TW’ × ’Tainung 5’ were evaluated. The plants were transplanted
received a total of 3 treatments, Day 7 cuttings received a total into the field on 4 Apr. 2012. Data were collected monthly for 10
of 2, and Day 14 received one ethylene treatment. Adventitious months and included plant sex, plant height, height to first fruit
root formation, shoot growth and flowering data were collected and number of fruit set. Female papaya plants began to flower
after 6 weeks. Ethephon was not effective in increasing rooting a week or two before hermaphrodite papayas. The females had
in Abelia cuttings. In addition, shoot growth and flowering were a trend to be shorter than hermaphrodites over time. The height
reduced by ethephon. Rooting was not enhanced by timing of to the first fruit was significantly lower for female ‘Tainung 5’,
ethephon application (day 0, 7, or 14). Untreated cuttings de- ‘Maradol’ × ‘Tainung 5’, ‘Maradol’ × ’Young Nong 1’. Female
veloped the largest quantity of roots, shoots and flower buds. trees had a trend for greater fruit set but female ’Tainung 5’ set
Root and shoot mass decreased as rate of ethephon increased. significantly more fruit than hermaphrodite plants. Even though
The number of flower buds followed the same trend. differences were observed between female and hermaphrodite
trees, these differences were minimal for most varieties and
Characterization of Seediness Attributes of hybrids. This research was supported by USDA–NIFA–Hatch.
Blackberry Genotypes
Characterization and Lineage Verification of
Bethany Sebesta1*, John R. Clark1, Renee T. Threlfall2, NC Raspberry Germplasm Using Microsatellite
and Luke R. Howard2 Markers
1
316 Plant Science, Department of Horticulture,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701; Christine Bradish*, Nahla Bassil, April Nyberg,
2
Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, and Gina Fernandez
Fayetteville, AR 72701 Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina
State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC 27695
Fresh market blackberries can feel “seedy” when consumed
depending on the pyrenes. A pyrene is comprised of the endo- The Rubus breeding program at North Carolina State Univer-
carp and the seed which it encloses. Small seed size (<3 mg) sity has diverse offerings in terms of germplasm and breeding
is preferred for both the fresh market and processed industries. goals. The distinct Coastal Plain, Central Piedmont, and Western
Yet, the proportion of pyrene weight to total berry weight can Mountain regions of the state allow for selection trials in different
be more important than pyrene size. The objective of this study climate types, and the breeding of raspberries and blackberries
was to determine and compare descriptive sensory analysis intended for particular regions of North Carolina and the sur-
and pyrene characteristics of blackberry genotypes from the rounding states. The program has relied heavily on traditional
University of Arkansas blackberry breeding program. Panelists field breeding techniques in the past, and is working towards
were trained according to Spectrum® methods and evaluated the goal of integrating molecular breeding technologies into the
twenty genotypes for overall seediness. Pyrene characteristics, program in order to supplement methods already in place. In
including weight and dimension, were measured for twenty-two order to catalogue the current germplasm collection and verify
genotypes. Seven of the 22 genotypes had an individual pyrene the parentage of advanced selections in the program, a SSR
weight of 3.0 mg or less. Pyrene weight to berry weight ratio fingerprinting technique was chosen. SSRs, or microsatellite
ranged from 2.7% (‘Tupy’) to 5.4% (‘Prime-Ark® 45’). ‘Tupy’ markers, are robust, codominant, and highly polymorphic markers
had low individual pyrene weights and a low ratio which are that have many applications for DNA fingerprinting and linkage
most likely factors that contribute to its widespread popularity. mapping, and have been found numerously in many fruit crops.
Pyrene weight to berry weight ratio was positively correlated to Because of the diversity of the North Carolina Rubus germplasm
descriptive overall seediness (r = 0.70) but not to pyrenes/berry. collection, we chose to use the SSR fingerprinting panel identified
Therefore, finding a desirable pyrene weight to berry weight by Bassil et al. (2012) that successfully amplifies across a variety
ratio is integral to decreasing perceived seediness by consumers. of Rubus species. Six SSRs were multiplexed in two PCR reac-
tions, separated by capillary electrophoresis, and analyzed with
Beckman and PowerMarker software. Through this preliminary
Papaya: The Influence of Sex on Plant Height
study, we were able to fingerprint 19 previously undescribed
and Production Rubus selections and cultivars, and verify parentage of 11 NC
Tyrone Pascal* and Thomas W. Zimmerman Rubus selections. Future research will focus on expanding SSR
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin genotyping to the remainder of the NC germplasm collection,
Islands, RR#1 Box 10,000, Kingshill, VI 00850 verification of parentage within this collection, and determining
the adaptability of the primer set to our R. parvifolius hybrids
The genders of papaya plants are male, female, or hermaphrodite
and blackberry cultivars.
S60 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013
Blueberry Cultivar Trial in Central Mississippi: addition, establishment of optimal harvest maturity is needed for
2012 Yield and Fruit Quality Update optimal quality, nutrition and consumer acceptance. This study
will assist in the development Best Management Practices for
William B. Evans1*, Sarah Reynolds1, superior cultivars having enhanced health benefits and shelflife
and Donna Marshall2 of adaptable cultivars of banana suitable for southeastern United
1MAFES Truck Crops Branch, P.O. Box 231, Crystal States.
Springs, MS 39059-0231; USDA Thad Cochran Southern
Horticultural Laboratory, 810 Highway 26 West (P.O.
Box 287), Poplarville, MS 39470 Response of Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia
Michx) Cultivars to Cane Pruning
Seventeen rabbit-eye blueberry cultivars are being tested in a
replicated trial at Crystal Springs, Mississippi. The plants were Stephen J. Stringer*, Donna A. Marshall,
planted in 2005. They are being raised using standard local and Blair J. Sampson
practices, and are mulched, irrigated, pruned and fertilized as USDA ARS Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural
needed. In 2012, plants were harvested weekly from mid-May Laboratory, Poplarville, MS, 39466
until early July. Yield of the plants ranged from over 9000 g/ Studies were conducted in 2012 at McNeill, MS to evaluate the
plant for Rahi, down to 2110 g/plant for Onslo. The mid-point effects of cane vs. three-bud spur pruning on yield and quality of
of harvest ranged from May 28 for Alapaha to June 24 days for 43 muscadine grape cultivars.Yields resulting from cane-pruning
Onslow. Only four entries have 25% or more plant loss from 2005 were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than three-bud spur prunning
through 2012. Overall, the trial shows that growers in central when pooled across cultivars; 41 0f the 43 cultivars tested had
Mississippi and similar growing areas should choose cultivars numerically higher yields with the cane-pruned method, and
carefully, and that they have several excellent choices for rabbit- on average resulted in a 35% yield increase. Berries from cane
eye blueberry cultivars that mature over a range of seasons. pruned vines were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) smaller than fruit
from three-bud spur vines by an average of 6.5%. Both soluble
Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Selected solids content and berry pH were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05)
Georgia-grown Banana Cultivars: lower in caned pruned vines vs. the three-bud spur pruned vines.
An Underutilized Fruit Crop Berry quality attributes including titratable acidity, berry firmness
and berry juice content were not affected by pruning method.
F.M. Woods1*, E.G. Fonsah2, E. Coneva1, E.L. Vinson1,
and J.S. Parker3
Storage Retention of Stilbene, Ellagic Acid,
1
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn
University, AL 36849; 2230 Rainwater Road, Department Flavonol, and Phenolic Content of Muscadine
of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) Cultivars
Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793; 3Coastal Botanic Garden, Donna A. Marshall and Stephen J. Stringer
2 Canebrake Road, Savannah, GA 31419
USDA–ARS Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural
Banana (Musa sp.) is known globally as an excellent dietary Laboratory, Poplarville, MS 39470
source of antioxidants. To date, no comparative studies have The objective of this study was to determine the retention of some
been reported on the health promotive effects of short-cycle and of the important phytochemical compounds such as anthocyanins,
long-cycle banana cultivars cultivated in Georgia as a potential phenolics, flavonols , stilbenes and organic acids in postharvest
utilized fruit crop. In order to obtain preliminary data in regard storage period on different varieties of whole muscadine fruit
to cultivar selection and performance with respect to antioxidant and individual fruit parts. Stilbene, ellagic acid, flavonol, and
content and capacity from four bananas, the present study was phenolic compounds were analyzed in 11 muscadine cultivars.
initiated to provide further information. The antioxidant proper- Analysis was carried out on muscadine fruit skin, pulp and juice
ties of methanolic extracts from four selected Georgia-grown partitions. The major phenolics in muscadine juice, pulp and
banana cultivars were determined with antioxidant assays, in- skins were identified by their retention times and characteristic
cluding vitamin C, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, vitamin spectra. Quantification was made by calibration curves of exter-
C equivalent Antioxidant capacity for ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis) nal standards for each of the analyzed compounds: trans and cis
and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical. Significant resveratrol, trans and cis piceid, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin
variation in vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidant capaci- and kaempferol. The total phenolics decreased in six varieties and
ties were noted. The highest vitamin C content was observed increased in five varieties, perhaps indicating differences in decay
for ‘Viente Cohol’, ‘Ice Cream’, and ‘Blue Torres Island’. The development and fruit deterioration in the different varieties. The
highest total phenolics content was noted for ‘Cacambou’. The anthocyanin content showed an overall decrease in the varieties
highest vitamin C equivalent Antioxidant capacity for ABTS was tested with the exception of ‘Eudora’. The stilbenes showed an
noted for “Viente Cohol’ and the highest vitamin C equivalent overall decrease as well. Flavonol content after cold storage was
Antioxidant capacity for DPPH was noted for ‘Viente Cohol’. cultivar and compound specific. Free ellagic acid increased in
Overall the results of this study confirm the importance of di- most cultivars, with the exception of ‘Pollyanna’. Total ellagic
verse cultivars is needed to establish a commercial industry. In acid also increased or remained constant in all cultivars. The

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S61

presence of ellagic acid and other nutraceutical compounds in from the field grown vines throughout the islands and planted
muscadine grape could add value and marketability to the crop in the nursery. Pitaya cultivation method adopted from South
due to the possible health benefits. This southern specialty crop East Asia where pitaya is produced commercially. Well grown
could fast become the next “super fruit.” vines transferred in the field using concrete cement posts (6 ft)
for support. Plants raised from stem cuttings observed vigor-
Growth of Seedling Vaccinium arboreum ous, healthy and produce fruits earlier in 2 years compared to
seedlings raised from the seeds. Concrete cement poles found
Influenced by Provenance and Substrate pH suitable for the support of vines due to long life, durability,
Jonathan Meador1, James Spiers1*, Elina Coneva1, economical and free from risk of termites and pests infection.
Jeff Sibley1, and Rebecca Darnell2 Red and white fruit cultivars identified as being the most eco-
1
101 Funchess Hall, Department of Horticulture, Auburn nomically important in the CNMI.
University, Auburn, AL 36849; 21131 Fifield Hall,
Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Differences in Phenotype, Growth, and
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
Maturation among Five Accessions of Mucuna
Alkaline soil pH is a limiting factor in commercial blueberry pruriens (Velvetbean) Grown in Middle
production and tolerance of these growing conditions would
Tennessee
benefit growers in areas with higher pH soils, as well as ex-
pand the amount of available land that is suitable for growing Ethan M. Swiggart, Bryan Sallman,
blueberries. One SE native species, sparkleberry (Vaccinium and Nathan C. Phillips
arboreum), has been found growing in soils with a pH as high School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, Middle
as 7. Coupled with its alkaline soil tolerance, sparkleberries Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130
also exhibit other characteristics that make it a suitable species
Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean) is largely unknown in the Middle
for use as a rootstock, such as a monopodial trunk and excel-
Tennessee growing region but has the potential to benefit organic
lent drought resistance. The purpose of this experiment was to
and conventional growers alike. In this study, we investigated
determine the effects of substrate pH on growth characteristics
M. pruriens growth, maturation, and seed viability in our local
of open-pollinated populations of sparkleberry seedlings from
growing region. Seeds were obtained from the Germplasm Re-
different provenances. This study was arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial
sources Information Network (GRIN) and grown for a period
(provenance × pH level) in a completely randomized design with
of 205 d. Dry weights were recorded for the foliage, stems, and
10 replications, using a single plant per replicate. Plants were
fruit for each of the five accessions. Only accessions with seed
placed into a deep-water culture hydroponic system containing
counts allowing for 100 per treatment were used for germination
a nutrient solution buffered to a pH level of 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0.
test. They were separated into four replications consisting of 25
The interaction of pH × provenance affected final fresh weight,
seeds each, rolled in moist paper towels and checked daily for
root fresh weight, and the root dry weight. The main effects of
radicle emergence (designated at 5 mm in total length). T and
pH and provenance affected root:shoot ratio and photosynthesis. 50

T counts were analyzed. Germination ranged from 27% to

Results of this study indicate that provenance does affect the 10–90

50%. The rates of germination (T ) did not differ significantly

growth of V. arboreum in different substrate pH levels. 50

between accessions, while the uniformity of germination (T ) 10–90

varied significantly between accessions c (Mozambique: Osceola)

Pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) Cultivation in the CNMI (2.78) and b (Mozambique: Branco) (4.84). All accessions were
separately tested for viability. Seeds were allowed to imbibe water
Dilip Nandwani1* and Anthony Tudela
for 24 h before being submersed in 1.0% tetrazolium solution.
Plant Science Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment
Seeds were evaluated based on degree of staining consistent
Station, University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill, VI
with the International Seed Testing Association Tetrazolium
00850; 2Cooperative Research, Extension and Education
Service (CREES), Northern Marianas College, Saipan, Committee. Seed viability ranged from 4.0% to 43.0%.
MP 96950
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) Use of Fatty Alcohol Treatments to Control
consists of a group of islands in the Western Pacific north of Rootstock Regrowth in Grafted Watermelon
Guam. Pitaya or Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatues), is an exotic [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)]
fruit and gaining increased attention from the growers due to Shawna Daley* and R.L. Hassell
its economic potential and nutritional benefits. Local and new
School of Agriculture, Forest, and Environmental
cultivars raised through seeds and stem cuttings, which include
Sciences, Clemson University Coastal REC, Charleston,
red, white (traditional), yellow and pink fruits. Germplasm of SC 29414
all four red, yellow, white, and pink fruits collected and veg-
etatively propagated in the island of Saipan. Seed germination Rootstock regrowth is a major problem in watermelon graft-
observed 3 weeks after seeding. Seedlings attained 1-inch size ing, and the cost of re-growth control is a major reason for
in 2 months after planting. Stem cuttings (12–14 inch) collected the lack of grafted transplants in U.S. watermelon production.

S62 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

Chemical methods of re-growth control could alleviate this cost numbers of CA than the control. The most common beneficial
and increase the efficiency of watermelon grafting in the U.S. insects were ground beetles, spiders, red imported fire ants
Fatty alcohol solutions are used in tobacco as a contact sucker (RIFA), parasitic wasps, syrphid flies, big eyed bugs, and Col-
control, and could be used to burn out the rootstock meristem lembola. Significantly higher syrphid flies were recorded on the
and control regrowth. This study was conducted to determine Sorghum sudangrass plots than all the other plots but these did
the optimal fatty alcohol application rate for rootstock regrowth not affect the aphid population. Ground beetles and spiders were
control. Two fatty alcohol products (Fair 85® and Off-Shoot significantly higher in no-till plots than tilled plots. Overall, tilled
T®) at six concentrations (3.75%, 5.0%, 6.25%, 7.5%, 8.75%, plots had the least number of pests and pigeon pea appeared to
and 10% fatty alcohol) were applied to Bottle Gourd (Lage- be the best cover crop to manage pests in cabbage.
naria siceraria ‘Emphasis’) and Interspecific Hybrid Squash
(Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata ‘Carnivor’) rootstocks as Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
the cotyledons unfolded. On days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after appli-
cation, rootstocks were individually rated for both damage and Seedlings in Commercial Substrate Amended
re-growth responses. Results showed a significant decrease in with Dewatered Aquaculture Effluent
re-growth as concentration increased up to 7.5% fatty alcohol, Jason J. Danaher1*, Jeffrey L. Sibley2,
while damage increased significantly at fatty alcohol concentra- Jesse A. Chappell1, Jeremy M. Pickens2,
tions of 6.25% and above. Based on this data, we conclude that Terrill R. Hanson1, and Claude E. Boyd1
the best control of re-growth with a level of acceptable damage 1
Auburn University, Department of Fisheries and Allied
is achieved using an application rate between 6.25% and 7.5%,
Aquaculture, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849;
depending on environmental conditions within the greenhouse. 2
Auburn University, Department of Horticulture, 101
Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849
Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and Sorghum Dewatered aquaculture effluent (AE) could amend commercial
Sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench substrates for tomato seedling production. In two separate
var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc.] Management experiments, tomato seedling (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Changes Populations of Pest and Beneficial ‘Bolseno’) growth response was evaluated when a commercial
Insects in Cabbage potting mix was amended with different amounts (0 to 75%) of
AE (v/v) and fertigated with a water soluble, inorganic fertilizer.
Dakson Sanon1*, Danielle D. Treadwell1, In the first experiment, a difference existed for plant height, leaf
Lincoln Zotarelli1, and Oscar E. Liburd2 area (LA), leaf dry matter (LDM), stem dry matter (SDM), and
1
Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of total dry matter (TDM) 2 weeks after transplanting seedlings.
Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611; Plant growth indices decreased when amounts of AE increased up
2
Department of Entomology and Nematology, University to 75% container volume. In the second experiment commercial
of Florida, Bldg.970, Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL mix replaced with 5% AE consistently outperformed all other
32611 treatments with plant height, LA, LDM, SDM, and TDM increas-
During the fall 2011 growing season, the effect of cover crop ing 26%, 124%, 87%, 75%, and 83%, respectively, compared
planting arrangement and tillage on management of key pests to the Control. The AE could amend commercial substrates at
and beneficial insects were investigated in a cabbage, Brassica levels < 20% by providing optimal physio-chemical properties.
oleracea system in Live Oak, FL. The experimental design
was a split, spilt-plot with four cover crop treatments and four Can Exogenous Abscisic Acid Application
replicates. Cover crop treatments (main effects) included: 1) Improve Survival Rate and Quality of Grafted
single planting of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.); 2) single
planting of sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench
Tomato Transplants?
var. sudanense); 3) mixed planting with pigeon pea and sorghum Shuan Hao Teo1*, Xin Zhao1, Craig Campbell2,
sudangrass; and 4) no cover crop (control). Cover crops were and Stephen M. Olson3
grown with and without fertilizer (subplots) and before planting 1
Horticultural Sciences Department, University of
the cabbage the cover crops were either tilled and incorporated Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 2Valent Biosciences
in the soil or rolled and laid on the soil surface (sub-subplots). Corporation, Ocoee, FL 34761; 3North Florida Research
We sampled for key pests on cabbage including 1) Diamond- and Education Center, Quincy, FL 32351
back moth (DBM), (Plutella xylostela L.); 2) Cabbage looper
Although interest in vegetable grafting has emerged recently
(CL) [Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)]; and 3) cabbage aphids (CA)
in the U.S., high cost associated with grafted transplants still
(Brevicoryne brassicae L.); and beneficial insects using yellow
remains as a major concern. This study was conducted to explore
sticky cards, pitfall traps, and foliar counts. Results from traps
the potential of plant growth regulator application for improv-
indicated that no significant differences were observed between
ing efficiency of grafted tomato transplant production. Abscisic
treatments for DBM and CL. However, sorghum sudangrass and
acid (ABA) is known for initiation and maintenance of stomatal
mixed cover crop treatment plots recorded significantly higher
closure, and may reduce scion water loss during graft healing,

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S63

thus reducing the burden of protected environment maintenance Tomatoes have been a staple crop in Oklahoma since farming
during healing. In this experiment conducted during fall 2012 in began in the state. Farmers have always had problems obtaining
Gainesville, FL, water and ABA solutions at 400, 800, and 1200 tomato fruit set during the hotter periods of June and July. In
mg/L concentrations were applied to ‘Florida 47’ tomato scions 2011, few tomatoes if any were available at market due to the
at least 12 h before grafting onto ‘Maxifort’ tomato rootstocks. early and intense hot weather that was experienced. Farmers
Stomatal conductance of non-grafted scion plants following ABA continue to request help with this ongoing problem. The ob-
applications was measured. Grafted seedlings were placed on jective of this study was to trial tomato varieties with heat-set
the greenhouse bench without any covering, while grafted plants capabilities and use plasticulture to manage soil temperature and
sprayed with water were also placed inside a healing chamber moisture levels to determine if gains can be made in tomato yield
in the greenhouse as a control. Plant wilting and recovery were during the hot months of summer. Transplants were grown at
monitored daily for 10 d after grafting, and plant chlorophyll the Oklahoma State University research greenhouse. Tomatoes
content was measured on day 11. Completely healed grafted were transplanted into commercial field plots on 26 Apr. 2012
seedlings were transplanted into 0.4-L plastic pots, and chlo- at Stillwater and on 8 May 2012 at the Coyle site. The study was
rophyll content and leaf area were assessed after 3 weeks. ABA organized in the field as a randomized block design with three
application reduced stomatal conductance in scion seedlings replications. Plots were 6 ft wide and 12 ft long and included six
prior to grafting. Among grafted seedlings kept outside, ABA transplants with an in-row spacing of 2 ft between plants. Plot
applications delayed the onset of wilting, and resulted in faster areas utilized black plastic mulch and drip irrigation for both
recovery from wilting compared to those with water application. sites. Water and fertility needs of the study were met follow-
However, ABA applications at 800 and 1200 mg/L reduced leaf ing normal production practices of each operation. Trials were
chlorophyll content. Interestingly, under greenhouse conditions harvested seven times between 24 June 2012 and 20 July 2012
in this study, grafted tomato transplants healed with survival at the Stillwater location and six times between 11 July 2012
rates over 90% without a healing chamber, regardless of ABA and 3 Aug. 2012 for the Coyle location. Harvest data included
application. ABA application did not show any significant impact number of marketable fruit, weight in pounds of marketable fruit,
on growth of grafted transplants compared to plants kept inside weight in pounds of cull fruit and reasons for culling. Results
or outside the chamber with water application. varied between sites for marketable yields except for the variety
‘Tribute’ which was in the group of higher yielding varieties at
both sites. Yields did not vary for overall or cull yields at either
Economics of Growing Microgreens for the
site. Early yield differences were significant at the Stillwater
Local Food Market site, but not at the Coyle site. ‘Tribeca’ and ‘Tasti-Lee’ recorded
Gary R. Bachman* the highest early yield at Stillwater.
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State
University, Biloxi, MS 39532 Heavy Pest Pressure in 2012 Pumpkin Variety
The hardest aspect of growing fresh produce for the local food Trial
market is establishing appropriate selling prices. New crops are
George E. Boyhan1*, Suzzanne C. Tate1,
put into the production rotation based on customer recommenda-
tions and seed catalog promotions. Many fresh market growers Ryan D. McNeil1, and William A. Mills2
do not take the time to consider, let alone calculate, the ultimate
1
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia,
costs to produce these new crops. One crop that is getting a lot 1111 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602;
of attention from both the restaurant market and consumers are
2
Attapulgus Research and Education Center, P.O. Box
189, Attapulgus, GA 39815
microgreens. A case study was performed with a local grower
producing microgreens. Production costs and inputs were The highest yielding entry was ‘Orange Bulldog’, a variety
evaluated to calculate and establish selling prices. Input costs released by the University of Georgia. This was significantly
are approximately $2.46/ft2 and is fairly consistent across the greater than any other varieties in the trial. The next greatest
microgreen varieties grown. Harvestable yield varies from 1.5 entry was 18-4-3, an advanced line, which is being considered
oz to >4 oz/ft2 depending on variety. Market prices depend on for release. Among the commercial varieties, ‘Field Trip F ’ had
1

variety and production management. Market prices range from the greatest yield, which was significantly better than the other
$2.00 to $6.00/oz with a resulting margin ranging from 35% commercial entries. The best entries based on disease rating in
to 75%. Ultimate customer preferences for microgreen variety Attapulgus were ‘Orange Bulldog’ and ‘Field Trip F ’. In conclu-
1

are based on the end use. sion entries developed at the University of Georgia continue to
perform well with the potential for new releases in the near future
Grower Trials for Heat-Set Capabilities
Comparison of Tomato Varieties under Organic
in Tomato
Production Practices
Lynn Brandenberger1*, Brian Kahn1, and Jim Shrefler2
George E. Boyhan*, Jeffrey McConnaughey,
1
358 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078; 2P.O. Box
749, Durant, OK 74702 Suzzanne C. Tate, and Ryan D. McNeil

S64 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

 Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 of eggplant for USVI growers. Sandea is known for suppression
Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602 of nutsedges and varied range of broadleaf weeds in several
This trial evaluated tomatoes under organic production practices vegetables. Field studies conducted to evaluate preemergence
on plastic mulch. Varieties chosen included both commercial application of Sandea on eggplant. Three cultivars, ‘Nadia’,
varieties commonly grown in the Southeast, as well as, entries ‘Hansel’, and ‘Magal’, were grown in conventional management
that are popular among organic growers. Included were varieties system at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University
that were both determinant and indeterminant with some that of the Virgin Islands in St. Croix. The experimental design was
could be characterized as semi-determinant. Overall common complete randomized block and three replications (Sandea
commercial types produced greater yield with more uniform fruit treated) and a control (weedy) for each cultivar. Sandea applied at
(e.g., ‘Celebrity’, ‘BHN 602’). Varieties popular with organic a rate of (0.5 oz/acre) a day prior to transplanting eggplants into
growers included pink varieties, varieties with more sutures, and field. No emergence of weeds was observed in Sandea treated
smaller types. Many of these were indeterminant types, which plots within the first 3 weeks after application. Plants recovered
were not well suited to staked tomato production. Although va- from initial injury (yellowing and necrosis) a few weeks after
rieties popular with organic growers did not produce as well as transplanting.Yields were significantly higher in all three cultivars
conventional commercial entries, they often will command much grown in Sandea treated plots. ‘Hansel’ produced highest yield
higher prices resulting in greater return per acre for the grower. (30.57 ton/ha) and lowest in ‘Magal’ (12.16 ton/ha). Average
marketable fruits number was also higher (14/plant) in ‘Hansel’.
Spider mite infestation (2% to 3%) occurred in plots and was
Cool Season Organic Vegetable Rotation for the controlled by miticides. Data on plant height, marketable fruit
Southeast: A Holistic Assessment weight, length, diameter, and biomass of weeds were recorded.
George E. Boyhan1*, Julia W. Gaskin1, Sandea effectively controlled a range of broadleaf and grasses
in eggplant field. The results suggests Sandea is economical and
Elizabeth L. Little1, E. Greg Fonsah2,
suitable for preemergence weed control in eggplant in the US
Sam K. Tshikala1, Suzzanne Tate1, and Ryan McNeil1 Virgin Islands, however, further study is needed before adopting
1
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, this practice in eggplant.
1111 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30602;
2
Agricultural Economics, P.O. Box 1209, Tifton, GA
31793 Evaluation of Reflex (Fomesafen) Herbicide for
This study was to investigate crop rotations that included other Watermelon in Oklahoma
cool season vegetables with onions that would command rela- James Shrefler1, Merritt Taylor1, Lynn Brandenberger2,
tively high prices as organic commodities, comparable to organic and Charles Webber III3
Vidalia onions. In general, crops performed better in the second 1
Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension
year (2011–12) than in the first year (2010–11) primarily due to Center, Oklahoma State University, P.O. Box 128, Lane,
better management and earlier planting. Strawberries were an OK 74555; 2Department of Horticulture and Landscape
exception. In year 2 an attempt was made to estimate the fertility Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
that would be contributed from the previous crop. The amount 74078; 3Sugarcane Research Unit, U.S. Department of
of fertilizer was reduced accordingly, by approximately 45%. Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 5883 USDA
This highlights one of the problems with banking on the previ- Road, Houma, LA 70360
ous crop’s (southernpeas) contribution to fertility. It is difficult Effective preemergence herbicides are needed for weed con-
to assess this because of factors such as temperature, moisture, trol in watermelon grown from transplants. Reflex was found
and time between crops. In conclusion, our research suggests to be effective and to exhibit crop safety in southeastern US.
that reasonable yields of cool season vegetables are possible Trials were conducted during 20111 and 2012 in southeastern
under organic conditions, but still lag behind conventionally Oklahoma to determine if this product would be useful in this
produced vegetables. Production costs, particularly labor costs, geographic location. Watermelon ‘Delta’ transplants were planted
for this study have not been compiled. into a fine sandy loam soil 10 days after surface application
of herbicides that included Reflex at 0.1875, 0.25, 0.375 and
Effect of Preemergence Herbicide on Weed 0.5 lb active ingredient (ai), Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) at
Control in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) 0.024 lb a.i. + Reflex at 0.1875 lb a.i., Sandea at 0.024 lb a.i. +
Reflex at 0.0.25 and Lorox (linuron) at 0.05 lb a.i. Lorox was
Dilip Nandwani not injurious in 2011 but killed watermelon plants in 2012. In
Plant Science Laboratory, Agricultural Experiment both years all rates of Reflex provided 90% or greater control
Station, University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill, VI of spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus and carpetweed Mol-
00850 lugo verticillata. Each of Sandea and Reflex at 0.25 lb a.i. or
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a highly valued vegetable greater gave 90% or better control of yellow nutsedge Cype-
and grown for fresh market in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). rus esculentus. No detrimental effects on vine growth were
Weed competition has a significant effect on the growth and yield found in 2011. In 2012, crop stunting was observed 2 weeks

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S65

after transplanting in all Sandea treatments and Reflex at the same bulk density for both treatments. Custom-made containers
0.0375 rate and greater. Vine length at 1 month after planting were designed from PVC pipe, open at the top and capped at
was reduced as much as 30% in all Sandea treatments and in the bottom. The thermocouples were placed inside rigid nylon
the Reflex 0.5 rate. Watermelon yields ranged from 68,970 to tubing and further secured at their location with a custom-
79,161 lb/acre in 2011 and 41,231 to 76,572 lb/acre in 2012. designed right-angle shaped PVC bracket. Each thermocouple
No yield differences were detected among treatments in either was inserted in the center of each container at a depth of 5.08
year. Differences in crop effects may be explained by greater cm (2 inches). Four replicates per soil type (3) and moisture
rainfall in 2012 following herbicide application. These studies content (2) were used for a total of 24 containers. The containers
show that Reflex should be a useful herbicide for transplanted were placed in an ESPEC temperature chamber set at a –5 °C
watermelon in this area. for 18 h. The three soil types revealed unique freezing profiles
at both 30% and 40% field capacity. In general, all soil types
Hibiscus sabdariffa Breeding for Plant at 40% FC remained at higher temperatures for longer periods
of time compared to the same soil type at 30% FC. Previous
Improvement study showed that bare, non-acclimated tropical plant roots
Kalunda Cuffy*, Khalid Matthew, Kenya Emanuel, and rhizomes did not survive temperature exposure of –1.5 °C.
and Thomas W. Zimmerman However, the same roots and rhizomes survived temperature
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin exposure of –1.5 °C in frozen soilless media. Even though
Islands, RR#1 Box 10,000, Kingshill, VI 00850 plants may not have cold hardiness, they may escape cold injury
simply by the fact that the soil temperature (even though frozen)
Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as sorrel, is an edible
remains above –1.5 °C for extended periods of time. After the
fruit that is popular in the Caribbean and used to make juices,
freezing process was initiated, soil texture could have affected
jams, and jellies. Sorrel is a good source of vitamin A, vita-
the freezing profile of each soil type until killing temperature
min C, calcium, and potassium, as well as antioxidants and
of the plant roots was reached.
bioflavonoids. Sorrel sheds pollen before the flower opens to
self-pollinate resulting in inbred varieties. The objective of
this research was to evaluate sorrel F hybrids with their parent
1
Overview of the ASHS Local Foods Working
for plant height, branching and floral initiation to determine if Group
hybrids will outperform parents. Plant varieties studied include Christine Coker
TTB, 128 (PI 291128) and 100 (PI 268100) as well as hybrid
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State
varieties 128 × TTB and 100 × 128. The seeds were planted in
University, Biloxi, MS 39532
Aug. 2012 and seedlings transplanted to the field on 6 Sept. The
row spacing was 0.67 m between plants and 1 m between rows. The Local Food Systems Working Group promotes academic
Drip tape distributed the water and nutrients via fertigation. and research information exchange on scientific development,
Measurements were recorded at 2-week intervals for height, scholarship, and educational activities related to and regarding
branch number, and floral initiation. Neither hybrid produced local and regional production systems, including definition and
height nor branching that were greater than the strongest parent, measurement of food systems, foodsheds, small and mid-scale
128. Regardless of being the female or pollen parent, 128 was production systems, beginning/new farmers, local farmers and
more vigorous than F hybrids. Continued research is needed
1
farmers markets, farmers expanding from direct sale to local/
to determine hybrid combinations that will be more vigorous regional wholesale, scale neutral technologies, agriculture at the
and productive than the present varieties. This research was urban/rural interface, urban horticulture production (community
supported by USDA–NIFA–Hatch. gardens, school gardens, home gardens), farm-to-consumer
marketing, farmer-to-institution/school marketing, local food
system and farmland policy, and relationships of local horticulture
Freezing Characteristics of Soils with Various to rural and urban communities and economies. A Local Food
Moisture Content Systems session is being conducted at the 2013 ASHS meeting
Bodie Pennisi1*, O. Lindstrom1, in Palm Desert, CA. We invite posters and oral presentations
and M. Habtessellassie2 on topics including but not limited to: Famers markets, direct
University of Georgia, Department of Horticulture, 1109
1 markets and CSA; Community and school gardens; Economic
Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223; 2University of development with local foods; Consumer demands and market
Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences trends; Economic and social Implications of local foods; Point
of origin - local heritage crops and regional labeling; Heirloom
This study was undertaken to investigate how soil characteristics cultivars; New products for local markets; Season extension
and moisture content impact soil freezing process. Three types production systems; Nutrition education; Quality and safety of
of soils, sand, loam, and clay loam, were collected from various local foods; Defining and assessing food systems; New farmers
locations in Georgia. Soils were brought to 30% or 40% field programs; Academic programs for local food producers; and
capacity by adding various quantities of water to achieve the Comparative advantages/disadvantages of local foods.

S66 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

The Role of Universities in Local Food Systems ers for selling to their local markets. We are also presented
with the challenge of educating consumers about agriculture
Christine Coker in general, and local products, specifically. Additionally, more
Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State home gardeners are becoming interested in backyard food
University, Biloxi, MS 39532 production and urban farming practices. Schools and churches,
University personnel, particularly Extension and Experiment civic organizations, and neighborhoods are showing increased
Station faculty and staff, are on the front lines in terms of cur- interest in community gardens. While Extension and Experi-
rent trends in agriculture, including the local food movement. ment Station personnel have traditionally been a resource for
Horticulturists are no longer only interested in the production gardening advice and expertise, this new interest in urban
of fruits and vegetables, but also in the local value chain and agriculture takes basic gardening to the next level. New issues
consumer preferences. Scientists and specialists are now finding are being raised including food safety, postharvest handling
consumers to be as much a part of their audience and clientele and storage, marketing, and more. Horticulturists must become
as the farmers they have traditionally served. The local food part of a team of experts to serve the varied interests involved
movement has created new opportunities for training produc- in local food systems.

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S67

 Author Index
A Carson, Luther C. S44
Caylor, A.W. S33
Abernethy, Tamara S48 Cerven, Vasile S42, S43
Abukari, Issah A. S49 Chaney, Will S44
Adams, Larry S47 Chappell, Jesse A. S20, S41, S63
Almeyda, Christie V. S48 Chase, Carlene A. S18, S25, S39
Anciso, Juan R. S56 Chen, Yan S25, S28, S29, S31
Arancibia, Ramon A. S46, S49, S51, S53, S54, S55 Chevalier, David S17
Arnold, T. S48, S49, S53 Clark, Chris S46, S47
B Clark, John R. S15, S33, S34, S60
Coker, Christine S26, S40, S66, S67
Bachman, Gary R. S26, S40, S64 Coneva, Elina D. S32, S33, S61, S62
Baird, R.E. S46, S55 Coolong, Timothy S22, S45
Baker, Lauri M. S27 Creech, Dave S16
Balles, John S17, S41 Crosby, Kevin M. S23, S38
Ballington, Jim S37 Crumley, Jennifer S17, S41
Bansal, Manish K. S36 Cuffy, Kalunda S66
Barker, Allen V. S15
Barkley, Susan L. S19 D
Barrer, Wilmer A. S50 Daley, Shawna S17, S62
Barrett, Charles E. S43 Danaher, Jason J. S41, S63
Bassil, Nahla S60 Darnell, Rebecca S62
Bateman, Anthony G. S36 da Silva, Washington S46, S47
Bautista, Jesús S40 Davis, Jeanine S17, S41
Bautista, Nélida S40 Davis, Jeremiah D. S51
Beam, Shawn S37 DeKalb, Courtney D. S15
Beauchamp, W. Robert S20 Deker, Kaylee S30
Beniken, Lhou S32 Dennery, Shamali S16
Berle, David S32 Díaz-Pérez, Juan C. S40
Bernstein, Emily S41 Dickey, D. S35
Beuzelin, J. S48 Dickson, Donald W. S22, S38
Bi, Guihong S17, S21, S24, S25, S43 Dooley, Kim E. S23
Biai, Christopher J. S39 Dozier, William A., Jr. S36
Blanchard, Pam S27 Dreyer, Eric Q. S43
Blankenship, Sylvia M. S52 Ducar, J. S33
Blythe, Eugene K. S28 Dunn, Bruce L. S15
Bonilla, Nestor S49, S53
Bough, Raven A. S16 E
Boyd, Claude E. S41, S63
Boyette, Michael D. S50, S52 Egel, Daniel S. S42, S57
Boyhan, George E. S36, S56, S64, S65 Emanuel, Kenya S66
Bracy, Regina S28, S29, S30, S31 Enciso, Juan S32
Bradish, Christine S60 Ernest, Emmalea G. S56, S57
Brandenberger, Lynn S64, S65 Evans, Michael R. S23
Briz, Teresa S25 Evans, William B. S42, S43, S61
Buckner, Sharon S59 Everts, Kathryne L. S57
Bush, Edward S27
F
C Fei, Zhangjun S58
Cabrera, Raul I. S28, S31 Fernandez, Gina S21, S37, S60
Campbell, Craig S63 Ferreira, Jorge F.S. S42
Carey, Edward S54 Firon, Nurit S53, S54

S68 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

Fonsah, E.G. S61, S65 Kim, Kyung-Hee S34
Fontenot, Kathryn S27 Kim, Moo Jung S21, S37
Francis, Shaun A. S51 Kousik, S. S58
Freeman, Joshua H. S44
Frey, S. S35 L
LaBonte, Don S49, S52, S53, S54
G Lebleu, Charlene S20
Garcia, M. Elena S35 LeCompte, Judson S. S20
Garner, James O. S51 Leskovar, Daniel S23, S28, S38
Garzon, José G. S39, S50 Levi, Amnon S58, S59
Gasic, Ksenija S35 Li, Zhijian T. S34
Gaskin, Julia W. S65 Liburd, Oscar E. S21, S63
Gehl, Ronald J. S39 Lindner, James R. S23
Gergela, Douglas S39 Lindstrom, O. S66
Grabow, Garry L. S50 Lineberger, Dan S23
Gray, Dennis J. S34 Ling, Kai-shu S58
Greene, Ann M. S46 Little, Elizabeth L. S65
Grelen, Lori S46, S54 Lombardini, Leonardo S23
Grubbs, Rebecca S18 Lowe, John W. S51
Gu, Mengmeng S24, S25 Luttrell, Randall S47
Guan, Wenjing S22, S38
Guertal, E.A. S18 M
Gunter, Christopher C. S20, S39, S57 Ma, Guoying S37
MacLean, Daniel S36
H Main, Jeff S46, S53, S54
Habtessellassie, M. S66 Marshall, Donna S61
Halloran, John S52 Masabni, Joseph S56
Hanson, Terrill R. S41, S63 Martin, N. Rob S20
Harkess, Richard L. S17, S21, S24 Matthew, Khalid S66
Hassell, Richard L. S17, S59, S62 Mathews, M.S. S48, S49
Hayes, Bradley H. S51 Matta, Frank S49
Heiniger, Ron S20 McAvoy, Eugene S39, S43
Hernandez-Ochoa, Ixchel M. S35 McAvoy, Theodore P. S44
Horton, Anna M. S17 McConnaughey, Jeffrey S64
Howard, Luke R. S15, S60 McGregor, Cecilia S38, S58
Hu, Y. S33 McKenney, Cynthia S18, S19, S24, S30, S35
Huang, Yushen S18, S39 McKnight, Danelle S37
Hutton, M. S42 McNeil, Ryan S56, S64, S65
Meador, Jonathan S62
I Meder, Amanda S19
Ibrahim, A.M.H. S23, S38 Meru, Geoffrey S38
Ingram, Dewayne L. S29 Miller, D.K. S48, S49
Irani, Tracy S27 Miller, Richard E. S55
Mills, William A. S64
J Montague, D.T. S19
Montague, Thayne S18, S24, S30, S35
Jasinski, Jonathan R. S34
Moore, James N. S33
Jennings, Katie M. S19
Morgan, Kelly S43, S44
Jiang, Chen S46, S52
Murphrey, Theresa Pesl S23
Johnson, Gordon C. S56, S57
Mutui, Theophilus M. S42
K N
Kahn, Brian S15, S64
Nandwani, Dilip S16, S62, S65
Keever, Gary J. S29
Nelson, Shad D. S32
Kemble, J.M. S18
Neumann, Jason M. S18, S39
Kessler, J. Raymond, Jr. S20, S29, S33
Newark, Mason J. S57

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S69

Nimmakayala, Padma S58 Sargent, Steven S43
Niu, Genhua S25 Sassenrath, Gretchen F. S52
Njue, Obadiah M. S51 Schmitt, Kyle S20
Nyberg, April S60 Schultheis, Jonathan S19, S20, S39, S46, S50, S52, S59
Sebesta, Bethany S15, S60
O Setamou, Mamoudou S32
Ogles, C.Z. S18 Settle, Quisto S27
Olson, Stephen M. S63 Shankle, Mark S49, S51
O’Neal, Joyce S37 Sharma, Sat Pal S23, S38
Oswalt, Steve S18 Sherrier, D. Janine S57
Owings, Allen S26, S28, S29, S30, S31 Shrefler, James S64, S65
Ozores-Hampton, Monica S39, S43, S44 Sibley, Jeffrey L. S20, S41, S62, S63
Silva, Juan S49
P Simmons, Spence S16
Simonne, Eric S43
Parker, J.S. S61
Sims, Charles A. S43
Parks, Staci S30, S35
Smith, Tara S47, S48, S49, S53
Pascal, Tyrone S60
Snodgrass, Crystal S43
Patrick, Tyler A. S15
Snyder, Richard G. S42
Pennisi, Bodie S59, S66
Solís-Pérez, Alma R. S31
Perea, Hugo S32
Spiers, James S33, S36, S62
Perkins-Veazie, Penelope S21, S37
Stafne, Eric T. S27
Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana S46, S48
Stafne, Richelle A. S26
Phillips, Nathan C. S62
Stein, Larry S56
Picha, David H. S36, S50
Stephenson, James C. S29
Pickens, Jeremy M. S20, S41, S63
Stoddard, C. Scott S52
Pitts, James S32
Stokes, Beth S46
Poole, Jessica S19
Stokes, C.E. S55
Porter, Justin A. S32
Stringer, Stephen J. S61
Q Sutterer, Larry S58
Swiggart, Ethan M. S62
Quebedeaux, Joey S31 Swisher, Marilyn E. S25
R T
Rathinasabapathi, Bala S46 Tate, Suzzanne S36, S56, S64, S65
Reddy, K. Raja S49 Taylor, Merritt S65
Reddy, Umesh K. S58 Teo, Shuan Hao S63
Reighard, Gregory L. S35, S36 Thies, Judy S22, S38, S58, S59
Reynolds, Sarah S61 Thompson, Bradfred S59
Robacker, C. S59 Threlfall, Renee T. S15, S60
Robbins, James A. S24, S25 Tiley, George P. S55
Rohla, Charles S44 Torres-Quezada, Emmanuel A. S40
Roka, Fritz S43 Treadwell, Danielle D. S21, S63
Rom, C.R. S15, S16, S25 Tshikala, Sam K. S65
Rosendale, Roger S30, S31 Tudela, Anthony S62
Russell, Lacey S16
U
S
Upson, Steve S44
Saha, Shubin K. S42, S58
Salazar, Denee K. S46 V
Sallman, Bryan S62
Vick, Robert L., Jr. S50
Sampson, Blair J. S61
Vilarinho, Lucianne B. S46
Sandefur, Paul S34
Villordon, Arthur S47, S53, S54
Sandlin, M’Randa R. S23
Vinson, Edgar L. S32, S33, S61
Sanon, Dakson S21, S63
Volder, Astrid S23, S38
Santos, Bielinski M. S34, S35, S40, S45

S70 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013

W Woods, Rockiell S52
Wright, A.N. S18, S19, S20
Wallace, Russ S56
Wang, Xiang S54 Y
Wang, Zheng S22, S45
Ward, Jason K. S51 Yi, Weiguang S42
Warner, Richard S45 Young, Leon S16
Waters, Vickie S58 Young, Mac S32
Webber, Charles, III S65 Yuceer, Cetin S17
Wechter, W. Patrick S58
Z
Wetzstein, Hazel Y. S32, S42
Whitaker, Vance M. S34 Zalazar-Marcial, Edgardo S31
Whittaker, Wesley S52 Zhao, Xiaojie S21
Wilhoit, John S45 Zhao, Xin S18, S22, S24, S25, S38, S39, S43, S63
Wilkins, Bryan S. S36 Zhou, Lijing S17, S41
Williams, Clinton F. S32 Zimmerman, Thomas W. S60, S66
Woods, F.M. S61 Zotarelli, Lincoln S21, S39, S63

HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 SR–ASHS Annual Meeting—February 2–5, 2013 S71

 Abstracts of Presentations
from the
Annual Conference
of the

American Society for Horticultural Science

July 22–25, 2013
Palm Desert, California

Supplement to HortScience
Volume 48(9) September 2013

Contains abstracts of symposia, colloquia, workshops, plus oral and poster presentations
from the 2013 ASHS Annual Conference.
Colloquia.......................................................................................S73
Workshops.....................................................................................S82
Oral Presentations......................................................................S113
Poster Presentations...................................................................S251
Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators...................S429
Presentations Listed by Title.....................................................S451
For citation purposes, abstracts should be cited as follows:
(Example)
Karlsson, M., C. Willingham. 2013. Field Performance of Transplants Grown using Light-emitting Diodes.
HortScience 48(9):S290. (Abstr.)

American Society for Horticultural Science

1018 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
phone: 703.836.4606  •  fax: 703.836.2024  •  ashs.org  •  [email protected]

S72 HortScience 48(9) (Supplement)—2013 ASHS Annual Conference

 Colloquia
Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science
July 22–25, 2013, Palm Desert, California

Monday, July 22, 2013 Springs Salon F 2:00–6:00 PM

Advances and Critical Issues in Breeding Cultivars for Organic

Cropping Systems and Developing Methods of Organic Seed
Production
Sponsors: ASHS Organic Horticulture, Vegetable Breeding, Seed and Stand Establishment, and
Local Food Systems Working Groups
Coordinators: Xin Zhao, [email protected]; Erin Silva, [email protected]

Organic crop production requires inputs and practices that emphasize holistic approaches for soil and fertility management as
well as disease, insect, and weed control. Organic growers are increasingly looking for crop cultivars that are well adapted to
organic growing conditions that exhibit desirable yield potential and market qualities demanded by the organic consumers,
including superior nutrition and exceptional flavor. Plant breeders have increased the yield potential of horticultural crops in
conventional production systems, but many organic growers either rely on 19th or 20th century heirloom varieties that often
lack the productivity, disease resistance, and other quality traits incorporated into contemporary varieties, or they choose
to grow unadapted contemporary varieties bred specifically under and for conventional production conditions. Among the
critical issues facing organic growers today is the need for improved cultivars developed for and optimized specifically for
organic production systems. Recent research findings have shown that cultivar performance may differ markedly between
organic and conventional systems. Over the last 3–5 years, several funding sources have increasingly focused on this issue as
a priority area for organic agriculture research and development. Several research projects in this field have completed their
initial phases, thus providing a solid foundation of data and insights on which to base this timely and pertinent colloquium.
This forum will allow attendees to obtain a broad perspective on the state of cultivar development for organic production
and its approaches and methodology, as well as future prospects. It will focus primarily on vegetable crop breeding, and
other crops to a lesser extent. The major topics include: genetic gain through selection in organic environments; models for
farmer-breeder partnerships; unique traits for enhanced organic variety performance and marketability; variety trial experi-
mental design and participatory methods; developing cultivars resistant to GMO contamination; and open-source models
for germplasm development. In addition, attendees of this colloquium will also have the opportunity to network with other
researchers with similar interests in this important field, thus better positioning their research to be competitive in forthcom-
ing grant funding opportunities.

2:00 PM Research comparing conventional and organic production for

The Role of Plant Breeding for Organic several field and horticultural crops is now becoming available
Producers to test this idea. While some studies have found significant
genotype by production system interactions, others have
James R. Myers* found less evidence for difference in performance between
Oregon State University the two systems. A major question confronting plant breeders
Breeding crops for organic production systems is a relative is whether organic plant breeding must be conducted entirely
new concept. It is predicated on the fact that unless a cultivar under organic production or whether blended approaches might
is specifically adapted, its performance in a particular environ- be feasible. One surprising finding in several studies is that
ment may be suboptimal. With its emphasis on soil building while organic environments are inherently more variable than
and injunction against chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and similar conventional environments, heritabilities in organic are
pesticides, organic production represents a profoundly differ- comparable to conventional environments. Apparently, geno-
ent environment from a conventional production environment. types in organic show a wider range of expression compared
Nearly all contemporary crop cultivars developed to date to conventional environments. This would suggest that greater
having been bred in conventional systems, and as a result, gain from selection might be achieved in organic compared to
may be less than optimally adapted to organic environments. conventional systems. A potential blended breeding system

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S73
 Colloquium—Monday, July 22, 2013

would be to conduct early generation selection solely in organic diverse germplasm and incorporating novel traits that will then
environments, but test advanced lines in both environments to be selected under low input, organic management practices.
identify those that are adapted to one or both. New research
Funding Source: USDA–NIFA Award no. 2011-51300-30903
on what traits might provide specific adaptation to organic
of the OREI (Organic Agric. Res. & Ext. Initiative)
production includes those associated with roots and soil, and
weed competitiveness. Organic plant breeding efforts around
3:00 PM
the United States are expanding in both field and horticultural
crops. The expansion has been greatest in the public sector with An Evolutionary-participatory Approach for
the private sector generally lagging behind. Funds to support Breeding Self-pollinating Cereals in Organic
breeding efforts in the public sector have come from OFRF, Systems
SARE, and USDA–NIFA–OREI, but these have become less Kevin Murphy*
available with uncertainties in the USDA budget for federal Washington State University
grants programs. With overall consumer demand for organic
produce continuing to increase, there will be strong incentive Arron Carter
for plant breeders to develop cultivars that are productive under Washington State University
organic growing conditions. Stephen Jones
Washington State University
2:30 PM
Direct selection within organic systems has been shown to
Breeding for Traits Unique to Organic increase grain yield in organic wheat from 5% to 30% when
Production Systems compared to indirect selection within conventional systems.
Philipp W. Simon* However, the cost of maintaining a separate, viable breeding
USDA, Madison, WI program for organic cereals can be logistically and economi-
cally challenging. The multiplicity of inputs and practices of
John P. Navazio
organic cereal farms in a target bioregion tends to lead to greater
Organic Seed Alliance
landscape diversity than is often found among conventional
Organic agricultural production systems differ significantly from farms in the same region. Genetic uniformity within most
conventional systems in their management of soil nutrients, homogeneous cereal-based monocultures has been shown to
weeds, pests, and diseases. Concomitant with these differences limit the crops’ capacity to evolve in response to adverse and
in management systems, cultivars developed for organic systems challenging environmental conditions. Therefore a practical,
can include traits that differ from cultivars bred for conventional low-cost approach to organic cereal breeding may be beneficial
systems. For example, genetic differences in root architecture to fully exploit the range of genotype x organic farming system
and capacity for symbiotic relationships have been found to x environment interactions within the target region. One such
differ in crop breeding stocks developed for organic production approach is through a fusion of participatory and evolution-
systems, relative to breeding stocks targeted for conventional ary breeding models. This model relies on robust on-farm,
nutrient management. Accelerated seedling vigor, rapid plant farmer-breeder co-selection of preferred genotypes within
growth, and greater leaf area are traits that promote early stand segregating, heterogeneous bulk populations. In an evolution-
establishment and canopy closure, and consequently improved ary breeding study, several F8–F9 winter wheat populations
weed control for organic systems. The same pests and diseases were shown to out-yield parental cultivars within and across
diminish crop productivity in organic and conventional systems, selection environments, while maintaining protein contents
but without pesticides, the urgency for the incorporation of similar to the mid-parent value. The use of single nucleotide
effective genetic resistance is heightened for crops grown in polymorphism (SNP) sequencing and visualization has identi-
organic production systems. Intra-varietal genetic diversity is fied specific markers (and alleles) within known quantitative
being explored for variation in these traits that contribute to trait loci (QTL) that are favored through natural selection are
yield stability under the greater diversity of cropping systems potentially associated with increased traits related reproductive
that are found on organic farms. Marketers and consumers of fitness, including grain yield, plant height and heading date.
organically grown vegetables and fruits often place a greater One farmer-bred, evolutionary-participatory population of
premium on flavor, nutritional value, and novelty, and this winter wheat, WA8094, was included in the WSU Statewide
broad range of market demands has stimulated the incorpora- Variety Testing program in 2009–10 and 2011–12 with 59 of
tion of numerous traits into cultivars for organic production the most promising breeding lines and established varieties
that are otherwise unfamiliar to most consumers. To meet these from 11 regional breeding programs. In 2009–10, WA 8094
diverse production challenges and consumer expectations, plant yielded the same as the most widely grown variety statewide in
breeders developing cultivars for organic systems have begun dry areas, ‘Eltan’, and significantly higher than ‘ORCF-102’,
to draw upon the breadth of genetic diversity of the crops they ‘WB0528’, and ‘Madsen’ (ranked 2,4, and 5, respectively, in
breed. Continued success in breeding will rely upon screening Washington acreage) when averaged across six low rainfall

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S74 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Colloquium—Monday, July 22, 2013

locations. In 2010–11, WA8094 was statistically equal in grain projects include; 1) a cold soil tolerant sugary-enhanced (SE)
yield to Eltan, WB-523 and AP 700 CL (which had replaced sweet corn; 2) a drought and wind tolerant zucchini; 3) a cold
Madsen), though lower to Xerpha and ORCF-102. The fact that hardy, powdery mildew resistant red kale; and 4) a cold hardy,
a bulk population, bred using recurrent selection, both natural uniform winter sprouting broccoli. Farmers decided the breeding
and farmer-imposed, could rank high across elite variety tri- priorities and participated in field breeding with OSA’s formal
als demonstrates the potential for this low-cost method to be breeder. These projects demonstrate the feasibility of develop-
used in farmer-breeder collaborations across a broad range of ing a commercially viable, open-pollinated variety through
organic systems. on-farm, participatory breeding methods.

3:30 PM 4:00 PM
The Value of Farmer-based Participatory Plant Break
Breeding for Organic Systems
4:15 PM
Micaela Colley* Seed and Plant Breeding for Wisconsin’s
Organic Seed Alliance
Organic Vegetable Sector: Understanding
John P. Navazio Farmers’ Needs and Practices
Organic Seed Alliance
Erin Silva*
Jared Zystro University of Wisconsin, Madison
Organic Seed Alliance
4:45 PM
As organic farming becomes more prevalent, organic farmers
are seeking varieties specifically adapted to organic agriculture. The Open Source Seed Initiative and its
While there are numerous models that may be successful for Potential Role in Supporting Organic Seed
organic breeding, there are several reasons why farmer based Systems
participatory plant breeding (PPB) holds promise as a model for
Irwin L. Goldman*
organic breeding. The Organic Seed Alliance (OSA) is devel-
University Wisconsin, Madison
oping effective, farmer-participatory breeding methodologies
that can serve as model for other programs. PPB is defined as The Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) has been developed
breeding based on methods that involve close farmer-researcher over the past two years by a working group of plant breeders,
collaboration to bring about crop genetic improvement. PPB farmers, non-profit agencies, seed advocates, and policy makers.
is a collaborative effort between a farmer-breeder and a A complete list of participants can be found on a poster pre-
formal-breeder. It is a decentralized approach and commonly sented at this conference. The OSSI is dedicated to maintaining
conducted on working farms. Farmer-researcher collaboration fair and open access to plant genetic resources worldwide. The
leverages the strengths of both parties to create useful varieties OSSI supports innovative plant breeding that produces resil-
in an efficient manner. The best farmer partners are experts ient and productive cultivars. Enabling the open exchange of
in their crops and cropping systems, and are often better than germplasm, with no restrictions on further breeding, is crucial
researchers at identifying the requirements for a new variety. to this new agriculture. The OSSI will work toward achieve-
Successful PPB projects value an active farmer involvement ment of: 1) a germplasm licensing framework with no breeding
in the breeding process. The breeding objectives, selection restrictions on the germplasm released through its auspices
criteria, and ideal time to evaluate traits are based largely on other than that derivatives must also be released with the same
input from the farmer. Also, in organic farming, many of the license; 2) a robust, vibrant, and well-supported public plant
advances in production are due to farmer’s rapid adoption of breeding sector producing germplasm and cultivars that can be
new techniques, so farmer partners are often the best equipped equitably grown, sold, changed, and distributed; 3) a plurality
to identify the most up-to-date production systems to test in. of sources for farmers, gardeners, and breeders to obtain seed;
The appropriate breeding methodology is supplied from the 4) integration of the skills and capacities of farmers with those
formal breeder. The breeder is instrumental in determining of plant scientists for enhancing and enlarging participatory
appropriate field plot design, calculating heritability of traits plant breeding; and 5) respect for the rights and sovereignty
and performing statistical analysis. The strengths of the PPB of indigenous communities, and of farmers and farm com-
model rest on these two elements: farmer-research collaboration, munities, to play a role in solutions to obtaining seed for food
and decentralization of the breeding process onto farms. By production. Three OSSI licenses have been drafted to enact the
fostering this collaboration, PPB offers an economical way to core principles described above, with a planned release date
encourage the adoption of varieties adapted to low-input organic of these licenses in 2014. The objective of this presentation is
agriculture. OSA’s breeding program forms strong collaborations to describe the framework that led to OSSI’s development and
with organic farmers for on-farm breeding of open-pollinated to highlight potential opportunities where OSSI may support
varieties for organic agriculture. Examples of successful PPB organic seed systems.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S75
 Colloquium—Monday, July 22, 2013

5:15 PM the crop actually functions in their system. In comparison to

Participatory Variety Trials: Value and feedback from producers who have tried released varieties,
Methods producer-cooperator feedback gives breeders information
that they can use to improve their material prior to release.
Jared Zystro* Finally, on farm trials can occasionally reveal to breeders
Organic Seed Alliance novel ways that organic producers use a crop. The way that
Organic agricultural systems represent a set of environments the farmer uses the crop may lead the breeder to focus on new
that are distinct from conventional systems, and frequently traits in their breeding program. Participatory variety trials
distinct from each other. Done correctly, participatory variety can take many forms, representing trade-offs between cost,
trials can benefit breeders developing varieties for organic scope, and precision. These trade offs must be considered when
systems. Distributed participatory trials help breeders identify evaluating vegetable entries in organic systems. Within-field
varieties with wide adaptation and stability, and varieties with heterogeneity can often be a challenge when conducting
adaptation to specific environments. When breeders decide what participatory variety trials. Complete block designs can al-
material to release as finished cultivars, they are limited to low experimenters to collect data that are relatively precise.
choosing based on known performance in the locations tested. However, their cost may limit the number of locations where
However, many varieties are never tested in organic produc- trials can be conducted. Organic systems also display large
tion systems, or only in a very limited set of organic systems. differences between locations. For this reason, more cost ef-
For organic farms, it is a lucky coincidence when available ficient designs, such as augmented or alpha-lattice designs, may
cultivars are superior to other breeding material for their allow researchers to evaluate varieties in more organic systems
farms. By testing material on many farms, breeders can iden- and produce results that are relevant to a wider audience. As
tify specific varieties that are adapted to unique environments. with experimental design, data collection protocols must be
When breeders partner with farmers to conduct participatory developed to balance the accuracy of the results with the time
trials, the producer-cooperator provides the breeder with the and cost involved.
sort of high-quality feedback that is difficult to obtain via other 5:45 PM
avenues. In comparison to feedback at field days, producer-
cooperator feedback reflects a deeper understanding of how Wrap-up and Discussion

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S76 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Colloquium—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 8:00 AM–12:00 PM

Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Crops in the Tropics

Sponsor: Tropical Horticulture Crops Working Group
Moderator: Rangaswamy Muniappan, [email protected]
Coordinators: Ricky Bates; [email protected]; Rangaswamy Muniappan; [email protected]
The Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL, formerly the IPM CRSP), funded by USAID, addresses hor-
ticultural crop issues faced by farmers in sixteen developing countries in six different regions of the tropical world. The
program collaborates with scientists, researchers, students, extension officers, and development practitioners at universi-
ties, NGOs, and government entities in the United States and around the world. In this colloquium, an international group
of scientists will discuss program developments and strategies. Country-specific presentations will focus on Bangladesh,
Ecuador, Ghana, Honduras, India, and Kenya, while additional presentations will focus on techniques developed for spe-
cific crops and diseases: antagonistic fungi, grafting, a host-free period, and roguing.

8:00–8:30 AM 9:50–10:10 AM
An Overview of IPM CRSP IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in Central
Rangaswamy Muniappan* and South America
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Jeff Alwang*
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
8:30–8:50 AM
10:10–10:30 AM
Use of Trichoderma spp:, Pseudomonas
Coffee Break
fluorescens, and Bacillus spp: in Seed and Soil
Treatment 10:30–10:50 AM
Barry Jacobsen* IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in India
Montana State University G. Karthikeyan*
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India
8:50–9:10 AM
10:50–11:10 AM
Grafting Vegetable Seedlings for Soil Borne
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in
Disease Resistance
Bangladesh
Sally Miller*
Syed Nurul Alam*
Ohio State University
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
9:10–9:30 AM 11:10–11:30 AM
Roguing for Control of Peanut Bud Necrosis IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in East
Virus Disease in Tomato Africa
G. Karthikeyan* Monicah Waiganjo
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya

9:30–9:50 AM 11:30–11:50 AM
Host Free Period for Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in West
Virus Control Africa
Michael Osei*
Robert Gilbertson*
Crops Research Institute, Ghana
University of California, Davis
11:50 AM–12:00 PM
General Discussion

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S77
 Colloquium—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon F 8:00 AM–12:00 PM

Strategy for Developing Mechanical Harvesting of Horticultural

Crops: Simultaneous Short-, Medium-, and Long-term Strategies
Sponsor: Mechanical Harvest Working Group
Moderators and Coordinators: Rachel B. Elkins, [email protected]; Stephanie Walker, swalker@
nmsu.edu; Louise Ferguson, [email protected]
The objective of this colloquium is to delineate through successful examples the simultaneous steps of a mechanical
harvesting development program from the harvesting technology through the extension program for adoption, including
composition of the research team. The steps of developing a mechanical harvesting program will be presented as the short-,
medium- and long-term goals and highlight the critical limiting factors of each. The short-term goal is identifying a fruit/
vegetable/flower removal principal and demonstrating that it can meet the first limiting factor of producing a marketable
product. The second limiting factor is demonstrating that this does not harm the plant (if perennial) physically or exacerbate
disease, insect pests, or physiological problems. The third limiting factor is developing the mobile platform with a competent
catch frame, a process that requires cooperation with the commercial harvester industry. The medium-term goal is orchard
management to increase the final efficiency of the harvesting machines developed; this includes orchard establishment,
tree training and pruning, developing chemical compounds that induce abscission, and pre- and postharvest treatments.
The first limiting factor is decreased yield or quality resulting from the new orchard or planting systems and abscission
chemicals. The second limiting factor is developing the harvester operating parameters, tons per hour, cost per ton, and the
economic analysis that demonstrates mechanical harvesting is logistically and economically feasible. The long-term goal
is breeding cultivars more suitable to mechanical harvesting with both traditional and molecular methods. The limiting
factor is defining the goal precisely; for example, a compressed maturity period to increase harvester efficiency through
having all the fruits/flowers/vegetable ripen simultaneously. Finally, development of a successful mechanical harvest-
ing system is more than producing the technology and adapting the orchards. An extension education program, ideally
conducted in parallel with the mechanical harvesting development project, for both the horticultural crop producers, and
their current labor pool, is a prerequisite for successful adoption of mechanical harvesting

8:00–8:30 AM final marketable product quality long term tree health. Teams
How Agricultural Engineers Develop include horticulturists, pathologists, food scientists, economists
and extension personnel and local funding. Publications can
Mechanical Harvesters: The University
be produced on testing technology or effects on marketable
Perspective product quality or plant health. An industry education program
Sergio Castro-Garcia* with field days, industry publications and websites and annual
University of Cordoba, Spain; [email protected] presentations should frequently report progress. Finally, eco-
nomic feasibility on a mobile platform with catching technology,
Developing mechanical harvesting is the most effective, and
a prototype, should be demonstrated. The research team now
most difficult, factor, in improving horticultural crop profit-
expands to include the harvester industry and grower coopera-
ability. It requires simultaneous incremental change by multiple
tors. Planting adaptations to increase harvester efficiency are
entities; University engineers, horticulturists, food scientists,
incorporated. All research is applied and the funding local. If
economists and local extension personnel, the commercial
results demonstrate economic feasibility the technology should
harvester industry, growers and displaced laborers and their
segue to the commercial harvester to industry as University
management. It has a narrow annual testing window. The initial
laboratories lack the capacity to generate truly commercial
research by engineers and horticulturists focuses on developing
harvesters. Patents are possible but preclude publication.
effective removal technologies and can be applied or basic.
With local funding research is generally applied adaptations of
8:30–8:45 AM
existing technology. With national funding the research is basic
or novel technologies. Both are conducted on model systems or How Companies Select and Develop
individual plants. Properly executed both types can be published Harvesters: The Commercial Perspective
but publication is difficult if engineering parameters are changed Rachel B. Elkins*
during trials. Evaluation of developed removal technologies Lake County UCCE, Clear Lake CA; [email protected]
requires cross disciplinary teams to evaluate the effects on

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S78 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Colloquium—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Agricultural equipment fabricators are often reluctant to 9:10–9:35 AM

develop and produce mechanical harvesters for horticultural Transformation of an Ancient Crop:
crops. This presentation will summarize interviews with multiple Preparing Oil and Table Olives for
companies querying this question.
Mechanical Harvesting
8:45–9:10 AM Louise Ferguson*
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Preparing Fresh Apple, Peach, and Pear
As one of the oldest continuously produced tree crops, it is
Orchards for Mechanical Harvesting
ironic that table olive production has benefitted from few
Terence Lee Robinson* technological innovations. However, research since 2006
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva; has successfully completed the first two steps of developing
[email protected] mechanical harvesting, identifying two effective harvesting
In the early 1970s concern over the availability of harvest technologies, and eliminating the limiting factors of fruit and
labor led to significant research on mechanical harvest on tree damage. By simultaneously focusing on increasing har-
apples and peaches. This early research resulted in mass removal vester efficiency through engineering modification and orchard
trunk shaking machines that detached apples by applying a adaptation in 2012 we achieved the final step, economically
centrifugal force to the trunk, which then fell onto catching feasible mechanical harvesting for both harvesting technologies.
frames and were collected and transported to a bin with conveyor Both trunk shaking and improved canopy contact harvesting
belts. This technology resulted in significant adoption of me- technologies now deliver mechanically harvested olives that
chanical shake and catch harvesters in the largely processing receive total adjusted prices per ton and canning percentages,
growing regions of Western New York, Pennsylvania, Michi- and sensory and consumer evaluations of the processed fruit,
gan, and California. However, fruit bruising was substantial. equal to those of hand harvested fruit. Canopy damage pro-
In an effort to design the tree for the machine, several tree duced by the canopy contact harvester is less than 2% and less
designs were studied including the Geneva Y-trellis and the severe than that produced by hand harvesting. Trunk damage
Lincoln apple canopy. The Geneva Y-trellis growing system from trunk shakers has been mitigated but the interaction with
tree water status needs to be better characterized. Topping and
allowed most of the fruit to borne in a single plane so that there
hedging in a 13 x 26 foot orchard, 139 trees per acre, increased
were few fruit-to-branch impacts as the fruit fell. When the
average annual yields/acre by an insignificant 0.03 tons/acre
Y-trellis was combined with an impact trunk shaker, much
from 2008 through 2012, and may decrease alternate bearing.
less energy was imparted to the fruits than the centrifugal
Hedgerow tree training at 12 x 18 feet, 202 trees per acre in a
shakers. The best results with this system showed only 10%
newly developed hedgerow orchard did not decrease tree yield
fruit bruising. However, this technology was never adopted
or fruit quality relative to traditional tree training at the same
by the apple industry since by the late 1980s the interest in
spacing. Mechanical hedging and topping significantly increased
mechanical harvest of apples in the United States had waned,
canopy contact harvester efficiency by 7% in a traditional
as it appeared there would be an endless supply of migrant
orchard adapted to a hedgerow with mechanical topping and
workers who could harvest the crop relatively cheaply. In
hedging. Both the trunk shaking and canopy contact harvesters
Europe a different approach was pursued to reduce harvest
averaged 77% final efficiency in prepared orchards.
labor by developing harvest assist machines. As early as
1980, researchers in the Netherlands had built machines that
used humans to detach the fruit from the tree and then place 9:35–10:00 AM
it on conveyers to transport the fruit to a central mechanical Chili Peppers: Challenges and Advances in
bin filler. These machines were best suited to simple trees Transitioning Harvesting of New Mexico’s
narrow trees. Since the 1980s, numerous designs have been Signature Crop
developed. In general, research showed that these harvest assist
machines could improve labor efficiency by only 15% to 20%. Stephanie Walker*
Their efficiency was greater with simple thin canopies and New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; swalker@nmsu.
high tree planting densities. This relatively small improve- edu
ment in labor efficiency did not result in rapid adoption of New Mexico-type chile (Capsicum annuum L.), often referred
harvest assist machines. However, slowly over the years more to as ‘Anaheim’, is the signature crop of New Mexico. Both
and more European growers have purchased these harvest the red and green (fully sized, but physiologically immature)
but they have never been adopted in the United States. In the crops are celebrated in local cuisine, culture, and art, and the
early 2000s, new concerns in the United States over labor cost production and processing of chile is an integral contribu-
revived an interest in mechanical harvest and a new round of tor to the state’s economy. Although the red chile crop has
research began based on two concepts: harvest assist machines mainly transitioned to mechanical harvest, the green chile crop
and robotics. continues to be hand-harvested. Lack of a predictable labor

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S79
 Colloquium—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

supply and higher input costs have prompted industry interest, drying, and capitalize on the fact that sunlit row middles are
as well as affiliated research projects, in green chile mechanical not needed for fruit drying. Grapevine breeding programs
harvest. The history and ongoing challenges in mechanizing this are currently working toward the development of raisin
crop mirror those faced by many horticultural crops produced grape varieties with fruitful basal nodes, and whose fruit dry
in industrialized societies. Mechanizing the green chile harvest naturally upon ripening. This is a long-term strategy to further
has been difficult because of a low tolerance for damaged fruit, reduce labor needs by enabling mechanical pruning in winter,
and stem removal is a critical quality and safety concern. In and eliminating the need for cane severance in the summer.
addition, although New Mexico-type green chile is an important
crop to New Mexico, the total acreage in the United States is 10:25–10:50 AM
too low to attract research and development investment by Progress in Breeding Highbush Blueberry
large agricultural equipment companies. With support from the Cultivars Adapted to Machine Harvest for the
New Mexico Chile Association, a consortium of growers and Fresh Market
industry representatives, research efforts have been conducted
by agricultural engineers and horticultural scientists from New James W. Olmstead*
Mexico State University and the USDA–ARS Cotton Ginning University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Laboratory (Las Cruces, NM). Efforts have focused on iden- Highbush blueberry production, including northern highbush
tifying cultivars with superior mechanical harvest efficiency, (Vaccinium corymbosum), southern highbush (V. corymbosum
breeding to develop cultivars improved for mechanization, hybrids), and rabbiteye (V. virgatum), that is destined for the
and crop management strategies to maximize the process. Ag- processed market is largely machine-harvested. Over the
ricultural engineers’ efforts in identifying the optimal picking last five years, processed highbush blueberry production has
head and development of an efficient mechanical destemmer accounted for less than 40% of the total world production.
have bolstered these efforts. This presentation will discuss the The remaining fruit harvested for fresh consumption has re-
history, ongoing research efforts, and continuing challenges mained largely hand-harvested. As worldwide production of
in the mechanization of green chile harvest and destemming highbush blueberries surpassed 1 billion pounds in 2012,
in New Mexico. increasing concerns about labor availability and higher
production costs have led to increasing utilization of machine
10:00–10:25 AM harvest for fresh (MFF) market production. Until recently,
Grapevine Varieties, Trellis Systems, and only rabbiteye blueberries have had a high percentage of fresh
Mechanization of the California Raisin production picked as MFF. A sequential harvest strategy where
high-value early season fruit are hand harvested and later
Industry maturing fruit are machine harvested, has most often been
Matthew W. Fidelibus* adopted for northern and southern highbush producers using
Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, existing cultivars and harvest equipment. However, to truly
Parlier CA; [email protected] facilitate MFF, new blueberry cultivars need to be devel-
Growers in California’s San Joaquin Valley produced more oped. Bush architecture, easy detachment of mature berries
than 25% of the world’s raisins in 2012, with a farm-gate value compared to immature berries, loose fruit clusters, small, dry
of more than $590 million, making the United States the lead- stem scar, firm fruit, and a concentrated ripening period are
ing global producer of raisins. California’s traditional raisin- breeding goals to develop blueberry cultivars amenable to
making method in is a laborious process in which clusters of machine harvest.
grapes (Vitis vinifera) are harvested by hand onto paper trays
10:50–11:15 AM
that are left in the vineyard to dry. The drying fruit may need to
be turned or rolled, tasks requiring manual labor, and the trays Breeding Oil and Table Olives for Mechanical
of dried raisins are also picked up by hand. Most California Harvesting
raisins continue to be made in this way but in recent years the Luis Rallo*
declining availability and increasing cost of labor has prompted Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba; [email protected]
many growers to implement one of two mechanized production
systems, “continuous tray” (CT), or “dry-on-vine” (DOV). In The olive and table olive industries in the world are almost
CT systems, machines are used to pick the berries, lay them entirely supported by local cultivars empirically selected by
onto a tray, and pick up the dried raisins. The CT system could farmers through centuries. New early and high bearing plan-
be considered a short-term strategy: it is compatible with tation systems adapted to mechanical harvesting have being
existing conventional ‘Thompson Seedless’ raisin vineyards, designed and developed during the last fifty years. Intensive
and has been widely adopted. The DOV system could be con- rainfed (150–200 trees/ha) and irrigated (250–400 trees/ha),
sidered a medium-term strategy: it is best suited for vineyards high density irrigated large hedgerows (400-800 trees/ha)
specifically designed for DOV, with early-ripening grapevine and very high density hedgerows (superintensive) rainfed
varieties on expansive trellis systems, which ensure timely (800–1000 trees/ha) and irrigated (>1,500 trees/ha) orchards

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S80 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Colloquium—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

are being progressively planted to be harvested by different 11:15–11:40 AM

mechanical systems. However, these orchards depend on tra- Mechanization of Tasks in Horticultural Crops:
ditional cultivars in most cases. In Spain a long term effort on
The Labor Perspective
exploration, conservation and sustainable use of olive genetic
resources starting in 1970 has been followed by breeding Guadalupe Sandoval*
programs developed since early 1990’s by the Universities of California Farm Labor Contractors Association,
Córdoba and Seville and the IFAPA to obtain new cultivars Sacramento; [email protected]
adapted to mechanical harvesting by cross breeding. California’s labor-intensive crop production has relied on over
Methodological (shortening the Juvenile Period (JP) and 400,000 seasonal farm workers. Traditionally, the work of
developing early tests of selection), agronomical (earliness planting, pruning, thinning, irrigating, harvesting, and pack-
of bearing, high cropping, tolerance to abiotic stresses and ing the wide array of fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural
resistance to main diseases, particularly to Verticillium wilt, commodities depends on an abundant and skilled workforce.
and low chilling requirements) and industrial suitability The vast majority of these workers are low-paid immigrants
(high oil content and diversity olive oil composition for oil from Mexico and other Latin American countries. Several fac-
cultivars and fruit size and shape for table olives) objectives tors contribute to a decline in available workers. This includes
are being pursued. Specific criteria for adaptation of oil olive tighter border enforcement; declining birthrates; and improving
and table olive cultivars to mechanical harvesting such as low economies south of our borders. Pending immigration reform
vigor trees with compact habit of growth, fruit removal force, may stabilize, but would likely not increase the available sup-
natural fruit abscission, resistance to bruising and enlarging ply of labor. Shortages of available farm workers are likely
ripening time among cultivars of compressed maturity period to continue. Farm labor contractors (FLCs) play a major role
are evaluated in progenies. Up to date many progenies have in providing the labor needed in California agriculture. Their
been already evaluated and more than 400 preselections are employees may perform simple tasks such as weeding and
on intermediate field trials. More than 30 advanced selec- thinning crops, or more the complex work of operating harvest
tions are being established in a network of field trials open and other equipment. For many FLCs, increased mechaniza-
to private and international cooperation. A new protected tion of agricultural tasks may pose a threat to their livelihood,
cultivar ‘Sikitita’ (‘Chiquitita’ in the United States), selected and presents a variety of challenges. Increased mechanization
for very high density narrow hedgerows, was released in 2008 helps reduce the impact of labor shortages, but, it would also
and it is currently authorized for propagation in 12 countries. reduce payrolls to FLCs, increase certain hazards to workers,
Recently a first project on olive genomics heralds the use require more specialized workers, and require greater invest-
of MAS in the midterm. Cultivars adapted to the new me- ments in FLC operations. As mechanization takes a greater role
chanical harvest systems will be progressively released in the in agricultural production, the effects on labor and the farm
future. labor contractors must be considered. The increasing role of
mechanization in agriculture must be facilitated by increased
outreach to the farm labor contractor community.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S81
 Workshops
Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science
July 22–25, 2013, Palm Desert, California

Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10 that have led to successful programs and impact in their com-
munity. Come prepared to take notes, discuss, and learn how
1:00–4:00 PM to improve your program. There will also be an opportunity to
participants to share and discuss projects and challenges.
SCRI Project Directors
Sponsor: USDA–NIFA Monday, July 22, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
Moderator: Thomas A. Bewick, [email protected]
Coordinator: Caroline Sherony, [email protected] 1:45–3:45 PM
This meeting is the annual Project Director’s workshop for the Contributions of Luther Burbank:
Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI), a USDA funded
program that was established to solve critical industry issues
Plant Breeding Artist and Legend
for specialty crops through long term, systems-focused research Sponsor: History of Horticultural Science Working
and extension activities. SCRI projects are often multi-state, Group
multi-institutional, and trans-disciplinary and each include a
mechanism to communicate results to producers and the public. Coordinators: Jules Janick; [email protected];
Each project addresses at least one of the five program focus David A. Karp, [email protected]
areas: 1) research in plant breeding, genetics, and genomics to The objectives of this workshop are to: 1) honor Luther Burbank,
improve crop characteristics; 2) efforts to identify and address legendary plant breeder and horticulturist; 2) examine the con-
threats from pests and diseases, including threats to specialty tributions and present fate of Luther Burbank’s creations; and 3)
crop pollinators; 3) efforts to improve production efficiency, emphasize the role of artistry and horticulture in plant breeding.
productivity, and profitability over the long term; 4) new inno-
vations and technology, including improved mechanization and 1:45–2:05 PM
technologies that delay or inhibit ripening; and 5) methods to
prevent, detect, monitor, control, and respond to potential food
Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist,
safety hazards in the production and processing of specialty Horticulturist, and Legend
crops. This workshop will highlight several SCRI projects. Jules Janick*
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
Luther Burbank (1849–1926), the best-known horticulturist
Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2 in the United States, was honored in 1940 on a U.S. postage
1:45–3:45 PM stamp—as a scientist! Burbank became a legend in his time as
the plant inventor and wizard releasing a prodigious 800 new
Ten Great Ideas for Your Master cultivars, a number of which are still being grown, the most
famous being the ‘Burbank’ potato, the ‘Santa Rosa’ plum,
Gardener/Consumer Horticulture and the ‘Shasta’ daisy. During his lifetime he was considered a
Program coequal with Henry Ford (inventor of the assembly line factory)
and Thomas Edison (inventor of the light bulb and phonograph).
Sponsor: Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardeners Hugo DeVries and Nicolai Vavilov visited him and lauded his
Working Group operation. Burbank promoted the concept that plant breeding
Moderator: Pamela J. Bennett, [email protected] could be the basis of a business and his headquarters in Santa
Rosa, CA, became world famous. He established a publication
Coordinator: Ellen Bauske, [email protected] company to spread his work, and was instrumental in the eventual
Participants will learn from their colleagues successful ideas that passage of the Plant Patent Act of 1930. However, Burbank was
have been utilized in Master Gardener volunteer and consumer not a scientist. While a strong supporter of Darwin and the theory
horticulture programs. The goal for this fast-paced workshop is of natural selection, he did not understand the contributions of
for participants to take home at least 10 ideas that they can use in Mendel to genetics and breeding. He performed no experiments
their programs. Presenters will share their innovative programs, in the classical sense and his notes were fragmentary. In 1904,
social media and project management strategies, and other tips he received a large grant from the Carnegie Institute ($10,000

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S82 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

annually) to promote the scientific study of plant breeding which highest number of cultivars bred and released by Burbank in-
was discontinued after five years when the reviewer, George clude Amaryllis, Hippeastrum, and Crinum, followed by Lilium,
Shull, determined that Burbank’s procedure was more art than Hemerocallis, Watsonia, Papaver, Gladiolus, Dahlia, and Rosa.
science. However, Burbank is justly famous as a successful plant With Lilium, he pioneered breeding the N. American native lily
breeder. He intuitively followed the modern rationale of plant species, particularly those from the Pacific coastal region, and
breeding by obtaining abundant diversity, employing repeated the authority Burbankii is still applied to interspecific hybrids
and successive hybridization, and carrying out rigorous selec- from the cross L. Parryi x L. pardalinum. By 1894, his critics
tion, Above all he had an eye and feel for plants. His success is even lauded his successes, stating that he had 3 acres of flower-
an affirmation that plant breeding is an art as well as a science. ing seedlings with the fragrance carrying five miles away. The
As an innovative plant breeding artist Luther Burbank remains vast seedling beds (from sowing 1–3 pounds of lily seed/year)
an inspiration to plant breeders and horticulturists. were highly selected by virus and other criteria with selection
differentials as high as 75%. He also often sold an entire lot
2:05–2:15 PM of selected seedlings to the highest bidder, once offering the
Russet Burbank: No Ordinary Potato Burbank Hybrid Lilies lot for $250K or some of the “very
Charles R. Brown* handsome, hardy ones” for $250 to $10,000 each. Other flower
USDA–ARS, Prosser, WA; [email protected] cultivars also commanded high prices, such as seedling Giant
Amaryllis that sold for $1.55/bulb in 1909. Cacti were another
The most important potato cultivar of the 20th Century in area of emphasis (he released >63 cultivars), from the spine-
North American came out of the examination of a few sexually less fruiting and forage types (Opuntia ficus-indica, O. tuna,
produced seedlings derived from a seed ball of ‘Early Rose’ O. vulgaris) to flowering ornamentals such as O. basilaris,
growing in Lunenberg, MA, in the early 1870s by young Luther Cereus chilensis, and Echinopsis Mulleri. Interest in cacti dur-
Burbank. In 1875, the rights to propagate the seedling were ing 1909-1915 rivaled the Dutch Tulip mania with exorbitant
sold to the seedsman James J.H. Gregory for $150 who listed fees for a single “slab” of a cultivar, speculative investments,
it in his catalogue as ‘Burbank Seedling’. The money was used controversy with noted cacti specialists (particularly David
to finance Luther’s relocation to California. ‘Burbank’ was a Griffiths), and lawsuits by The Burbank Company. While most
fortuitous selection from materials that formed the backbone cultivars have been lost, Burbank’s reputation as the Father of
of potato geneaology in the late nineteenth century. No other American Ornamental Breeding remains admirable from critics
potato bred by Luther was even close. A russet skinned sport and devotees alike.
was selected by Lou Sweet and became the basis for the large
potato processing industry which developed in the United States. 2:35–2:50 PM
Luther Burbank regarded potato breeding as a mission necessary Luther Burbank’s Plums
to feed a hungry humanity. His writings indicated great passion
David A. Karp*
associated with this endeavor. Today ‘Russet Burbank’ is the
University of California, Los Angeles; [email protected]
potato with the greatest crop area in North America used for the
dual purposes of fresh market and “French Fry” consumption. The 113 named varieties of plums introduced by Luther Bur-
It simply is the best fryer out of long term storage. bank (1849–1926) were by far the most numerous and arguably
the most significant of his horticultural accomplishments. He
2:20–2:35 PM began by importing 12 seedlings from Japan in 1885, including
A Vast Array of Beauty: The Accomplishments ‘Abundance’ and ‘Satsuma’ (Prunus salicina). The cultivars he
of the Father of American Ornamental Plant released in the late 19th and early 20th century played a crucial
role in developing commercial cultivation of Asian-type plums
Breeding, Luther Burbank in California, the United States, and much of the world; they
Neil O. Anderson also served as founding clones for later breeders. His crowning
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] achievement was ‘Santa Rosa’ (introduced 1906), which appears
Richard T. Olsen to have derived its reddish flesh from ‘Satsuma’; firmness and
U.S. National Arboretum, Beltsville, MD; richard.olsen@ acidity from the apricot or Simon plum (P. simonii); and disease
ars.usda.gov resistance and a rich wild aroma from a native American plum
(P. americana). In 1961 ‘Santa Rosa’ accounted for 35% of the
Luther Burbank (1873-1926) was a prolific ornamental plant California plum harvest. Many of Burbank’s other cultivars of
breeder, who worked with 91 genera of ornamentals, from primarily P. salicina ancestry were extensively cultivated in
Abutilon to Zinnia, and released nearly 1,000 cultivars to the California in the early and middle 1900s, including ‘Beauty’
industry. His work included both herbaceous and woody plant (1911), ‘Burbank’ (1888), ‘Duarte’ (1900), ‘Eldorado’ (1904),
materials and Luther pioneered efforts to breed ornamental, ed- ‘Formosa’ (1907), and ‘Wickson’ (1892). His most important
ible vegetables such as corn, tomatoes, and spineless cacti. His introductions of European plum (P. domestica) were ‘Sugar’prune
most popular ornamental release, the Shasta Daisy hybrid (first (1899) and ‘Standard’ prune (1911). Burbank made use of at least
released in 1901), is still on the global market. Genera with the 11 plum species, and including hybrids and selected seedlings

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S83
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

of such native species as P. maritima (‘Improved Beach’, 1897; Gale H. McGranahan

‘Maritima’, 1899; ‘Peach’, 1901), P. subcordata (‘Nixie’, 1911), University of California, Davis; [email protected]
and P. munsoniana (‘Juicy’, 1893; ‘America’, 1898; ‘Victory’,
Luther Burbank began making controlled crosses between
1911). Some of Burbank’s more obscure introductions never
walnut species in 1875 after hearing about a “supposed natural
received general distribution and have disappeared; others such
European hybrid walnut.” He made his first crosses using two
as ‘Santa Rosa’, ‘Shiro’ (1899), and ‘Elephant Heart’ (released
American species, Juglans hindsii (Northern California Black
posthumously in 1929) still are commonly cultivated today in
Walnut) x J. nigra (Eastern Black Walnut), producing ‘Royal’
home gardens and for sale at local markets. ‘Inca’ (1919), his
walnut progeny that were fast growing, prolific nut producers that
best tasting plum, is much appreciated by fruit connoisseurs,
have been used as walnut rootstocks in the past. The next year,
although it has some obvious flaws for commercial use.
he began making his first J. hindsii x J. regia crosses producing
progeny that he named ‘Paradox’ because of the extremely fast
2:50–3:05 PM
growth and “in recognition of sundry other anomalies.” Even
21st Century Approach to Improving Burbank’s today, seedling and clonally micropropagated ‘Paradox’ walnuts
‘Stoneless’ Plum are widely used as rootstocks by the California walnut industry.
Ann Callahan* Wood from the Paradox ‘Burbank,’ reputed to be an original,
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, was collected by Eugene Serr and Harold Forde in 1952 from
Kearneysville; [email protected] the Burbank Garden at his home in Santa Rosa. It grows on the
University of California campus and has been micropropagated
Chris Dardick and included in a current rootstock trial. Luther Burbank also
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, collected seeds from a J. regia growing in San Francisco because
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] it produced regularly and very high quality nuts with relatively
Ralph Scorza thin, but poorly sealed shells. Shortly after he collected the nuts,
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, the mother tree was destroyed by construction of a new street.
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] He selected one of its seedlings and introduced it as ‘Santa Rosa
Soft-Shell.’ He described the cultivar as bearing large crops of nuts
Luther Burbank considered the stoneless plum, ‘Conquest’
that are nearly white with thin shells and delicious white meat.
(1911–12 catalog), one of his best accomplishments. The plum
Burbank’s contributions to the walnut industry endure to this day.
had only a grain of stone and a complete seed, but was not com-
mercially successful. In view of the current desire for seedless 3:00–3:15 PM
fruit such as citrus, grape, and watermelon, we have utilized a Luther Burbank’s Berries
nearly stoneless plum, most likely a remnant from Burbank’s
breeding program, and are applying 21st century technology to Kim E. Hummer*
achieve a pitless plum. These technologies include molecular USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; Kim.Hummer@ars.
markers, accelerated breeding cycles (‘FasTrack’), genetic en- usda.gov
gineering and next generation sequencing. One aspect of this Chad E. Finn
project is to define the genes that are responsible for the trait USDA–ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR; Chad.Finn@ARS.
in order to create markers for breeding and targets for genetic USDA.GOV
engineering. Initial experiments have characterized the stoneless
trait as a decrease in the number of endocarp cells that form the Michael Dossett
stone. Cool temperatures during pollination of ‘Stoneless’ result Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC; Michael.
in very little stone formed while warm temperatures result in [email protected]
a more normal stone. During the period flanking pollination, Luther Burbank, the quintessential nurseryman of the early
gene expression of a number of transcription factors involved 20th century, remarked that small fruit was the “Cinderella
with determining endocarp cells was compared in ‘Stoneless’ of the pomological family.” He stated that while tree fruits
and two cultivars that produce normal stones. Next generation had been improved to the point of an almost uncountable
sequencing of the RNA was done to evaluate all genes expressed number of varieties, it was the time and responsibility of his
during that time. A number of genes have been identified that generation and those to follow to develop the small fruit for
are altered in their expression in ‘Stoneless’ including one as- human consumption. Burbank had a penchant for detecting
sociated with embryo development. potential qualities of unusual plants, and his broad association
with plant explorers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and
3:05–3:20 PM elsewhere allowed him to examine diverse wild berry species.
Luther Burbank’s Contributions to Walnuts He obtained seeds of many small fruit species from throughout
the world. He made wide crosses within and between these
John E. Preece*
genera and species. Burbank selected and named many varieties
USDA–ARS, Davis, CA; [email protected]
to be introduced through his nursery and elsewhere. He named

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S84 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

and released about 40 blackberries, raspberries and strawber- Most eXtension agriculture-based Communities of Practice
ries, 4 grapes, and a hybrid Solanum called ‘Sunberry’. He (CoPs) initially publish educational resources such as articles,
sometimes exaggerated their descriptions for promotion or videos, learning lessons, and webinars to eXtension.org to support
public recognition. For example, Rubus loganobaccus ‘Phe- and train farmers and the agricultural professionals who work
nomenal’ was, he stated, “far superior in size, quality, color, with them. However, CoPs soon discover that educators and
and productivity… to ‘Loganberry’. Unfortunately, this cultivar undergraduate and graduate students are or could be significant
was not a commercial success. Burbank made a few crosses and users of these same resources. At the same time, online credit-
sold what he considered as improved species, e.g., ‘Himalayan and certificate-based learning has exploded. This workshop will
Giant’ blackberry (R. armeniacus). He created new common explore how eXtension CoPs are developing online curricula and
names for foreign species, e.g., balloon berry (R. illecebrosus) educational resources that can be used in on-campus, Ecampus,
and Mayberry (R. palmatus), to better market them. However, hybrid, and eXtension learning venues to train undergraduate
his amazingly keen observations of thornlessness, pigment and graduate students, agricultural professionals, and farmers.
diversity, and recognition of repeat flowering and fruiting in
blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries, was insightful of 4:00–4:15 PM
future industry. Burbank was a disciple of Darwin and his Eviticulture as a Tool for Educating Future
theory of natural selection. Burbank’s breeding approach to make Grape Industry Professionals through
wide crosses, produce large numbers of hybrid seedlings, choose
significant seedlings with his traits of choice, and backcrossing
Traditional and Nontraditional Teaching
to the desired parent for several generations was successful, even Patricia A. Skinkis*
without knowledge of ploidy or gene recombination. Three of Oregon State University, Corvallis; skinkisp@hort.
his Rubus cultivars (‘Burbank Thornless’, ‘Snowbank’, and oregonstate.edu
‘Phenomenal’) are preserved in the U.S. Department of Agricul- Eric Stafne
ture, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, in Corvallis, OR. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, MS; estafne@ext.
msstate.edu
Monday, July 22, 2013 Springs Salon A/B Chris Lake
Umpqua Community College, Roseburg, OR; chris.lake@
1:45–3:45 PM
umpqua.edu
How to Get in (and Succeed in) The eXtension website (www.extension.org) is where non-biased
Graduate School content is posted to educate and inform different communities
of interest. Within eXtension, the Grape Community of Practice
Undergraduate and Graduate Student Sponsored Activity (GCoP) provides a national and international web presence
Coordinator: Kristin Abney, [email protected] through eViticulture (eViticulture.org) which was created by
experts in viticulture and associated disciplines within the land
You’ve put in all of the hard work and now you’re about to grant university system. Since content is science-based and peer-
graduate. What’s next? Have you thought about going to or reviewed in an accessible online format, the website provides a
staying in graduate school for an advanced degree? And once rich learning environment that is available to all. While the initial
you get in, what are you supposed to do? The purpose of this intent of eViticulture was to provide educational information and
workshop is to explain the graduate school interview and appli- tools that meet the needs of the current U.S. grape industry, it has
cation process to prospective master’s and doctoral students. An been effectively used to educate future industry professionals
additional objective is to discuss how to pick a major professor through university and community college courses and profes-
and how to foster a good relationship between you and your sional development programs. In these programs, eViticulture
major professor. has replaced traditional textbooks which are quickly outdated,
costly, and inconvenient to reference online. One of the main
Monday, July 22, 2013 Springs Salon A/B benefits cited by educators is the clear and concise format of
articles providing a well-packaged yet efficient way to obtain
4:00–6:00 PM information that can be used in preparation for class discussions
or studying. The online format allows articles to be readily linked
eXtension/Ecampus/On Campus: into learning platforms in online courses, further expanding the
Synergies in Curriculum use of the website. Students indicated that the website has been
helpful in obtaining viticulture information outside of classes,
Development particularly when there are time limitations within courses.
Sponsor: eXtension Working Group The use of the eXtension platform makes teaching efficient for
numerous audiences, spanning from current to future industry
Coordinator: Alexandra Stone, [email protected]
members. Often traditional Extension programs in commercial
state.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S85
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

agriculture focus on current professionals without regard to the individual and team-based efforts in comparative analysis and
needs of those who are the future of the industries they serve. problem solving related to analysis and data flow. Assessment
An integration of these resources in teaching is necessary to and use statistics from PBG CoP’s first two years suggests that
reinforce a life-long learning paradigm and foster a strong educational materials are meeting a growing demand for plant
relationship between land-grant universities and students, both breeding and genomics education. Inquiry-based extension
in their formal education and professional development through has proven a successful way to provide computational training
Extension post-graduation. to plant breeders, postdoctoral researchers, and students. The
information was collaboratively developed by the Solanaceae
4:15–4:30 PM Coordinated Agricultural Project (SolCAP), the Conifer Trans-
Developing Topic Groups into Curriculum for lational Genomics Network (CTGN), the Barley Coordinated
Crop Improvement: Evolution of the Plant Agricultural Project (BarleyCAP), and RosBREED and sup-
ported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice through AFRI and SCRI grant programs.
David Francis*
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected] 4:30–4:45 PM
Shawn Yarnes Development of Technical Training and Support
The Ohio State University, Wooster; shawnyarnes@gmail. for Agricultural Service Providers and Farmers
com in Certified Organic Dairy Production Systems
John McQueen through eOrganic
Oregon State University, Corvallis; mcqueenj@hort. Cindy Daley*
oregonstate.edu Chico State University, Chico, CA; [email protected]
Barbara E. Liedl Heather Darby
West Virginia State University, Institute; liedlbe@wvstateu. University of Vermont Extension, St. Albans; heather.
edu [email protected]
Michael Coe Sarah Flack
Cedar Lake Research Group, Portland, OR; info@ Sarah Flack Consulting, Enosburg Falls, VT; sarah@
cedarlakeresearch.com sarahflackconsulting.com
The plant breeding and genomics community of practice (PBG Audrey Denney
CoP; http://pbgworks.org) develops constructive, inquiry- Chico State University, Chico, CA; [email protected]
based tutorials to help plant breeders translate basic research
into applied outcomes. Because changes in DNA sequencing, Debra Heleba
genotyping technology, and computational methods impact University of Vermont Extension, Burlington; debra.
how plant breeders organize and conduct crop improvement [email protected]
programs, there is a need for continuing education and outreach Over the past ten years, organic dairy production has been the
to facilitate translation into applied outcomes. Resources avail- fastest growing sector of the organic market, yet there has been
able through www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics a lag in the development of science-based information for pro-
incorporate video, data sets, and scripts for software in order to ducers. Still greater is a lack of agricultural service providers
facilitate self-paced learning. Our goal is to help professionals knowledgeable of allowed practices on certified organic dair-
learn to implement new selection strategies using data from ies. To increase organic dairy production systems knowledge
next generation sequencing, large data sets of single nucleotide among agricultural service providers, eOrganic’s dairy team has
polymorphisms (SNPs), and open-source statistical software. been developing and delivering organic dairy content as part
Although our content targets professional plant breeders, their of a USDA–NIFA Organic Agriculture Research and Extension
staff, and associated professionals, a large proportion of our Initiative (OREI) project. eOrganic.info, the organic agriculture
audience (~32%) consists of graduate students. The appeal of our Community of Practice for eXtension.org, publishes science-,
content to a student audience has influenced a reorganization of experience- and regulation-based organic agriculture informa-
existing tutorials and case-studies into curriculum groups. This tion online. To date, 107 organic dairy peer-reviewed articles
reorganization has facilitated use of the material in workshop and videos have been published to the site. Over 1330 farmers
and classroom settings. The existence of over 120 videos, orga- and stakeholders have participated in 17 organic dairy webinars
nized into 19 playlists, and linked to example data and software offered over the past 3 years. As a result 81% of participants said
demonstrations provides opportunities for flipping traditional they better understood the topics addressed in the webinars, and
classroom teaching. Students or workshop participants can 68% said they would make a change on the farm or in their work.
watch tutorials as homework, and class time devoted to hands-on An additional 12,330 people have viewed the webinar recordings
implementation. Instructor time can then be spent facilitating on our YouTube channel. In 2012, “An Introduction to Organic

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S86 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

Dairy Production” online course was developed for training of on-farm research data, and expert review. The curriculum will
students and service providers. The course is composed of 10 include training and problem-solving in systems management,
modules addressing a range of topics related to organic dairy pest (insect, disease, weed) management, soil management,
production, including certification, soil health, pasture and for- biodiversity and wildlife management, food safety, economic
ages, herd health and nutrition, milk quality, and calf manage- viability, and interrelationships amongst these factors. Course
ment. Each module has required readings, a narrated powerpoint materials will include whole farm case studies, articles, videos,
presentation, and recommended additional resources. During narrated powerpoints/webinars, homework assignments, and
the 2012 fall semester, the course was piloted with a group of quizzes/exams. All course materials will undergo eOrganic’s
57 undergraduate students at California State University, Chico. peer-refereed and NOP compliance review processes before
Students took the course either entirely online, or online with publication at eXtension.org/organic_production or http://
supplemental in-person instruction. An end-of-course survey Youtube.com/eOrganic. Each student will develop a detailed
revealed that all students gained knowledge on all topics covered farming system management plan as his/her capstone project.
through the course. All but one student indicated they would use Oregon State University’s Department of Horticulture will ini-
the information learned in the future, mostly as they prepare for tially deliver the curriculum though an online non-thesis Master
their careers in agriculture. Further, student grades and course of Applied Science degree program (MAS) in Ecological and
evaluation data revealed that students performed well in online Organic Agriculture. The MAS is a new degree type at Oregon
and in-person instruction sections of the course. The course has State University geared to better prepare students for careers in
been recently published to eXtension’s Moodle campus and agricultural business, public/non-profit agricultural and natural
is available for farmers, educators, and service providers. As resource professions, consulting, and farming. In the future,
a result of our efforts, a network of providers knowledgeable the MAS program will expand to include other departments
about organic dairy production will better provide assistance and farming systems (e.g. agronomic crops and livestock).
to current and/or aspiring organic dairy farmers, helping them The curriculum will also be delivered as certificate courses for
gain information to guide farming decisions and ensure success farmers and agricultural professionals through eOrganic and the
of the organic dairy community. eXtension Moodle campus.

4:45–5:00 PM
Problem- and Planning-based Learning in Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
Organic and Ecological Agroecosystems: An 4:00–6:00 PM
Eorganic and OSU Ecampus Partnership
How Public Policy Engagement
Alexandra Stone*
Oregon State University, Corvallis; stonea@hort. Helps Horticultural Scientists
oregonstate.edu Sponsor: National Issues Task Force
Anita Nina Azarenko Coordinator: Thomas Björkman, [email protected]
Oregon State University, Corvallis; azarenka@science.
oregonstate.edu The sources of financial support for U.S. horticultural scientists
are changing rapidly. The Federal government continues to be
Helen Atthowe an important source, but the amount and purpose of that funding
Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected] can change markely with legislative and administration action.
eOrganic, the eXtension Community of Practice for organic ASHS communicates actively with stakeholders and decision-
agriculture, is partnering with the College of Agricultural Sci- makers to keep the importance of horticultural science visible
ences (CAS), the Department of Horticulture, and the Graduate and prioritized. ASHS also provides a platform to help members
School at Oregon State University (OSU) in the development have influence on their future both in Washington D.C., and in
of an online curriculum in systems management of organic and their home community. This workshop will have an update on
ecological farms. The curriculum will be grounded in situation- ASHS’ participation in the wild action regarding the new Farm
based learning in which students learn from organic and ecologi- Bill and budget stalemates, and what are the next steps. One of
cal farming systems analyses, solve problems, and develop and the most popular programs in Congress is the Specialty Crop
evaluate management plans for organic and ecological farms. Block Grants to the states; so popular that funding is slated for
Each farm system analysis will focus on one experienced farm- increase to $70 million per year despite the overall budget re-
ing operation, and will include: 1) a description of how the duction. Is this funding stream providing as much horticultural
farmer employs systems thinking and planning; 2) a detailed research and extension in your state as it should? Find out how
examination of farm records; 3) descriptions and evaluations of to help increase that amount, if needed. Finally we will have
effective systems (e.g. soil, insect/weed/disease pest, biodiver- interactive practice with engaging decisionmakers who influ-
sity, food safety) management strategies and programs; and 4) ence overall funding for our members’ work, so that more are
explorations of farm trends using existing farm-generated data, empowered to do their part.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S87
 Workshops—Monday, July 22, 2013

4:00–4:30 PM Moderator: Valtcho Jeliazkov, [email protected]

How Public Policy Will Help Horticultural Coordinator: Lyle E. Craker, [email protected]
Scientists While peppermint and spearmint essential oil production in the
4:30–5:00 PM United States has a long history and well established international
market, other essential oil crops are produced at much smaller
ASHS’ Impact on Washington Decision Makers
acreage. The United States is a major consumer (an importer)
Jonathan Moore* of essential oils from various species. Field and laboratory
ASHS, Alexandria, VA; [email protected] studies in the last 80 years and recent research demonstrated
Thomas Björkman that domestic production of a number of essential oil species
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] is feasible. Domestically grown essential oil crops can provide
cash crop for American growers and could reduce dependency
Federal funding for horticultural research has hung in the balance
on foreign imports. This workshop will bring together industry
between the sequester and work on the next Farm Bill. ASHS
and research representatives to share knowledge on sustainable
has been working diligently to see that these important programs
production of a traditional and promising essential oil crops in
for our members, the horticultural industry, and the health of
the United States. The workshop will stimulate discussions on
the county, are not forgotten. Many members have played a
future directions for research and development on essential oil
part, and our consultant, Mr. Moore, has been keeping the com-
crops and essential oil production.
munication channels with legislators and the USDA active and
effective. This presentation is a roundup of where we are at, and 5:30–6:00 PM
what to expect in the coming year. A particular focus will be on Discussion
Specialty Crop Block Grants are awarded to the states who then
award them to research, education, and market development.
These are very popular with industry and seen by Congress as Monday, July 22, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
some of the most effective agriculture-related programs. ASHS 4:00–6:00 PM
members in some states are benefitting considerably, but there is
great variation depending on how they engage their state depart- What Happens When Your Growth
ments of agriculture. Chamber Lighting or Controls
5:00–5:30 PM Become Obsolete? Retrofitting
Engaging Congressional Staff Growth Chambers to Improve
Rebekah Rodriguez-Lynn*
Office of Congressman Raul Ruiz, Palm Springs, CA;
Performance
[email protected] Sponsor: Growth Chambers and Controlled Environ-
Thomas Björkman ments Working Group
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] Moderator: Marc van Iersel, [email protected]
An opportunity to learn how to engage decisionmakers who Coordinator: Gioia D. Massa, [email protected]
influence overall funding for our members’ work. Ms. Rodri-
Recent federal legislation (The Energy Policy Act) has phased
guez-Lynn covers natural resources and agriculture in the lo-
out the T12 VHO fluorescent light that has long been the stan-
cal congressional district, which covers much of the country’s
dard in many growth chambers. It is increasingly difficult and
winter fruit and vegetable production area. She is interested in
expensive to purchase replacement lamps or ballasts for these
learning how to help the horticulture industry in the district, and
lights. This workshop will discuss cost effective options for
we will have the opportunity to let her know about some of the
restoring these chambers. New lighting options are available
Federal programs that make it possible for us to do so through
to increase PPF, uniformity, and electrical efficiency. At many
research and extension.
institutions, it may be possible to get funding for this retrofit
through energy efficiency programs. Updated control systems
Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 can also be installed, and refrigeration systems can be improved.
These modifications are usually significantly less than the cost
4:00–6:00 PM
of purchasing new growth chambers.
Sustainable Production of Essential 4:00–4:15 PM
Oils Lighting Options for Growth Chambers
Sponsor: Herbs Spices and Medicinal Plants Working Jacob A. Nelson*
Group Utah State Univ., Logan; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S88 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

4:15– 4:30 PM Jennifer Dennis

General Growth Chamber Lighting Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
Obsolescence Some consumers are becoming more interested in and purchas-
Reg Quiring* ing products that are locally grown and/or ecologically friendly.
Conviron, Winnipeg, MB; [email protected] Market segmentation and product targeting are efficient methods
to allocate a firm’s scarce marketing resources in order to supply
4:30–4:45 PM heterogeneous markets. This study’s objective was to identify
Upgrading a Plant Growth Chamber Controller consumer segments, focusing on their gardening purchases, in
order to determine whether there were differences in consumer
Marc Theroux*
preferences for provenance and environmental attributes for
BioChambers, Winnipeg, MB; marc.theroux@
transplant purchases. Utilizing a consumer survey of United
biochambers.com
States and Canadian consumers, we found that participants
4:45–5:00 PM who purchased different plant types had distinct preferences for
Retrofitting Growth Chambers for Improved varying environmental attributes and provenances. We profiled
nine consumer segments, identifying their plant purchases and
Intensity, Efficiency, Uniformity, and Spectral preferences for local and sustainably grown products and plant
Characteristics containers. Results provide plant producers and retailers with
Richard Tuck* market segments which can be identified and targeted, and
Cycloptics, Dayton, OH; [email protected] provide a basis for customizable marketing communications
to enhance profits.

Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 10:30–10:45 AM

10:15 AM–12:15 PM Plant Container Preferences for North
Consumer Research on American Consumers
Sustainability Ben Campbell
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; ben.campbell@
Sponsor: Marketing and Economics Working Group uconn.edu
Coordinator: Bridget K. Behe, [email protected] Bridget K. Behe
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; [email protected]
Sustainability is a multidimensional yet ambiguous term with
application to the horticulture industry and beyond. A research Jennifer Dennis*
team of North-American scientists collaborated to conduct a Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; jhdennis@purdue.
series of investigations about consumer perceptions, attitudes, edu
and behaviors with regard to sustainability and horticulture. The Charles R. Hall
studies demonstrate how consumers in the U.S. and Canada Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
define terms, perceive benefits, and offer willingness to pay
information that is of value to producers, intermediates, and Hayk Khachatryan
retailers of horticultural products, services, and experiences. University of Florida, Apopka; [email protected]
The goal of the workshop is to integrate the findings from these Concepts of eco-friendly and sustainable products have become
studies and present a holistic set of implications for academia increasingly popular topics of investigation in many disciplines.
and industry. Consumer products are increasingly being advertised by pro-
moting their green or environmentally friendly attributes and
10:15–10:30 AM
characteristics, with the expectation of appealing to a larger
Consumer Perceptions of Sustainability consumer base. Consequently, the need to investigate the impact
Bridget K. Behe* of environmentally friendly attributes on choice behavior has
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] escalated over the last decade. According to the Google Scholar
website, the term eco-friendly appears 2,420 times in article titles
Ben Campbell
from 1990 to 2000 (November 2012) and the number of articles
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected]
that include the term eco-friendly in their titles has increased
Charles R. Hall almost tenfold (23,700 articles) from 2001 to 2012. In order to
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] better understand U.S. and Canadian consumer perceptions of
Hayk Khachatryan eco-friendly and sustainable labeling, data was collected from
University of Florida, Apopka; [email protected] the Global Marketing Institute database to ascertain consumer
preferences and behavior on purchasing behaviors, environmen-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S89
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

tal attitudes, demographics and perceptions. We received 2,511 11:00–11:15 AM

responses with 68% from the U.S. and 32% from Canada. Our Environmental Incentives and Willingness
hypotheses were that there would be differing perceptions from to Pay Price Premiums for Environmentally-
those having heard the terms before as well as between U.S. and
Canadian consumers. Further, we anticipated that these terms are
friendly Plant Attributes
beginning to become associated with local and organic. Finally Hayk Khachatryan*
we hypothesized that a definable subset of consumers would as- University of Florida, Apopka; [email protected]
sociate these terms with negative characteristics of expensive and Ben Campbell
a sales gimmick. Through the use of a U.S. and Canadian online Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland
survey, we failed to reject the hypotheses above. We found that Station, Ontario; [email protected]
consumers having heard of eco-friendly and sustainable have
differing perceptions from those saying they had never heard of Bridget K. Behe
them before. Approximately 5% and 8% of U.S. and Canadian Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
consumers have not heard of the term eco-friendly, while 26% Charles R. Hall
and 23% of U.S. and Canadian consumers have not heard of Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
the term sustainable, respectively.
Jennifer Dennis
10:45–11:00 AM Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
Consumer Perspectives on Local, Organic, and The U.S. green industry, which includes businesses such as
Sustainable Terms nursery and greenhouse growers, input suppliers, wholesal-
ers, mass-merchandisers, independent retail operations, and
Ben Campbell* landscape design and maintenance firms, has experienced
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected] considerable growth and modernization over the last several
Bridget K. Behe decades. With recent economic downturns, however, significant
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] declines in consumer demand for highly discretional goods
affected the industry’s financial performance. As the green
Charles R. Hall industry struggles to cope with declining demand, increased
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] attention on consumer preferences and factors that influence
Hayk Khachatryan individual choice behavior is needed to operate profitably in
University of Florida, Apopka the increasingly competitive landscape. Recently, marketing
of products with environmentally-friendly characteristics has
Jennifer Dennis
become a promising strategy to attract a specific segment com-
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
prised of environmentally-conscious consumers. In this study
Prior research has shown consumers are willing to pay price the effects of individuals’ environmental concerns (ECs) on
premiums for products labeled local, organic, and sustainable. willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable plant attributes were
However, there tends to be a disconnect between what these investigated using data from a representative panel of U.S. and
labels represent and what consumers perceive them to be. This Canadian consumers. The study linked consumers’ ECs and three
study sought to better understand these differences and examine relevant EC orientations (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric)
differences between U.S. and Canadian consumers. Given the to WTP premiums for plant attributes such as grown locally,
amount of horticultural trade between the United States and using environmentally-friendly production practices, and non-
Canada, it is essential to understand how these messages im- conventional container types. Results showed that while some
pact the consumer mindset. As with previous work, our results individuals were willing to pay a premium for selected plant
indicate widespread confusion between the terms local and attributes that address eco-concerns, not all eco-motivations
organic. Our results indicate that this confusion is not limited produce similar WTP.
to Canadian or U.S. consumers. Further, there are differences
between U.S. and Canadian consumers, notably for local. For 11:15–11:30 AM
organic, Canadians were more likely to perceive organic as being The Use of Smartphone Technologies to Access
higher priced. However, for local, Canadian consumers were more
likely to perceive environmentally friendly attributes as local
Gardening Information
compared to their U.S. counterparts. For instance, Canadians Charles R. Hall*
were more likely to perceive fewer miles, better for the environ- Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
ment and lower carbon footprint as local while U.S. consumers Bridget K. Behe
were more likely to perceive local as produced organically. Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
These results give producers and retailers that either compete
domestically or export product valuable information that can Ben Campbell
be used to better their messaging to different consumer groups. University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S90 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Jennifer Dennis In this workshop leading university and industry experts in

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] commercial strawberry plasticulture production in the Eastern
U.S. will provide the most up-to-date, expert information on
Hayk Khachatryan
plasticulture technologies for expanding the season and improv-
University of Florida, Apopka; [email protected]
ing strawberry production sustainability.
Our interests for this project were driven by an interest in the
impact of smartphone ownership and Internet search behavior 1:45–2:00 PM
on product purchasing related to gardening products and items Non-irrigation Alternatives for Freeze
and how search and purchase were similar to (or different from)
Protection of Strawberries in Florida
non-gardening information and products. Given the sharp rise
in use of smartphones and mobile media use, we explored dif- Bielinski M. Santos*
ferences among online shoppers, specifically those who had GCREC–UF, Wimauma, FL; [email protected]
searched online for gardening information with those that were Ixchel M. Hernandez-Ochoa
online for other purposes. We found differences between those Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Seffner, FL;
who had searched online for nongardening information compared [email protected]
to those who had searched online for gardening information.
Women were more likely to search online for both gardening Craig Stanley
and nongardening information, but men were more likely to University of Florida, IFAS, Wimauma; [email protected]
make online gardening purchases. Education level, ethnicity, Two studies were conducted to compare the performance of freeze
and geographic location of residence had varying impacts on protection methods for strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) growth
the likelihood of online search and purchase. and yields. Treatments consisted of: a) 4.5 gal/min sprinkler heads
(control); b) 3.5 gal/min sprinkler heads;c) heavy row covers on
the crop canopy (0.9 oz/yd2); d) heavy row covers on 1.5-ft high
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10 minitunnel hoops; e) light row covers on the crop canopy (0.6
oz/yd2); and f) light row covers on 1.5-ft high minitunnel hoops.
10:15 AM–12:15 PM
Row covers were placed on the crop between 12 and 3 pm on
Perspectives on Building Strong the afternoon of the forecast freezing night, while sprinklers
were turned on when air temperature at 4-ft above the surface
University–Industry Research reached 34 °F and they were turned off when ice on strawberry
Relationships leaves melted. There were 18 freezing and near freezing nights
(≤ 34 °F) at the experimental site during the two seasons. The
Sponsor: Industry Division minimum air temperatures in non-irrigated areas during the two
Moderator and Coordinator: Jeffrey Norrie, seasons were 21 and 27 °F, respectively. In covered plots, the
[email protected] minimum temperature directly above the crop canopy was 34 °F,
regardless of the cover weight and the use of hoops to raise the
This workshop will provide an understanding of how several covers above the canopy. Approximately 39 acre-inch/acre were
prominent researchers and industry representatives interact to needed in the control plots. Using nonirrigation alternatives for
establish, conduct, and report on collaborative research. The freeze protection resulted in the highest early and total market-
speakers may touch on issues ranging from identification of able fruit weights, where total yields in plots treated with these
qualified research partners to funding, execution, and technol- alternatives ranged between 15.1 and 15.4 ton/acre while there
ogy transfer. was approximately a 20% fruit weight decline when sprinkler
irrigation was utilized, regardless of the output volume.

Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 2:00–2:15 PM

1:45–3:45 PM Biological Feasibility of High Tunnel Production
Plasticulture Technologies of Strawberries in Florida
Bielinski M. Santos*
for Expanding the Season and University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma; [email protected]
Improving the Sustainability of Teresa Salame-Donoso
Eastern U.S. Strawberry Production University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected]

Sponsor: Plasticulture Working Group Protected culture of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) has
increased steadily in Florida in the last few years. The cropis
Moderator: Peter Nitzsche, [email protected] harvested during the winter months when preferential prices are
available to growers. High tunnels are the preferred protected cul-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S91
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

ture structure due to their relatively lower price than greenhouses In the short term, strawberry plasticulture growers across the Mid-
and their effectiveness on freeze protection. A five-year study South (NC, VA, SC, GA, TN), mid-America (AR, MI, KY, OK),
revealed that marketable fruit weight increased by an average and Mid-Atlantic regions, are critically dependent on sprinkler
of 51% in 15 validations when strawberry were produced inside irrigation for plant establishment and for managing extremes
high tunnels in comparison with yields in the open fields. There of heat and cold, especially during the critical pre-bloom and
was a strong correlation (r = 0.81) between the number of nights bloom period. This paper will identify practical opportunities to
with cold weather (≤ 2 °C) requiring freeze protection versus reduce sprinkler irrigation during plant establishment, as well
the increase on marketable fruit weight in all cases. explore opportunities to use row covers alone, as well as in
conjunction with sprinkling, to prevent catastrophic crop losses
2:15–2:30 PM during windborne freezes and black frosts in the Mid-South. In
Ohio Strawberry Plasticulture Row Cover addition, a new strategy for strawberry frost protection of run-
Management ning drip irrigation underneath row covers will be discussed.

Brad R. Bergefurd* 2:45–3:00 PM

The Ohio State University, Piketon; [email protected] Modeling Yield of ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’
Strawberry plasticulture production has been researched under as a Function of Accumulated Fall Growing
southern Ohio conditions since 2001. It has been identified that Degree Days and Practical Row Cover
strawberry plasticulture is a viable season extension technique
for Ohio farmers, however growing plasticulture strawberry un-
Intervention Strategies
der harsh Ohio winters requires the use and proper management Jeremy Pattison*
of frost and freeze protection techniques to prevent or replace Plants for Human Health Institute, Kannapolis, NC; jeremy_
radiant heat loss in the crop canopy and to minimize winter in- [email protected]
jury and maximize crop production. Row covers provide winter Elizabeth Clevinger
protection but when applied reduce light transmission into the Plants for Human Health Institute, Kannapolis, NC;
plant canopy, thus reducing photosynthetic activity and reducing [email protected]
plant yield. To optimize production of plasticulture strawberry
Ohio field research has been conducted to determine row cover E. Barclay Poling
management techniques which optimize winter protection North Carolina State University, Raleigh; strawberrydoc@
and enhance yield and fruit quality. Trials have evaluated the gmail.com
effect of row cover management treatments, such as applying Floating row covers have been used by strawberry growers
lighter weight covers with great light transparency in the late across the Eastern United States to moderate microclimate
fall and early winter then applying a second layer when winter conditions to buffer environmental extremes. Frost and freeze
temperatures and conditions traditionally are colder, which is protection have been common uses to provide modest protection
typically in early January for our southern Ohio growing re- of flowers during bloom and protect crown tissue from winter
gion. Results from replicated trials conducted at the Ohio State injury in colder climates. Recently, interest in using row covers
University Piketon Research and Extension Center in Piketon to enhance fall, plant growth and development have increased
Ohio indicate that a lighter weight row cover, 0.55 ounces per to allow producers in the mid-south to grow cultivars that are
square yard applied in the fall when temperatures average 50 less adapted to regional climate although possess superior fruit
°F for one week then a second 0.90 ounce per square yard row quality (appearance and firmness). Planting date is one of the
cover applied the first week of January when temperatures primary factors that influence yield and productivity of plasti-
historically are the coldest of the year. This paper will share culture strawberries; however, growers often experience yield
the results and experiences of the past 4 years of replicated fluctuations with ‘Camarosa’ despite planting on optimum dates.
strawberry plasticulture row cover management research and Conversely, ‘Chandler’ tends to reliably produce adequate yields
the lessons we have learned. across diverse years and locations. An analysis of the past 10
years of North Carolina’s yield statistics in conjunction with
2:30–2:45 PM meteorological data, demonstrated that a significant amount of
Practical Opportunities to Reduce Sprinkler variation (63%) in yields could be explained by the average fall
Irrigation Usage with Row Cover Technology growing conditions across the state. This modeling approach
for Pre-bloom and Bloom Cold Protection corroborated previous research conducted in the late 1990s in the
Tidewater region of North Carolina which reported significant
and Preliminary Observations on using Drip economic benefits associated with an early November row cover
Irrigation under Row Covers for Frost Control application during the first 2 weeks of November. However, rec-
E. Barclay Poling* ommendations for fall row cover strategies based on the crop’s
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; strawberrydoc@ temperature requirements to accomplish yield optimization and
gmail.com stabilization were lacking. For the last 3 strawberry seasons we

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S92 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

have explored the potential of utilizing floating row covers to canopies would not benefit from VR technology. If the location
enhance floral initiation and differentiation in the late fall in three and size of tree canopies in the orchard can be determined, then
diverse locations in North Carolina (Mountains, Piedmont, and the next logical step is to apply nutrients (inorganic or organic
Coastal Plain). Strawberry cultivars, Chandler and Camarosa, sources) only where they will be used and only in appropriate
were treated with various planting dates and row cover applica- doses to match requirements. Roots, which are the primary targets
tion treatments based on daily high temperatures (18 °C, 15 °C, for fertilizer applications, approximately follow the footprint of
12 °C and untreated controls) within each location. Our results tree canopies. The highest concentrations of roots are found at
show that fall applications before temperatures dropped below an the canopy edge and around the trunk, due to enhanced rainwater
average daily high of 18 °F can result in a 14% increase in yield deposition from canopy drip and trunk flow, respectively. Large
compared to the uncovered treatments. The row cover by plant- regions of an orchard receiving banded fertilizer would waste
ing date interaction showed that all 3 planting dates responded nutrients without VR fertilization. Widely-spaced orchards are
positively to early applications and produced an average increase more susceptible to off-target fertilizer wastage, and hence ben-
in yield of 16% or 3,360 kg/ha. We have developed a model that efit the most from VR technology. Precision fertigation using
describes the yield of ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ as a function computerized open hydroponics is another precision agriculture
of accumulated heat units during the fall growing period. This technology used in modern citrus orchards to maximize yields,
model can be used to help guide when and if row cover deploy- and minimize water and fertilizer consumption. Daily drip fertiga-
ment is necessary to achieve maximum yield potential. tion can drastically alter the feeder root mass distribution under
a citrus tree canopy, whereby most of the active fibrous roots are
concentrated around the drip emitters. These and other selected
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon D/E examples will be discussed in the context of potential impacts
1:45–3:45 PM of precision agriculture on roots and root functions.

Potential Impact of Precision 2:15–2:45 PM

Agriculture Methods on Roots and Spatial Variability in C&N Dynamics: Vineyard
to AVA
Root Function
Kerri Steenwerth*
Sponsor: Root Growth & Rhizosphere Dynamics USDA–ARS, Davis, CA; [email protected]
Working Group
2:45–3:15 PM
Moderator and Coordinator: R. Paul Schreiner,
Site-specific Management of Soil pH and
[email protected]
Nutrients in Blueberry
Precision agricultural methods are being adopted in a grow-
ing number of agricultural crops, including some horticultural David R. Bryla*
crops. However, little information is known about how variable USDA–ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; [email protected]
rate nutrient and/or water use may impact root growth and soil Site-specific management of soil pH and fertilizers is one of
properties (chemical and biological) that interact with roots and the most promising strategies in precision agriculture and is
govern root function. The purpose of this workshop is to explore potentially applicable to many horticultural crops, including
how precision agriculture may influence root and soil proper- blueberry. Unlike most fruit crops, blueberry is adapted to low
ties and provide a conceptual framework to better understand soil pH conditions in the range of 4–5.5 and has much lower
how farming practices can improve the efficiency of resource requirements for essential nutrients. Blueberry also prefers
use in horticulture. the ammonium form of nitrogen over nitrate-N. Recently, we
examined the effects of pH and N source on plant development
1:45–2:15 PM and nutrient uptake in blueberry and found that the roots were
Introduction to Precision Agriculture in Florida sensitive to not only N form but also timing and concentration
Citrus, with Emphasis on Fertilization and of the fertilizers applied. In this workshop, I will identify the
Irrigation thresholds and parameters for optimizing blueberry root growth
and function in the field and present options for manipulating
Arnold W. Schumann* soil pH and fertilizers for maximum nutrient uptake efficiency.
University of Florida, Lake Alfred,; [email protected] Specifically, I will discuss the use of conventional elemental
Qamar Zaman sulfur applications in conjunction with nontraditional approaches
Dalhousie University, Truro; [email protected] for reducing soil pH such as acid injection, sulfur fertigation,
and use of acidified composts. I will also present information on
Variable rate (VR) fertilization is most effective in orchards with ideal forms of fertilizer to apply to blueberry under various soil
high spatial variability because the technology is designed to ex- pH conditions. With proper consideration of all the information
ploit variability. Perfectly uniform orchards with no gaps between

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S93
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

available, pH and nutrient management can be fine-tuned to of laboratory exercises and topics. The workshop format will
local conditions in order to maximum profitability and quality include PowerPoint presentations, demonstration of on-line
of production. delivery systems, and an open forum for discussion amongst
the workshop presenters and attendees.
3:15–3:45 PM
New Methods to Quantify Root Responses to
Variable Water or Nutrient Supply Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
Taryn Bauerle* 4:00–6:00 PM
Cornell University, Ithica, NY; [email protected]
Challenges in Seedling Production
Strategies and protocols for studying root dynamics and
architecture are confined by the methodological challenges of and Establishment in Organic and
studying tissues embedded in an opaque soil matrix. Techniques Sustainable Production Systems
such as rhizotrons (glass windows), minirhizotrons (acrylic
tubing), root-exclusion tubes, and ground penetrating radar Sponsor: Seed & Stand Establishment Working Group
have dramatically improved our understanding of root growth. Coordinator: Dharmalingam Pitchay, dpitchay@tnstate.
However, improvement in root sampling methodology must
edu
bypass the limitation of highly disruptive root excavation,
viewing roots on planar surfaces, and resolution restrictions Transplant technology has been gaining popularity among
of bulk-imaging techniques. Recent nondestructive in situ growers. However, organic producers are faced with numerous
methodologies for studying roots and root systems embedded challenges in producing consistent quality organic seedlings
within a medium currently include MRI, laser, and ultrasound from one season to the next. Probable causes may be due to
options. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) the variability in organic substrates, constraints in the avail-
scanning offers a nondestructive option to viewing root sys- ability and supply of essential macro- and micronutrients in a
tems in both space and time Primary complexities include root single organic fertilizer in the industry, resulting in poor qual-
organ visualization, due to similarities between the attenuation ity seedlings for establishment and field production. This is
coefficient of root tissue and organic matter, with most studies an additional burden to organic growers. Most of the organic
to date using large particle substrate types comprised largely fertilizer nutrient release curve does not synchronize with the
of sand and the inverse relationship between root resolution seedling growth curve, which results in nutrient deficiency,
and sampling volume. I will highlight recent advances in non- toxicity, salinity, etc. Applying organic fertilizers also alters the
destructive measurements of the root environment and these physical properties of substrates, creating additional challenges
technologies can be utilized in questions surrounding precision in managing optimal water and air holding capacity. The lack
resource management. of standardization of organic substrates and fertilizers, and
other issues related to seedling and stand establishment will
be highlighted during the presentation.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
1:45–3:45 PM Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon J–K
Teaching Online—What’s Working, 4:00–6:00 PM

What’s Not Working Create an Impact!

Sponsor: Teaching Methods Working Group Sponsor: Vice President for Research Initiative
Moderator and Coordinator: David E. Kopsell, Coordinator: John D. Lea-Cox, [email protected]
[email protected] Workshop participants will be familiarized with key concepts
This workshop will feature speakers who will share their online and approaches to documenting impact, and work one-on-one
teaching experiences covering a multitude of horticultural courses with facilitators, to create a statement for inclusion in the
and topics. Speakers will present on teaching methodologies, ASHS Center for Horticultural Impact Statements (CHRIS
subject delivery formats, and online learning platforms that http://www.ashsmedia.org). During the workshop, participants
have been successful in fulfilling student learning outcomes will be familiarized with writing for their audience, a basic
in their courses. Time will also be devoted to those techniques step-by-step progression to streamline the writing process, the
that both presenters and workshop participants have found to online center tools, and how impact statements can be enhanced
be unsuccessful ways to deliver on-line content. Online courses with images and links to their congressional districts, for quick
discussed will range from introductory horticulture to plant distribution to deans, department chairs, publicists, and indus-
identification and will include information on the online delivery try stakeholders. Participation is free, but will be limited to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S94 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Tuesday, July 23, 2013

25 participants. All participants will be enrolled in CHRIS in issues task force, and a past vice-president of ASHS.
advance, and will be offered continuing editorial support and
advice as they polish their draft statements during Fall 2013. 5:00–5:15 PM
Interested? Email John Lea-Cox at [email protected] to sign up, John D. Lea-Cox*
or for further information. University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
Speakers John Lea-Cox is a professor in the Department of Plant Science
4:00–4:15 PM and Landscape Architecture at the University of Maryland, spe-
Thomas A. Bewick* cializing in water and nutrient management issues. He currently
USDA–NIFA, Washington, DC; [email protected] serves as research vice-president for ASHS and with the sup-
port of Linda Brewer, Tim Rhodus, and Mike Neff, established
Thomas Bewick is a national program leader at the U.S. Depart- CHRIS (http://www.ashsmedia.org) as an online repository to
ment of Agriculture. He serves as liaison to university scientists communicate the direct impacts of research and extension on
(as well as to the horticultural industry) on issues that affect horticultural industries, in the United States and beyond.
horticulture, provides programmatic leadership and oversight
for horticultural programs across the country, and directs the
Specialty Crop Research Initiative.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
4:15–4:30 PM 4:00–6:00 PM
Linda Brewer*
Oregon State University, Corvallis; linda.brewer@ The Role and Importance of
oregonstate.edu Polyploidy in Ornamental Plant
Linda Brewer is a project manager and technical writer with Breeding
the Department of Horticulture and the Extension Agriculture
Program at Oregon State University. She successfully facilitated Sponsor: Ornamental Plant Breeding (OPB) Working
the adoption of an online reporting process for the Extension Group
Ag faculty. Along with her grant reporting responsibilities, this Moderator: Wenhao Dai, [email protected]
activity shaped her thinking about the components of effective
impact statements. She has led impact writing workshops for Coordinator: Ryan Contreras, ryan.contreras@hort.
the faculty at Oregon State, and works one-on-one with faculty oregonstate.edu
to develop useful, meaningful impact statements. http://agsci. Polyploidy plays an important role in ornamental plant breeding.
oregonstate.edu/research/writingimpacts In the past 30 years, polyploids have been successfully identified
and induced in many ornamental species. Polyploidization can
4:30–4:45 PM not only alter plant morphology, but also change physiological
Thomas Björkman* and biochemical metabolisms in plants, generating new cul-
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] tivars and breeding materials. The speakers will present their
research findings in induction and utilization of polyploidy and
Thomas Björkman is the chair of the ASHS National Issues discuss the role and importance of polyploidy in ornamental
Task Force. He enjoys using compelling impact statements to plant breeding.
persuade legislators, horticulture industry leaders, and other
decisionmakers that horticultural scientists are doing important 4:00–4:15 PM
and exciting work that deserves much greater support. He finds
Taking Advantage of Natural Variation in
writing his own impact statements just as difficult as everyone
else does. He does research in crop physiology, with projects Ploidy Levels
on improving vegetable production systems through the use Ryan Contreras*
cover crops and developing broccoli genotypes that will produce Oregon State University, Corvallis; ryan.contreras@hort.
quality inflorescences in the eastern United States. oregonstate.edu
Plant breeders have successfully used ploidy manipulation
4:45–5:00 PM
as part of their ornamental plant breeding programs. Induced
Marc van Iersel* polyploidization has been used to develop plants with larger
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] flowers and fruit, sterile plants, and facilitate crosses otherwise
Marc van Iersel of professor of plant nutrition and physiology not possible. Natural variation in ploidy levels offers similar
in the Department of Horticulture at the University of Georgia. opportunities without having to induce polyploidy, which can
He serves as consulting editor for the Journal of the American sometimes be difficult. Plant breeders can take advantage of
Society for Horticultural Science, is a member of the national natural ploidy variation to achieve many of the same results

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S95
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

as induced polyploidy such as sterility, while often simulta- 4:45–5:00 PM

neously making other improvements. Examples of utilizing Applications of Ploidy Manipulation and
natural ploidy variation will be studied including examples Analysis in an Applied Nursery Crop Breeding
from Cotoneaster, Prunus, and others.
Program
4:15– 4:30 PM Thomas G. Ranney*
Ploidy Modifications Enhance Flower Breeding North Carolina State University, Dept. of Horticultural
for Winter Hardiness and Rhizome Production Science, Fletcher; [email protected]
in Gaura
Neil O. Anderson* Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] 8:00–10:00 AM
4:30–4:45 PM I’ve Earned My Degree . . .
Induction and Utilization of Polyploids to
Sterilize Nandina and Lantana What’s Next?
Zhanao Deng* Sponsor: Graduate Student (GRAD) Working Group
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] Coordinators: Kristin Abney, [email protected];
Amanda Bayer, [email protected]
Exotic woody ornamental plants are widely sold by the
nursery industry and are considered to be a major source of You’ve put the time, energy, blood, sweat, and tears into finish-
invasive plants in the U.S. We have been utilizing induced or ing your degree. Now that you’ve got that little piece of paper,
existing polyploids to create sterile types of nandina (Nandina what’s next? Explore the possibilities of a career in academia
domestica) and lantana (Lantana camara) for invasiveness reduc- or with the USDA. Professors, USDA scientists, post-docs, and
tion or elimination. All existing nandina cultivars were found technicians will share their experiences and will provide an idea
to be diploids. Two chemicals were used to treat three types of of what their career path could be like for you. Join us to have
nandina plant materials. When applied to growing shoots or the opportunity to speak with professors from both land grant
germinating seeds, colchicine induced tetraploids. More than and non-land grant universities, post-docs from the USDA and
a dozen of solid tetraploid nandina plants have been obtained. academia, and USDA scientists involved with universities or
Tetraploid nandina plants exhibited slight reduction in pollen research stations.
stainability but much reduction in fruit production and seed ger-
mination. Some of the nandina tetraploids showed potential to be
released as sterile cultivars. Polyploids (triploids to hexaploids) Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
were found to be common in existing lantana cultivars. Many 8:00–10:00 AM
lantana polyploids, including some triploids and petaploids, were
rather fertile and prolific in fruit and seed production. Extensive Sustainable Weed Management
ploidy and molecular marker analysis of polyploids’ offspring
revealed that the fertility of these polyploids resulted from the Sponsors: Weed Control and Pest Management
production of unreduced female gametes and/or apomictic seeds. (WCPM) and Organic Organic Horticulture (ORGH)
With these two traits in lantana, even triploids and pentaploids Working Groups
can be highly fertile and produce large numbers of seeds. In Moderator and Coordinator: Teri Gadd, teri.gadd@
order to obtain highly sterile triploid lantana, it was imperative
colostate.edu
to use tetraploids and diploids without the ability to produce
unreduced female gametes and apomictic seeds. Hundreds of This workshop will offer interactive weed control research
new lantana triploids have been generated and evaluated, and presentations that lessen or eliminate the need of herbicides and
two new sterile, triploid lantana cultivars have been released. compare certified organic weed control to uncertified. Topics
The male and female sterility of these triploid cultivars was high include: 1) certified organic and uncertified weed management
and stable when tested at multiple sites in Florida and grown comparison; 2) weed seedbanks, mulches, cover crops, and soil
side by side with fertile native lantana (Lantana depressa). fertility; and 3) physical and cultural weed control. Each topic
More triploid lantana cultivars are expected to be released in will be followed by a short discussion period.
the coming years. Our results indicate that polyploid induction
or production followed by vigorous screening and evaluation is 8:00–8:02 AM
an effective approach to sterilizing some of the exotic invasive Overview of Workshop Topics, Timing, and
woody ornamental plants and developing sterile, non-invasive
cultivars.
Speaker Introductions

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S96 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

8:02–8:15 AM seed banks or weed emergence in the following year. Tomato

Do Certified and Uncertified Fresh-market yields were not affected by buckwheat but were reduced by the
use of clover as a living mulch. Potential explanations for these
Organic Tomato Farmers in the Midwest results and suggestions for using living mulches will be discussed.
Manage Weeds Differently?
Kevin D. Gibson* 8:32–8:51 AM
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; kgibson@purdue. Cover Crops Influence Weed Management in
edu Dry Edible Beans
Jose M. Gomez Vargas Erin C. Taylor
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Michigan State University, East Lansing
Ariana P. Torres Bravo Karen A. Renner*
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Many growers who manage their lands organically choose Christy L. Sprague
not to seek certification. In 2012, we surveyed fresh market Michigan State University, East Lansing
tomato growers in the midwestern United States who use Mar- Cover crops release or scavenge nitrogen, and nitrogen avail-
ketMakerTM, an online platform that connects food producers ability may influence weed seed decay, weed seed germina-
and consumers, regarding their farm management practices, tion, and weed growth. Dry edible beans are poor nitrogen
including weed management. Respondents were placed into fixers and incorporating a leguminous cover crop may improve
three groups based on their responses: certified organic, nitrogen availability in dry beans. Field experiments were
uncertified organic, and conventional. The certified organic conducted in Michigan at two university research farms and
group grew more crops, worked fewer off-farm hours, and had numerous on-farm sites to determine the effect of cover crops
higher incomes than the uncertified organic group. Incomes on weed populations and yield of organic dry beans. There
were similar between the certified organic and conventional were four cover crop treatments at the university research
growers. All three groups relied to some extent on manual farms: medium red clover, oilseed radish, rye, and no cover.
and mechanical cultivation to control weeds in tomatoes. The on-farm sites each had one cover crop treatment (clover,
However, the certified organic group reported fewer oilseed radish, or rye) and one no cover treatment. Weeds were
mechanical tillage passes than the uncertified organic group. managed uniformly by farmers at each site using various culti-
Differences in perceived weed pests were also detected among vation tools. Weed seeds were placed in mesh bags and buried
the three groups. Cumulatively, this study suggests that immediately following incorporation of red clover and rye to
key differences in weed and farm management exist be- determine the influence of cover crop amendments on weed
tween certified and uncertified organic tomato growers in the seed decay. Weed density and biomass within the bean rows
Midwest. were sampled using three 0.12 m2 quadrats (15 cm wide by 76
cm long) at both the V2 and R1 stages of bean development
8:15–8:20 AM for all sites. Few differences in weed populations occurred at
Discussion of Topic 1: Certified Organic and the on-farm sites. At the university research farm sites, beans
planted following medium red clover had higher weed densi-
Uncertified Weed
ties and weed biomass than the other cover crop treatments in
8:20–8:32 AM some site-years. Available soil nitrogen was greater following
a frost-seeded red clover treatment; however, red clover did
Can Living Mulches Reduce Weed Seed Banks
not increase dry bean yields.
in Fresh Market Tomatoes?
Kevin D. Gibson* 8:51–9:00 AM
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] Discussion of Topic 2: Weed Seedbanks,
Weeds that emerge late in the growing season can escape control Mulches, Cover Crops, and Soil
and contribute to large increases in the soil weed seed bank.
This is particularly problematic in widely spaced row crops 9:00–9:11 AM
like tomatoes where weeds that emerge between rows face no Timing of Early Weed Control Practices by
competition from the crop. In a series of experiments, we planted Growing Degree Days
buckwheat and red or crimson clover between rows six to eight
Erin C. Taylor
weeks after transplanting tomatoes. The living mulches were
Michigan State University, East Lansing
mowed to limit competition with the crop and, in the case of
buckwheat, to prevent seed production by the mulch. Both living Karen A. Renner*
mulches reduced weed seed production and either reduced weed Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S97
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Christy L. Sprague that could not remove weeds from within the plant line. Weed
Michigan State University, East Lansing densities, hand weeding times, crop stand, and yields were
monitored. Economic analysis was performed on the data. The
Farmers producing crops organically or with few herbicide
intra-row cultivator generally removed more weeds and had
options must control very small weeds early in the growing
shorter weeding times than the standard inter-row cultivator.
season. We compared weed control using propane flaming to
However, the rotating cultivator reduced lettuce stands more
weed control with rotary hoeing, and we evaluated the use of
than standard hand thinning practices and as a result, lettuce
growing degree days (GDD) to optimize rotary hoe timing.
yields were lower with the rotating cultivator than with the
Propane flaming was not effective on grassy weed species in
standard cultivator. In transplanted celery, lettuce and radicchio,
our research. Common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and
the rotating cultivator removed more weeds than the standard
velvetleaf were easier to control by flaming than common
cultivator, but without reducing transplanted crop stand or yields
ragweed and common purslane. Flaming was more effective in
as was the case in seeded lettuce. The economic analysis does
the morning through mid-afternoon; evening flaming was not
not indicate any advantage to the use of the rotating cultivator
effective. In dry beans the most effective weed control treat-
tested here and significant increases in speed and accuracy will
ments were rotary hoeing three times or a treatment of flaming
be needed to improve upon the current standard practices in
once prior to dry bean emergence, followed by rotary hoeing
California vegetables.
twice. Timing rotary hoe passes every 300 GDD (base 3.3 C)
from the time of dry bean planting resulted in fewer passes
9:31–9:51 AM
compared with rotary hoeing every 7 day or every 150 GDD,
and weed control and bean yields were similar to the weed-free Impact of Vineyard Floor Management
treatment in one of two years. Practices on Weed Communities and Soil
Quality
9:11–9:31 AM
Richard F. Smith*
Physical Pest Control: Soil Disinfestation with University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas;
Steam in Strawberry and Machine-vision [email protected]
Intra-row Cultivation in Vegetables Larry J. Bettiga
Steven A. Fennimore* University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas;
University of California, Davis; [email protected] [email protected]
Regulatory constraints on the use of soil fumigants for soil Michael D. Cahn
disinfestation, and continued lack of new herbicide tools for University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas;
vegetables suggests that physical pest control tools may be the [email protected]
best options available for specialty crops. Strawberry is suscep- Vineyards in the low rainfall areas of central California have
tible to soilborne pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae, and vegetation in the row middles and no vegetation in a swath
thus most strawberries are grown on previously fumigated soils. 0.46–0.61 m wide in the vine rows. The vine rows are kept
Steam has been used since the 1880s to disinfest greenhouse free of vegetation by the use of pre- and/or post-emergent
soils. However, steam application methods used in greenhouses herbicides, mechanical cultivation, and hand hoeing. In a
are not appropriate for field use. Soils are disinfested with study conducted from 2001–05 we observed that the choice of
steam by maintaining the soil temperatures above 70 °C for weed control strategy resulted in distinct weed communities
20 minutes. We have evaluated an automatic steam applica- over time. In this same study, vine rows were kept weed free
tor prototype that rapidly blends steam with soil, thus raising and row middles were cover cropped or kept bare; soil organic
soil temperatures from ambient to 70 °C in about 90 seconds. matter, microbial biomass and nutrient levels were evaluated in
Field results from 2011 to 2013 indicate that steam controls all treatments. The cover crops, cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) or
weeds and soilborne diseases and produces strawberry fruit triticale (X Triticosecale Wittm. Ex A. Camus.), were planted
yields comparable to chloropicrin. The main deficiency with in strips 0.93 m wide. We observed significant increases in soil
this approach is lack of commercial-scale machinery to apply organic matter, microbial activity and some nutrients in the row
steam. However, if we commit to developing a cost-effective middles that were cover cropped. However, no improvements in
commercial steam applicator this obstacle can be overcome. A soil health parameters were observed in vegetation free vine rows
commercial intra-row cultivator was tested for weed removal adjacent to cover cropped row middles. Given the benefits that
effectiveness in transplanted celery, lettuce, and radicchio and cover crops provide to the soil system, we conducted a follow-up
as a crop thinner and cultivator in direct-seeded lettuce. The trial from 2006–09 to evaluate ways to include a barley (Hordeum
intra-row cultivator utilized machine-vision guidance to align vulgare L.) cover crop in the vine row. Treatments include killing
a rotating cultivator disk with the crop plant to be protected the cover crop when it was 0, 15.2, 30.1, 45.7, and 61.0 cm tall to
and to remove weeds elsewhere in the plant line. The intra-row manage the competition of the cover crop on the vine growth and
cultivator was compared to a standard inter-row cultivator soil moisture used by the cover crop. In a low rainfall area, any

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S98 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

water used by the cover crop would have to be replaced by irriga- WG membership, and to foster future collaborations. The tour
tion, which would increase the cost of production. We observed will finish with a brief round table and invitation to follow on
that killing the cover crop when they were 30.1 inches tall safe- discussion.
guarded the yield of the vines and increased the levels of soil
organic matter by the third year of the trial. Cover crops grown
in the vine row reduced nitrogen levels in the vines, indicating Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
that care must be taken to offset this negative impact of this
practice; however, vine row cover crops increased potassium 10:15 AM–12:15 PM
and phosphorus levels in vines. Evidence indicated that vine row
cover crops improved irrigation water infiltration from drip emit-
Challenges and Opportunities
ters because higher levels of soil moisture were observed in the of Operating a University
vine row cover crop treatments vs. uncover cropped treatments
during the summer irrigation season. This research indicated that
Garden
vine row cover crops can be successfully managed to improve Sponsor: Public Horticulture Working Group
soil quality while not adversely affecting crop growth.
Coordinator: Susan Wilson Hamilton, [email protected]
9:51–10:00 AM One of the fastest-growing segments in public horticulture is
Discussion of Topic 3: Physical and Cultural that of the college or university affiliated gardens. However,
Weed Control university gardens can be quite different from non-university
botanical gardens. From the setting of the garden as part of
the university campus to their organizational structure, mis-
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon C sion, funding, and staff, university gardens are unique. Having
access to teaching and research facilities as well as faculty
10:00 AM–12:00 PM expertise can provide unique opportunities. This workshop
will be a roundtable discussion about the unique challenges
Waste Utilization in Horticulture and opportunities of those involved with the management and
Walking Tour of Related Posters operations of university gardens. The intent of this workshop
is to provide an opportunity for researchers to exchange and
Sponsor: Waste Utilization in Horticulture Working discuss practices and experiences in working in the university
Group garden environment. Members of the Public Horticulture Work-
Moderator: William B. Evans, [email protected] ing Group are encouraged to come prepared to participate in
this roundtable discussion.
Coordinators: William B. Evans, [email protected].
edu, Joseph P. Albano [email protected]
This workshop will be a walking tour of posters related to Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
all aspects of Waste Utilization in Horticulture (WUH). This
session is not planned to be part of the regular poster sessions 10:15 AM–12:15 PM
or poster competitions, but instead will be an opportunity to Organic Agriculture in Southern
tour a subset of the posters with colleagues interested in the
field of WUH. The session will begin with a brief introduction, California—Producing Organic
followed by an informal walk around the poster area to view
work being done related to waste processing; waste recovery;
Products in the Low Desert
composts and composting; substrates, containers, and fertilizers Sponsor: Organic Horticulture Working Group
made from waste products; and other aspects of the role that
horticulture plays in finding uses for byproducts and wastes.
Coordinators: Milton E. McGiffen, [email protected];
Members and nonmembers of WUH Working Group (WG) Erin Silva, [email protected]
are encouraged to attend. As the tour starts, a list of posters The Sonoran or Low Desert holds records for both high
planned for the tour will be distributed, based on the published temperatures and high yields. It presents many unique chal-
list of submitted poster presentations. At each stop, we will be lenges—extreme climate, low organic matter soils, and rapid
able to review the poster and discuss its relationship to WUH breakdown of organic amendments. But it also presents many
science, outreach, and teaching. The intent wil not be to cri- unique opportunities, including low water costs and a chance to
tique the works presented, but to discuss the science of WUH supply uniquely profitable market niches. This workshop focuses
in the context of the works selected for viewing. The intent of on meeting both universal organic agricultural challenges in a
the this tour is to expose the attendees to the breadth of work challenging environment, and taking advantage of the unique
being done in WUH, to promote interaction among the WUH situation the desert presents. Local growers, researchers, and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S99
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

extension personnel talk about working in the unique environ- a greater level of cooperation in agriculture among public
ment surrounding the site of this year’s conference. and private institutions have led to increased opportunities in
international horticulture. These opportunities also come with
10:15–10:30 AM challenges—ranging from difficulties in scientific research to
Certified Organic Compost and Compost Tea perhaps monetary challenges, ethical questions, or legal com-
Production and Use plexities.This workshop will inform participants on strategies
to craft a career with the potential to translate to international
Abira Selvaraj* work in the future. Updates on current USAID projects, as
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] well as those funded by other sources, including volunteer
assignments will be offered. Participants will benefit from
10:30–10:45 AM
honest discussion of in country experience and learn how they
Cost of Production Study for Organic Avocado can get involved in international employment and consultation
Eta Takele* opportunities.
University of California, Riverside,; [email protected]
12:30–12:45 PM
10:45–11:00 AM Farmer-to-Farmer Volunteer Opportunities:
Organic Date Production University Lectures and Labs in Tajikistan
Vince Samons* with CNFA
University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
John L. Griffis, Jr.*
11:00 –11:15 AM Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers; [email protected]
Organic Farming in the Imperial Valley Most USAID Farmer-to-Farmer volunteer projects involve
a U.S.-based expert who gives advice and shares expertise
Scott Howington*
with groups of growers, producers, sellers, or members of
Oasis Farms, El Centro, CA; [email protected]
a cooperative in a foreign country who have requested help
11:15–11:30 AM with particular issues. The NGO staff (in this case, CNFA)
in the foreign country (Tajikistan) evaluates the issues presented
Organic Vegetable Production in the Coachella
by the local growers and develops a project proposal; then
Valley the NGO staff in the United States screens the proposal and
Jose Luis Aguiar* recruits volunteers. Occasionally a project will be proposed
University of California, Indio; [email protected] that doesn’t follow this exact pattern: this was the case here.
There is very little expertise available in Tajikistan concern-
11:30–11:45 AM ing commercial hydroponic crop production, although some
Short- and Long-term Effects of Adding growers do use drip “fertigation” when growing vegetables
Organic Carbon to Low Organic Carbon Desert in soil in sunken, Chinese-style greenhouses. The Engineer-
Soils ing–Technologic Faculty of Khujand Polytechnic Institute
of Tajik Technical University (ETF KhPITTU) founded in
Milton E. McGiffen* 2010, offers 20 different disciplines to students pursuing a
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] 4-year course of study, but none of the faculty have any train-
ing in hydroponics. The faculty wants to prepare the students
for jobs when they graduate and they know that many of the
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
students will work locally. They are aware that local vegetable
12:30–1:30 PM producers often complain about decreasing production levels
because of disease and nutritional problems related to the
International Consultation, soil and they believe that some farmers might switch to hy-
Outreach, and Capacity Building droponic growing if they were provided with the appropriate
information. Students trained in hydroponics might find good
Sponsors: International Consultants, International Hor- jobs working for companies or growers that are interested in
ticulture and Issues, and Postharvest Working Groups; implementing this technology, and so, faculty members ap-
and the Working Group of Asian Horticulture proached CNFA for assistance. The proposal was approved and
Coordinators: Mary E. Henry, [email protected]; a volunteer was recruited to provide university-style lectures
and practical laboratories in hydroponics to be taught at the
David Obenland, [email protected]
University as a short course. Translation of the presentations
In the past decade, increasing trends in transcontinental trav- into Russian was provided although some students spoke
els and commerce, easier access to digital information, and good English. Some laboratory materials were brought from

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S100 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

the United States and others were purchased locally. Some 1:15 AM–1:30 PM
hydroponic books were given to the university faculty, as were Hort CRSP Update
electronic files for a syllabus, lectures, and labs. Students, faculty
members, and some growers attended the short course. U.S.- Elizabeth J. Mitcham*
based horticulture teaching faculty should watch for this type University of California, Davis; [email protected]
of opportunity to appear again. Some may find this classroom
situation more appealing than one where they may be asked to
work under less familiar or uncomfortable conditions. Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon A/B

12:45–1:00 PM 1:00–3:00 PM
Career Opportunities at USAID Fantastic Fruits Grown in
John E. Bowman* California
Bureau for Food Security (BFS), Office of Agricultural
Research & Policy (ARP), USAID Bureau for Food Sponsor: American Pomological Society
Security (BFS), Bartow, FL Moderator and Coordinator: Michele R. Warmund,
[email protected]
1:00:1:15 PM
This workshop will feature three of California’s fascinating
Study Abroad/International Field Trips fruit crops, including figs, persimmon, and pitahaya. Figs were
to Increase Students’ and Agriculture purportedly introduced into California in 1759 by Franciscan
Professionals’ Competitiveness in the missionaries. Production of this crop increased steadily over
International Arena the years and peaked in 1943. While fig acreage has declined,
California currently ranks third in world production. Japanese
Mengmeng Gu* and Chinese persimmons were introduced into the United States
Texas AgriLife Center, College Station in the mid-1800s and are primarily grown in the San Joaquin
James A. Robbins valley and in southern California today. In the 1990s, adventurous
University of Arkansas Coop. Extn., Little Rock producers started growing pitahaya or dragon fruit, which can
be found in local markets. Each of these exotic fruits has
Xin Zhao
production opportunities and challenges in a changing environ-
University of Florida, Gainesville
ment.
Study abroad is one form of the high-impact educational
practices and beneficial for college students from diverse 1:00–1:55 PM
backgrounds. Students with study abroad experiences exhibit Figs: An Old California Industry in
a greater improvement in intercultural communication skills Transition
than students who never participate in study abroad programs.
Field trip, an interpersonal method and experiential learning Louise Ferguson*
tool, was the second preferred method (following on-farm University of California, Davis; [email protected]
demonstration) of receiving information on new or innova- Ed Stover
tive farming practices. Over 30 students and agriculture USDA–ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
professionals participated in a combined study abroad and
Carlos H. Crisosto
international field trip program partially funded by a USDA
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
International Science and Education grant to learn season
extension horticulture production and marketing in China John E. Preece
since 2010. Participants benefited from direct exposures to the USDA–ARS, Davis, CA; [email protected]
production technologies and marketing strategies commonly
The cultivated fig, Ficus carica L., is a tropical to subtropi-
used in China, which could be easily transferred to the United
cal deciduous tree well adapted to high heat and drought. Its
States through direct field experience and extension outreach
composite fruit, a syconium, is a shell of receptacle tissue
programs, helping U.S. producers successfully compete in the
enclosing hundreds of drupelets with achenes. Figs have a
global arena. Participants shared their experience on a blog
unique pollination biology that co-evolved with their pollinat-
http://aggiehortgoestochina.blogspot.com/, which is con-
ing wasp, Blastophaga psenes L. Their high sugar content and
tinuously available online for those who could not participate
stability make them easily transportable when dried but also
in the trips. The blogs received close to 10,000 views from
highly desirable as a fresh fruit. However, due to their short
audience from the United States, Russia, France, India,
postharvest life, most of the world’s figs are produced and
United Kingdom, Philippines, China, Canada, Germany, and
consumed locally. The commercial industries have focused on
Thailand.
dried figs. Because most cultivars developed locally, it is not

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S101
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

surprising there are over 600–1900 species in the genus Ficus. Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
As better postharvest technologies and molecular breeding
tools develop, this diversity of figs is being exploited to pro- 1:45–3:45 PM
duce a worldwide commercial fresh fig industry. The current Current Techniques for Non-
extensive fig collections vary markedly both bearing habit,
fruit characteristics, and postharvest qualities suggesting destructive Quality Evaluation
that breeding efforts to enhance and pyramid desirable traits of Postharvest Horticultural
could provide longer production seasons, improved varieties,
and better postharvest quality. For example, currently new Commodities
cultivars that produce larger and better Breba figs—the early Sponsor: Postharvest Working Group
large first figs of the season produced on last year’s wood—are
now marketed fresh. The combined basic research ethylene Coordiinator: David Obenland, david.obenland@ars.
biosynthesis and controlled atmosphere research with fresh figs usda.gov
suggests significant manipulation of postharvest quality is increas- The current state of evaluating horticultural quality parameters
ingly possible. As a result, the traditional dried fig industry is now by nondestructive sensing techniques for use in laboratory and
being eclipsed by a more varied, high quality fresh fig industry. commercial settings following harvest will be discussed.

1:55–2:25 PM 1:45–2:00 PM
Pitahaya Cultivars and Their Production Rapid Agricultural Product Quality
Potential in Southern California Measurements using Magnetic Resonance Based
Ramiro Lobo* Sensors
University of California, San Marcos; [email protected]
Michael McCarthy*
2:25–2:55 PM University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Persimmon Diversity and Cultivar Status Nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imag-
ing provide complementary measurements of sample prop-
Dan Parfitt*
erties when compared with other experimental techniques.
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
NMR/MRI based analyses have been historically limited to
laboratory settings and only recently have begun to be utilized
in remote geographical and industrial settings. The advances
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon D/E permitting NMR/MRI to be utilized in these new settings
1:45–3:45 PM are driven by hardware and software innovations. These a
dvances in hardware/software will be described by ex-
A Speed Dating Approach to amples of the implementation of MRI/NMR for fruit quality
Career Options measurements.

Sponsor: Industry Division 2:00—2:15 PM

Moderators: Kristin Abney, [email protected]; The Use of X-ray Imaging Technology for
Jeffrey Norrie, [email protected] Nondestructive Inspection of Horticultural
Crops for Defects and Contaminants
Students are increasingly looking at options other than
university or government positions when exploring career Ronald Haff*
paths. Industry is one of the most important potential avenues USDA–ARS, Albany, CA; [email protected]
for these alternative choices. This workshop is designed to The ability of X-rays to traverse through matter and reveal
expose students to the requirements and responsibilities of hidden contaminants or defects has led to their extensive
several Industry scientists in a fun and quick-paced way. use in manufacturing industries for quality control inspec-
Scientists from several horticultural companies will a brief tion. The difficulties inherent in the detection of defects and
description of their education, past experience, current respon- contaminants in food products have kept the use of X-ray in that
sibilities and advice for students looking at career options, with industry limited mainly to the packaged foods sector. Never-
emphasis on how their education has supported their career theless, the need for nondestructive inspection of horticultural
path. Students will have time afterward to mingle and discuss crops for defects and contaminants has motivated a consider-
career ideas with the speakers, and carry on the discussion able research effort spanning many decades. Improvements
poolside in the evening. in technology, especially more compact and affordable high

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S102 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

voltage power sources, high speed computing, and high reso- 2:45–3:00 PM
lution detector arrays, have made many x-ray detection tasks Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence for the
possible today that were previously unfeasible. These improve- Rapid, Nondestructive Assessment of Fruit
ments can be expected to continue into the future.
Quality
2:15–2:30 PM Jun Song*
Use of Electronic Nose for Evaluation of Fruit Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; jun.
Harvest Maturity, Variety, and Quality [email protected]

Elizabeth Baldwin* The high level of competition in domestic and international

USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, markets for stored apple fruit requires high quality packed
FL; [email protected] fruit. Segregating high- and low-quality fruit based on internal
quality is key to consumer satisfaction and is an important com-
Electronic nose (enose) crudely mimics the human smell (gas ponent of quality control of the final pack-out. Nondestructive
sensors) and their communication with the human brain. The technology based on one or more of the attributes of quality
human olfactory system is by far the most complex and contains for sorting the whole population is desirable to reduce losses
thousands of receptors that bind odor molecules and can detect and improve the quality of fruit delivered to the consumer.
some odors at parts per trillion levels and include between 10 Considerable research has been conducted in developing
and 100 million receptors. Apparently some of the receptors technologies to non-destructively assess, grade, and sort fruit
in the olfactory mucus can bind more than one odor molecule for internal quality of apple fruit. However, technologies for
and, in some cases, one odor molecule can bind more than one sorting apple fruit for internal quality are still not available.
receptor. This results in a mind-boggling amount of combina- Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) has been used as a measure
tions that send unique signal patterns to the human brain. The of chloroplast function and, indirectly, the physiological
brain then interprets these signals and makes a judgment and/ status of whole plants and plant organs. Changes in chlorophyll
or classification to identify the substance consumed, based in fluorescence of many fruit during ripening, senescence, and
part, on previous experiences or neural network pattern recogni-
stress have been reported. In this talk, investigations on the
tion. The electronic nose often consists of non-selective sensors
changes in apple fruit chlorophyll fluorescence and its relation-
that interact with volatile molecules that result in a physical or
ship not only limited to firmness and ground color, but also to
chemical change that sends a signal to a computer which makes
other internal quality parameter such as SS, TA, and aroma
a classification based on a calibration and training process lead-
production during ripening as well as response to stress will be
ing to pattern recognition. The non-selectivity of the sensors
introduced and discussed. Our studies indicate that the ripen-
results in many possibilities for unique signal combinations,
ing process is complex and dynamic, but that CF may provide
patterns or fingerprints determined with multivariate statistical
a meaningful nondestructive tool to monitor these changes.
programs. For enose sensors, the metal oxide semiconductors
It is possible to use different CF parameters to predict fruit
(MOS), conducing polymer, surface acoustic wave (piezoelec-
quality indices such as Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm, or Fv/Fo. The relation-
tric sensors) are most common, but the newer Z-nose contain
ships that have been found so far may be improved by further
short columns such as are found in gas chromatographs. It is
only upon establishing a relationship to sensory perception that analysis of data and mathematical modeling. The further
the enose can then be substituted for sensory panels in giving defining of the relationship between CF and firmness, TA,
objective classifications for quality control, process monitor- and SS/TA is promising and may lead to the development
ing, authenticity, shelf-life stability and differences between of a nondestructive fruit quality detector to sort fruit based on
samples or products. As a nondestructive instrument for testing eating quality prior to fruit being shipped to the consumers.
of fruits and vegetables, it has been used to differentiate harvest
maturity and storage conditions for tomato, mango, strawberry, 3:00–3:15 PM
blueberry, and other fresh produce. It has also been use to dif- An Industry Perspective on Nondestructive
ferentiate between healthy and diseased citrus leaves infected Testing of Horticultural Commodities
with citrus canker.
Ken Moynihan*
Compac Sorting Equipment, Auckland, New Zealand;
2:30–2:45 PM
[email protected]
Real Time Inspection of Agricultural Products
with NIR
Thomas Pearson*
USDA–ARS, Manhattan, KS; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S103
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 recent advances and current commercialization efforts of new
substrate components will also be addressed.
1:45–3:45 PM
2:05–2:30 PM
Horticultural Substrates: Current Proper Statistical Methods for Analyzing
Research, Development, and Substrate Mixtures
Characterization for Improved James Altland*
Crop Production USDA–ARS, MWA ATRU, Wooster, OH; James.Altland@
ars.usda.gov
Sponsor: Nursery Crops Working Group Substrates are most often described as mixtures of various
Moderator: Cheryl R. Boyer, [email protected] components in proportions that sum to 1 (for example ,0.7
Coordinators: John Majsztrik, [email protected]; bark  :  0.15 peat  :  0.15 sand). When conducting a statistical
Brian Jackson, [email protected]; comparison of substrates with varying component proportions,
Sarah A. White, [email protected] parameter estimates in a traditional regression analysis cannot
be uniquely determined. This seminar will discuss a simple
Alternative substrate (potting material) studies have been and practical approach to proper statistical analysis of substrate
an important area of research for many years. Introduction mixtures. We will also discuss how mixture analysis differs
of alternative substrates to growers has contributed to the from factorial analysis in substrate experiments. Examples will
continued growth and profitability of container-grown be provided along with sample SAS code.
plant production. Over the past 10 years, wood-based sub-
strates have been evaluated as alternatives to peat and pine
bark substrates. Researchers across the United States have 2:30–2:55 PM
investigated locally available, sustainable resources as Irrigating Substrates to Improve Nutrient
components of or alternatives to peat- and pine bark-based Retention and Plant Growth
growing media. These materials range from amendments
to peat moss (up to 40% by volume) and pine bark supple- Rodney Thomas Fernandez*
ments/extenders (more than 50% by volume). A variety Michigan State University, East Lansing; fernan15@msu.
of woody species have been evaluated for substrate use edu
including pine (Pinus taeda) trees, eastern redcedar (Juniperus Technological advances have made implementing im-
virginiana), and other low-cost tree species. Additional research proved irrigation practices easier through better monitoring
has also focused on the potential problems associated with re- capabilities of substrate moisture, electrical conductivity, and
cycling of media, including physical changes over time and the pH. Basing irrigation on plant use and substrate properties is
potential to reintroduce pathogens from recycled media. This now more easily accomplished and can result in improved
workshop will focus on current research methods in traditional water relations and growth with decreased nutrient leaching
and alternative substrates including root growth, fertility, and and runoff volume. This presentation will focus on benefits of
water management, how mechanical processing changes the improved irrigation management with respect to plant perfor-
properties of wood and pine bark, the status of commercializa- mance, water conservation, and runoff quality.
tion of these products, as well as potential problems associated
with recycling substrates. 2:55–3:20 PM
1:45–2:05 PM
Root Growth of Container Crops: Techniques
Introduction and Overview of Current for Enhancing and Measurement
Issues and Advances in Traditional and Brian Jackson*
Alternative Substrate Manufacturing North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu
and Utilization
This presentation will provide an overview of research
Brian Jackson* techniques and methodologies used for studying, observing,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
and quantifying root growth in container grown plants (woody
ncsu.edu
and herbaceous crops). New measurement devices/tools
This presentation will explore the current issues facing the that are designed as nondestructive techniques for quantifying
growing media (substrates) industry for both nursery and and observing root growth will be discussed. Studies on root
greenhouse producers. An overview of peat, pine bark, and growth of nursery and greenhouse crops grown in substrates
pine tree substrate usage, supplies, industry trends, process- amended with pine wood (pine tree substrates) will also be
ing advances, and issues will be discussed. A summary of presented.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S104 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Wednesday, July 24, 2013

3:20–3:45 PM Breeding—The Future Role of Public versus

Methods for Analysis of Soilless Substrate Private IP in Horticulture
Physical and Hydraulic Properties    Speaker tba
James S. Owen* The moderated panel presentation for the second hour will ad-
Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach; [email protected] dress relevant current events in intellectual property law, and
This presentation will discuss the varying methodologies used the resulting implications to the agricultural and horticultural
to measure soilless substrate hydrology and physical properties industries. The goal of the workshop is for participants to gain
focusing on static versus dynamic measures that provide insight an understanding of the interface between intellectual property
rights, and how to maximize the benefits from protecting those
to water availability and solute transport.
rights. There will be time allotted during the second hour for
questions and discussion.
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
1:45–3:45 PM Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
Intellectual Property Fundamentals 1:45–3:45 PM
and Current Issues The Challenges of Using
Sponsor: Intellectual Property Rights Working Group
Alternative and Recycled Water
Moderators: Amelie Aust, ameliea@fallcreeknursery.
Sources for Horticultural Use
com; John R. Clark, [email protected] Sponsor: Water Utilization and Management Working
Coordinators: Larry D. Knerr, lknerr@shamrockseed. Group
com; Todd P. West, [email protected]; Coordinator: John D. Lea-Cox, [email protected]
Timothy F. Bourne, [email protected] The objective of this workshop is to illustrate some the issues
The IPR workshop will act as a resource for ASHS members surrounding the use of alternative and recycled water sources in
on the domestic intellectual property landscape, including both the production and management of horticultural commodities.
prepared speeches and a panel for questions. The presentations
will present an overview of the various types of Intellectual 1:45–2:15 PM
Property rights and their application in horticulture and agri- The Challenges of Graywater as an Alternative
culture, and how they can be used. In addition, we will address Water Source for Landscape Irrigation
current events relevant to horticulture, specifically addressing Raul I. Cabrera*
new laws and legal precedents that you should be aware of. Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde; [email protected]
A panel of speakers will include a variety of perspectives,
including Researchers, Intellectual Property Attorneys, and Continuing drought, water competition and severe restrictions
Industry Experts. In the first hour, panel speakers will provide on urban water use are hastily pushing for the implementation
an overview of the types of intellectual property protection of water conserving practices and utilization of alternative
beyond Plant Patents and Plant Breeder’s Rights Certificates. water sources in landscaping activities. Graywater, identified as
These rights include Trademarks, Trade Secrets, Utility Patents, untreated water that comes from clothes washers, showers, and
bathtubs constitutes ≥ 50% of the total household wastewater, and
and Copyrights, all of which can be utilized to maximize your
has the potential for becoming a significant source for landscape
intellectual property benefits. This information will serve as
irrigation. Chemical, physical, and biological considerations
the foundation material for the panel speakers to build upon
and challenges associated with the use of graywater in home
during the second hour.
lawns and landscapes will be discussed in this presentation.
Topics
IP Basics—Domestic Focus 2:15–2:45 PM
Pharmaceuticals and Persistent Organic
  Chelle Bos, Plant Patent Attorney)
Micropollutants in Reclaimed Irrigation Water
Current Events—Changes in the Patent Law, Sarah A. White*
Legal Precedent, and What It Means to the Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
Horticulture Community Reclaimed water is one alternative source of water for irrigation
  Robert Jondle, Plant Patent Attorney of specialty crops. Reclaimed water, though treated effluent,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S105
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

often contains organic micropollutants including pharmaceu- surprisingly similar seasonal patterns, where water temperature
ticals, hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds, and EC tended to increase from early spring, peak in early Fall
personal care products, and persistent organic pollutants that and then decrease to a minimum in late winter (averaging 0.20
are not removed via wastewater treatment processes. When to 0.5 dS·m-1). Water temperatures, EC, and turbidity were
reclaimed water is used for irrigation, there is the potential typically stratified with depth and were affected by rainfall
for micropollutant accumulation within plant tissues or for events. Longer-term pH dynamics were damped by influxes of
offsite loss via irrigation runoff. The physiochemical proper- water from runoff events, and appeared to be limited primar-
ties of individual micropollutants drives their environmental ily by minimum water temperatures and PAR on a seasonal
fate, whether that is accumulation within plant tissues or basis. When temperature and PAR limitations were removed,
soils, runoff into surface waters, or leaching into groundwa- diurnal changes in pH were rapid and extreme, ranging from
ter. This presentation will detail some of the most prevalent pH 6.8 to 10.5, often within a few hours. Rapid changes in pH
micropollutants, their physiochemical properties, the risk of appear to be tightly coupled with DO concentrations, peaking
accumulation within plant tissues, soils, surface waters, and at 4:00–5:00 PM and returning to minimum values between
ground waters, and the potential for remediation of micro­ 6:00–7:00 AM. Changes in pH therefore appear to be driven
pollutants via irrigation applications. by the daily photosynthetic activity of microorganisms in the
water column, especially in ponds with good water quality,
2:45–3:15 PM where changes in pH are poorly buffered. Despite relatively
Pesticides in Recycled Water: What Are the low EC levels, it appears that none of these ponds are nitrogen
Issues? or phosphorus limited, which appears to be the primary catalyst
for algal productivity.
Rodney Thomas Fernandez*
Michigan State University, East Lansing; fernan15@msu.
edu Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon A/B
Societal pressures for improved water management are driving
many producers to use recycled production water for nursery 8:00–10:00 AM
irrigation. The same need is also resulting in improved irriga- Citrus Breeding
tion practices. Irrigation effluent is known to carry pesticides
and other contaminants. These contaminants will be captured Sponsor: Fruit Breeding (FRBR) Working Group
in recycling reservoirs if effluent is not treated before enter-
Moderator: Vance M. Whitaker, [email protected]
ing. Improved irrigation management can result in increased
concentration of contaminants in effluent although total load Coordinators: Vance M. Whitaker, [email protected];
may be reduced. Depending on the pesticide and reservoir Glenn C. Wright, [email protected]
management, pesticides can be reintroduced onto crops and/or
Workshop objectives are: 1) Provide an updated perspective
accumulate in reservoir sediments. Impacts of reservoir overflow
on new cultivars and future directions for U.S. citrus breeding
must be taken into consideration as well. The implications of
programs; 2) Illustrate the tools used in citrus breeding including
pesticides in sediments, recycled water, and overflow will be
transgenics, triploidy, somaclonal variation and somatic hybrid-
discussed in this presentation.
ization; and 3) examine current challenges and opportunities in
topic areas such as cold hardiness, resistance to HLB and other
3:15–3:45 PM
diseases, germplasm utilization, rapid-cycle breeding, rootstock
Daily and Seasonal Changes in the Water development and seedlessness.
Quality of Irrigation Containment Ponds
John D. Lea-Cox* 8:00–8:20 AM
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] Underutilized Citrus Germplasm and
We have been continuously monitoring water quality param- How to Obtain Priority Germplasm in the
eters in containment ponds at five commercial nursery and United States
greenhouse operations in Maryland and Virginia, since 2011. Richard Lee*
Diurnal changes in pH, EC, water temperature, dissolved oxygen University of California, Riverside
(DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), chlorophyll AB,
and blue-green algae counts were measured every 15 min- 8:20–8:40 AM
utes. Environmental conditions (rainfall, air temperature and Breeding Citrus for North Florida
relative humidity, photosynthetically-active radiation José Chaparro*
[PAR] and wind speed) were continuously measured every University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
5 minutes at all locations. Results from all locations showed

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S106 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

8:40–9:00 AM analyte air stream through a trap for interfering gases. By apply-
Citrus Breeding at UCR—Progress and ing the basic chemistry principle of “like dissolves like” polar
Challenges molecules such as ethanol are removed by the trap. Ethylene,
a nonpolar hydrocarbon, passes through the trap with relative
Mikeal L. Roose* ease. The gas trap was regenerated by reversing the concentra-
University of California, Riverside tion gradient between the trap and the analyte air stream. The
9:00–9:20 AM poster and instrument will be on hand for your review.
Biotechnology Facilitated Breeding of Improved
8:20–8:40 AM
Citrus Drip Irrigation/Plastic Mulch Kits for Home
Jude W. Grosser* Gardeners
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred
Keith Williamson*
Fred Gmitter Guardian Ag Plastics, Hartsville, SC; keith.williamson@
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred guardianag.com
9:20–9:40 AM Because most small-scale farmers, urban growers, and home
Transgenic Approaches to Improved Disease gardeners have difficulties utilizing a combination of drip irriga-
Resistance in Citrus tion and plastic mulch, a method to facilitate the usage of this
commercially proven method of production is of much interest
Manjul Dutt* among this group of growers. This report will evaluate plots
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred from multi-state tests conducted at university research centers,
Jude W. Grosser community gardens, and home gardens employing a newly
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred designed drip/mulch kit. The report will cover the pros and
cons of such a system and will include analyses of installation,
9:40–10:00 AM water and weed management, soil conditioning, crop responses,
Critical Needs of U.S. Citrus Growers in Scion disposal and recycling options, and overall cost.
and Rootstock Breeding
8:40–9:00 AM
Ted Batkin*
California Citrus Research Board ARM Tablet Data Collector
Steven R. Gylling*
Gylling Data Management, Brookings, SD; steve@
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon D/E gdmdata.com
8:00–10:00 AM
The use of capable in-field data collection software to directly
New Innovations in Commercial enter assessments and capture photographs of research plots can
improve data quality through in-field data review and analysis.
Horticultural Applications This session will demonstrate use of ARM Tablet Data Collector,
Sponsor: Technical Program Committee a Windows 8 touch tablet computer plus ARM trial management
software, to enter and review assessment information. An as-
Moderator: tba sessment can constitute values, notes, digital photographs, and
This workshop will introduce conference participants to new GPS coordinates. Once entered, immediate data quality checks,
and innovative technologies available for research, teaching, graphs, and full statistical analysis can be applied to assessments.
and extension. Additionally, all trial site details plus summary and conclusions
can be entered on-site.
8:00–8:20 AM
Amperometric Ethylene Sensor with Interfering 9:00–9:20 AM
Gas Trap Optimizing Drip Irrigation System Uniformity
with Proper Design and Management
Michael Larman*
Camas, WY, and Afghanistan; [email protected] Inge Bisconer*
The Toro Company, El Cajon, CA; [email protected]
CID Bio-Science, Inc., reports on experimental studies on a com-
mercial ethylene sensor to improve its operational performance. Agricultural irrigation system uniformity directly affects resource
The largest improvement achieved was in sensor selectivity in use efficiency as well as yield and quality potential. This is
the working environment that interferes with the sensing of because highly uniform systems will require less run time for
ethylene. Selectivity of the sensor was increased by passing the the driest portion of the field to receive adequate water, and thus

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S107
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

will consume fewer resources including water, fertilizer, energy, extended harvest period, in order to harvest an entire crop. Low
labor, chemicals, etc. For example, if a farmer wishes to apply 1” color results in lower fruit quality, lower marketable yields, and
of water with a drip irrigation system that has a 90% EU, fewer potentially significant economic losses for the grower. If fruit
operating hours will be required to achieve this than an irrigation has insufficient color, the value is substantially decreased or
system with lower EU. As a result, drip irrigation systems with a the fruit is potentially unmarketable. Fruit color development
high EU consume fewer inputs than less uniform systems since can be influenced by a number of factors including the cultivar,
they are operated fewer hours to achieve desired results. In addi- rootstock, plant vigor, climate, canopy management, light
tion, highly uniform drip irrigation systems have been reported exposure, crop load, irrigation, fertilization, and plant growth
to provide higher yields and improved crop quality since crops regulators. Presenters will discuss the commercial development
may be spoon fed inputs evenly and when needed. In order to of BlushTM , a new plant growth regulator developed by Fine
optimize drip irrigation system uniformity, Toro Micro-Irrigation Americas, Inc., to promote fruit color in red and bi-color apples
has recently released two free tools that assist with the proper which contains prohydrojasmon (PDJ), and formulations of
design, installation, operation and maintenance of a state of the S-Abscisic acid (S-ABA) for use on table grapes commercial-
art drip irrigation systems. First, Toro has released AquaFlow ized by Valent BioSciences Corporation (VBC) under the trade
3.2 Design Software which enables the end user to evaluate drip name of ProTone®.
irrigation design options more quickly and accurately, leading
to better, more effective drip irrigation design decisions and 10:15 AM - 10:30 AM
systems. As a result, drip irrigation systems are better able to The Use of S-Abscisic Acid for the Enhancement
improve farm profitability and increase resource use efficiency. of Grape Coloration
Second, the Toro Micro-Irrigation Owner’s Manual is a heavily
referenced, 129-page, four-color, fully illustrated, spiral-wound Rob Fritts*
document that provides a comprehensive guide to the operation Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; rob.fritts@
and maintenance of both new and existing micro-irrigation sys- valent.com
tems for row, field and permanent crops. The resource comes in Derek D. Woolard
both English and Spanish versions, with measurements in English Valent BioSciences Corp., Long Grove, IL; derek.woolard@
and Metric Units. Chapter titles include Drip Irrigation System valent.com
Overview, Starting Up Your System, Basic System Operation,
Fertigation and Chemigation, Salinity Management and System Rick Hopkins
Maintenance. Both the Software and the Manual are available Valent BioSciences Corporation, Libertyville, IL; rick.
[email protected]
for free download from toro.com or driptips.toro.com. This
presentation will provide an overview of these new tools and Julio Retemales
will highlight their practical usage by both field practitioners Valent BioSciences Corporation, Libertyville, IL; julio.
and academic interests alike. [email protected]
Johnny Lopez
Valent BioSciences Corporation, Libertyville, IL; johnny.
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon A/B [email protected]
10:15–11:15 AM Daniel Leep
Valent BioSciences Corp., Lindenhurst, IL; dan.leep@
Commercial Use of PGRs to valent.com
Increase Color Development of Johan Pienaar
Fruit Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; johan.pienaar@
valent.com
Sponsor: Growth Regulators in Fruit and Nut Produc-
Worldwide, premium table grape production tends to be from
tion (PGR) Working Group warmer growing regions that are generally considered difficult
Moderator and Coordinator: Derek D. Woolard, derek. coloring areas for quality red varieties. Fruit color development
[email protected] can be influenced by a number of factors including the cultivar,
rootstock, plant vigor, climate, canopy management, light
In this workshop industry representatives will present informa- exposure, crop load, irrigation, fertilization, and plant growth
tion about two exciting new PGR products available to com- regulators. Consequently, achieving optimal fruit color requires
mercial fruit growers for increasing the coloration of fruit. The a programmatic approach rather than the use of a single tool or
marketplace demands table grapes and apples with sufficient practice. The plant growth regulator ethephon is one tool that can
red color. Development of this desired level of color is often be used to help improve color development; however, ethephon
a significant challenge for the grower. Due to the variability can be inconsistent and can cause berry softening. Research has
in color development, growers use multiple harvests, over an demonstrated that application of the plant hormone abscisic acid

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S108 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

(S-ABA) to grape clusters increases fruit color in table grape eral registration of BlushTM is expected for the 2013 use season.
varieties. Since 2008, nine international registrations have been Upon registration, BlushTM will be classified as a biopesticide.
granted to Valent BioSciences Corporation (VBC) for the com-
mercial use of S-ABA for the acceleration of color development of
red table grapes. Formulations of S-ABA for use on table grapes Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
have been commercialized under the trade name of ProTone®.
Commercial table grape vineyards were selected for field trials 10:15 AM–12:15 PM
in multiple regions. Application timing was keyed to veraison,
which is defined as the point at which 50% of the harvestable
Teaching with Tablets and Apps
fruit has softened. Split rate and sequential timing treatments Computer Applications in Horticulture
were also incorporated into field evaluations. Plot sizes varied
from one to several acres (or hectares). An equivalent size area Moderator: Tim Rhodus, [email protected]
treated with the grower standard coloring program was evaluated Three significant changes affecting society are challenging our
from adjacent rows. At commercial harvest all fruit in the blocks traditional approaches to classroom and outreach education
of each treatment were evaluated. The data was then transformed programs throughout all subject matter areas of ASHS. First,
into boxes per unit area based on vine spacing within each site. increasing numbers of students show up on campus each year
Financial analysis showing the increased returns following with their own mobile technologies. These “digital natives” are
ProTone® treatment will be shown. Large scale grower trials practiced in using smart phones and tablets for checking email,
conducted in numerous table grape growing regions around texting friends, or browsing web sites. Second, the wave of tech-
the world, using conventional vineyard application equipment, nology change continues to challenge our teaching and outreach
have been conducted since 2009. These trials were successful programs with an almost unlimited list of new opportunities,
in demonstrating the commercial feasibility of using S-ABA especially with regard to accessing information and communi-
(ProTone®) as a color enhancing product for red table grapes. cating globally. Third, mobile devices, including smart phones
The field data confirmed a wide application window in which and tablets are capable of running apps that replicate and even
S-ABA can be used from veraison to late in the harvest season surpass desktop software, thus providing students and clients
to increase harvestable yields. anytime, anywhere access to online and app-based program-
ming. Each of these forces alone provide sufficient justification
10:30–10:45 AM for examining how we design and deliver education programs.
BLUSHTM, a New Fruit Color Enhancer for Taken together, the new digital reality created by ever improving
smart/mobile devices in the hands of skilled users demands that
Apples
we alter our thinking on how and what we offer in horticulture
Kevin Forney* education. As a result, this workshop is very important for what
Fine Americas, Inc., Bakersfield, CA; kevinf@fine- it addresses and how the presenters will utilize mobile devices
americas.com and a mobile wireless system for presenting their stories. The
BlushTM is a new plant growth regulator developed by Fine goal of this workshop is to learn how other educators have
Americas, Inc., to promote fruit color in red and bi-color apples, incorporated tablets and apps into their teaching and how that
thereby improving the commercial value of the crop. BlushTM decision affects the type of assignments and activities that are
contains 5.25% prohydrojasmon (PDJ), a synthetically produced presented to students. Topics being discussed include: setting
jasmonate. PDJ is known to act as a functional analogue of up your classrom and tablet for presenting to an audience; se-
jasmonic acid (JA) in plants. Jasmonates are considered a new lecting basic apps for creating useful assignments; extending
class of plant hormones with several beneficial physiological and the scope and variety of your apps; spontaneous information
biological properties, including improved color development by needs demand mobile solutions; designing lecture capture
enhanced anthocyanin and carotene accumulation within the fruit. sytems for use in online education; and using apps to monitor
It has been reported that PDJ is up to 10 times more biologically irrigation sytems. If you would like to learn more about these
active than the naturally occurring hormone, methyl jasmonate new technologies, using a tablet and one or more apps to assist
(MJ); probably due to its higher chemical stability. PDJ is cur- students in your classroom, you must attend the first wireless,
rently registered for use in several countries, including Japan, tablet-based workshop to be organized for Annual Conference.
Taiwan, and Korea. In 2007, Fine Americas, Inc., initiated field
efficacy trials evaluating the effects of BlushTM on fruit color 10:15–10:30 AM
and quality enhancements in apples. In 2010, an Experimental Workshop Overview
Use Permit (EUP) for commercial testing of BlushTM on apples Tim Rhodus*
was approved by the USEPA, allowing for non-crop destruct The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected]
trials. Preharvest applications of BlushTM have shown positive
responses in trials conducted on multiple varieties across the As stated in the goals of this workshop, we are here to learn
United States in the key apple growing states. Full Section 3 Fed- how other educators have incorporated tablets and apps into

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S109
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

their teaching and how that decision affects the type of assign- 10:45–11:00 AM
ments and activities that are presented to students. Hopefully, Students Keep Your Cell Phones On, Please
you will be able to take away a lot of useful information from
today’s presentations, including (but not limited to) the type of Margaret J. McMahon*
teaching environment facing each presenter, their tablet and app The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected]
selections, and what advice they would offer anyone looking to One of the more frustrating factors in teaching today is the
replace their activities. A description of today’s wireless network ubiquitous presence of smartphones and other mobile devices
configuration, how we are connecting to the projector and how in the classroom. You just know the students are paying more
we are recording today’s presentations will be covered. attention to Facebook, text messages, and who knows what
else (and you probably don’t want to know) than you. Instead
10:30–10:45 AM of fighting that battle, why not consider joining it? Some of
Teaching with Tablets and Apps over Wireless the ways I have found to capitalize on student mobile devices
is to ask them to use them to contribute to class activities and
Tim Rhodus* discussions. For example, we’ll use a weather app to see how
The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected] conditions vary around the country that day, the calculator
Walk into a classroom, turn on the projector and the podium function to compute various formulas applicable to the class
computer (or your laptop) and start teaching with your iPad discussion, and Google Earth to view real pictures of various
or iPhone using wireless. Walking around the class you can greenhouse companies located around the world. I also ask
monitor student progress on an assignment and ask students students to conduct web searches during class and share their
(up to four different devices at a time) to show their progress results. I really like this when a question has come up that I
on the screen, side-by-side if you like. Playing a video on the can’t answer. It is particularly handy to use my email archives
iPad with audio? No problem—the sound is directed from the to look up and link to a website showing an industry magazine
computer to the room’s audio system. Need to block outsiders article or a journal article that was originally sent out via email.
from hijacking your projector? No problem—add a password. In each of these examples, there is a need to be able to project
Having students work on an assignment or presentation at home the iPhone or iPad results on the screen and share your app/
and accessing it in the classroom? No problem—just add Drop- website with the class—running AirServer will help. The podium
box. Creating iPad screen captures or plant ID photos during computer is not appropriate because it does not provide access
the class and need to save it for a presentation to share with to iPhone/iPad apps and in our classrooms and it is cleared of
others? No problem—just add Picasa. Want to make student all new downloads at the end of each day. One last thing, I am
audio recordings for use with a website or digital portfolio? not particularly techno savvy, so if I can do it, anyone can.
No problem—just add Recorder and Evernote. These scenarios
and countless more can be easily facilitated over wireless with 11:00–11:15 AM
various iOS devices and a few select apps. The most common Enhancing Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences
of these include: screen capture, camera, iBooks, Dropbox, (TPSS) Instruction with Mobile Devices
iFiles, Recorder, Prezi, Pages, and Keynote. Even for PC us-
ers who prefer to work on a Windows operating system, their Kent D. Kobayashi*
content/documents can be transferred to an iPad for use in the University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
classroom via Dropbox. The wireless connection between the Theodore J.K. Radovich
iPad or iPhone and the laptop (computer) and projector is most University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
easily handled, at this time via Apple’s Airplay feature on iOS
devices and AirServer software installed on the computer. In Apple mobile devices (iPhone, iPad, and iPad mini) have been
addition to AirServer, each device in the room needs to be on used in several TPSS courses. Clientele include undergradu-
ate and graduate students, agricultural professionals, growers,
the same wireless network. While connecting your own access
master gardeners, and youth. Examples will be presented from
point to the building’s network may not be approved by your
two programs. The Photobiology Program utilizes several ap-
College or University CIO, it is the most direct route. An easy
plications. Zapd, an iPhone/iPad app to create websites, was
alternative for hosting just a few iPads would be to use a Mac
used to create the Micro-hydroponics website to help students
laptop and share its Internet access to all devices connecting
learn about a noncirculating hydroponics system. News ag-
via wireless. That way, each iPad can connect to AirServer. A
gregator apps (Feeddler, Pulse, and Zite) help find articles
mobile hotspot can be used to offer wireless service to a small
and videos about cutting edge technological developments
number of mobile devices and one computer running AirServer.
in horticulture which are discussed in class. Mind mapping
Just as with websites that are constantly being created, updated,
apps (SimpleMind, ThinkingMap) create mind maps of course
and/or replaced, recommendations regarding specific devices,
syllabi and lecture topics such as environmental monitoring,
apps or software requirements needs to be confirmed in order
photoperiod, and hydroponics. QR (quick response) code
to guarantee the desired results.
generator apps (QRS+) produce a QR code of instructor

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S110 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

contact information which is placed in course syllabi and on while, your computer is capturing the entire activity. That way
the instructor office door. Students use mobile devices and your asynchronous audience can understand what part of the
laptops in class to do web searching for relevant information slide you are addressing without actually seeing you physically
to supplement class discussions. Keynote is an iPhone/iPad point to that part of the screen. Next, I upload the lecture video
app to create and deliver a presentation. With the Keynote to Apple iTunesU and students can then subscribe to the feed
Remote app, the iPhone becomes a remote control to control and view the lecture on their own time. They can also down-
a Keynote presentation running on the iPad. The Sustainable load the video for use at a location without internet access. The
and Organic Farming Systems Laboratory utilizes an iPad and students appreciate the opportunity to view lectures that they
iPhone for instruction in the classroom and field. Heaviest use may have missed if they are attending class face-to-face and
is for grading papers (iAnnotate) and for creating, modifying, do take advantage of the ability to stop the video, rewind, and
and delivering presentations (Keynote and Keynote Remote). repeat a topic. Students where English is not their first language
Field trips are supported by GIS applications (GISroam) which finds this option even more valuable.
allow for soil series identification and other relevant activities.
Data and images are recorded, processed, and presented using 11:30–11:45 AM
multiple applications, including Numbers, Camera, Photosynth, Accessing Real-time Data from Sensor Networks
Zapd, and Web Albums. Communication with clientele is also
conducted to an increasing degree via Social Media (MyPad+, John D. Lea-Cox*
Facebook, and Twitter). Transferring material between devices is University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
done via Dropbox and email, and compatibility issues between
David Kohanbash
the Windows and iOS operating systems have been minimal.
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; dkohanba@
Use of mobile devices for instruction is expected to continue
cmu.edu
to expand rapidly in the foreseeable future.
George Kantor
11:15–11:30 AM Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; kantor@
Live Lecture Capture with Whiteboard ri.cmu.edu
Annotation and iTunesU Delivery for As part of the SCRI–Managing Irrigation and Nutrition via
Asynchronous Learning Distributed Sensing (MINDS) project (http://smart-farms.net),
we have developed advanced software which provides layers of
Steven Earl Newman* information for growers to both monitor crop data and control
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; steven.newman@ irrigation events in nursery and greenhouse production environ-
colostate.edu ments. This software is accessed through a dedicated website
Yes, you can turn your classroom into a recording studio and that is setup for each farm, thereby enabling the information
supercharge your digital presentations. Once I began putting to be accessed over the internet from a smart-phone or tablet.
my greenhouse management and floriculture classes online The homepage provides instantaneous information from each
using a learning management system more than 10 years ago, sensor node in the farm network, by simply color coding the
I was constantly searching for a way to represent the “lecture” status of each node. Tapping or hovering on a node shows the
approach for students accessing the course asynchronously. latest data from the sensors and grower tools attached to that
Converting PowerPoint slides to jpeg images in sequence did node. Color-coding is linked to sensor ranges, which are setup
not seem too effective to me and an online course needs to be by the grower, e.g. average soil moisture from 27% to 30%
more than just a set of word slides. Live screen capture software volumetric water content. When the average readings from
has made recording your classroom simple. There are many those sensors deviates from those ranges, the node will change
versions of screen capture software available and many are free. color on the homepage (green–amber–red); the software can
My personal choice is Camtasia that is sold by TechSmith. This also be set up to send a text or email alert. The software is de-
and other products all record the screen well, but audio does signed to provide much deeper levels of customized capability
provide some challenges. My next step was to invest in a quality for automatic irrigation control. Throughout the development
professional grade microphone. Screen capture software does of this system, continuous grower feedback and interaction
not capture your laser pointer on the screen. There are many ensured that the functionality and use of the system focused
new forms of display boards that will capture what you project, on the needs of the end-user. One of the primary requirements
but not all classrooms have that technology. And if you are an was the ability to check the status, or make an informed deci-
extension educator, you cannot carry that technology to your sion (action) within a 5-minute window, by quickly reviewing
workshops in the field. There are many forms of digital tablet data through the homepage or charts. The charting tools were
applications that one can use that will mirror your laptop on a designed to be dynamic and allow the user to work with charts
tablet wirelessly. I use an application called Doceri, which al- from a smart-phone or tablet. This software was used exten-
lows me to generate a pointer, draw lines or highlight sections sively by a number of growers in 2012, and by researchers to
of a slide and/or switch back and forth to a whiteboard. All the access and control irrigation decisions from locations across the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S111
 Workshops—Thursday, July 25, 2013

United States. We have also integrating this functionality into 11:30–11:45 AM

local greenhouse and greenroof networks for student directed Discovering a QTL: A Major Milestone or a
research and demonstration projects. Stepping-stone into Practical Marker-assisted
Breeding?
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon A/B Cholani Kumari Weebadde*
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
11:30 AM–1:30 PM
11:45 AM–12:00 PM
RosBREED Fruit Quality QTLs:
You’ve Just Identified a QTL for a Major Trait
from Publications to Applications of Interest—What Now? QTL and QTL Allele
Sponsor: Genetics and Germplasm (GG) Working Group Validation in Cherry
Moderator: Cholani Kumari Weebadde, weebadde@ Amy F. Iezzoni*
msu.edu Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]

Coordinator: Amy F. Iezzoni, [email protected] 12:00–12:15 PM

“RosBREED” is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional project QTL and QTL Allele Validation in Apple
dedicated to enabling marker-assisted breeding of Rosaceae Sujeet Verma*
crops. Funded by the Specialty Crop Research Program of the
Washington State University, Pullman; sujeet.verma@email.
United States Department of Agriculture’s National Institute
wsu.edu
of Food and Agriculture (USDA–NIFA), the project aims to
genetically improve five rosaceous crops (apple, sweet and
12:15–12:30 PM
sour cherry, peach, and strawberry) through the targeted ap-
plication of genomics and socio-economics knowledge and QTL and QTL Allele Validation in Peach
tools to increase the efficiency of breeding programs, engage Ksenija Gasic*
stakeholders, and train the next generation of plant breeders. Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
RosBREED works closely with the U.S. Rosaceae genomics,
genetics, and breeding community to move QTL discoveries
beyond the publication phase and into the application phase so 12:30–12:45 PM
that conventional breeding programs can benefit from modern Marker-assisted Breeding for Apple at
genomics tools through marker-assisted breeding (MAB). the University of Minnesota and
Through a process referred to as the “MAB Pipeline”, the proj- Washington State University
ect converts existing or newly discovered QTLs into routine
James Luby*
genetic tests for marker-assisted selection. While the project
focuses on fruit quality, the approach can be adopted by any University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
breeding program of perennial and clonally propagated crops.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S112 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Oral Abstracts
Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science
July 22–25, 2013, Palm Desert, California

Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2 Results from the first and second fruit-production experiment
conducted in 2012 and 2013 will be presented. Additionally, the
Undergraduate Student Oral efficacy of testing heirloom fruits in the future will be presented.
Competition Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIFA SCRI grant 2010-51181-
21369
Moderator: Yessica Garcia, [email protected]
Coordinator: David E. Kopsell, [email protected] 12:15–12:30 PM

12:00–12:15 PM Physiology of Solanaceous Scion and Rootstock

Seedlings for Grafting in Low Temperature
A Semiyearly Study on the Effect of Light
Storage Conditions under Low Light Intensity
Quality on Flavor of Greenhouse Grown
Tomatoes: LED versus HPS Diana Vercillo*
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
Michael Dzakovich*
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; mdzakovi@purdue. Hans Spalholz
edu University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]

Celina Gomez Chieri Kubota

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; cgomezva@purdue. University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
edu A potential application of low temperature storage is to establish
techniques and conditions that increase the production of grafted
Cary A. Mitchell
vegetable seedlings for the planting season. If stored seedlings
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
are provided with optimal light intensity and temperature,
Seasonal variation in solar daily light integral (DLI) makes it growth and development can be suppressed while not deterio-
logistically and financially burdensome to produce greenhouse- rating seedling quality due to chilling injury. This will allow
grown tomatoes during the winter in a northern climate. Two propagators to store seedlings, adjust the propagation schedule,
separate studies investigating interactions among light quantity and/or increase volume over time without increasing labor input.
and spectrum, fruit yield, flavor development, and composition Finding storage light and temperature parameters on ungrafted
of tomato fruit comparing supplemental lighting from energy- seedlings would provide the foundational knowledge for further
efficient LED intracanopy lighting vs. traditional overhead studies on the effect of low temperature storage on grafted seed-
high-pressure sodium lighting vs. unsupplemented controls were lings. In this experiment performance of solanaceous scion and
performed during 2012. Two tomato cultivars, ‘Success’ and rootstock seedlings were evaluated during and after storage.
‘Komeet’, were grown in soilless slab culture within a green- Cultivars included in the experiment were tomato (Sola-
house using high-wire trellising. Tomato production experiments num lycopersicum ‘Aloha’, ‘Conchita’, and ‘Durinta’, and
were conducted from July to December 2012 and from Janu- S. lycopersicum x S. habrochaites ‘Maxifort’), pepper (Capsi-
ary to June 2013. In each experiment, supplemental DLI was cum annuum ‘Double up’, ‘Red Bull’, and ‘Ti-135’), eggplant
determined on a monthly basis by subtracting solar DLI from (S. melongena ‘Black Bell’, and ‘Black Shine’, S. melongena x
25 mol/m2/d. Fruits were harvested at the vine-ripe stage, S. sp. ‘Red Scorpion’), and Solanum torvum (‘TI-216’).
counted, and weighed. Quality metrics were selected that are Seedlings were stored for a period of 4 weeks at 10 °C under
standard in the Horticultural and Food Science Industries. Objec- 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). All cultivars
tive measures of fruit quality included Brix, titratable acidity, maintained a visual quality score of 5 for day 0, 1, and 7.
pH, electroconductivity, and chromatic index. These attributes By day 14 all cultivars maintained a visual quality score of 5 ±
were linked to consumer acceptance via subjective organolep- 0, except for ‘Maxifort’ tomato which had a significantly dif-
tic taste panels. Both hedonic (indicating preference) as well ferent visual quality score of 4.7 ± 0.12. By day 21 all cultivars
as absolute scales of evaluation (without indicating preference) maintained a score of 5 ± 0, except for ‘Maxifort’ tomato, and
were used to evaluate tomato fruit for flavor characteristics ‘Black Shine’, and ‘Black Bell’ eggplant, demonstrating scores
including sweetness, acidity, texture, aroma, bitterness, after- of 4.6 ± 0.13, 3.8 ± 0.08, and 3.4 ± 0.1, respectively. By day
taste, color, and overall approval. Both subjective and objective 28, the storage caused chilling damage on all genotypes, except
metrics of fruit quality were correlated with type of supplemental for ‘Aloha’ and ‘Durinta’ tomato, which maintained a visual
lighting used, total DLI, cultivar, and time of year when harvested. quality score of 5 ± 0. Chilling damage was most prominent on

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S113
 Monday, July 22, 2013

‘Black Bell’ and ‘Black Shine’ eggplant leading to the lowest 12:45–1:00 PM
significantly different score of 3.0 ± 0. At the end of storage, Drought Stress Tolerance Induced in
the seedlings were moved to a greenhouse for further observa-
tion. Poststorage observations taken at day 14 showed complete
Ornamental Plants through Foliar Application
recovery, with all cultivars having a score of 5 ± 0. With most of Synthetic Abscisic Acid (s-ABA)
cultivars not exhibiting any damage until day 21 it can be rec- Adam Ingrao*
ommended that solanaceous seedlings can be stored without California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,
loss of quality for 14 days. These preliminary results will be CA; [email protected]
repeated to confirm the findings and used to test storability of
Lauren C. Garner
grafted vegetable seedlings.
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,
CA; [email protected]
12:30–12:45 PM
Drought stress is a major contributing factor to inventory loss
Comparisons of Auxin Application Methods and in shipping and retailing phases of bedding plant production.
Rates on Rooting of Perennial Cuttings Plug transplants (seedlings grown at high densities in small,
Victoria Neff* individual cells) are particularly susceptible to drought stress
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; [email protected] during post-production due to their small root to shoot ratios and
low media volume from which to absorb water. An exogenous
Mara Grossman application of the synthetically derived form of abscisic acid (s-
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; [email protected] ABA) should reduce transpirational water loss, allowing plants
John R. Freeborn to remain marketable longer when periods of drought stress are
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; [email protected] experienced. To test the effectiveness of s-ABA in extending
marketability of bedding plants in 288 cell plug trays (one plant
Holly L. Scoggins
per 2 cm2), foliar applications of 0, 300, 600, or 900 mg·L-1 s-ABA
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; [email protected]
were applied to half trays of Impatiens walleriana (impatiens)
While the quick-dip of individual cuttings is the most common or Petunia xhybrida (petunia), and treatments of 0, 250, 500, or
method of applying rooting hormone (auxin), foliar spray and 750 mg·L-1 s-ABA were applied to half trays of Tagetes patula
immersion of cuttings has been reported as potential time- (marigold). For each species, a randomized complete-block design
and labor-saving alternatives. Starting with unrooted cuttings with 4–5 blocks was utilized and each experiment was conducted
of four perennial species (Coreopsis x ‘Full Moon’, Eupatorium twice. Plug trays were shipped overnight from the producer and
maculatum ‘Phantom’, Euphorbia x martinii ‘Ascot Rainbow’, maintained in a greenhouse (38.0 °C day/18.0 °C night). Water
and Phlox divaricata ‘Blue Moon’), indole-3- butyric acid was withheld until plants were no longer marketable (more than
(IBA) in the form of Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts (20%) was 50% of evaluated plants per experimental unit visibly wilting).
applied as a basal dip, foliar spray, and an immersion solution Tray mass was measured and wilting and chlorosis of 100 plants
at three rates (500, 1000, 1500 mg·L-1) plus controls. Rooting in the center of each tray were evaluated daily. For impatiens
response [rooting percentage, root dry weight (DW), and a visual and petunias, evapotranspiration (as measured by tray weight)
root rating on a scale of 1 (no roots) to 5 (ready for transplant)] was significantly lower for s-ABA treated plants as compared
was measured at two intervals. For Coreopsis, neither applica- to controls on the first two days following s-ABA application
tion method nor rate affected rooting percentage (100%), DW, and treated marigolds had significantly lower evapotranspira-
or rating by three weeks after treatment (WAT). One hundred tion than controls for the first day following s-ABA application.
percent of Phlox cuttings also rooted by 3 WAT regardless of Additionally, s-ABA treatments resulted in significant exten-
application method; root DW at 4 WAT was greatest across sions in marketability (1 to 4 days) as compared to controls.
all application methods with 1500 mg·L-1 IBA. Eupatorium For impatiens and petunias, 600 mg·L-1 and 900 mg·L-1 s-ABA
proved more difficult to root; by 4 WAT, rooting percentage treatments provided significantly greater extensions in market-
varied from 50% to 92%, with the immersion method yielding ability than 300 mg·L-1. For marigolds, days of marketability
the greatest root DW and rating; immersion and 1500 mg·L-1 were not significantly different between the s-ABA treatments.
IBA achieved the greatest rooting percentage. There was little Chlorosis was not observed in impatiens, but was noted in the
difference between the dip and spray results. Spray and immer- cotyledons of petunias and marigolds; however, chlorosis was
sion application methods resulted in greater rooting percent- not severe enough to cause unmarketability of plant material.
ages for Euphorbia at 21 DAT; by 28 DAT, there was 100% Taken together, these results demonstrate that s-ABA applications
rooting with all application methods and rate combinations can significantly extend the marketability of impatiens, petunia,
excluding control and dip at 500  mg·L-1 IBA. Root rating and marigold plug trays, suggesting that s-ABA can be utilized
and mass were greatest with the spray application; spray to extend plug tray shelf life during incidents of drought stress
combined with the higher rates resulted in greater root DW for common in shipping and retail environments.
Euphorbia.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Agricultural Research Initiative .

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S114 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

1:00–1:15 PM Concentrations of leaf kaempferols increased under all sugar

Elicitation of Physiological Stress and treatments up to a maximum of 40% in D- allose-treated plants.
Both natural and rare hexose sugars are promising natural elici-
Kaempferol Accumulation in Soybean by Sugar tors of physiological stress that can induce anticancer flavonoid
Treatment kaempferol synthesis in soy plants.
Amber Cook* Specified Source(s) of Funding: NSF - REU Program and Xavier
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; acook1@ University of Louisiana
xula.edu
Demitrius Onuaguluchi 1:15–1:30 PM
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; donuagul@ Studying the Market Potential for Specialty
xula.edu
Cultivars of Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, Cut
Jeremiah Jackson Flowers
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; jjacks22@
xula.edu Kathryn Short*
Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
Bradley Patterson
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; bpatter1@ Tina Waliczek Cade
xula.edu Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]

Lindsey Gilbert Jayne M. Zajicek

University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY; lindseygilbert33@ Texas A&M University, College Station; jmz4858@acs.
gmail.com tamu.edu

Shannon Combe In the United States, there is a developing market for field
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; grown specialty locally grown cut flowers. However, certain
[email protected] varieties and cultivars of cut flowers are not readily available in
the market. The purpose of research is to time a crop of novelty
Shubha Ireland cultivar sunflowers and research the marketability of the cultivar
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; skale@xula. to wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Helianthus annuus
edu ‘Firecracker’ cut flowers were grown in greenhouses on the
Syed Muniruzzaman campus of Texas State University. Stems were harvested and
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; smuniruz@ shown while interviewing floral wholesalers, floral retailers, and
xula.edu Farmers’ Market patrons on their perceptions of the cut flower
as a product. The surveys to determine the potential market
Stephen Boue included interviewing floral wholesalers and retailers and col-
USDA–ARS, New Orleans, LA; [email protected] lecting qualitative data through open-ended questions. This was
Harish Ratnayaka followed up with collecting quantitative survey data at Farmers’
Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans; hratnaya@ Markets. Results indicated whether specialty cultivar sunflowers
xula.edu cut flowers would be well-received in the cut flower industry.
Soy flavonoids, such as kaempferols, are well-known anticancer
phytochemicals biosynthesized especially under environmental
stress. Natural easy-to-use elicitors that can impose the right Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
level of stress to adequately induce flavonoid accumulation Genetics and Germplasm
in soy plants are not readily available. Thus, a greenhouse ex-
periment was conducted to test the hypothesis that rare sugars Moderator: Tomas Ayala-Silva; [email protected]
will impose physiological stress and increase leaf flavonoid
kaempferol yields. Two rare sugars, D- psicose and allose, and 1:00–1:15 PM
two common sugars, D- glucose and fructose were applied at Mapping Alternaria cucumerina Resistance in
10 mM semi-hydroponically at V5 stage for seven days. Net Cucumis melo
photosynthesis was reduced by all sugars up to a maximum of
48% by D-psicose. Reduced stomatal conductance, rubisco car- James Daley*
boxylation and photosystem II efficiency appear to contribute to Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
lower photosynthesis. Rare sugar-treated plants quenched excita- Richard L. Hassell
tion energy nonphotochemically more than control or common Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
sugar-treated plants. Growth of expanded and expanding leaves
Patrick Wechter
was reduced up to 11% and 24%, respectively, by the sugars.
USDA–ARS, Charleston, SC; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S115
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Alternaria Leaf Blight (Alternaria cucumerina) is a serious the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, OR,
fungal pathogen affecting worldwide production of melon and three cultivar checks were planted in a randomized com-
(Cucumis melo). Introgression of resistance genes and selec- pete block in both open field and high tunnel environments at
tion for resistance requires identification of resistant varieties the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Balm, FL.
and would be greatly facilitated by the availability of molecu- Plots were visually rated for percent coverage of mycelia on
lar markers. We are attempting to identify markers linked to the abaxial surface of fully expanded trifoliate leaves using
Alternaria resistance in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) from a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale of 0 to 6. Mean scores for
an initial cross of MR-1 (resistant) and Ananas Yokneam (sus- the wild species and cultivars ranged from 0.00 to 5.44 and
ceptible). The resistance gene Ac has been reported in USDA 0.63 to 1.18, respectively. There was a significant difference
breeding line MR-1, but molecular markers have yet to be between genotypes, and the most resistant subspecies showed
identified. Utilizing bulked segregant analysis, we have been consistently high levels of resistance. With mean scores of
conducting marker discovery using 176 RAPD and 295 High 0.00, the most resistant subspecies were F. virginiana subsp.
Frequency Oligonucleotides-Targeting Active Genes (HFO- grayana, which included accessions NC 95-21-1 (PI 612569)
TAG) primers. Ninety-nine RAPD and 38 HFO-TAG primers and JP 95-9-6 (PI 612320) and F. vigininia subsp. virginiana,
were screened using agarose gel electrophoresis, yielding 212 which included accessions Eagle 14 (PI 612492), Fredrick 9
polymorphisms. Additionally, HFO-TAG primers were modi- (PI 612493), Montreal River 10 (PI 612497), NC 96-48-1 (PI
fied for screening on a fragment analysis system resulting in 612324) and NC 96-35-2 (PI 612323). Within F. chiloensis,
an additional 544 polymorphisms. Three hundred of the most BC Canada (PI 612488) and Darrow 72 (PI 236579) had mean
prominent polymorphisms identified during BSA have been scores below one. Ten accessions contributed to a significant
used to construct a linkage map of a population of 94 RILs. year x location x genotype interaction, but there was a high
This map will have immediate utility in marker identification correlation between environments for genotype mean scores
of gene loci associated with Alternaria resistance, as well as with years combined (r = 0.89, P = < 0.001). This information
other resistance genes found in MR-1. may be useful for breeders, as sources of resistance to pow-
dery mildew are available within the wild accessions. Many
1:15–1:30 PM accessions are more susceptible than current cultivars, and this
Open Field and High Tunnel Screening for must be considered when using these accessions in breeding to
access other important traits.
Powdery Mildew Resistance in Strawberry
Species and Cultivars in Florida 1:30–1:45 PM
Colleen Kennedy* Two New Promising Cultivars of Mango for
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected]
Florida Conditions
Tomas Hasing Tomas Ayala-Silva*
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL;
Natalia A. Peres [email protected]
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] Hamide Gubbuk
Vance M. Whitaker Akdeniz University, Antalya; [email protected]
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] Michael Winterstein
Florida is the major fresh strawberry supplier to the eastern Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Coral Gables;
states and Canada from December through March, and usually [email protected]
there are several nights with frost each season when overhead Mango cultivars are mostly the result of random selections from
irrigation is used to protect against freeze damage. The use of open pollinated chance seedlings of indigenous or introduced
water for freeze protection may become challenging due to germplasm. The National Germplasm Repository (genebank)
increasing water restrictions. Protected environments such as at the Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS) in
high tunnels and row covers may provide an alternative means Miami, FL, is an important mango germplasm repository and
of freeze mitigation. However, due to the lack of free water has contributed in many ways to the development of numerous
in these systems, conditions are favorable for development of tropical and subtropical fruit cultivars. This study was carried
powdery mildew disease. Many breeders have turned to wild out to compare the physico-chemical and morphological char-
relatives as sources of beneficial traits. In strawberry, the wild acteristics of these two promising mango cultivars. In an effort
octoploid species Fragaria viginiana and F. chiloensis are to develop novel mango cultivars at the SHRS, mature fruit was
fully interfertile with the cultivated species, F. xananassa. randomly harvested from open pollinated trees. From these fruit
Therefore, the objective of this study was to screen an elite and subsequent seedlings two selections have been developed
group of wild strawberry accessions for resistance to powdery and named, ‘Seedling of S-10’ and ‘Seedling of Keitt’. Data
mildew. In 2010–11 and 2012–13, 27 wild accessions from on various physico-chemical and morphological characteristics

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S116 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

were collected on ripe fruit. Traits assessed included fresh and 2:00–2:15 PM
dry fruit weight, weight, length and width of seed, and stone, Reconstructing the Domestication Pathway
total soluble solids, fruit color, fiber content, internal breakdown
“jelly seed,” and anthracnose resistance. At room temperature,
of Macadamia from Australia via Hawaii and
fruit of both selections took approximately 4–5 days to ripen. California
However, ‘Seedling of Keitt’ demonstrated larger fruit size Craig M. Hardner*
with increased fruit firmness and lower anthracnose incidence University of Queensland, St Lucia Australia; craig.
indicating its potential for extended shelf life. Highest levels [email protected]
of total soluble solids were observed for ‘Seedling of S-10’
Mark Nickum
with 19.75 °Brix with ‘Seedling of Keitt’ having an average
University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI; [email protected]
of 14.71  °Brix. The lower soluble solids levels observed in
‘Seedling of Keitt’ could be an advantage as extended storage/ Jacquline Batley
shelf life has been reported in fruits with lower sugar content. University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; j.batley@
At least two taste panels also demonstrated clear preference uq.edu.au
for ‘Seedling of S-10’ selection. ‘Seedling of S-10’, is a high Ainnantul Ahmad Termizi
yielding mid-season cultivar with attractive reddish to yellow University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; ainnatul.
skin, excellent taste and very low fiber. Characteristics of these [email protected]
two new selections are described using over twenty descriptors
(IPGRI, 2006) for mango. Results of the research will help Cathrine Nock
introduce the two new selections, show their qualities and Southern Cross University, Lismore; [email protected]
promote their use in local and international markets. Ian McConachie
Warrawee Plantation, Wolvi; [email protected]
1:45–2:00 PM
Cameron Peace
Agronomic Performance of Several Cavendish Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
Cultivars (Musa spp. AAA) under Plastic Macadamia F. Muell is an iconic Australian plant as is the only
Greenhouse international food crop developed from the Australian flora.
Dilek Güven The genus is a member of the ancient Gondwandic family,
Bati Akdeniz Tarimsal Arastirma Enstitusu Mudurlugu, Proteaceae, and is endemic to the lowland rainforests of the
Antalya; [email protected] sub-tropical rainforest of eastern Australia. This paper reviews
historical records and current international collaborative
Hamide Gubbuk*
research efforts to better define the pathway and wild origin
Akdeniz University, Antalia; [email protected]
of the domesticated germplasm. The first recorded ex-situ
Tomas Ayala-Silva planting of Macadamia F. Muell. was in 1858 in the Brisbane
Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL; Botanical Gardens and over the subsequent decades macada-
[email protected] mia became a popular backyard tree in subtropical Australia.
Banana has been grown both in open-field and protected cul- In the late 19th century, macadamia seed were introduced into
tivation in Turkey. Protected cultivation is very popular due to California and Hawaii. There are two recorded introductions
the high yield and quality. The objective of the study was to into Hawaii of M. integrifolia, the preferred commercial spe-
evaluate agronomic performance of five new banana cultivars cies; by William Purvis to the big island in 1881 and by Robert
under plastic greenhouse. ‘MA 13’, ‘Williams’, ‘Jobo’, ‘CV Jordan to Oahu in 1892. There is strong evidence linking the
902’, and ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ (control) cultivars were used Jordan introduction to a remnant tree on the Gold Coast hin-
as experimental material. Stem circumference, stem height, terland of SE Queensland, Australia, but the wild origin of the
plant height, total number of leaves, active number of leaves / Purvis introduction is unknown. By 1920, commercial interest
bunch, stalk circumference, and days from shooting to harvest in macadamia had developed in Hawaii and several large and
and bunch weight were determined according to cultivar. The other small orchards were established using seed reportedly
lowest stem circumference, stem height and bunch stalk cir- collected from the Purvis and Jordan introductions. Follow-
cumference were found in ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ and the highest ing the successful development in Hawaii of grafting in the
in ‘Williams’. Total number of leaves varied between 26 and mid-1930s, a selection program was initiated by surveying
33. Number of days from shooting to harvest was the shortest the seedling orchards for elite performing individuals from
(141 days) in ‘Williams’ and the longest (163 days) in ‘MA 13’. which the initial cultivars of the Hawaiian breeding program
‘MA 13’ had the highest bunch weight (59 kg) and the lowest were selected. It is estimated that 70% of the current world’s
(43 kg) in ‘Dwarf Cavendish’. In conclusion, we found that commercial macadamia orchards are planted with cultivars
all tested cultivars were superior to ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ under originating in Hawaii. Macadamias were also introduced into
unheated plastic greenhouse. California in the late 19th century, but much less is known

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S117
 Monday, July 22, 2013

of the origin of this germplasm. A subsequent selection 2:30–2:45 PM

program in California produced cultivars that were commercially Genetic Diversity of Ruth’s Golden Aster
planted in California and South Africa. With the expanding
opportunities offered through molecular technology it is now
(Pityopsis ruthii), An Endangered Species
possible to better define the wild origins of the commercial Phillip A. Wadl*
cultivars. The results from this study will be used to highlight University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
the heritage importance of this unique plant and assist focus Denita Hadziabdic
current breeding programs. University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]

2:15–2:30 PM Adam J. Dattilo

Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville; [email protected]
Geographical Distribution of Genetic and
Phenotypic Diversity of Dirca palustris Robert N. Trigiano
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Bryan J. Peterson*
Ruth’s golden aster (Pityopsis ruthii) is federally endangered
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
species endemic to the Hiwassee and Ocoee Rivers in Tennessee.
William Graves Plants grow in crevices on exposed rocks that are in and between
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] the river channel and the adjacent forested slopes. Populations
We sought to document genetic and phenotypic diversity occur downstream of hydroelectric dams. The available long-
within eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris), a North American term data, though limited in scope, suggests that substantial
shrub that is rare in horticulture despite its yellow flowers and declines in P. ruthii have occurred since monitoring began in
autumnal leaves, arborescent form, disease resistance, and 1986, especially along the Hiwassee River. The reach of the
shade tolerance. Strength of the genetic structure among 92 Ocoee River where the plants occur regularly receives water
populations of D. palustris throughout its distribution was as- flows, which maintains open habitat for the species. Run-off
sessed to identify populations of special interest to horticultur- from precipitation and input from small tributaries comprise
ists and conservationists. The psbD-trnT(GGU), trnL-trnF, and the normal flow in the river and represents a small portion of
rpl32-trnL(UAG) noncoding chloroplast regions of three plants the total flow formerly present in the Hiwassee River. Without
from each population were sequenced, and haplotype diversity normal flow in the river and the associated disturbance, mul-
was determined from a concatenated sequence of 3236 bases. tiple woody and herbaceous plants are colonizing the habitat
High genetic diversity was found; there were 24 haplotypes, and displacing P. ruthii. Knowledge of genetic population
including private haplotypes in 14 populations. Areas of diver- structure is essential for understanding the magnitude of seed
sity, which had either many haplotypes or unique haplotypes, dispersal, genetic drift and selection pressures. The attributes
included the Cumberland Plateau (Kentucky/Tennessee), the of the genetic structure of P. ruthii, in particular genetic ero-
Ozark Mountains (Arkansas/Missouri), the southern Atlan- sion in isolated and fragmented populations, may exacerbate
tic Seaboard (Carolinas), and the Gulf Coast (Mississippi/ the effects of habitat degradation. To assess genetic diversity,
Florida). Plants in northern latitudes appear derived from 134 samples from 4 discrete locations were genotyped with 12
northern refugia (e.g., Cumberland Plateau or Ozarks), and microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus, observed
two haplotypes farther south have not dispersed northward (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, and the proportion of
since the last glacial maximum ~18,000 years ago. The At- genetic variance (FST) were calculated using ARLEQUIN and
lantic Seaboard and Northeast have a distinct collection of FSTAT, and genetic structure of the population was evaluated
haplotypes, suggestive of dispersal limitation across the Ap- using STRUCTURE. The number of alleles per locus ranged
palachian Mountains. Individuals in several populations in the from 4 to 13, Ho was 0.41 and He was 0.58, and FST was 0.32.
Southeast were phenotypically distinct, with wider calyxes and STRUCTURE analysis assigned the individuals into three
bud scale pubescence that was white instead of the brown distinct clusters that corresponded well to the a priori grouping
described for the species. Plants in these populations were of plants from the sampled populations. The AMOVA analysis
united by a chloroplast mutation, indicating they are derived found that most of the genetic variation was attributed from
from a common maternal ancestor. The taxonomic status of variance among all individuals (49.10%) rather than among
these southeastern populations awaits clarification expected three groups indicated by STRUCTURE (23.47%), among
from the study of nuclear genotypes and morphology. Our populations within groups (9.24%), and among individuals
results should facilitate making horticultural selections of D. within populations (18.19%). These results imply that gene
palustris and will inform decisions about the preservation of flow is limited between the rivers and that nonrandom mating
rare genotypes. is occurring within populations and warrants further examina-
tion of population structure, mating systems, and pollen and
seed dispersal.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S118 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 2:00–2:15 PM
Mechanical Canopy Management Reduces
Viticulture and Small Fruits
Labor Costs and Maintains Fruit Composition
Moderator: Mercy A. Olmstead, [email protected] in ‘Cabernet Sauvginon’ Grape Production
1:45–2:00 PM
S. Kaan Kurtural*
Applications of Acadian LSC™, a Commercial California State University, Fresno; [email protected]
Extract of Ascophyllum nodosum Increase Geoffrey Dervishian
Yield and Improve Uniformity in ‘Pinot Noir’ California State University, Fresno; gdervishian@csufresno.
Wine Grapes edu
Holly Little* Three canopy management methods, hand pruning (HP),
Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Sacramento, CA; [email protected] mechanical prepruning with hand shoot thinning (MP+HT),
and mechanical box-pruning with mechanical shoot thinning
Annalisa Williams
(MP+MT), were applied with the objective of achieving similar
Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Santa Maria, CA; awilliams@
and commercially marketable ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape (Vitis
acadian.ca
vinifera) yields while maintaining vine balance and comparing
Acadian Seaweed extracts (ASE) have been used in wine labor operations costs. Canopy management system labor op-
grape production to improve plant establishment, rachis length, eration cost estimates indicated a 62% and 80% labor savings
increase set, and to enhance yields. In addition to these re- with the MP+HT and MP+MT treatments, respectively when
sponses, visual improvements in color uniformity have been compared with HP. The total shoot density of the vines was
observed following applications of ASE, potentially indicat- unaffected by the treatments applied. However, the contribu-
ing increased uniformity of maturity. The objective of this tion of count shoots increased with the concomitant addition of
study was to evaluate the effects of ASE on yield, and Brix mechanization to canopy management. All treatments achieved
uniformity of ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes grown on the central similar canopy architecture and microclimate. The treatments did
coast of California. A commercial ‘Pinot Noir’ vineyard in not affect photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted
Soledad, CA, was selected for this trial. Large blocks were in the fruiting zone of canopy at veraison. All treatments had
paired by rootstock and clone, and assigned to either a grower similar yield, total soluble solids (TSS), juice pH, and titratable
standard practice or ASE (Acadian LSC, Acadian Seaplants acidity (TA) at harvest. Berry skin total phenolics, anthocya-
Limited) treatment. ASE treatment consisted of a full season nins, and tannins when measured at harvest were also similar
application program at recommended rates and timings. Samples among the treatments applied. All treatments tested were within
taken approximately one month before commercial harvest acceptable Ravaz index limits of 5 to 10 lb/lb. However, only
showed a significant increase in cluster weight in ASE treated MP+MT treatment reached a near optimum leaf area to fruit
clusters. Untreated clusters had more berries with shrivel ratio of 1.2 m2·kg-1 and pruning weight of 1.0 kg·m-1 for warm
than treated clusters. Brix measurements from composite climate viticulture. The results of this study provide commercially
berry samples indicated lower Brix on ASE treated clusters. acceptable mechanical canopy management options that may
This higher bunch weight and lower Brix in ASE treated fruit provide labor cost savings for winegrape growers in California’s
may be a result of the increased early shrivel in control fruit. San Joaquin Valley.
No differences in juice pH were detected, and the amount of
juice per gram of berry was similar in both treatments. When 2:15–2:30 PM
individual berries in a bunch were measured for Brix, ASE Training Systems for Hybrid Winegrapes in
treated bunches showed less variation in Brix. Across all of Subtropical Climates
the samples, ASE treated fruit had a smaller range in Brix than
Mercy A. Olmstead*
did the control fruit. This reduction in variation in Brix comes
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
primarily from fewer berries with very low Brix measurements
in the ASE treated fruit. Yield at commercial harvest was 7.4% Vine productivity is a function of adequate shoot growth, dis-
higher in ASE treated blocks, and Brix was 0.55 degrees higher. ease management, and light penetration into the canopy. High
These results indicate the potential to extend applications of vigor, prevalent in a humid climate, can lead to decreased vine
ASE beyond improving rachis length, berry set, and yield to productivity and fruit yield by increasing shading in the canopy.
increasing the uniformity of berries both within bunches and Reduced light penetration into the fruit zone reduces fruit bud
across vines. initiation, resulting in declining yield over subsequent years.
The objective of this project was to address declining yields in

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S119
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Florida hybrid bunch grapes by improving vine balance with the Caixi Zhang
application of different training and renewal systems. In 2011 Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
and 2012, six-year-old ‘Stover’ grapevines were trained to two
Wenping Xu
different pruning systems, a bilateral cordon (control) or four-
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
arm kniffen (4AK). In addition, the existing bilateral cordon
system was altered in two separate treatments to renew cordons Shiping Wang*
[1/2 of vine each year; cordon renewal (CR)] or extend cordon Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
length, in which every other vine was removed [alternate vine To unravel the inhibition of root restriction on shoot growth, the
removal (AVR)]. All treatments were pruned to approximately changes of nitrogen levels and glutamine synthetase (GS) activ-
100 buds/vine during the dormant season. Total yield per vine, ity were investigated in four-year-old root-restricted ‘Kyoho’
berries per cluster, berry weight, fruit quality assessments [Brix, grapevines (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca) in greenhouse from
pH, and titratable acidity (TA)], dormant pruning weights, and veraison up until 62 days after harvest. Results showed that root
calculated Ravaz index was collected each year. In 2011, the restriction significantly decreased nitrogen levels (the total amount
average yield per vine was greatest in control, followed by of N, (NO3− + NO2−)–N and NH4+–N content) in leaves and roots
AVR, while in 2012, vines in the AVR had the greatest average of grapevines. Root restriction reduced not only N remobiliza-
yield per vine. In both years, extending the cordon length in the tion and recycling from leaves to roots after harvest, but also the
AVR treatment resulted in the highest number of buds per vine, total GS activity in both leaves and roots, suggesting that root
contributing to the higher average yield per vine. Berry weight restriction has a negative influence on glutamine synthesis in
was not affected in either year; however berries per cluster were grapevines. Therefore, less N reserve in root-restricted vines might
reduced in the control when compared other training or renewal be responsible for shoot growth inhibition under root restriction.
systems in 2011. The Brix, pH, and TA were not affected by train- To further evaluate the effect of root restriction on expression
ing system in either year. Retraining or renewing vines reduced of key nitrogen metabolism-involved genes (NR, NiR, pGS1;1,
pruning weight in the 4AK treatment when compared to CR or pGS1;2, GS2, Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT), two-year-old
AVR treatments in 2011 only. The Ravaz index, a measure of ‘Jumeigui’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) were
vine balance, indicated that all treatments were undercropped selected for the experiment. Root restriction resulted in down-
in both 2011, with ratios of yield (kg):pruning weight (kg) regulation of genes involved in nitrate reduction and ammonium
approaching the ideal (i.e., 5–10) in only the 4AK and AVR assimilation in leaves, especially at midday, regardless of the
treatments. It appears that fruit quality is not compromised slightly higher transcript levels of all these genes in white and
with shifts in either the training or renewal process in ‘Stover’ brown roots under root restriction. In addition, the mRNA levels
bunch grapes; however the Ravaz index indicates that either of genes related to GS1/NADH-GOGAT pathway was lower in
extending the cordon length or spreading the canopy vertically root-restricted petioles, while coinciding with the up-regulation
with a 4AK system improves vine balance in Florida. Further of genes involved in GS2/Fd-GOGAT route, suggesting a com-
monitoring of these training and renewal systems is required to pensatory strategy helpful to alleviating the reduced ammonium
determine long-term effects. assimilation efficiency under root restriction. The inhibition of
vegetative growth in grapevines under root restriction is closely
2:30–2:45 PM associated with the down-regulation of gene expression in nitrogen
The Effect of Root Restriction on Nitrogen metabolism at the whole-plant level.
Levels and Gene Expression Regulating Nitrate Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Natural Science
Reduction and Ammonium Assimilation in Foundation of China (No.30871695)
Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.)
2:45–3:00 PM
Xiuming Yu
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; yuxiumingfish@sjtu. Vine-row Groundcover Management Affects
edu.cn Pruning and Cluster Weights, Petiole C and
Bo Wang N Content, and N Leachate in a New York
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected] Vineyard
Jiefa Li Ian A. Merwin*
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected] Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]

Jianjun He Rebecca Sirianni

Guangxi Institution of Citrus, Guilin; [email protected] Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]

Lei Wang Justine Vanden Heuvel

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; tianxingnudun@sjtu. NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; jev32@cornell.
edu.cn edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S120 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Michael Brown consistently ripened 22 tons/ha to 24 °Brix and should therefore

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] be used in the SJV to improve yields in vineyards with declining
New York vineyards are often situated on fertile soils where productivity. The study identified a pruning system for vineyards
excessive vine growth causes problems with high vigor and in warm climates that can sustain yields and provides manage-
undesirable “green” flavors in red wine-grapes. We are com- ment information for growers on how to rejuvenate vines that
paring the effects of four vine-row groundcover management have declined in productivity.
systems (GMS) on vine nutrient status, vine growth and yields, Specified Source(s) of Funding: American Vineyard Foundation
soil conditions, and nutrient leaching in a Finger Lakes ‘Cab-
ernet Franc’ vineyard. Four GMS treatments were maintained 3:15–3:30 PM
in 1-m-wide strips beneath the vine rows: 1) native vegetation; Mechanical Canopy and Crop Load
2) glyphosate herbicide; 3) white clover (Trifolium repens) Management of Pinot Gris in a Warm Climate
seeded in May each year; and 4) mechanical cultivation. After
two years of treatments, fruit yields, dormant pruning weights, S. Kaan Kurtural*
cluster counts, and cluster weights were greater in glyphosate California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA; kkurtural@
plots than in other treatments. Petiole C and N content were csufresno.edu
greatest in white clover plots, and soil N and K availability Joseph Geller
were greater in the glyphosate and white clover plots. Subsoil California State University, Fresno, Fresno; Joseph.Geller@
N leaching was greater beneath white clover plots, while dis- tweglobal.com
solved organic carbon leaching was greater in cultivated and A field study was conducted to determine interactive effects
glyphosate treated plots. Volumetric soil water content usually of mechanical canopy management on the optimum cropping
ranked glyphosate > cultivated > native vegetation > white level and Ravaz Index of Pinot gris in a warm growing region.
clover during the growing season, but vine water potential was The study examined two pruning methods, three shoot thin-
not closely correlated with soil water content even during a ning and two leaf removal treatments arranged factorially in a
prolonged drought during 2012. randomized complete-block design with four replications. The
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–SCRI pruning methods were applied by either hand pruning to 23
nodes/m or mechanically hedging and retaining a 100 mm spur
3:00–3:15 PM height. The shoot thinning treatments were applied mechani-
Pruning Systems and Canopy Management cally at modified E-L stage 17 to retain 23 (low), 33 (medium)
Practice Interact on ‘Syrah’ Yield and Fruit or 45 (high, not thinned) shoots/m of row. The leaf removal
Composition treatments removed leaves on the east side of the canopy in
a 450 mm zone in the fruiting zone, 20 days post bloom with
S. Kaan Kurtural* a mechanical de-leafer or no leaf removal was done. The in-
California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA; kkurtural@ teraction of mechanical hedging and medium shoot thinning
csufresno.edu treatments reduced the contribution of non-count shoots to total
A production trial in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV) was shoots. The percentage of canopy gaps, and photosynthetically
conducted where the canopy microclimate of ‘Syrah05/SO4’ active radiation increased, while canopy leaf layers decreased
grapevines was altered through three pruning systems, and with the application of leaf removal regardless of pruning or
two leaf removal treatments arranged factorially to rejuvenate shoot thinning regime in both years. Yield increased and berry
vineyards with declining productivity. Vines were either pruned and cluster weight decreased in both years with the application
by hand to 44 nodes each, mechanically box-pruned to a 10 cm of mechanical hedging and medium shoot thinning compared
hedge, or cane-pruned by hand to six, 8-node canes arranged in to hand pruned vines without any detrimental effects on fruit
opposing directions of the row with horizontal canopy separa- composition. To achieve the economic crop level threshold of
tion. Outer surface layer of leaves were removed mechanically 8.15 kg/m, a Ravaz Index of 10.2 to 12.0/kg kg was needed.
20 days postbloom on the east side of the canopy in a 45 cm This Ravaz Index corresponded to a pruning weight of 0.82 to
zone above the cordon in the fruit zone, or not. Yields from 0.92 kg/m. The study identified a mechanical hedging and shoot
spur and mechanically box-pruned vines were considered too thinning method where a 100 mm spur height was retained dur-
low for the study area, and leaf removal had no effect on yield ing the dormant season, and 35 shoots/m of row is retained at
components. Spur pruned vines reached 24 °Brix earlier than E-L stage 17 to optimize crop load without adversely affecting
mechanically box pruned and cane pruned vines, in each year. pruning weight or fruit composition in a warm climate. The
Leaf removal had no effect on fruit composition of ‘Syrah’ at identified method provided 79% labor operations cost savings
harvest. Berry skin phenolics were not consistently affected by compared to hand pruning alone.
treatments applied. Cane pruning resulted in 3.8 leaf layers, Specified Source(s) of Funding: American Vineyard Foundation
with 32 shoots per 30 cm of row, 7.77 kg/kg Ravaz Index, and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S121
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 volatile content. These alterations are perceivable as sweetness
intensity, flavor intensity, and texture liking have significant
Postharvest influence on overall liking of strawberry fruit through variations
in sugar concentration, specific volatile compounds, and fruit
Moderator: Bruce D. Whitaker; bruce.whitaker@ars. firmness. Interestingly, some of the most abundant volatiles do
usda.gov not contribute to consumer liking, whereas other less abundant
volatiles contribute significantly. Thus reducing the importance
3:00–3:15 PM
of previously determined volatiles and recognizing novel
Strawberry Flavor: Diverse Chemical components with a positive influence on flavor. In strawberry,
Compositions, a Seasonal Influence, and Their a subset of specific aroma volatiles make contributions to per-
Effect on Sensory Perception ceived sweetness independent of sugar concentration in the fruit.
More volatiles have been identified as having a positive effect
Michael L. Schwieterman* on perceived sweetness in strawberry than previously observed
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] in tomato. This observation suggests that strawberry is a more
Thomas A. Colquhoun appropriate system for studying the effects of aroma volatiles
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] on perceived sweetness. Volatiles that increase perception of
sweetness without adding sugar will have far-reaching effects
Elizabeth A. Jaworski
in food chemistry, and also provide metabolic targets for future
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
breeding efforts of consumer defined traits.
Linda Bartoshuk
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] 3:15–3:30 PM
Charles A. Sims Development of Tomato Aroma Profiles during
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Low Temperature Storage in Air or CA and
Vance M. Whitaker Recovery during Shelf Life
University of Florida, Wimauma, FL; [email protected]
Angelos I. Deltsidis*
David G. Clark University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Eleni D. Pliakoni
Fresh ripe strawberries are valued globally for their characteristic University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
red color, juicy texture, distinct aroma, and sweet fruity flavor.
Elizabeth Baldwin
To ensure continued consumption, flavor must be consistently
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce,
high in quality, but defining this complex trait has proven to be
FL; [email protected]
difficult. Human perception of flavor is the integration of multiple
sensory inputs, the most influential being the chemical senses of Jinhe Bai
taste and olfaction. Olfaction is divided into orthonasal (smell) USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce,
and retronasal (flavor). Previous efforts detailing strawberry FL; [email protected]
flavor have supplied an index of volatile constituents, in which Anne Plotto
the significance of an aroma volatile to flavor is determined indi- USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce,
rectly by the orthonasal odor threshold. This is an inappropriate FL; [email protected]
methodology, as orthonasal olfaction does not integrate with
taste perception like retronasal olfaction. In this study, genetic Jeffrey K. Brecht
and environmentally induced variation among strawberry fruit University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
is exploited by simultaneously assaying fruit for: biochemical Commercial tomatoes are usually harvested before full red ripe
inventories of volatile compounds, sugars, and organic acids; color has developed to ensure that they attain the desired color
physical measures of titratable acidity, soluble solids content, after being exposed to low temperature during distribution.
and firmness; and consumer hedonic and sensory responses. Since the lowest recommended as safe temperature for tomatoes
Data are analyzed to determine seasonal effects, gross variation (12.5 °C) was identified based on external appearance (i.e., lack
across genotypes, and fruit attributes influencing hedonics and of chilling injury symptoms) we hypothesize that this doesn’t
sensory perception of strawberry fruit using a psychophysical necessarily mean that the volatile composition of the fruit is
approach. This approach, previously only applied to tomato, not significantly altered at 12.5 °C, degrading the flavor profile
garners insights into flavor chemistry, the interaction between of the fruit. ’Tasti Lee’ tomatoes were held for 5 or 10 days in
taste and olfaction, and a paradigm for enhancing liking of natu- air or CA (12% O2 + 4% CO2 or 8% O2 + 6% CO2 at 12.5 °C;
ral products. Seasonal progression exerts a negative influence 8% O2 + 6% CO2 and 3% O2 + 8% CO2 at 15 and 18 °C). Using
on soluble solids content in subtropical Florida and sucrose is GC-MS, we obtained the full flavor profile of fruit both after
identified as the waning primary metabolite, leading to decreased low temperature storage as well as after shelf life of 2 days in

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S122 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

air at 20 °C. In most cases, total volatiles after the shelf life ‘Honeycrisp’ is popular dessert apple. As acreage of planted
increased significantly both after 5 and 10 days of storage. ‘Honeycrisp’ increases, reliably assessing optimum storage
Lower temperature reduced total volatile production and the duration is becoming increasingly important. Apple fruit qual-
CA treatments reduced the effect of storage temperature on the ity is typically assessed by measuring titratible acidity, internal
total volatiles. Volatile inhibition at lower temperatures was only ethylene concentration, firmness, soluble solids, and starch
temporary since the total volatile amounts recovered during the index. These evaluations are commonly used both in com-
shelf life period. The CA inhibited volatile formation during mercial and research settings to analyze storage potential to
storage compared to air and the recovery during shelf life was decide whether fruit is ready to harvest and how long it will be
less than in the air-stored fruit. However, it was observed that expected to store. In research, metabolomic techniques can be
the total amount of volatiles after 5 and 10 days of storage for used to attribute metabolic events to the progression of quality
the more extreme CA treatment at each temperature remained data measurements. The current study evaluates changes in levels
close to initial amounts. The CA storage resulted in limited of peel metabolites including volatiles, amino acids, organic
amounts of 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one(MHO), a basic tomato acids, carbohydrates, cell wall, and membrane components
flavor compound with a fruity, floral aroma. Air storage resulted and relates them to standard quality measures associated with
in higher amounts of MHO than CA storage with more extreme ripening, flavor development, and storage potential. Volatile
atmosphere compositions resulting in significantly lower amounts compounds characteristic of ripeness to overripeness tend to
of MHO, which remained close to the initial levels even after 10 increase with storage, concomitant with increases in internal
days of storage. Also, the temperature effect on MHO production ethylene and starch clearing. Certain amino acids and organic
under CA was limited since MHO remained at similar levels after acids exhibited variable patterns of response that may suggest
5 and 10 days of storage. Trans-2-hexanal and cis-3-hexanal, metabolic shifts such as the response to initial chilling and the
two lipid derived molecules with green, grassy attributes that transition from ripeness to senescence. While metabolic indica-
are significant for tomato flavor, were higher in air storage tion of senescence corresponds to changes quality parameters
while temperature had less effect than storage atmosphere. The such as the loss of firmness, the fruit response to chilling is not
results suggest that it is important to compare volatile profiles of consistently captured by quality measurements. Results suggest
tomatoes at equivalent ripeness stages when comparing storage that the divergence from a healthy metabolome following storage
treatments, which will be addressed in our future experiments. disorder onset, which includes changes cell membrane and cell
wall components, is not consistently captured or predicted using
3:30–3:45 PM standard apple maturity and quality measurements. Monitoring
Metabolomics Combined with Standard Quality metabolites may provide a more reliable indication of not only
fruit quality, but also susceptibility to disorders.
Measures of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Fruit Reveals
Aspects of Metabolism Related to Flavor, 3:45–4:00 PM
Crispness, Maturity, and Storability
Transcriptome Analysis of European Pears
Rachel Leisso* (Pyrus communis cv. Bartlett) Reveals
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee;
[email protected] Significant Gene Families and Co-expressed
Genes Associated with Development of Ripening
David Buchanan
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee;
Capacity by Temperature Conditioning
[email protected] Ngoc Nham*
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Janie Countryman
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee; Cai-Zhong Jiang
[email protected] USDA–ARS, Davis, CA; [email protected]
Chris Sater Trisha Kietikul
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee; University of California, Davis; [email protected]
[email protected] Andrew J. Macnish
Christopher B. Watkins Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Forestry, Nambour, Queensland, Australia; andrew.
[email protected]
James Mattheis
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee; Elizabeth J. Mitcham
[email protected] University of California, Davis; [email protected]
David R. Rudell Freshly harvested early-season European (Pyrus communis) pears
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee; often fail to achieve acceptable quality and need conditioning
[email protected] treatments including ethylene and/or cold temperature to develop

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S123
 Monday, July 22, 2013

ripening capacity. Our objective is to understand the influence 13 LOXs are thought to be type-2LOXs. It has been proposed
of temperature on ripening capacity development, focusing on that a 13-LOX gene with a chloroplast transit peptide may be
temperature conditioning and to identify genes closely associated involved in apple aroma. In our work, twenty-two lipoxygenase
with the onset of ripening capacity. Tissue samples collected from gene sequences were retrieved from the apple genome to iden-
‘Bartlett’ pears exposed to treatments that induce subsequent tify possible LOX gene candidates that might participate in the
ripening within six days at room temperature (0 °C - 14 days and aroma production in apple. We isolated RNA from apple skin
10 °C - 5 days), together with the control (fruit at harvest) were for 8 time points throughout ripening (immature to senescent
submitted for RNA sequencing. Through Trinity assembler and stage), made cDNA and performed semi-quantitative RT-PCR
RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization, 101,229 contigs (mean for all 22 LOXs. Amplified fragments from the coding sequence
length = 911.7) and 68,067 unigenes were generated. Of these of each LOX were sequenced and compared to the published
unigenes, more than 30.2 % were annotated to public databases. genomic sequence. The expression of most of genes exhibited
By utilizing EBSeq, 8536 and 7938 unigenes were identified as no discernable pattern during ripening; however, at least 6 LOXs
differentially (DE) expressed sequences between the 0 °C treated were highly expressed and ripening-dependent. qRT-PCR was
and control fruit, and between the 10 °C treated and control performed on these 6 LOX candidates. Of these, 4 LOX genes
fruit, respectively. The fold changes of these DE unigenes from were down-regulated during ripening, and 2 LOX genes were
the two comparisons were highly correlated in the regression up-regulated as ripening progressed. Changes in the lipid profile
analysis. Mercator–Mapman annotation classification showed and C6 aldehyde and alcohol production correlated (positively
that the 0 °C treatment induced more stress-related unigenes and negatively) with changes in gene expression data for the
than the 10 °C treatment, the largest number of DE unigenes in 6 LOX genes, suggesting they are good candidates for further
the hormone group were auxin- and ethylene- related (30% and investigation into their involvement in the biosynthesis of
33%, respectively), and the most abundant transcription factor disruption-dependent aroma volatiles. Confocal microscopy
families were bHLH, AP2/EREBP, and MYB. According to analysis and biochemical characterization of apple LOX proteins
the protein interaction network analysis in Cytoscape using the is needed to interpret gene expression data and to more fully
IntAct database, some temperature-regulated genes appeared to understand the role of LOX in aroma formation.
be involved in the signaling network for ripening capacity de-
velopment. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network 4:15–4:30 PM
analysis determined five clusters of co-expressed genes correlated
Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Volatiles in
with fruit characteristics during ripening, such as firmness and
ethylene production. The unigenes that were highly correlated to ‘Rio Red’ Grapefruit Juice
the firmness at day six are likely candidates for future research Priyanka R. Chaudhary*
to determine biomarkers for detecting pear ripening capacity. Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pear Advisory Board G.K. Jayaprakasha
Vietnam Education Foundation Jastro Research Fellowships Texas A&M University, College Station; gjayaprakasha@
ag.tamu.edu
4:00–4:15 PM Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Lipoxygenase and Apple Aroma: Gene Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Expression of Lipoxygenase Family Members in Center, College Station; [email protected]
Apple Peel The effect of two commercially practiced postharvest treat-
ments, degreening and low-temperature conditioning, on the
Carolina Contreras*
juice volatiles of ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
were studied. Early season (November) grapefruits were de-
Randolph Beaudry greened using 3.5 ppm ethylene in a commercial packing-house
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] to accelerate the peel color change. Non-degreened (control)
Many aroma volatiles in fresh apple are produced via cellu- and degreened grapefruits were stored under simulated market
lar disruption due to cutting or mastication. Six-carbon (C6) conditions for 21 days at 10 °C, then 14 days at 21 °C. The
volatiles, including the aldehydes trans-2-hexenal, hexanal volatile constituents were separated on a DB-5MS capillary
and cis-3-hexenal, as well as their corresponding alcohols, are column by GC and identified by comparing Kovats indices
produced from action of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway on and mass spectral data. Nootkatone gives a characteristic odor
substrates released by tissue disruption. LOX genes are some- to grapefruit, and was higher in non-degreened fruits after 35
times classified based on function and are grouped into 13-LOX days of storage as compared to levels at 0 days. By contrast,
and the 9-LOX groups, which generate C6 and C9 aldehydes, nootkatone was not detected in degreened fruits after 21, 28,
respectively. Another classification system is based on structure and 35 days of storage. D-limonene, the major component of
with those having a putative chloroplast transit peptide called volatile oils, decreased in both non-degreened and degreened
type-2 LOXs, and those that do not are called type-1 LOXs. All fruits with longer storage, with highest levels observed at 0

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S124 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

days. After 35 days of storage, no difference was observed sues from all four cultivars, and there was a substantial increase
in the levels of linalool oxide between both treatments, while in activity after 5 d at 4 °C, except for hypodermal mesocarp
β-caryophyllene was higher in non-degreened fruits. Low- from ‘Morning Ice’ and ‘Nitro’, which showed no change.
temperature conditioning (7 days at 16 °C) is used prior to cold Transfer of fruit to 21 °C for 3 d after 5 d at 4 °C resulted in
storage to reduce chilling injury in grapefruits. To examine effect a marked decline in PLDα activity in both mesocarp tissues
of low-temperature conditioning and storage at 11 °C and 5 °C from ‘Cruiser’ melons, whereas the decrease was more mod-
on volatile oils in Rio Red grapefruit, fruits were stored for 12 est in mesocarp from ‘Honey Yellow’ and ‘Nitro’, and activity
weeks and juice samples were collected at 3-week intervals. increased in middle and hypodermal mesocarp from ‘Morning
D-limonene levels sharply increased in all three treatments at Ice’. Optimization of the PLDα enzyme assay for muskmelon
3 weeks after storage; however, after 12 weeks, D-limonene mesocarp tissues, in addition to the observed differences among
levels were similar to levels at 0 days. Nootkatone was higher fruit of the four cultivars, establishes a framework for further
in the grapefruits stored at 11 °C than those stored at 5 °C investigation of the role of PLDα activity in postharvest fruit
and CD fruits, but, the grapefruits stored at 5 °C had higher softening, senescence, and loss of quality.
levels of β-caryophyllene and linalool oxide compared to
11 °C and CD fruits. This project is based upon work supported
by the USDA–NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing Foods Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
for Health” through the VFIC and Research Grant Award No. Organic Horticulture
TB-8056-08 from the Texas Department of Agriculture, Texas
Israel Exchange and the United States–Israel Binational Agri- Moderator: Carl E. Motsenbocker, cmotsenbocker@
cultural Research and Development Fund. agcenter.lsu.edu
4:30–4:45 PM 4:15–4:30 PM
Phospholipase Dα Activity in Mesocarp Tissues Summer Cover-cropping Treatments for
from Fruit of Cucumis melo L. Reticulatus and Enhanced Winter Vegetable Crop Nutrition,
Inodorus Cultivars Growth, and Yield
Bruce D. Whitaker* Oli G. Bachie*
USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected] UCCE Imperial, Holtville, CA; [email protected]

Gene E. Lester Milton E. McGiffen, Jr.

USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected] University of California, Riverside; [email protected]

John L. Jifon Summer cover crops of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) or marigold

Texas A&M University, Weslaco; [email protected] (Tagetes patula) were tested against a summer fallow control
for effects on soil and crop nutrition, growth and yield of a
Miguel A. Gomez-Lim subsequent broccoli crop. Results showed that summer cover
CINVESTAV, Irapuato; [email protected] cropping enhanced soil organic matter content, soil and crop
In muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit, phospholipase nutrients, crop growth, and marketable yield compared to the
Dα [PLDα (EC 3.1.4.4)] activity is associated with mesocarp fallow system. Soil nutrient contents were low at the initial
tissue softening and plasma membrane degradation during samplings stages, increased following cover crop incorporations,
senescence. PLDα activity is regulated by a number of factors, and were low at vegetable crop harvest. Higher soil NO3 after
most notably [Ca2+], as well as pH, substrate lipid composition, cover crop incorporations was a likely indication of nutrient
and reaction time and temperature; however, no enzyme assay mineralization. Soil and crop nutrients, growth, and market-
has been established specifically for C. melo mesocarp tissues. able yields increased with increasing years of cover cropping
This study determined optimal conditions to assay total PLDα rotations, indicating their build-up effects. Growth and yield of
activity in homogenates of lyophilized muskmelon mesocarp the subsequent crop was more pronounced with cowpea cover
tissues, which were as follows: incubation in medium buffered cropping than marigold.
at pH 5.7 including 20 mM Ca2+ for 30 min at 37 °C. The assay
was utilized to measure PLDα activity in hypodermal and middle 4:30–4:45 PM
mesocarp tissues from fruit of four cultivars representing netted Compost, Cover Crops, and Mulch Effects in
(‘Cruiser’ and ‘Nitro’) and hybrid honey dew (‘Honey Yellow’ Organic Vegetable Systems
and ‘Morning Ice’) types of muskmelon. Tissue samples were
excised from fruit and frozen in liquid N2 on day 0 after over- Kathleen Delate*
night transport, after 5 d storage at 4 °C, and after 5 d at 4 °C Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
plus 3 d at 21 °C. At the end of this 8-d regime, all fruit were Cynthia Cambardella
still in excellent condition. Generally, PLDα specific activity USDA–ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the
(units/min/mg protein) was high on day 0 in both mesocarp tis- Environment, Ames, IA

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S125
 Monday, July 22, 2013

This multi-disciplinary project addresses critical stakeholder Daniel C. Brainard

needs for improving organic vegetable farming practices to Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
optimize pest management, crop quality, and profitability, while Cover crops can be an important source of nitrogen (N) for
enhancing soil quality to help mitigate global climate change. organic vegetable production, but N availability depends heav-
Six cropping system treatments with different management ily on both the characteristics of the cover crop residues and
practices were examined in Iowa: four treatments using cover crop management practices following cover crop termination.
crops (CC) and two without CC. Of the four CC treatments, two A study was conducted over two seasons (2010 and 2011) in
were treated as organic no-till (cover crop rolled) and two were Michigan to investigate 1) how the proportions of cereal rye
tilled prior to vegetable crop planting/transplanting. Compost (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) sown
and mulch were applied to a subset of these treatments to test in a winter cover crop mixture influence cover crop residue
the effect of soil amendments. In 2012, peppers and sweet quantity and quality in the spring, and 2) how rye-vetch residue
corn were grown, with plant growth, yields, and pests assessed characteristics and the use of black plastic mulch (PM) interact
throughout the season. Using lysimeter measurements, leached to affect soil N dynamics and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
nitrate-N concentrations were determined throughout the grow- yield the following summer. Cover crop main plot treatments
ing season. Organic no-tillage crops performed better in 2012 consisted of a gradient of 7 sown proportions of rye:vetch, from
than in 2011, with no-tillage peppers averaging 5532 lb/acre 100% rye (94 kg/ha) to 100% vetch (42 kg/ha), in addition
compared to 8012 lb/acre in tilled yields. Mulch provided an to a no cover crop control. Subplots consisted of bell pepper
advantage to pepper yields, with mulched pepper plots averag- grown either with or without PM. In both years, rye and vetch
ing 9385 lb/acre, while non-mulched averaged 6640 lb/acre. biomass in spring cover crop stands correlated well with fall
No-tillage sweet corn failed to compete with mulched and tilled seeding rates. Stands with higher proportions of vetch generally
yields, averaging 2472 lb/acre. Tilled and mulched yields were contained more total N and had lower total residue C:N. Both
excellent, with tilled sweet corn plots producing 4545 lb/acre, marketable bell pepper yields and soil inorganic N levels during
and mulched yielding 4423 lb/acre. While the tilled crops were the summers were positively correlated with expected N avail-
more productive, the mulched and no-till peppers had higher ability from the cover crop mixtures (based on total residue N
quality fruit, due to the straw or mulch barrier affording greater concentration). Yields and soil N levels were generally higher
protection from soil particles. Several factors impacted no-tillage when PM was used, but the differences between PM and bare
sweet corn production: a severe drought that required irriga- ground treatments were much less pronounced in 2011 than in
tion for survival; extreme heat, which decreased pollination; 2010. We suspect that differences in the magnitude and timing
and poor emergence. The greatest benefits from cover crops in of summer precipitation events contributed to the discrepancy
these vegetable systems appear to be related to improvements between the two years, with potentially greater N leached
in soil and water quality. After the first season in Fall 2011, soil from bare ground treatments in 2010 than in 2011. Our results
nitrate was lower in lysimeters in tomato plots under cover crop suggest that PM can serve as an important “insurance policy”
treatments than in plots without a cover crop. Without a cover for N fertility derived from high quality cover crop residues
crop, the non-mulched tomato treatment had more nitrate than incorporated early in the season, particularly on sandy soils.
the mulched plots. In the onion plots, the non-mulched plots had Furthermore, N availability is likely a dominant factor in the
more nitrate for both cover crop and no cover crop treatments. effects of both rye-vetch cover crop mixtures and PM use on
In both the tomato and onion plots, there was more phosphorus bell pepper yield. However, while higher proportions of vetch
in tilled vs. no-till treatments, probably due to tillage stimulating in the cover crop mixtures and the use of PM generally resulted
the mineralization of organic phosphorus from added compost. in higher pepper yields, system performance must ultimately be
Both phosphorus and electrical conductivity were lower in the based on a balanced consideration of all the services provided,
no compost treatments. The importance of biologically active their costs, and their relationship to primary production goals.
organic matter was demonstrated by the particulate organic
matter carbon representing 15.4% of total soil organic carbon Specified Source(s) of Funding: Agriculture and Food Research
averaged across treatments. Initiative (AFRI) Competitive Grant No. 2012-67011-19716 from
the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA),
4:45–5:00 PM USDA North Central Region SARE Project No. GNC09-108,
MAES Project GREEEN Project No. GR09-068
Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Organic Bell
Pepper Yield Are Affected by Rye–Vetch Cover 5:00–5:15 PM
Crop Residue Quality and Plastic Mulch Assessment of Degradable Alternatives for
Zachary D. Hayden* Plastic Mulch for Organic Tomato (Solanum
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] lycopersicum) Production in the Southeast
Mathieu Ngouajio Jeffrey T. Martin
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S126 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Annette L. Wszelaki* After the tomato, the habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] is the second most harvested horticultural crop of the Yucatan
Since the 1950s, plastic has been used as soil mulch in agricul- Peninsula, showing a continuous rise of production. Recently,
ture to increase yield, quality, and earliness of harvest, while organic pepper production has also benefited from this boom,
reducing weed growth, irrigation requirements, soilborne plant but the mostly small-scaled outdoor producers are facing high
diseases, and nutrient leaching. However, once removed from prices and restricted access to commercial organic products.
the field, plastic disposal and recycling can be expensive. De- Furthermore, they are confronted with two harmful parasites,
gradable mulches were introduced into agricultural production the white fly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) and root-knot nema-
nearly 30 years ago as an alternative to plastic or polyethylene todes (Meloidogyne spp.). A nematicide effect of the marigold
mulch, with the intention to reduce agricultural plastics in the is proven for Capsicum spp. However, there were no explicit
waste stream. Degradable mulches have the potential to reduce recommendations concerning the habanero pepper. There is a
removal costs and lessen environmental impacts, while provid- single study that indicates mulching with sawdust (among other
ing similar benefits as plastic during the growing season. Four agroecological benefits) aids in controlling white fly. Therefore,
degradable mulch products, BioAgri Ag-Film, BioTelo Agri, in this trial, two organic pest management strategies that are
WeedGuardPlus, and an experimental spunbond nonwoven preventive and based on local resources were evaluated for their
fabric (SB-PLA-10/11/12), were evaluated during 2010, 2011, effectiveness in controlling white fly and Meloidogyne spp. In
and 2012 in Knoxville, TN. These four products were com- 2009, a trial in José María Morelos (central Yucatan Peninsula)
pared with black plastic mulch and a bare ground (no mulch) evaluated the effect of four agroecosystem-arrangements during
control with respect to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yield, a cropping season of habanero pepper: sawdust mulching and
weed control, and degradability in high tunnel (HT) and open intercropping of marigold,; only mulching; only intercropping
field (OF) production systems. Marketable yields in degradable marigold; and a control variant. Pest and weed management
mulch plots were comparable to those from the black plastic were based on organic farming principles. Fertilization was
plots across all three years. Weed growth was minimal in both based on cow manure. Selective weed management was carried
production systems in all three years except under SB-PLA-10 manually. Drip irrigation was used. The evaluation consisted
in 2010. The SB-PLA was reformulated in subsequent years in daily monitoring of selected plants and yellow traps within
and effectively suppressed weed growth, though showed very the rows (white fly) and evaluation of nematode-infestation
little visual degradation during the production season. While on pepper roots after the cropping period. Results showed that
SB-PLA did not breakdown in the field, it may be useful for intercropping marigolds contributes significantly to control-
other agricultural purposes, such as mulching applications for ling root-knot nematodes. Mulching with sawdust increases
multiple cropping seasons, row cover, or ground cover between the effectiveness of this treatment. Neither treatment (or their
rows. The commercially available products, BioAgri, BioTelo combination) showed any impact on Bemisia tabaci population.
Agri, and WeedGuardPlus, achieved > 50% degradation in the As for organic pepper production on the Yucatan Peninsula, soil
OF system by the end of the season in two out of three years covering with an organic layer and intercropping of marigold
of the study. WeedGuardPlus breakdown in the HT system was are successful strategies, not only for maintaining soil humidity,
< 10% in all three years, likely due to protection from wind, rain facilitating weed control, and increasing agrobiodiversity; but
and solar radiation; however, WeedGuardPlus can be tilled into also for controlling harmful root-knot nematodes.
the soil at the end of the season and will fully degrade. Both Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACYT
BioAgri and BioTelo were more variable in breakdown (10%
to 40%) in the HT system, but must be removed from the field 5:30–5:45 PM
in certified organic systems, due to their formulation, which Fall Broccoli Production following Summer
includes non-organically approved additive(s). However, by the
end of season, the consistency of BioAgri and BioTelo was so
Cover Crops in Louisiana
brittle that physical removal was time consuming and difficult, Carl E. Motsenbocker*
reducing their practical application in the field. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge;
[email protected]
5:15–5:30 PM
Robert Williams
Organic Habanero Pepper (Capsicum Louisiana State University Agricultural Center,
chinense): Effect of Intercropping Marigold Baton Rouge; [email protected]
(Tagetes erecta) and Mulching with Sawdust on William B. Evans
Controlling the White Fly (Bemisia tabaci) and Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs;
Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) [email protected]
Roland Ebel* Rao S. Mentreddy
Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, José Alabama A&M University, Normal; srinivasa.mentreddy@
María Morelos; [email protected] aamu.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S127
 Monday, July 22, 2013

Girish Kumar Panicker All collected insects were placed in a moist chamber for 15
Alcorn State University, Vicksburg, MS; days. They were observed every 48 hours to record the number
[email protected] of insects killed by the fungus. Twenty-five percent (25%) of
Multiyear studies were initiated to assess summer cover crops collected insects developed B. bassiana; the most abundant
for use in fall vegetable crops in the Deep South. The research in orders were Hemiptera (11% of infected insects), Coleoptera
Louisiana involved the production and incorporation of summer (6%), and Orthoptera (5%). All were phytophagous species. In
cover crops on the same site followed by fall-planted broccoli 2012, the effect of varying doses of B. bassiana on the most
in 2012. The summer cover crop treatments consisted of Sunn harmful parasites was compared. Doses of 5, 10.5, and 14 g·L-1
hemp, Crotalaria juncea; sesame, Sesamum indicum; a mix of of water were applied to four blocks each. Selective collection
the Sunn hemp and sesame; sorghum–sudan grass, Sorghum involved Bemisia tabaci, Erythrogonia spp., and Anthonomus
bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanese); and a weed-free check. The eugenii. Block design and crop management were the same as
cover crop plots received a single irrigation after planting, but in 2011. Thirty percent (30%) of all collected parasites were
received no fertilizer or pesticides prior to or during growth. A killed by B. bassiana. The significantly most efficient treatment
0.5 m2 area of crop and weed shoot mass was harvested at 60 was observed using a dose of 10.5 g·L-1 fungus but control
days. Data collected from the second year of the study included was only satisfactory for Erythrogonia spp. Applying native
cover crop fresh weight and biomass, total nutrient content, and strains of B. bassiana is a highly efficient measure to control
soil organic matter and nutrient content. Crotalaria had the Erytrhogonia spp, a harmful parasite of the habanero pepper.
highest biomass and was statistically greater than the biomass Satisfactory control requires a dose of 10.5 g·L-1 fungus; the
produced by the sesame or sorghum-sudan grass cover crop commonly used dose of 1.3 g·L-1 is not recommendable. As for
treatments at harvest. The effect of different rates of organic controlling B. tabaci and A. eugenii with the entomopathogenic
fertilizer (composted chicken litter), in combination with sum- fungus, further research is necessary.
mer cover crops, was studied for the production of broccoli. Specified Source(s) of Funding: PROMEP
Cover crop treatment did not affect broccoli yield nor was there
an interaction with organic fertilizer treatment. The control
unfertilized treatment resulted in no marketable broccoli heads Monday, July 22, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
while the 2x, and 3x rate plots had the highest marketable yield
and marketable broccoli head weights. Vegetable Breeding
5:45–6:00 PM Moderator: Charles L. Rohwer, [email protected]
The Effect of Beauveria bassiana on Parasite 5:00–5:15 PM
Fauna of Organic Habanero Pepper in Quintana Initiating a Hop Breeding Program at the
Roo, Mexico University of Minnesota
María de Jesús Méndez-Aguilar Charles L. Rohwer*
Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, José University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN; rohw0009@umn.
María Morelos; [email protected] edu
Roland Ebel* Joshua Havill
Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, José University of Minnesota
María Morelos; [email protected]
John R. Thull
In Quintana Roo, Mexico, partial losses of vegetable crops University of Minnesota, Chaska, MN; [email protected]
due to insects are seriously limiting satisfactory output. Using
native strains of entomopathogenic fungi can contribute to Vincent A. Fritz
controlling some of the most harmful insects. In a trial carried University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN; [email protected]
out in 2011 and 2012 in central Quintana Roo, we evaluated Until recently, commercial production of hops (Humulus lupulus
the effect of a native strain of B. bassiana (1.1 X1010 spores/ L.) in the United States has been exclusively centered in dry
mL) on the insect fauna associated with green habanero pepper valleys in the Pacific Northwest. Hop breeding has historically
under organic management. With the goal of evaluating the been carried out in the major hop producing regions around
effect of the applied fungus on the present parasitic fauna in the world, including in the Pacific Northwest, Germany, Eng-
2011, 1.3 g·L-1 of fungus (mixed with rice) of water were applied land, and New Zealand. Some relatively smaller growers have
to 12 blocks in a 0.2-ha habanero pepper field under organic recently started producing hops in other regions of the United
management. Randomized blocks of 5 m2 and 10 pepper plants States, including states such as Wisconsin, Colorado, Michigan,
each were monitored. Systematic collections of all observed New York, and North Carolina. Hop cultivars selected by major
insects were performed every three days. Application started breeding programs have understandably not considered climate,
30 days after transplanting and was carried out every 20 days. soil, photoperiod, or production practices in these new produc-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S128 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013

tion regions in the United States, and many newer cultivars are check hybrids and given ratings for eleven quality traits to
patent-protected and unavailable to most small growers. To meet determine which entries will be promoted to additional phases.
the demand from local craft breweries for novel cultivars avail- Approximately 25% of the Phase One entries are advanced to
able to local growers, and demand from growers for cultivars Phase Two wherein they are planted in replicated trials at each
selected for production in the upper Midwestern United States, primary site at five different times of the year from early spring
we began by developing a poster displaying known pedigrees of through late fall. The top two or three broccoli hybrids in Phase
over 40 hop cultivars. Pedigree analysis is important for selecting Two trials at a given site are advanced to Phase Three, which
appropriate parents in a small breeding program such as ours. involves large strip trials conducted on farms of cooperating
Five crosses were made in 2012 using novel USDA germplasm growers at various locations near each regional site. Floret
(PI 617471), commercial cultivars (Spalter Select, Newport, samples from heads harvested out of Phase Two trials are
Nugget, and Chinook), and a male collected at the University used to assay levels of important nutritional constituents like
of Minnesota Horticulture Research Center in Chaska, MN. glucosinolates and carotenoids. This trial system is expected to
Seedlings from these crosses will form the basis for selecting identify broccoli hybrids well adapted to East Coast growing
one or more novel cultivars or parents adapted to Minnesota conditions and to aid breeding programs in determining which
and surrounding states. particular hybrids to release. An added benefit of these trials is
that a large body of data is generated about specific genotypes
5:15–5:30 PM for a wide variety of economically important traits. These
Regional Hybrid Broccoli Trials Provide a data are being used to estimate heritability of and genotype
by environment effects for quality traits like bead size, bead
Means to Further Breeding Efforts of This uniformity, head color, and head shape. Other types of analy-
Increasingly Important Vegetable Crop ses (e.g., stability analysis) are also being explored as an a
Mark W. Farnham* venue to better assess the adaptation of broccoli to eastern
USDA–ARS, Charleston, SC; [email protected] environments.
Phillip Griffiths
5:30–5:45 PM
Cornell University NYSAES, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
Estimating Heritability of Skinning Resistance
Jeanine M. Davis
North Carolina State University, Mills River; jeanine_ in Sweetpotato
[email protected] Reeve Legendre*
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge;
Mark Hutton
[email protected]
Highmoor Farm, Monmouth, ME; [email protected]
Wythe Morris Don LaBonte
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge;
Virginia Tech, Hillsville; [email protected]
[email protected]
Carl E. Sams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] Ramon A. Arancibia
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods
Dean A. Kopsell Branch; [email protected]
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is experiencing burgeoning
Thomas Björkman demand; however, high production costs continue to limit
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] farmer income. More mechanized approaches to harvest are
A Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) entitled “Establish- needed to save on labor expenses. Many of the popular variet-
ing an Eastern Broccoli Industry” is funded under the Specialty ies of sweetpotatoes are highly susceptible to skinning dam-
Crop Research Initiative (SCRI), and a primary component of age and the problems that are associated with such damage
the project is a system of regional hybrid broccoli trials con- such as rotting and weight loss. A more durable skin would
ducted along the eastern seaboard. Hybrids currently input into greatly facilitate transition to more mechanization; however,
the trialing system originate from three private seed company it is unknown if we can breed for a more durable skin. The
and three public institution breeding programs and include objective of the present study is to develop a suitable assess-
intra- and inter-program crosses. The entrance point into the ment tool for skinning resistance and determine heritability.
system is designated Phase One and involves testing in two A modified torque wrench device used in potato was found
replicated trials at each of four regional sites in South Carolina, superior to other techniques in measuring skinning resistance.
North Carolina, New York, and Maine. One Phase One trial Heritability is being estimated over two growing seasons and
is planted at each site during an optimal season and a second initial findings will be presented. Estimates of heritability rs.
during less optimal conditions (e.g., hot) that are likely to The torque wrench will be used in a 2-year study of multiple
stress plants. In all trials, hybrids are compared to standard varieties of undamaged sweetpotato roots in order to analyze

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S129
 Monday, July 22, 2013

the amount of skinning resistance. Heritability tests will com- ing by SPWF-B. Fruit of the six accessions have several fruit
pare the data collected in subsequent generations in order to characteristics of sweet, dessert type melons and may be better
determine if skinning resistance is a heritable trait that can be donor parents for use in breeding CYSDV-resistant muskmelon,
easily bred for. honeydew and mixed melons adapted to California. Combined
resistances to CYSDV and SPWF-B would be important com-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: LSU AgCenter
ponents of an integrated pest management program to reduce, if
not eliminate, applications of insecticides to control this insect,
5:45–6:00 PM and reduce the adverse impact of the virus on plant growth, and
Host Plant Resistance to Cucurbit Yellow consequently on fruit yield and quality.
Stunting Disorder Virus and Bemisia tabaci in
Melon: Status and Prospects 6:00–6:15 PM

James D. McCreight* Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Race Variation on

USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected] Melon in California’s Sacramento Valley
William M. Wintermantel James D. McCreight*
USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected] USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
Eric T. Natwick More than 40 physiological races of cucurbit powdery mildew
University of California, Cooperative Extension, Holtville; (CPM) incited by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca
[email protected] fuliginea) have been reported on melon (Cucumis melo L.)
worldwide. Races 1 and 2, which were first described in the
The combination of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus 1930s, are common throughout the United States, with the
(CYSDV), a newly introduced virus and heavy feeding pres- exception of California and Arizona. Race S was first observed
sure by its insect vector, sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in 2003 in the lower desert areas of Imperial Valley, CA, and
biotype B (SPWF-B) severely impact melon production in Yuma, AZ, when it caused widespread disease in commercial
California and Arizona. The appearance of the aggressive fields and was observed to infect all of the common CPM
SPWF-B in 1990 significantly reduced the Fall melon crop race differentials of melon in use at that time. Race variabil-
directly through feeding damage; numbers of SPWF-B im- ity has been detected annually in those areas since that time.
matures (eggs + nymphs) was 1500-fold greater than in melon Race S was observed in 2007 at Five Points in the San Joaquin
producing areas of Texas and Florida. CYSDV, which is Valley of California, which is ca. 460 km from the lower desert
spread by SPWF-B and other biotypes, appeared in Cali- and is a major area for summer melon production. Field stud-
fornia in Fall 2006, and the combination of CYSDV with ies were done in the Davis–Woodland area of the Sacramento
high SPWF-B populations quickly eliminated fall melon Valley in order to further characterize the variation of races
production. Moreover, CYSDV is a potential threat to of P. xanthii in California. The tests were established using
spring melon production when SPWF-B survives the winter transplants in randomized complete-block designs on 26
in sufficient numbers to spread the virus. No commercial May 2011 and 28 June 2012, and evaluated on 26 August and
melon cultivars are available with resistance to either SPWF 7 September, respectively. The tests included 11 of the 13 com-
or CYSDV anywhere in the world. Three non-sweet, vegetable monly used P. xanthii race differentials, plus 22 other melon
type melons from Africa and India are resistant to CYSDV. Two cultivars and accessions and two watermelon (Citrullus lana-
of them, TGR-1551 (Zimbabwe) and PI 313970 (India), have tus L.) cultivars to further characterize the CPM populations
low-level resistance to SPWF that is inadequate for reducing present in these tests. The 2011 test, which was near Davis,
the adverse biological and economic impacts of whitefly feed- indicated presence of race SW, a variant of race S that infects
ing and virus transmission in the low desert of California and watermelon. A test in 2012 at that same location indicated a
Arizona. Single plant selections from six of 100 Indian melon unique race to which PI 414723 and PI 124111 were completely
accessions exhibited putative resistance to CYSDV in during resistant; the other common differentials and ‘Crimson Sweet’
Fall 2011 tests under severe virus pressure: PI 116482, PI and ‘New Hampshire Midget’ watermelons were susceptible.
123496, PI 123689, PI 124107, PI 124431, PI 145594. Two of A different race profile was observed in a field near Wood-
these (PI 123689, PI 123496) also performed well during Fall land in 2012: PI 414723, MR-1, PI 124112, PI 313970 were
2012 under similar conditions. All produced large plants that resistant, PI 124111 and ‘Crimson Sweet’ watermelon varied
were in good condition at the end of the 2012 test though they in their reactions, and all other common differentials were
were variable for expression of CYSDV symptoms and virus susceptible. These data indicate seasonal and spatial variation
titer. Numbers of SPWF-B (nymphs through 4th instar; seven in the population of P. xanthii races in the Davis–Woodland
weeks postplanting) on two selections, PI 124107, PI 123689 area. There have been recent anecdotal reports of races 3.5 and
were significantly lower than on TGR-1551 and PI 313970, 5, in the Sacramento Valley of California, but neither race was
which suggested they might be exhibiting resistance to feed- present in these tests.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S130 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

6:15–6:30 PM Dean A. Kopsell*

Screening for Bacterial Fruit Blotch Resistance University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
in the USDA Watermelon Germplasm Collection Carl E. Sams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Shen Ma*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] Robert C. Morrow
ORBITEC, Madison, WI; [email protected]
Todd C. Wehner
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; todd_wehner@ Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) provide the ability to measure
ncsu.edu physiological responses to narrow-band wavelengths in plants.
Previous research in our group demonstrated short-duration
Cucurbit bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax avenue
exposure to narrow-band blue (455–470 nm) wavelengths
subsp. citrulli is a significant threat to watermelon [Citrullus
can improve the nutritional quality of broccoli (Brassica
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] production worldwide.
oleracea) microgreens. The objectives of this study were to
The disease can cause complete loss of marketable crop under
measure the impact of different percentages of blue light on the
ideal conditions. Since seed is the primary inoculum for bacte-
concentrations of nutritionally important pigments in broccoli
rial fruit blotch in cucurbit crops, bacteria-free seed production
microgreens, and to compare LEDs with incandescent/fluores-
has helped limiting outbreaks. Currently, the most effective
cent light. Sprouting broccoli seeds were cultured on growing
strategy for managing bacterial fruit blotch has been exclud-
pads submerged in deionized water and grown under the light
ing the pathogen from seeds, fruits, and transplants. However,
treatments of: 1) fluorescent/incandescent light; 2) 5% blue
efficacy of the external treatments varies because bacteria can
(455–470 nm)/95% red (627–630 nm); 3) 5% blue/85% red/
be under the seed coat. Therefore, genetic resistance would be
10% green (525 nm); 4) 20% blue/80% red; and 5) 20% blue/
of great scientific and economic value. The overall objective
70% red/10% green in controlled environments. The light
of this study was to identify resistance to bacterial fruit blotch
intensity was set at 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 for all light treatments
using the available Plant Introductions accessions in the USDA
with a 16-h photoperiod and air temperature of 24 °C. Upon
germplasm collection. Field evaluations based on foliar disease
emergence of the first true leaf, a complete nutrient solution
symptoms at the adult stage were conducted at Clinton, NC,
(20% Hoagland’s #2 solution) was used to submerge the grow-
in Summer 2011 to 2013. The experiment was a randomized
ing pads. Microgreens were harvested after 20 days under the
complete block with 1689 cultigens, 3 years, and 2 replications
light treatments. Shoot tissues were freeze dried and measured
of single-plant plots. Selected PIs were tested at the two-true
for chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Pairwise contrasts
leaf stage in a controlled environment in 2013 to confirm the
revealed that LED light treatments increased shoot tissue
resistance source. Studies are under way to improve the disease
beta-carotene, lutein, total carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chloro-
rating system by accounting for different growth stage and leaf
phyll b, and total chlorophyll when compared to the incandes-
type. Both field and greenhouse screening adopted a rating
cent/fluorescent light treatment. Broccoli microgreens grown
scale with 0–9 (0 = no symptoms, 1–2 = trace, 3–4 = slight,
under the incandescent/fluorescent light treatment had higher
5–6 = moderate, 7–8 = severe, and 9 = dead). Statistical analy-
concentrations of violaxanthin and neoxanthin. Higher blue light
sis on weekly ratings showed that significant differences exist
percentages also increased shoot tissue chlorophyll, but did not
in disease severity among accessions (P = 0.05). The 10 most
impact carotenoid pigments. Narrow-band wavelengths from
resistant and 2 most susceptible accessions were identified and
LEDs increased many of the nutritionally important pigments
then confirmed in retest experiments. Resistant germplasm will
in broccoli microgreen tissues, which would be beneficial when
be made available for those interested in developing molecular
consumed in the diet.
markers and improved cultivars.
8:15–8:30 AM
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon A/B Glucosinolate Concentrations of Broccoli
Growth Chambers and Controlled Microgreens Are Greater under Specific
Narrow Wavelength LED Light Regimes than
Environments under Conventional Fluorescent/Incandescent
Moderator: Jiwan P. Palta, [email protected] Light in Controlled Environments
8:00–8:15 AM Carl E. Sams*
Shoot Tissue Pigment Concentrations in University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Broccoli Microgreens Are Higher under Dean A. Kopsell
Narrow-Band Wavelengths from LEDs than University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
under Fluorescent/Incandescent Light Robert C. Morrow
ORBITEC, Madison, WI; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S131
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

We have previously shown that specific narrow-band wave- Light emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting technology is relatively
lengths of light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) stimulate new and must be evaluated in terms of economic feasibility
production of glucoraphanin and several other secondary and plant responses. We performed a side-by-side comparison
metabolites that have significant dietary implications. The of supplemental red-LED (632 nm), blue-LED (443 nm) and
objective of this research was to determine the effects of dif- a conventional high pressure sodium lamp (HPS). The supple-
ferent percentages of specific narrow wavelengths of light on mental light provided 54 ± 1.2 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF for 18 hours
glucosinolate production in broccoli microgreens (Brassica (2:00–20:00) or 3.5 μmol·m-2·s-1 DLI over the plant canopy.
oleracea). Broccoli microgreens were sprouted on fiber pads Growth and morphological parameters were recorded for cu-
submerged in deionized water. Following the appearance of cumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Cumlaude) and tomato (Solanum
the first true leaf, a 20% Hoagland’s #2 solution was used to lycopersicum cv. Komeett). After 38 days of seeding, cucumber
maintain saturation of the pads providing a nutrient source for shoot dry mass, leaf number and leaf area were 29%, 16%, and
the plants. After the first 24 h, light treatments were initiated 27%, respectively, lower under the blue-LED and 27%, 13%,
on a 16 h photoperiod with a constant air temperature of 24 °C. and 22%, respectively, lower under the red-LED compared
Light intensity was maintained at 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 for all light to the HPS. Cucumber hypocotyl length was between 38% to
treatments. The following light treatments were applied: 1) 47% lower in the red-LED compared to the blue-LED and
fluorescent/incandescent light (control); 2) 5% blue (455–470 HPS treatments, respectively. After 40 days of seeding, tomato
nm) and 95% red (627–630 nm); 3) 5% blue, 85% red, and shoot dry mass was higher under HPS followed by red-LED
10% green (525 nm); 4) 20% blue, 80% red; and 5) 20% blue, (18% lower) and blue-LED (29% lower). Hypocotyl length
70% red, and 10% green. Each of the light treatments were was 18%–17% lower in the red and blue LEDs respectively,
replicated four times. Microgreens were harvested after 20 days compared to HPS. The number of leaves under the first flower
under the light treatments, frozen, lypholized, ground in liquid for red-LED was significantly less than those under blue-LED
nitrogen and stored at –80 °C. The plants were then extracted and was not different from HPS. Greater shoot dry mass in the
with methanol and analyzed for aliphatic, aromatic, indole and HPS treatment can be attributed to the higher canopy temperature
total glucosinolate content by HPLC using a water-acetonitrile throughout the experiment due to the greater infrared radiation
mobile phase gradient. They were also analyzed specifically emitted by the HPS fixture. When considered a commercial
for glucoraphanin, an important dietary glucosinolate that has scale application, we found that the blue-LED treatment con-
been reported to have anti-carcinogenic properties. Plants grown sumed 13% less electric energy, and the red-LED treatment
under the 20% blue, 70% red, and 10% green and the fluorescent/ consumed 10% more energy than the HPS (the electrical energy
incandescent treatments did not differ in any of the glucosinolates consumption excluded that for fans and controllers). However,
measured. However, plants grown under all of the other narrow after calculating the dry mass per supplemental lighting power
wavelength LED light treatments were significantly higher in input (g/kWh) the HPS treatment was more efficient (tomato:
glucosinolates than the fluorescent/incandescent control. The 3.2; cucumber: 3.4 mg/k Wh) than both LEDs, and the blue-
concentrations of glucoraphanin, aliphatic, indole, aromatic, LED (tomato: 2.5; cucumber: 2.7 mg/kWh) was more efficient
and total gluconinolates were all 200% to 300% greater than than the red-LED (tomato: 2.3; cucumber: 2.2 mg/kWh). From
that of plants grown under the control light treatment. Data
this study it is evident that the selection of supplemental light-
from this experiment indicate that narrow wavelength specific
ing should be species specific. Also grower’s expectations
LED light may be useful in improving the nutritional quality
and priorities have to be taken into consideration to decide
of broccoli microgreens and other leafy greenhouse vegetables
appropriate lamp type and its light quality. Efficiencies of the
grown in controlled environments.
LEDs, controllers, and cooling systems have to be improved
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA SBIR and University to match HPS efficiency.
of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station
8:45–9:00 AM
8:30–8:45 AM Comparison of Light-emitting Diode Towers
Comparison of LED Supplemental Versus High-pressure Sodium Lamps for Year-
Lighting and High Pressure Sodium Energy round Production of High-wire Greenhouse-
Consumption and Plant Responses of grown Tomatoes
Cucumber and Tomato Transplants Celina Gomez*
Ricardo Hernández* Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; cgomezva@purdue.
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] edu
Chieri Kubota Cary A. Mitchell
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
Supplemental lighting is a key technology in vegetable Intensive year-round local production of greenhouse-grown
nursery greenhouses to improve transplant growth and quality. vegetables requires the use of supplemental lighting to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S132 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

complement solar radiation in light-limited northern climates. with injury. However, only 4% of the leaf area on average was
Intracanopy light-emitting diode (ICL-LED) towers were covered with injury in the plants that received the 10 mM Ca
compared to overhead high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS- treatment. Average leaf calcium concentration was nearly 2x
OH) as an alternative supplemental light source for high-wire in plants given 10 mM Ca as compared to the 1 mM Ca treat-
greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. Two ment. There were no other apparent growth and development
consecutive experiments evaluating growth, yield, and energy differences among the two Ca treatments. These data provide
consumption from winter-to-summer (increasing natural daily evidence that Oedema injury can be mitigated by supplemental
light integral (DLI); Expt. 1) and summer-to-winter (decreasing calcium and that ‘Russet Burbank’ is more prone to this type of
natural DLI; Expt. 2) were conducted in a northern climate injury compared to ‘Atlantic’.
(West Lafayette, IN, USA) to evaluate climatic responses to
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA/NIFA grant
supplemental photosynthetic lighting. Cultivars Komeett and
Success were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse for five
months. Plants were grown under one of three lighting treat-
ments which included: 1000-W (Expt. 1) or 600-W (Expt. 2)
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
HPS-OH lamps vs. LED-ICL towers (95% red and 5% blue) Citrus and Other Fruit and Nut
vs. no supplemental lighting (control). No differences were
observed between cultivars for any of the parameters evalu- Crops
ated. Our findings indicate that equivalent increases in fruit
Moderator: Bhimanagouda S. Patil, [email protected]
number and yield can be achieved with the two supplemental
light treatments compared to the unsupplemented control. 8:00–8:15 AM
Furthermore, significant energy savings can be achieved
using the ICL-LED compared to the standard OH-HPS
Influence of Ethylene Treatment on Bioactive
lamps (75% and 55% for Experiment. 1 and Experiment 2, Compounds of ‘Rio Red’ Grapefruit
respectively). Our results suggest that ICL-LED is a viable Priyanka R. Chaudhary
alternative to the widely adopted HPS-OH lighting. Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIFA SCRI grant 2010-51181- G.K. Jayaprakasha
21369 Texas A&M University, College Station; gjayaprakasha@
ag.tamu.edu
9:00–9:15 AM Bhimanagouda S. Patil*
Oedema/Intumescence Injury on the Leaves of Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Potato Plants Is Mitigated by Calcium Nutrition Center, College Station; [email protected]
Jiwan P. Palta* Influence of postharvest degreening treatment on ‘Rio Red’
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] grapefruit quality and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids,
ascorbic acid, limonoids, flavonoids and furocoumarins was
Justin E. Schabow investigated. Fruits were degreened in commercial packing shed
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] with 3.5 ppm ethylene at 21 °C and 80% RH. Non-degreened
Many plants, including potato, tobacco, tomato, and gerani- fruits were used as a control. Both degreened and non-degreened
ums, are known to develop Oedema or intumescence injury. fruits were stored under simulated market conditions at 10 °C
This injury develops exclusively on plants growing in con- for 3 weeks and 21 °C for 2 weeks. Ascorbic acid content was
trolled environment facilities compared to field grown plants. significantly higher in degreened fruits after 35 days of storage,
Early studies have suggested a link between light quality and while non-degreened fruits had higher ascorbic acid levels at
Oedema. For example, UV and/or far-red wavelengths were 7 days of storage. The levels of limonoids [deacetyl nomilinic
found to mitigate this injury. Here, we report that Oedema can acid (DNAG), limonin, nomilin], flavonoids (narirutin, narin-
be mitigated by calcium nutrition. Plants of cultivars Russet gin, neohesperidin, didymin, and poncirin), and furocoumarin
Burbank and Atlantic were grown using in vitro shoot cultures (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (DHB) were quantified by HPLC
in 20.4 L pots. Plants were irrigated daily to excess with a Pe- in both the treatments. After 35 days of storage there was no
ter’s Professional Peat Lite Special 20N–10P–20K fertilizer. significant difference observed in limonoids, flavonoids, and
For this purpose 104 g of this fertilizer was mixed with 200 L carotenoids, namely β-carotene and lycopene contents between
of tap water. Two calcium treatments (1 mM and 10 mM) were both the treatments. In both treatments β-carotene and lycopene
evaluated with 13 replications per treatment. The source of levels increased gradually up to 14 days and maintained their
calcium was calcium chloride. About 20 days after the start of initial levels after 35 days of storage. DNAG, limonin and all
these treatments the Oedema injury was observed only on plants flavonoids were significantly higher while DHB was lower in
of the cultivar Russet Burbank. Upper canopy leaves in the 1 degreened fruits at 7 days of storage. DHB was significantly
mM treatment had an average of 64% of the leaf area covered lower in degreened fruits after 35 days of storage. Overall eth-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S133
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

ylene treatment had a significant influence on certain bioactive screening procedure that has been underway for the past two
compounds present in ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit. This project is based years, with promising results. The ultimate goal is to develop
upon work supported by the USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 rootstocks that can be used to establish sustainable, productive
“Designing Foods for Health” through the VFIC and Research groves without the current requirement of efficient psyllid (the
Grant Award No. TB-8056-08 from the Texas Department of HLB vector) control. Progress in such rootstock development
Agriculture, Texas Israel Exchange and the United States– will be presented.
Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: CRDF
8:15–8:30 AM
8:30–8:45 AM
Potential Non-GMO Genetic Solutions to HLB Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Cultivars in the
for Sustainable and Profitable Citriculture in United States
Florida
Shengrui Yao*
Jude W. Grosser* NMSU Alcalde Center, Alcalde, NM; [email protected]
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected]
Steve Guldan
Fred Gmitter NMSU Alcalde Center, Alcalde, NM; [email protected]
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected].
ufl.edu Jujube cultivars were imported into the United States begin-
ning in 1908 by USDA agricultural explorer Frank N. Meyer
William S. Castle and jujube seedlings were introduced as early as 1837. Now,
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected] jujubes are planted in a number of states including California,
The often repeated dogma regarding HLB (huanglongbing or Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Tennessee,
citrus greening disease) and commercial citrus germplasm is Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina, North
that adequate tolerance or resistance does not exist. However, Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. They grow well with high
the UF/CREC citrus improvement broad-based germplasm quality fruit in the south and southwest regions. Sixty-seven ac-
collection is now undergoing a massive natural HLB screen cessions were imported by F.N. Meyer in the early 20th century
due to the HLB epidemic currently underway in Florida, and and all were planted first at the USDA Chico Station and then
potentially tolerant/resistant scions and rootstocks, some with distributed to other USDA stations. The jujube research at Chico
commercial potential, are being identified. In addition, a robust Station continued till the end of the 1950s. Jujube cultivars now
rootstock HLB screening program is also identifying candidate in the United States are from several sources: Frank Meyer’s
rootstocks that may be able to protect susceptible scions. A imports, introductions from USDA’s Chico Station, selections
few scion genotypes, including mandarins and pummelos, are from across the states, recent imports by Roger Meyer, and others
still thriving in blocks that are devastated by HLB, with nearly from China or other jujube growing regions in the world. From
100% infection rates and most trees showing severe symptoms. F.N. Meyer’s importation, USDA formally recommended four
Of particular interest is a sweet orange-like triploid hybrid that of them: ‘Mu Shing Hong’ (P.I. 22684), ‘Lang’ (P.I. 22686),
contains approximately 8% trifoliate orange parentage, produced ‘Shui Men’ (P.I. 38245), and ‘Li’ (P.I. 38249). Now, ‘Li’ and
via embryo rescue from an interploid cross. Remarkably, this ‘Lang’ are the two dominant cultivars commercially available
hybrid produces seedless fruit that is not easily distinguished and ‘Shuimen’, ‘So’, ‘Mu’ (Mu Shing Hong), and ‘Yu’ are also
from true sweet orange, and its pasteurized NFC (not from available in small quantities. At USDA’s Chico Station, Acker-
concentrate) juice has a flavor profile in the range of ‘Hamlin’ man and his colleagues selected/developed four cultivars: Chico,
and ‘Valencia’, the two most important processing oranges GI-1183, Thornless, and GA-866 before the station was closed
in Florida. The tree is productive and has yet to show any in the late 1950s. There were also quite a few “cultivars” from
HLB symptoms, whereas adjacent trees have been devastated across the country named after people or towns that could have
by HLB. Additional information on this selection and others been progeny of the 19th century imports, seedlings from the
showing tolerance/resistance will be presented, as well as their patent office jujube seed distribution in 1854 or remaining plants
utilization in the CREC breeding program. Complex diploid from Meyer’s imports, for example: ‘Abbeville’, ‘Redland’,
and tetraploid rootstock candidates, not pre-selected for HLB ‘Sherwood’, ‘Texas Tart’, ‘Don Polenski’, ‘Fitzgerald’, and
tolerance/resistance, are also showing a differential response ‘Topeka’. Jujube lovers exchange resources and name them
to HLB in field trials as compared to highly susceptible com- without much testing or research. There have been some recent
mercial rootstocks, with several showing significantly lower introductions from China and other jujube growing regions:
HLB infection rates, and less severe symptoms once infected. ‘Shanxi Li’, ‘Winter Delight’, ‘Honeyjar’, ‘Sihong’, ‘Globe’,
Field trial data will be provided. This suggests great potential ‘Ant Admire’, ‘Black Sea’, etc. NMSU’s Alcalde Center also
for HLB pre-screening of complex rootstock germplasm, in imported over 30 cultivars from China in 2011. There are a
hopes to identify rootstock candidates that can protect sus- total of 60–70 jujube cultivars now in the United States. Most
ceptible scions. We have developed a robust greenhouse/field of them are not commercially available yet. Growers and home

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S134 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

gardeners are requesting more diversified cultivar options. Re- collection (26.5%), and when using female flowers collected late
gional cultivar trials and evaluation are desperately needed for afternoon and pollination performed the next day (23%). For
jujubes. With its high nutritional value and wide adaptation to ‘Lessard Thai’ green sugar apple the best results were obtained
a range of soil and weather conditions, jujubes would get more in treatments 1, 2 and 3 with average of 33.1% in vitro pollen
and more popular in the United States. germination. ‘Gefner’ atemoya showed high levels of pollen
germination (33.7%) in treatments 2, 3, and 4. The percentage
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA Speciality Crop Block
of fruit set correlated to pollen germination. Hand pollination
Grant through NMDA
promoted high percentages of fruit set, > 80%. Fruit harvested as
a result of the various pollen sources varied in fruit weight, fruit
8:45–9:00 AM
diameter, and number of seeds per fruit and will be discussed.
Pollen Viability and Pollination in Sugar Apple Pollen from sugar apple and atemoya may be stored up to 2 and
(Annona squamosa) and ‘Gefner’ Atemoya 3 days, respectively.
(A. cherimola x A. squamosa) in South Florida Specified Source(s) of Funding: CAPES and FAPEMIG
Marlon C.T. Pereira*
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba; marlon. 9:15–9:30 AM
[email protected] Evaluation of Soil Steam Disinfestation on
Jonathan H. Crane Early Growth of Almond (Prunus dulcis)
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] Orchards with High Likelihood of Replant
Silvia Nietsche Disease and Confirmed Presence of Parasitic
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba; silvia. Nematodes
[email protected] Andrew J. Johnson*
Wanda Montas University of California, Davis; [email protected]
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] Greg Browne
Wagner Vendrame USDA–ARS, Davis; [email protected]
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] David Doll
Fruit set of commercial Annonaceae by natural pollinators is University of California Cooperative Extension, Merced
generally insufficient to produce commercially acceptable yields. County; [email protected]
In addition, several investigations have reported the pollen source Steven A. Fennimore
and age of the pollen affects the potential percentage of fruit set University of California, Salinas; [email protected]
of sugar apple and atemoya. The objectives of present investiga-
tion were to determine the effect of pollen storage durations on Bradley D. Hanson
pollen viability, the percentage of fruit set by hand pollination University of California, Davis; [email protected]
of ‘Red’ sugar apple, ‘Lessard Thai’ green sugar apple, and Almond replant disease (ARD) can reduce early and cumulative
‘Gefner’ atemoya and the resulting fruit characteristics as a productive potential of second and later generation orchards.
result of pollen source in South Florida. Five treatments were Pre-plant soil fumigation can effectively control replant disease,
applied: (1) pollen collected from male stage flowers and hand however increasing regulatory restrictions are complicating
pollination performed immediately and pollen collected from use of these treatments. Strip or individual tree site fumigation
late female stage flowers in the late afternoon and hand pollina- treatments with methyl bromide or alternative fumigants can
tion performed either the morning of the (2) next, (3) second, provide acceptable control of ARD while significantly reducing
(4) third, or (5) fourth day. The pollen sources were collected the amount of fumigant applied. However, non-fumigant alterna-
from late female stage flowers as they were transitioning to the tives are needed for areas where grower preference or regulations
functionally staminate stage and stored in paper bags refriger- limit fumigant use. Steam and other forms of heat treatment
ated at 5 °C. Hand pollination was made by using a number 2 have been used to effectively disinfest soil in greenhouses and
water color paint brush. Pollen from three Annona cultivars some open-field situations, but have not been tested in almond
and five pollination treatments were arranged in a completely replant situations. The objective of this research was to develop
randomized design with five replicates per treatment. In vitro and test a steam injection system combining heat disinfesta-
pollen viability was determined by placing samples of pollen tion with the principles of spot fumigation for management
on a standard culture medium (5 g·L-1 Agar, 1.27 mM Ca (NO3)2 of ARD. Steam injection augers (24 and 36 inches in diameter)
4 H2O, 0.87 mM MgSO4 7 H2O, 0.99 mM KNO3 and 1.62 mM were built in 2010 and trials were initiated in orchards being
H3BO pH 7.0) supplied with 10% sucrose. Data was analyzed replanted to almonds throughout the San Joaquin Valley in
by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (5% probability). The percentage California. Small plot trials (2–4 trees per plot) were designed
of in vitro pollen germination was the highest for ‘Red’ sugar to compare varying levels of disturbance and disturbance plus
apple when pollination was used immediately after male flower steam. Treatments included the two augers with and without

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S135
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

steam, a 4 x 4 x 2 ft. backhoe pit and an untreated control. some from LSU) were named the CARLA hybrids and included
Large plot trials (24 trees per plot) were designed to compare ‘Adelaide Pope’, ‘Autumn Sun’, ‘Carror’, ‘Cochran Lavender’,
tree growth following treatment with the 36-inch steam injection ‘Elaine’, ‘Emily’, ‘Fred D. Cochran’, ‘Ione Burden’, ‘Jan
auger or conventional fumigant treatments including methyl Cochran’, ‘Jane Spalding’, ‘Parlarge’, ‘Pink Camellia’, ‘Pink
bromide, chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene. Almond trees Cloud’, ‘Rachel’, ‘Steele Burden’, ‘Sunglow’, and ‘Wolfpack
were planted 1–2 months after treatments were applied. In the Red’. Robert E. “Buddy” Lee, Transcend Nursery, Independence,
small plot trial near Delhi, increases in trunk diameter after LA, has released many azaleas from years of development work
two years were similar (P = 0.05) among the untreated control beginning in the 1970s. Some of the Southern Indica types
(31 mm), auger-only (35–36 mm) or auger plus steam treat- have included ‘North Lake Beauty’. He also is known for the
ments (37–39 mm). The backhoe treatment (41 mm) was the development of the Encore azalea group—currently 29 cultivars
only treatment with significantly greater increases in trunk being marketed by Plant Development Services, Loxley, AL.
diameter than the trees in the untreated control plots. In the large Rhodendron breeding has been conducted by John Thornton,
plot trials at the same site, increases in trunk diameter after two Franklinton, LA, since the 1970s. His initial releases were
years were significantly greater in fumigated plots (50–60 mm) ‘Charles Loomis’ and ‘Jim Lynch’. Newer releases are the South-
than the steam and untreated plots (41 mm) which were the gate series: ‘Southgate Divine’, ‘Southgate Brandi’, ‘Southgate
similar (P = 0.05). These early growth data at this site suggests Breezy’, ‘Southgate Radiance’, and ‘Southgate Grace’. These
that tree site steam disinfestation with a 36-inch injection auger have a genetic base of Rhodendron hyperythrum. Richard
does not provide acceptable control of the almond replant is- Odom, Country Pines Nursery, Forest Hill, LA, has released
sues in this sandy soil. Tree growth and nematode re-infestation crimson foliaged azaleas ‘Crimson Majesty’, ‘Crimson Queen’,
monitoring will continue and nut yield and economic analyses and ‘Crimson Princess’. All are vegetative sports from ‘Red
will be conducted as the orchard reaches the bearing phase of Formosa’. Margie Jenkins, Jenkins Farm and Nursery, Amite,
its lifespan. LA, has been an active promoter of the Robin Hill azaleas,
with approximately 15 cultivars in this group being grown at
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Department of Food
wholesale nurseries in the state. She has recently released a
and Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant Program
vegetative sport of the popular ‘Watchet’ Robin Hill azalea,
‘Freddy’.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
8:15–8:30 AM
Ornamental Plant Breeding The Ornamental Plant Trialing Program at Star
Moderator: Michele Scheiber, [email protected] Roses and Plants
8:00–8:15 AM Michele Scheiber*
NovaFlora, Inc., West Grove, PA; [email protected]
Historical Significance of Rhododendron
Development in Louisiana Michael Dobres
NovaFlora, Inc., West Grove, PA; [email protected]
Allen D. Owings*
LSU Ag Center, Hammond, LA; [email protected] Star® Roses and Plants (SR&P) is a leading breeder and distribu-
tor of perennials, shrubs and roses. Its products include the Knock
Edward W. Bush Out® rose. NovaFlora is SR&P’s breeding division. Trialing
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge; ebush@ is an integral part of the breeding process and comprehensive
agcenter.lsu.edu screening can be the difference between a financial success and
Breeding, development, introduction and promotion of Rho- failure. In addition, it builds a well-respected reputation for
dodendrons in Louisiana has been significant since the 1970s. the company or institution that results in the consumer eagerly
Accomplishments have come from university horticulturists awaiting the next great product. The trialing process at SR&P
and nursery industry members. Larry Brown, long time orna- is a multi-year, multi-region process involving numerous co-
mental horticulture research at the LSU AgCenter’s Hammond operators from industry, academia, and public gardens. SR&P
Research Station, Hammond, LA, conducted azalea breed- has been trialing rose varieties for decades, and a program to
ing that resulted in the release of ‘Southern Summer Rose’. evaluate woodies and perennials was instituted in 2009. The
Other selections from his program were not released but were trial has grown to evaluate more than 250 new varieties annually
considered for release as ‘Southern Summer Sun’ and ‘Flo’s for landscape performance, grower traits, and overall aesthetic
Favorite’. Horticulture breeder Dick Stadtheer came to the appearance. Varieties developed by NovaFlora and licensed-in
LSU AgCenter’s Department of Horticulture from North Carolina from university and private breeders are evaluated and compared
State University (NC State) where he had begun a program on to industry standards both in containers and in-ground trials to
the development of summer and fall flowering azalea cultivars. provide the grower and consumer a thorough understanding
The plants released from this effort (some from NC State and of growth habits and aesthetic benefits from beginning to end.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S136 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Information garnered benefits not just growers and consumers Four plants were identified as possible polyploid plants based
but can be utilized for patent-filing and marketing departments on guard cell measurements. Flow cytometric analysis was used
for promotion and distribution. to confirm the ploidy status of the 4 candidates, with 1 being
diploid, 2 mixoploid and 1 tetraploid. The tetraploid plant has
8:30–8:45 AM produced flowers about 33% wider, and with the corolla tube
about 50% longer than the diploid control.
Breeding Lance-leaved Caladiums
Zhanao Deng* 9:00–9:15 AM
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected]
Autotetraploid Induced Sterility in the Pink and
Caladiums can be grown as container or landscape plants. White Shower Tree
Their ornamental values come primarily from their colorful
and variably-shaped leaves. Three leaf types are recognized in Ken W. Leonhardt*
caladiums. The demand for lance-leaved caladiums has been University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected]
on rise, but the number of cultivars in this category has been The copious production of messy and sometimes hazardous
limited. The main limiting factor has been the low tuber yield fruits and seeds make the normal diploid forms of many tropical
potential of many lance-leaved cultivars. Considerable efforts landscape species high maintenance and potentially invasive.
have been made over the past 35 years to produce new lance- A sterile form of the prolific seed producing pink and white
leaved caladium cultivars with higher tuber yield potential and shower tree, Cassia javanica (L.), would be highly desirable
new leaf characteristics. ‘Florida Sweetheart’ and ‘Florida Red for tropical landscapes. Triploid plants are usually sterile, and
Ruffles’ have become important cultivars for the caladium indus- can be produced by crossing tetraploid and diploid plants of
try. Several new lance-leaved cultivars have been introduced in the same species. In a first step toward creating triploid C.
recent years. ‘White Butterfly’ performs very well under partial javanica plants, several tetraploid and mixoploid individuals
shade; ‘Cherry Tart’, ‘Tricolor Butterfly’, ‘Fairytale Princess’, resulted from colchicine treatments on seedlings. Upon flower-
and ‘Red Hot’ perform superbly both under shade and in full ing, all four 5-year-old autotetraploid C. javanica plants were
sun. Inheritance studies show that the lance leaf phenotype completely sterile, and remained sterile in their second year of
results from a heterozygous genotype of the two co-dominant flowering. Among 11 mixoploid plants that flowered, 10 were
alleles that controls caladium leaf types. Further improvement of as prolific seed producers as the diploid control plants, and one
lance-leaved caladiums may rely upon the introduction of high individual was completely sterile both years of flowering. It is
tuber-yielding genes from fancy-leaved caladium genotypes. not uncommon for autotetraploid plants to have reduced fertility,
but complete sterility, although welcomed, was unexpected. The
8:45–9:00 AM sterile autotetraploid plants will be airlayered for introduction
to the Hawaii landscape industry.
Improved Floral Characteristics of Tetraploid
Stephanotis 9:15–9:30 AM
Kenneth Leonhardt* The Female Fertility of Triploids in Lilium—
University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected] Euploid and 5-Same-Genomes of Endosperm
Susana D. Vanzie-Canton are of Ensence
Business woman, Belize City; [email protected] Shujun Zhou*
The stephanotis plant, Marsdenia floribunda (Brongn.), is an Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; [email protected]
evergreen climber native to Madagascar that is cultivated in Triploid is usually sterile because it has abnormal meiosis
tropical and subtropical regions for its white fragrant flowers. and mainly produce aneuploid gametes with wide range of
In Hawaii, M. floribunda flowers are strung as lei lengthwise, chromosomes. However, a special phenomenon was observed
requiring about 25 flowers, or they are pierced through the side in Lilium hybridizations, i.e., most triploid lilies can be used
of the corolla, utilizing up to 700 flowers, depending on style. as maternal parents to cross with diploid or tetraploid ones
A cultivar possessing larger flowers, such as a tetraploid form, while the triploids are completely male sterile. By analysis, it
would be beneficial to the lei industry, since fewer flowers would is concluded that lily tetrasporic embryo sac is the reason for
be required to produce a lei. The objective of this experiment that. From tetrasporic embryo sac formation, we can deduce that
was to create a tetraploid M. floribunda by treating seeds with triploid lilies usually produced aneuploid eggs but invariably
colchicine. Seeds were treated in a 0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, hexaploid secondary nucleus. After double fertilization with
or 0.4% colchicine solution for 24 or 36 hours before sowing in diploid or tetraploid lilies, their embryos are usually aneuploid
moist peat–perlite media. Based on visual inspection, suspected but endosperm inviarably euploid. Because euploid endosperm
tetraploid seedlings were selected for screening using stomatal posses balanced chromosome numbers and then, it usually
guard cell measurements, since guard cells of polyploid plants develops well, thus it could make aneuploid embryos survial.
are usually larger than those of diploid plants of the same species. From more allotriploid x diploid/tetraploid lily hybridizations,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S137
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

we observed that the endosperm usually develops well when sequences of flanking regions of the transgene insertion, inverse
it contains at least 5-identical-genomes, otherwise, it aborts or PCRs were conducted for the herbicide and f3,5h transgenic
hard develop. Based on the experimental results and analyses, lines. Majority of the lines were found out to contain more than
we proposed a new hypothesis that five same genomes of two copies, but some events were confirmed to have a single
endosperms are essential for its development in triploid x dip- copy and their flaking region sequences were not matched with
loid/tetraploid crosses of Lilium. The hypothesis can explain any reported coding sequences so far.
the success or failure of 3x x 2x/4x crosses in Lilium and is of
importance for lily breeders who need to know the likelihood
of success when producing new cultivars of this economically
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
important horticultural crop. Postharvest
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 30871730 and 31071821)
Moderator: Yan Wang, [email protected]
8:00–8:15 AM
9:30–9:45 AM Development of Novel, Antimicrobial Plant
Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Essential Oil Treatments to Reduce the
Oriental Lilies Transformed with Genes Postharvest Incidence of Botrytis cinerea on
of Herbicide Tolerance and Flavonoid Strawberries
Biosynthesis Ryan Brantley*
Soo Jung Hyun California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo;
Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea; [email protected] [email protected]
Sun Kim J. Wyatt Brown
Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea; [email protected] California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo;
[email protected]
Young Sook Ryu
Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea; [email protected] Strawberry fruits are very fragile and have an extremely short
shelf-life, making timely harvest, cooling, and marketing of
Byung Joon Ahn*
the fresh fruits absolute necessities. Botrytis cinereaor gray
Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea; bjahn@dankook.
mold continues to plague the strawberry industry both in the
ac.kr
field and during postharvest storage, shipment, and retail sale.
Oriental lilies ‘Marco Polo’ and ‘Sorbonne’ were transformed Postharvest treatments available for berry preservation and
either biolistically or Agrobacterium mediated transformation disease management have been limited due to the reluctance to
method with a herbicide tolerance gene, bar, and pCAMBIA- spray or wash the berries. Little information is available regard-
3p, harboring Flavonoid 3’, 5’ Hydroxylase gene (f3,5h) genes. ing the use of volatile essential-oil compounds for postharvest
Fifty plates of 0.5 g suspension cells of ‘Marco Polo’ were treatments on California strawberries to reduce the incidence
bombarded with gold particle coated with pDM302 DNA and of grey mold. Strawberries were obtained from commercial
transformants were selected with 2 mg/L phosphinothricin and growers in the Santa Maria area of California. Volatile com-
regenerated. Bar gene transgenic plants were grown repeatedly pounds were diluted in ethanol and applied to sachets affixed
with new bulbs every year and challenged with 1% gluphosinate to the inner lids of clamshells, with one sachet per clamshell.
herbicide. For the Agrobacterium transformation, 2 g of embryo- Clamshells were individually overwrapped with a microperfo-
genic callus of ‘Sorbonne’ were transformed with the plasmid rated 1-mm polyethylene film to prevent excessive CO2 buildup
and selection-cultured with subsequent exposure to 10 mg/L within the packages. The marketable shelf-life, percentage of
Hygromycin so to produce 167 plantlets. PCR analysis indicated rotted fruit, postharvest quality, and levels of oxygen and CO2
that 60% of these plantlets contained the transgene. And, from within the packages were determined during 14 days storage
the putatively-transformed plantlets, mGFP5 gene, a reporter at 40 °F. Strawberries treated with both methyl jasmonate (MJ)
gene in the transgene cassettes, was confirmed to express, which and ethanol (ETOH) had less rot and a longer shelf-life than
indicates that the protocols were very efficient and reliable for the untreated control (UTC) fruit or those treated with MJ or
the transformation of lilies. One hundred twenty six plants of ETOH alone suggesting a synergistic effect. A mixture of 3.5
an Oriental lily ‘Marco Polo’ transformed with bar gene have μL MJ + 300–600 μL ETOH combined with 25–100 μL citral
been propagated vegetatively and those transgenic lily lines have (CT) + 25-100 μL linalool (LN) or 100 μL carvacrol (CV) +
been resistant to 1,000 mg/L of phosphinothricin over years. 0.05 g thymol (TY) + 100 μL eugenol (EU) reduced rot and
Those transgenic lines were used as parents in hybridization increased shelf-life significantly compared to the UTC, ETOH,
with other cultivars and their progenies expressed the inherited or methyl jasmonate treatments; however, these combinations
herbicide tolerance trait. To investigate the copy number and were found to be phytotoxic to both the strawberry calyx and the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S138 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

fruit when overall volume of essential oils per clamshell were 8:30–8:45 AM
200 μL or higher. ETOH had a positively-correlated and rate Real World Evaluation of Packaging Strategies
dependent effect on strawberry respiration that lasted through
and SO2 Fumigation for Shipment of Blueberry
the storage period. The combination of 400–600 μL ETOH +
25–50 μL CT + 25-50 μL LN + 3.5 μL MJ was most effective Fruit from Chile to North America
at reducing rot and increasing shelf-life compared to the UTC, Randolph Beaudry*
and this combination did not affect organoleptic quality. Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Agricultural Research Claudia Moggia
Initiative Universidad de Talca, Talca; [email protected]
Gustavo Lobos
8:15–8:30 AM Universidad de Talca, Talca; [email protected]
The Importance of Leaf Maturity to Shelf-life Jorge Retamales
and Quality of Fresh-cut Kale Stored at Two Universidad de Talca, Talca; [email protected]
Temperatures Carolina Bravo
Karin Albornoz* Universidad de Talca, Talca; [email protected]
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; kalbornoz@ Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbossum L. cv. Brigitta) fruit
ucdavis.edu were harvested at commercial maturity (> 80% blue) from
Marita I. Cantwell two different farms in the Maule region of Chile on January 9
University of California, Davis; [email protected] and 10, 2013, and packaged the over the next two days using
several different packaging strategies that included perforated
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) prepared as fresh cut
and non-perforated films and fumigation with SO2. Fruit from
salads has increased in recent years due to its high nutritional
farm 1 were placed into: 125 g polystyrene clamshells sealed
content. An attribute that concerns the industry and consum-
in low density polyethylene (LDPE) packages (VF101) con-
ers is the shelf life of the product, which directly affects the
taining a total of 1.6 kg fruit; 340 g clamshells (one dry pint)
nutritional content and visual quality. Currently kale leaves
in LDPE packages (VF202) containing 4.1 kg fruit; loose fruit
at different maturity stages may be harvested, resulting in a
in LDPE packages (VF101) containing 1.6 kg fruit; and 125
heterogeneous product in terms of composition and shelf life.
and 340 g clamshells without packages. Fruit from farm 2
In the case of the fresh-cut salads this may be more critical
were placed into 125 g clamshells in LDPE packages (VF101)
due to enhanced deterioration caused by mechanical damage containing a total of 1.6 kg fruit; 340 g clamshells in LDPE
during processing. Changes in composition and visual param- packages (VF102) containing 4.1 kg fruit; 340 g clamshells
eters of fresh-cut kale leaves (var. Lacinato) were investigated in LDPE packages (VF103) containing 6.1 kg fruit; and 125
for three maturity stages at harvest (immature, mature, overma- and 340 g clamshells without packages. Packages had 0 or
ture), two temperatures (0 and 5 °C) and five periods of storage 2 perforations for fruit from both farms and a portion of the
(0, 14, 21, and 28 d; up to 42 d for 0 °C product). Product was fruit from farm 1 were fumigated with SO2 for about 10 min
cut manually into 2 cm strips, washed in chlorinated water, prior to packaging. Fruit entered the refrigerated distribution
manually centrifuged, and packaged in unsealed LDPE bags. chain for shipment to the United States upon packaging, were
Total chlorophyll content (mg/g FW) decreased during storage, shipped by sea container from Chile about 11 days after pack-
with the lowest concentration found in pieces from overma- ing, and arrived in the United States 28 days later. Transport
ture leaves at 5 °C after 28 days, while the total carotenoid through the U.S. distribution chain required an additional 8
content did not vary among the different conditions studied. days. Thus, fruit arrived in Michigan 40 days after harvest and
Ammonia content (mg/g FW), an indicator of membrane were evaluated after an additional 2 days at 2 °C to simulate
degradation caused by abiotic stress, remained low for pieces regional distribution. Fruit were evaluated at that time and after
from all maturity stages stored at 0 °C during 42 days, but an additional 3 days at 12 °C to simulate retail holding. Assess-
increased dramatically in pieces from mature and overmature ments included fruit firmness, degree of internal discoloration,
leaves at 5 °C between 21 and 28 days of storage. Color (L*, decay, and shrivel, and visual sensory analysis. Perforated
a*, and b* values determined with a reflectance colorimeter) packages had higher O2 (14.6 vs, 8.9%, respectively) and lower
as well as marketability indicators (off-odors, overall visual CO2 (4.8 vs, 6.6%, respectively) than non-perforated packages.
quality, yellowing, decay, and browning on cut ends based The greatest effect on storability was the source of the fruit;
on rating scales) presented significant differences in response fruit from farm 2 were in much poorer condition than those
to the postharvest conditions studied. In general, the loss of from farm 1. The retail holding period significantly reduced the
composition and visual quality of fresh-cut kale leaves in- quality of the fruit, especially for farm 2. Packaging tended to
creased with temperature, leaf maturity stage at harvest and improve quality over non-packaged berries. Perforated LDPE
days of storage. packages performed similarly to non-perforated packages.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S139
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Smaller clamshell containers yielded the highest quality fruit. and stem firmness and other quality attributes. Broccoli heads
Fumigation with SO2 suppressed decay and improved visual (cv. Ironman) were harvested at 6 am and immediately placed in
appearance. plastic bags inside coolers containing ice for transport to the lab.
Based on previous experiments, five treatments were performed
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Fondef Project D09R1008 and
after trimming stems to 18 cm: 1) control (as harvested); 2) short
Orchard View Farms Inc., Chile
hydration (heads 30 min in 5 °C water); 30 long hydration (heads
in water 2 h (firmness and weight loss) or 4 h (shelf-life and
8:45–9:00 AM
respiration); 4) dehydration (heads allowed to lose 2% to 3%
The Effects of Low Oxygen on Chlorophyll and fresh weight at 5 °C); and 5) heads dehydrated 2% to 3% and
Glycoalkaloid Concentrations in Potato Tubers then rehydrated for 30 min. Product was placed in perforated
plastic bags in boxes to simulate commercial storage. Broccoli
Hsueh-yuan Chang*
(12 heads per treatment) was evaluated before and after treat-
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
ment and every 5 d for 20 d at 5 °C for weight loss and head
Marita I. Cantwell and stem firmness (heads compressed 7.5 mm with a 50 mm
University of California, Davis; [email protected] flat cylindrical probe; stems compressed 5 mm on a three point
Light stimulates both chlorophyll and glycoalkaloid synthesis bending rig). Shelf-life (15 heads per treatment) was deter-
in potatoes through independent biochemical processes. Green mined as the days to show incipient yellowing during storage at
potatoes are rejected by markets because of the expectation that 5 °C (product in bags on trays) and respiration was determined
the potatoes also have higher glycoalkaloid contents. To reduce daily on broccoli in flow-through chambers by analysis of net
potato losses caused by light exposure, the use of controlled at- CO2 production. Hydration for 30 min or 2 h caused sharp and
mospheres was investigated. Potato tubers (white skin varieties) similar increases in fresh weight and head and stem firmness.
were held in chambers with air or controlled atmospheres with Control broccoli lost 3% weight after 20 d, while the 30 min
four oxygen concentrations (i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%) for 8 and 2 h hydrated heads had corresponding fresh weights 0.8%
days with continuous light exposure at 3,000 lux and compared to and 2.5% higher than initial. For dehydrated and rehydrated
potatoes held in chambers in the dark. Glycoalkaloid concentra- broccoli, weight loss was similar to that of control heads. The
tions (determined spectrophotometrically on freeze-dried potato changes in head firmness were similar to the trends in stem
slices) in light-exposed potatoes increased from an average of firmness for the 5 treatments. Head firmness of control broccoli
6 mg/g FW on day 0 to 18 mg/g FW on day 8. Glycoalkaloid decreased from 80 to 50 N over 20 d; firmness of dehydrated
concentrations of potatoes held in the dark or in any of the low heads decreased to 50 N and then was constant; head firmness
oxygen atmospheres did not exceed 8 mg/g FW after 8 days. Only of 30 min and 2 h hydration treatments reached 100 N and then
oxygen concentrations of 1% or lower were effective to inhibit decreased to 80 N after 20 days. Hydrated heads had a shorter
greening (spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll in shelf-life than heads from control, dehydrated, or dehydrated and
peels). Although controlled atmospheres with oxygen lower rehydrated treatments. Broccoli hydrated 4 h had higher respira-
than 1% inhibited both greening and glycoalkaloid synthesis, tion rates than broccoli from any other treatment. Manipulation
these atmospheres caused unacceptable anaerobic conditions of the water status of broccoli has major consequences for head
(mainly increased ethanol concentrations with little change in and stem firmness and other postharvest quality attributes.
acetaldehyde concentrations) and decay. The 3% oxygen treat-
ment, though providing less inhibition of greening, caused no 9:15–9:30 AM
increase in fermentative volatiles. It appears that glycoalkaloid Evaluation of The Impact of Hot Water
synthesis is more sensitive to lowering oxygen concentration
than is chlorophyll synthesis.
Treatment on the Antioxidant System of Fresh
Tomatoes in Chilling and Non-chilling Storage
9:00–9:15 AM Francisco Loayza*
Firmness and Quality Changes in Broccoli Due University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
to Dehydration and Hydration Amarat Simonne
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Anderson Martins Melo*
University of California, Davis; [email protected] Elizabeth Baldwin
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce,
Marita I. Cantwell
FL; [email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
A major quality concern for the marketing of broccoli is head or Jeffrey K. Brecht
crown softening associated with water loss, which can occur at University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
various points in the postharvest handling chain. This research Minimizing the effects of chilling injury during shelf-life is
evaluated the influence of dehydration and hydration on head important for maintaining the sensory quality of fresh tomato

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S140 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

fruit. Postharvest hot water treatments within certain limits of The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of
exposure time and temperature have been shown to increase MAP on extending storage life and maintaining fruit quality of
resistance of tomatoes to chilling injury. Breaker/Turning (BT) ‘Bartlett’ pears at simulated transit conditions. ‘Bartlett’ pears
‘BHN-602’ tomatoes harvested in Spring and Fall 2009 were harvested at commercial maturity were packed (20 kg/box) in
submerged in water at 25 (control) or 52 °C for 5 minutes. The four different MAP bags varying in gas permeability and stored
BT fruit were then stored at 5 °C (chilling), 12.5 °C (putative in air at –1.1 °C for 5 months. Control fruit packed in standard
chilling threshold), or 20 °C (non-chilling). After 1 and 2 weeks, perforated polyethylene liners lost fruit firmness (FF) and skin
tomatoes were transferred from 12.5 and 5 °C to 20 °C until color at 3 months. MAP 1&2 achieved steady-state atmospheres
fully ripe. Ripeness was evaluated by measuring color (CIE a*) of 5% to 12% O2 + 4% to 6% CO2, inhibited ethylene produc-
on the blossom end of the fruit until a* reached an acceptable tion and ascorbic acid degradation, and extended ‘Bartlett’ pear
value. When selected as fully ripe, physicochemical analyses storage life for 4 months with high quality and up to 5 months
(acidity, pH, total soluble solids, dry matter, and sugars) were with certain skin green color loss. The head space atmosphere
conducted. The fruit antioxidant system was evaluated by of MAP 3 equilibrated at ~2% O2 + ~6% CO2, which resulted
measuring ascorbic acid, hydrophilic and lipophilic phenolics, in fruit internal browning (IB) after 3 months of storage. MAP 4
lycopene, β-carotene, hydrophilic and lipophilic ORAC, and with higher gas permeability (~18% O2 + 1% to 2% CO2) had
FRAP. Decay incidence was also determined. We found that minimal effect on delaying fruit softening and yellowing in
the hot-water treatment resulted in significantly higher lycopene cold storage compared to control. After 3 months at –1.1 °C
content at all storage temperatures (P = 0.0282), whereas no other plus 3 weeks at simulated transit conditions, MAP 1&2 fruit
antioxidant or physicochemical measurement was found to be maintained FF and skin color at transit temperature of 2.0 °C,
significantly affected by the hot-water treatment. In contrast, the maintained skin color but reduced FF to about 66.7N (the criti-
storage temperature strongly affected most of the antioxidant cal FF to resist scuffing) at 4.5 °C, and developed IB at 7.5 and
and physicochemical analyses. We found that, in order to cope 10 °C (6% to 8% CO2 + < 2% O2). The MAP 1&2 fruit could
with chilling stress, tomatoes mainly increase their hydrophilic ripen to high eating quality after the simulated transit at 2.0 and
antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (P = 0.0190), hydrophilic 4.5 °C. In conclusion, MAP could increase the storage life of
phenolics (P = 0.0006), and total phenolics (P = 0.0007) and ‘Bartlett’ pears with high eating quality by up to 2 months and
hence their antioxidant capacity (ORAC and FRAP, P = 0.1608 ensure arrival quality after long-distance export by maintaining
and P = 0.0019, respectively) and also their content of lipophilic cold chain and MA chain.
phenolics, but to the detriment of their lycopene (P < 0.0001),
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Columbia Gorge Fruit Growers
β-carotene (P < 0.0001), sugar and dry matter content . It was
Association
observed that there was a reduction in the carotenoid content, es-
pecially lycopene, at the chilling temperature. BT tomatoes were
somewhat resitant to chilling conditions, although we observed
a high decay rate, particularly non-treated tomatoes at 5 °C for 2
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
weeks, which had 67% decay. Overall, the hot-water treatment SCRI-MINDS Water Utilization and
induced an increase in lycopene content, especially at the chill-
ing threshold temperature (12.5 °C) and had a protective effect, Management
in terms of reduced decay, at the chilling temperature (5 °C).
Moderator: Olyssa Starry, [email protected]
9:30–9:45 AM 8:00–8:15 AM
Extending Storage Life and Ensuring Arrival Control of Poinsettia Stem Elongation: Height
Quality of ‘Bartlett’ Pears after Long-distance Limits using Deficit Irrigation
Export by Maintaining Cold Chain and MA Peter Alem*
Chain University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Yan Wang* Paul Thomas
Oregon State University, Hood River; yan.wang@ University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
oregonstate.edu
Marc van Iersel
David Sugar University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Oregon State University, Medford; david.sugar@
oregonstate.edu Height regulation is crucial in poinsettia production for both
aesthetics and transportation. Shorter plants are preferred by
There is a potential of using modified atmosphere packaging consumers and occupy less space during transport, allowing
(MAP) to replace CA for long-term storage and to ensure ar- for more plants per truck. Controlled water deficit, reducing
rival quality of pears after long-distance export. However, there substrate water content in a controlled fashion when plants are
are insufficient data on optimum MAP conditions for pears. too tall, offers an alternative to plant growth regulators (PGRs)

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S141
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

for poinsettia height regulation. We have previously shown attention has been paid to irrigation practices (sprinklers or
that a controlled water deficit can be used to regulate poinset- manual), resulting in improper disposal of water with nutrients
tia stem elongation. However, it is not clear what the limits are and pesticides into the soil. Subirrigation can reduce water
for height control using deficit irrigation and how this affects and nutrients losses, allows nutrient solution (NS) recycling
aesthetic qualities, such as bract size. Our objectives were to and reuse, decreases fertilizer use, and reduces the release of
determine how much shoot elongation can be inhibited using nutrients into the environment, while also reducing labor costs.
controlled water deficits and to investigate possible adverse Our objectives were to automate a subirrigation system using
effects of on shoot morphology. Rooted cuttings of poinsettia capacitance moisture sensors to monitor and control substrate
(Euphorbia pulcherrima ‘Classic Red’) were transplanted into volumetric water content (VWC), and to establish subirrigation
6-inch pots filled with peat:perlite (80:20) substrate. The plants water and nutrient management guidelines for Rangpur Lime
were fertigated through drip irrigation system with 200 mg·L-1 production in cone-tainers with pine bark substrate. We tested
N of water soluble fertilizer (15N–2.2P–12.5K). Three target four VWC thresholds as irrigation triggers (0.12, 0.24, 0.36, and
heights (43.2, 39.4, and 35.6 cm) were set at pinching and growth 0.48 m3·m-3), three NS concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75% of
tracking curves were used to monitor plant height throughout the recommended fertilization) and a control with manual irrigation
production cycle. Substrate water content (θ) was maintained at and 100% of the recommended fertilizer rate (200 mg·L-1 N).
0.40 m3·m-3 (approximately –5 kPa) during normal growth and We used 56x70x6 cm ebb-and-flow benches with individual
reduced to 0.20 m3·m-3 (approximately –75 kPa) when plants NS tanks and submersible pumps in a commercial nursery. The
were too tall, based on the tracking curves. When plant height automation was accomplished by connecting capacitance sen-
was once again within the appropriate range, θ was increased sors to a multiplexer, a datalogger, and relay drivers. Automated
again to 0.40 m3·m-3. Control plants were maintained at a θ of subirrigation worked properly throughout the experimental
0.40 m3·m-3 throughout the study. The θ levels were maintained period: the substrate gradually dried out until the threshold for a
using a soil moisture sensor-based automated irrigation system. specific treatment was reached, at which time the irrigation was
Plant height in the 35.6 cm target height treatment remained performed automatically. Lower irrigation thresholds resulted
above the upper limits of the tracking curve, despite being kept in less frequent irrigation and reduced stomatal conductance,
at a θ of 0.20 m3·m-3) for 70 days after pinching and the final photosynthesis, water use efficiency, leaf area index, plant
plant height of these plants was 39.8 cm. However, we were able height, stem diameter, total leaf area, and shoot and root dry
to achieve the target heights of 39.4 and 43.2 cm. Relative to mass (P < 0.001 in all cases). The 50% NS treatment resulted
control plants, bract area was reduced by 53%, 47%, and 31% in the best growth. There were no incidence of disease (espe-
in the 35.6, 39.4, and 43.2 cm target height treatments, respec- cially Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica and Xanthomonas
tively. Our results indicate that the minimum height that can be axonopodis pv. citri), and the occasional appearance of leaf
achieved using deficit irrigation is about 39–40 cm for ‘Classic miners and fungus gnats. Capacitance sensors were effective
Red’, but water deficit at that level may also decrease bract size. for monitoring and controlling subirrigation. Manual irrigation
caused large VWC fluctuations (from 0.16 to 0.43 m3·m-3) and
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was funded by
resulted in smaller plants (24.55 cm tall) than the 0.36 and 0.48
USDA–NIFA, SCRI (award no. 2009-51181-05768).
m3·m-3 VWC treatments. 50% of the recommended fertilizer
and 0.36 m3·m-3 VWC reduced the number of irrigations and
8:15–8:30 AM resulted in taller plants (44.63 cm) with greater stem diameter
Subirrigation Controlled by Capacitance (3.46 mm) than control plants. Management of VWC and NS
Sensors for Citrus Rootstock Production concentration gives growers better control over plant growth
and can be used to produce Rangpur Lime rootstocks faster
Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi*
than with conventional methods.
Campinas State University/UNICAMP, Campinas;
[email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: FAPESP (award n. 2012/01734-
5) and CNPq (award n. 479.665/2009-5)
Maycon Diego Ribeiro
Federal University of Campina Grande/UFCG, Campina
Grande; [email protected] 8:30–8:45 AM

Marc van Iersel Estimation of Green Roof Stormwater

University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] Efficiency using Sensor-informed Models
Roberto Testezlaf Olyssa Starry*
Campinas State University/UNICAMP, Campinas; University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
[email protected] Andrew Ristvey
Brazil is the world’s largest orange producer. To produce high University of Maryland, Queen Anne; [email protected]
quality plants and to reduce pests and diseases spread, seedlings Steven Cohan
are produced in completely closed nurseries. However, little University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S142 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

John D. Lea-Cox John D. Lea-Cox

University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
Rates of plant evapotranspiration (ET) are difficult to predict for Though varying degrees of CAM have been documented for
Sedum species on green roofs, due to the high variability in ET Sedum species, less is known about the implications of this
rates, morphological differences and photosynthetic performance variation for total water and carbon budgets. This study tracks
between species.. It may be possible to modify the standard the carbon gain and water use for the more extensively studied
FAO Penman Monteith reference equation used to predict ET Sedum album and for Sedum kamtschaticum, for which CAM
for various crops species, but these model predictions must be has been sparsely documented. Whole plant gas exchange
calibrated against measurements of actual transpiration by each chambers were used to document the diurnal flux of CO2 and
plant species. In this presentation, we describe how a wireless evapotranspiration from four replicates of each species. Plants
sensor network was used to measure ET from four replicate were watered at the beginning of the experiment and again after
1.3 m2 platforms planted with three different Sedum species 21 days. Whole plant gas exchange and evapotranspiration was
(S. album, S. kamtschticum, and S. sexangulare) during 2011 continuously measured within eight acrylic chambers, placed
and 2012. Stormwater inputs, substrate volumetric moisture in one of two Conviron (Winnipeg, Canada) growth chambers,
content, and runoff were monitored continuously from each using a datalogger (CR10T; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT). Air
platform throughout the two years of the study, every 15 minutes. flow through each gas exchange chamber (≈17 mmol·s−1) was
Environmental variables, i.e. air temperature, relative humidity, measured with mass flow meters (HFM200; Teledyne Hasting
wind speed, solar radiation, and photosynthetic flux density Inst., Hampton, VA) and the difference in CO2 concentration
were also collected every 5 minutes by the on-site weather between the air entering and exiting the gas exchange chambers
station. Root biomass, field capacity, and plant coverage were was measured with an infrared gas analyzer in differential mode
quantified seasonally for each planted platform. In 2012, samples (LI-6262; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Most likely as a result of
were also taken at three times during the year to determine leaf differential Crassuleacean Acid metabolism (CAM), S. album
area for each species. Between March and November 2011, fixed C at 2.55 (± 0.30) mmol and S. kamtschaticum fixed C at
985 mm (38 inches) of rain fell on the platforms. Runoff totals 4.68 (± 0.74) mmol. During this same period, S. kamtschticum
were 851, 791, and 817L for the platforms planted in S.album, used 68.87 (± 8.15) grams of water in contrast to 45.82 (± 4.15)
kampschaticum and sexangulare, respectively. For storms grams of water used by S. album. Malic acid analysis indicated
during which > 50% of the water was retained by the green roof that S. album was in CAM throughout the course of the study,
platforms, ANCOVA analysis revealed a treatment effect (P < but S. kamtschticum only began CAM idling weakly around
0.10) while accounting for variability in the data associated day 9. These findings suggest that S. album was the more
with storm size. Ongoing data analysis will explain these find- drought tolerant species under the environmental conditions
ings by exploring relationships between runoff, morphological of this experiment. For geographic areas with extended dry
characteristics, and evapotranspiration and compare these among periods, S. album may be the preferred species compared to
species for both 2011 and 2012. This information will be used to S. kamtschaticum. In cooler, wetter climates, this species may
parameterize and evaluate the FAO Penman Monteith equation not transpire water fast enough to contribute substantially to
for green roofs and to, for example, establish a crop coefficient green roof stormwater efficiency. Nevertheless, having a spe-
for the species in this study. cies that can tolerate periods of drought stress is important for
overall system function, especially when ongoing green roof
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award
management or renovation costs are considered.
no. 2009-51181-05768
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award
8:45–9:00 AM no. 2009-51181-05768
Effects of Water Availability and Temperature
9:00–9:15 AM
on CAM Expression and Water Use Efficiency
by Sedum album and Sedum kamtschaticum Carbon and Water Flux Responses to
Physiology by Environment Interactions:
Olyssa Starry*
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] A Sensitivity Analysis of Climate Impacts on
Biophysical Model Parameters
Jongyun Kim
Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Korea; [email protected] William Bauerle*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; bauerle@colostate.
Sue Dove edu
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Alex B. Daniels
Marc van Iersel Colorado State University, Fort Collins; alexbdaniels@
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] gmail.com

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S143
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Dave M. Barnard was done using the average substrate moisture content data
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; dave.barnard@ from the crop measured on a 15 minute basis at various posi-
colostate.edu tions on each production bench. The lower irrigation setpoint
Leaf physiological traits are key factors in carbon and water for the automated irrigation control was set at 0.28 m3·m-3,
exchange, providing important vegetation constraints on which was based upon the experience of grower and the water
crop production. Sensitivity of carbon uptake and water use needs of the crop. The automated irrigation system only ir-
estimates to changes in physiology was determined with a rigated when the average substrate volumetric water content
coupled photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (gs) model, (VWC) from four sensors in different locations decreased below
linked to canopy microclimate with a spatially explicit scheme 0.28 m3·m-3. This sensor-based irrigation treatment was com-
(MAESTRA). The sensitivity analyses were conducted over the pared to the traditional, time-based irrigation schedule employed
range of physiology parameter variation observed for Acer ru- by the grower (typically 4–6 irrigation events of 3-minute
brum L. (intraspecific) and woody deciduous C3 (C3) vegetation duration) every day, measured independently using EM50R
under different climate conditions. Five key physiological inputs monitoring nodes with EC-5 sensors, as the control treatment.
[quantum yield of electron transport (α), minimum stomatal All the monitoring and control data was transmitted nodes to a
conductance (g0), stomatal sensitivity to the marginal water cost base station located in the greenhouse office, and then relayed
of carbon gain (g1), maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), to the internet via a dedicated website. During eight-week
and maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax)] changed growing period, the sensor-based irrigation irrigated only 28%
carbon and water flux estimates ≥ 15% in response to climate of the manually-irrigated events, but applied 76% of the total
gradients; variation in α, Jmax, and Vcmax input resulted in up to irrigation volume (i.e. longer but less frequent irrigations). A
~50% and 82% intraspecific and C3 photosynthesis estimate repeated experiment with higher substrate VWC set-points
output differences, respectively. Transpiration estimates were (0.30 m3·m-3) is currently under way, to increase the precision
affected up to ~46% and 147% by differences in intraspecific of VWC set-point irrigation scheduling and to evaluate poten-
and C3 g1 and g0 values—two parameters previously overlooked tial savings in water, fertilizer and labor costs for greenhouse
in modeling carbon and water exchange. We show that a vari- cut-flower production.
able environment, within a canopy or along a climate gradient, Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award
changes the spatial parameter effects of g0, g1, α, Jmax, and Vcmax no. 2009-51181-05768
in photosynthesis-gs models. Since variation in physiology pa-
rameter input effects are dependent on climate, this approach 9:30–9:45 AM
can be used to assess the spatial importance of key physiology
model inputs when estimating carbon and water exchange.
The Costs and Benefits of Sensor Networks for a
Cut-flower Greenhouse Operation
9:15–9:30 AM John Majsztrik*
Implementing Substrate Moisture Set-point University of Maryland, Laurel; [email protected]
Irrigation Control in Cut-flower Greenhouse Erik Lichtenberg
Production University of Maryland, College Park; elichtenberg@arec.
umd.edu
Jongyun Kim
Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Korea; [email protected] Monica Saavedra
University of Maryland, College Park; msaavedra@arec.
Bruk E. Belayneh umd.edu
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
Continuous cut flower production of snapdragons (Antirrhinum
John D. Lea-Cox* sp.) requires substantial inputs of energy and resources. The
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] use of wireless sensor networks can benefit growers by cost
We used a wireless substrate moisture sensor network, to reductions achieved through input reductions and potentially
compare the effect of time-based versus sensor-based irrigation by reducing time to harvest and improving quality. Input re-
scheduling on the water use, yield, and quality of Antirrhinum ductions also have environmental value by reducing water and
major (snapdragon) in cut-flower production. We calibrated soil nutrient runoff and relieving pressure on scarce water supplies.
moisture capacitance sensors (EC-5; Decagon Devices, Inc., We worked with a hydroponic wholesale snapdragon grower in
Pullman, WA) for use in the perlite substrate (Pennsylvania Maryland to install a Decagon (Pullman, WA) wireless sensor
Perlite Co., Bethlehem, PA), used by a commercial green- network. Initially, substrate moisture levels were monitored,
house operation in Jarrettsville, MD. Sensor-based control was which provided information that was used to adjust irrigation
achieved using a prototype nR5 radio node (Decagon Devices, flows. A second stage of the project added automated irrigation
Inc.), in concert with advanced control software (Sensorweb; control to moisture status monitoring. The grower kept detailed
Carnegie-Mellon Robotics Institute, Pittsburgh, PA), to in- records of production activities, including seed sowing dates
dependently control irrigation events using solenoids. This and quantities, transplant dates and quantities, harvest dates and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S144 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

quantities, flower quality, and expenditures on energy and labor. nutrient concentration and improve plant growth and blooming
We analyzed those records statistically to estimate changes in performance. Plants treated with N at 20 mM have the potential
productivity, cost, and profitability from the use of the wire- to produce the most number of flower stalks.
less sensor network in both phases of the project. Preliminary
results indicate that the use of sensors reduced minimum time 10:00–10:15 AM
to harvest by 15% to 35%, median time to harvest by 10% to Changes in Nitrogen Partitioning to
20%, and maximum time to harvest by 5% to 10%. The use
of sensors also resulted in improved flower quality and lower Inflorescence and Pseudobulbs during Various
energy costs. We use the results of these statistical analyses to Growth Stages of Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’
estimate the profitability of investing in a wireless sensor network Yao-Chien Alex Chang*
in operations of this kind. National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617; alexchang@ntu.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award edu.tw
no. 2009-51181-05768 Yi-Ai Kuo
National Taiwan University, Taipei; [email protected]
Oncidium (Oncidium spp.) is an import horticultural crop for
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon A/B both potted plant and cut flower production. A part of its stem
Floriculture becomes enlarged to form a pseudobulb, which serves as a storage
organ for reserve nutrients and water. As a sympodial orchid,
Moderator: James E. Barrett; [email protected] Oncidium extends its growth by producing one or more new
shoots from the base of the current shoot. These characteristics
9:45–10:00 AM make it difficult to study the nutrient requirement of Oncidium
Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Plant Performance compared with monopodial orchids. In this study, we used
and Nutrient Content in Reblooming Iris the stable isotope nitrogen-15 (15N) as a tracer to investigate
how fertilizer nitrogen (N) is partitioned to pseudobulbs and
Xiaojie Zhao* inflorescence in the various growth stages of ‘Gower Ramsey’.
Mississippi State University; [email protected] Results indicated that the fertilizer N supplied during the
Guihong Bi vegetative stage in the current generation was mostly stored
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@ in the pseudobulbs, and the fertilizer N supplied during the
msstate.edu reproductive stage in the current generation was largely
allocated to the inflorescence. During a single shoot growth
Richard L. Harkess
cycle, the later was the application of 15N-labeled fertilizer,
Mississippi State University; [email protected]
the less was the 15N detected in the pseudobulbs while the
For its fragrance and showy display with multicolors, Iris ger- inflorescence by contrast received more 15N. During the next
manica has great potential to serve as a specialty cut flower. Some generation, the source of N for the development of new
cutivars of Iris germanica have the potential to rebloom in one ­pseudobulb and inflorescence came partly from the fertilizer N
growing season. However, limited research has been conducted applied during the previous reproductive stage. Therefore, it is
concerning nitrogen (N) fertilizer guideline for these rebloom- important to continue the supply of N during the reproductive
ing cultivars. The objective of this research is to investigate stage of Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’ to improve the quality of
the optimal N management practices for promoting blooming cut flower produced and the shoot development of the next
performance of reblooming iris. The study was initiated in Spring generation.
2012, using ‘Immortality’, a reliable reblooming iris cultivar, as
the research material. Plants were grown in 1-gallon containers Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Science Council,
and treated with one of five N fertigation rates (N at 0, 5, 10, 15, Taiwan (NSC 101-2313-B-002-002-MY3)
or 20 mM) during the growing season. Results showed that higher
N fertigation rates not only accelerated plant growth rate, but also 10:15–10:30 AM
promoted earlier first bloom and increased the number of flower Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Dikegulac
stalks at second bloom. Plants received N at 0 and 5 mM rates Sodium on Poinsettias
did not produce any second bloom. Plants treated with N at 20
mM produced the most number of stalks at second bloom. The James E. Barrett*
tissue nutrient analysis results showed that the N concentrations University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
in root and rhizome in Winter 2012 increased with increasing N Carolyn A. Bartuska
fertigation rates. The growth data in early Spring 2013 showed University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
that plant height and number of fans per plant increased with
increasing N fertigation rates in 2012. Results from this study Robert F. Weidman
suggested that increasing N fertigation rate can increase plant University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S145
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

A better understanding of the variables in the use dikegulac A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two plant
sodium to promote branching of floriculture crops is needed. growth regulators (PGRs), paclobutrazol, on potted sunflower
Four experiments were conducted with non-pinched poinset- (Helianthus annuus L.) and zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.), and
tias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch). Time of ancymidol, on marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), zinnia (Zinnia
application is given as days after planting (DAP) rooted cut- elegans Jacq.), impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.),
tings. Dikegulac sodium (Augeo) was sprayed using a volume and petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) plugs, on water use and
of 300 mL·m-2, except where indicated. A surfactant was not growth control. Paclobutrazol was either applied as a drench at
used. Efficacy was determined as the difference in the heights 0, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg per pot of active ingredient for sunflower,
of the tallest shoot (usually the main stem) and the second tall- or 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg per pot for zinnia, while ancymidol
est shoot (usually a lateral branch). More uniformly branched was applied at 0, 40, 80, or 160 mg·L-1 as a foliar spray. With
plants have less difference in these shoots. For three cultivars an increase in paclobutrazol dose or ancymidol concentra-
sprayed 7 DAP with dikegulac sodium at concentrations of tion, plant growth (fresh weight, dry weight, plant height
0 to 1,600 mg·L-1, response increased with concentration in and diameter) and total water use was lowered for all species
all cultivars; however, efficacy was greater in ‘Prestige Red’ tested. For potted sunflower, 2.0 mg of paclobutrazol resulted
and ‘Early Prestige Red’ than in ‘Jubilee Red’. Importance of in 31.5% less water uptake compared with nontreated plants.
spray volume was evaluated with ‘Early Prestige Red’ using For potted zinnia, plants treated with 1.0 mg paclobutrazol
volumes of 100 to 400 mL·m-2. For both 800- and 1,200-mg·L-1 utilized 45% less water. For plugs, a foliar application of an-
concentrations, increased spray volumes increased the efficacy cymidol at 80–160 mg·L-1 lowered water use by 1% to 7% for
of the dikegulac sodium sprays. In a “wash off” experiment, marigold, 10% to 18% for zinnia, 6% to 15% for impatiens,
dikegulac sodium was applied 10 DAP to ‘Prestige Red’ and 17% to 25% for petunia. In summary, application of plant
(1,200 mg·L-1) and ‘Early Prestige Red’ (800 mg·L-1), and then growth regulators not only controlled excessive plant growth,
plants received overhead irrigation for 10 seconds. The tim- but also lowered water uptake by the plants and increased wa-
ing of the irrigation event was from 1 minute to 24 hours after ter use efficiency for potted plants. These results demonstrate
the spray. The control treatment was plants that were sprayed that using plant growth regulators should be considered a best
but not washed. The results for the two cultivars were similar. management practice for controlling excessive plant growth
Overhead irrigation up to 1 hour after the spray greatly reduced and improving water use efficiency.
efficacy, and irrigation at 4 hours reduced efficacy by about
Specified Source(s) of Funding: United States Department of
50%. Plants irrigated 24 hours after the dikegulac sodium ap-
Agriculture
plication were only slightly different from the control plants.
In the fourth experiment, dikegulac sodium was applied to
10:45–11:00 AM
‘Prestige Red’ using concentrations of 800 or 1,200 mg·L-1. The
application was made either 4, 7, or 10 DAP. This experiment Reducing Evapotranspiration of Pansies:
included an additional set of plants that were not sprayed and Efficacy and Duration of ABA and ABA-analog
another set that were pinched. All plants sprayed with dikegulac Spray Applications
sodium were better than the non-pinched plants that were not
sprayed. Efficacy was greater at the higher concentration for Geoffrey Weaver*
each application time. Efficacy at 7 and 10 DAP was similar University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
and better than at 4 DAP. Plants in the 1200-mg treatments at Marc van Iersel
7 or 10 DAP were similar to the pinched plants. University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Abscisic acid (ABA) and synthetic analogs of ABA have the
10:30–10:45 AM potential for use as holding agents for ornamental plants.
Paclobutrazol and Ancymidol Lower Water Use Foliar applications of these compounds induce stomatal clo-
of Potted Ornamental Plants and Plugs sure, preventing water loss through transpiration, and thereby
extending the shelf life of treated plants. The purpose of this
Iftikhar Ahmad* study was to compare the efficacy of ABA and a synthetic
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] ABA-analog, 8’ acetylene-methyl ester-ABA (PBI 429), on
Brian E. Whipker water and CO2 exchange of pansies (Viola xwittrockiana) and to
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_whipker@ determine the duration of the effects of each compound. Plants
ncsu.edu were grown in a greenhouse and were well-watered and fertil-
ized throughout the duration of the study. Spray treatments
John M. Dole
of a range of concentrations of ABA (0–2000 ppm) and PBI
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
429 (0–200 ppm) were applied to healthy mature pansies. Gas
Ingram McCall exchange parameters were measured using a CIRAS- 2 por-
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; imccall@ table photosynthesis meter and leaf chlorophyll content was
ncsu.edu quantified using a Minolta SPAD meter. Spray applications of

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S146 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

ABA significantly reduced net photosynthesis for 20 d and sto- with DI water. Stems of celosia kept continuously in Floralife
matal conductance for 12 d after application in a rate-dependent Clear Professional Flower Food with or without floral foam had
manner. PBI 429 sprays also reduced stomatal conductance longer vase life compared with Chrysal Clear Universal Flower
and net photosynthesis, but to a lesser extent than ABA. Food or foam saturated with DI water.
Plants treated with ABA had a rate-dependent decline in leaf
chlorophyll, while PBI 429 did not affect leaf chlorophyll. In 11:15–11:30 AM
summary, ABA was more effective than PBI 429 at reducing Determining the Effectiveness of Red and
stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis, but had the nega-
tive side effect of inducing chlorosis. Blue Light-Emitting Diodes as Supplemental
Lighting during Seedling (plug) Propagation
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Funding provided by Valent
BioSciences Roberto G. Lopez
Purdue University, West Lafayete, IN; [email protected]
11:00–11:15 AM Wesley Randall*
Optimal Postharvest Handling Protocols for Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
Antirrhinum majus ‘Chantilly Yellow’ and Annual bedding plant seedlings (plugs) are considered high-
Celosia Cristata ‘Fire Chief’ quality when they are compact, fully rooted transplants with a
large stem caliper and high root dry mass. The objectives of this
Iftikhar Ahmad* study were to: 1) quantify the effects of light emitting diodes
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] (LEDs) and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) as supplemental
John M. Dole light sources to produce annual bedding plant seedlings; and
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] 2) determine what red (R) to blue (B) light ratio produces the
highest quality seedlings. Ten bedding plant species (Antir-
Frank A. Blazich rhinum majus L., Begonia xsemperflorens L., Catharanthus
NC State University, Raleigh, NC; [email protected] roseus L., Celosia argentea L. var. plumosa L., Impatiens wal-
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) and celosia (Celosia cris- leriana Hook. f., Pelargonium xhortorum, Petunia xhybrida
tata L.) are commercially important specialty cut flowers, but Vilm.-Andr., Salvia splendens Sellow ex J.A. Shultes, Tagetes
postharvest handling protocols for extending vase life need to be patula L., and Viola xwittrockiana Gams.) were grown under
optimized. Stems of snapdragon harvested when the lowermost 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 delivered from HPS lamps or LED arrays with
florets started expanding, had 3.4 days longer vase life than varying proportions (%) of red:blue light (100:0, 85:15, 70:30,
stems harvested with three or more florets open at harvest, while and HPS) with a 16-h photoperiod. Seedling of Antirrhinum,
celosia stems harvested when the flower heads were < 2 cm in Begonia, Impatiens, Petunia, and Tagetes grown under the
diameter, had 14.0 days longer vase life than stems harvested 85:15 light treatment were generally more compact with a larger
with flower heads > 5 cm at harvest. However, visual quality stem caliper and higher relative chlorophyll content than plants
of later harvested stems for both species was higher than early grown under HPS lamps. For example, stem caliper increased
harvested stems. Harvest procedures, exogenous ethylene, by 13.6%, 6.5%, 3.5%, 5.1%, and 11.5 % compared to seedlings
and commercial hydrators had no effect on longevity of both grown under HPS lamps for Antirrhinum, Begonia, Impatiens,
species. For celosia, anti-ethylene agents also had no effect, Petunia, and Tagetes, respectively. Relative chlorophyll content
however, for snapdragon, the anti-ethylene agent, silver thio- of Antirrhinum and Begonia increased by 11.6% and 14.0%,
sulfate, increased vase life 3.2 or 3.7 days longer than deionized respectively, compared to seedlings grown under HPS lamps.
(DI) water or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), respectively. Stem length of Antirrhinum, Impatiens, and Tagetes was 5.7%,
Dry-stored stems of snapdragon had longer vase life compared 30.6%, and 20.8% shorter, respectively, compared to seedlings
with stems stored in water, for not more than 2 weeks, whereas, grown under HPS lamps. Seedlings grown under LED light
celosia stems did not tolerate storage at 4 ±1 °C irrespective of treatments generally had higher quality parameters than those
the storage methods, and if necessary, should only be stored in grown under HPS lamps.
water, for not more than 1 week. Use of both hydrator and/or
holding preservatives did not result in significant differences 11:30–11:45 AM
in vase life of both species; however, pulsing with 5% or 10%
sucrose supplemented with the antimicrobial agent, Kathon
Deep Simple Morphophysiological Dormancy
(7 mg·L-1), for 24 hours doubled vase life of snapdragon stems in Seeds of Adonis amurensis Regel & Radde
and increased flower bud opening and fresh weight of stems dur- Native to Korea
ing the vase period. Stems of snapdragon kept continuously in Seung Youn Lee*
commercial preservatives had 2-fold longer vase life than stems Seoul National University, Korea; [email protected]
in DI water. Floral foam reduced vase life of snapdragon when
saturated with preservatives, or had no effect when saturated Yong Ha Rhie
Seoul National University, Korea ; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S147
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Shin Young Kim Jorge da Silva

Seoul National University, Korea; [email protected] Texas A&M University, Weslaco; [email protected]
Ki Sun Kim Gerleene Acuna
Seoul National University, Korea; [email protected] Texas A&M University, Weslaco; [email protected]
The Ranunculaceae is a family reported to have morphological Nael El-Hout
dormancy (MD) or morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), with Texas A&M University, Weslaco; [email protected]
underdeveloped embryos. There are few reports on seed dor-
The potential of using plants as a renewable resource for energy
mancy and germination in Adonis amurensis. This research was
and high-value products has fueled research in developing high-
performed to determine the type of dormancy for A. amurensis
biomass dedicated feedstock crops for conversion to liquid fuels.
seeds and its dormancy-breaking requirements. Phenology in
Feedstock quality (cell wall composition and energy density)
field conditions, temperature requirements, and GA3 treatment
is a major component of liquid fuel yield from plant biomass.
for embryo growth and germination were evaluated. Seeds had
Variation in quality traits can significantly impact conversion
underdeveloped embryos that were about 8% of the length of
efficiency and costs. Rapid and accurate characterization of
fully matured seed. In phenological study, the embryos grew
feedstock quality in terms of the relative proportions of non-
very little from June until September, while rapid growth was
structural carbohydrates, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin is
observed from October until November. Embryo growth was
important in determining the suitability of different feedstocks for
completed from late November until early December. Seeds
various biofuel conversion technologies. In this study, calibra-
sown on the field soil started to germinate from 24 Febru-
tion equations for rapid, nondestructive estimation of feedstock
ary and 50% of them germinated by 17 March. In laboratory
quality using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) were developed
experiments, embryo growth occurred only in two sequences
using cell wall composition data obtained from wet chemistry
of simulated thermoperiods (25/15 °C    5 °C and
analysis. Ninety-six genotypes of energy grasses including Sac-
25/15 °C    15 °C), whereas embryos in constant tem-
charum spp., Miscanthus, Panicum virgatum, and Pennisetum
peratures (25 °C and 5 °C) grew very little. Therefore, it seems
that a warm followed by a cold temperature sequence is es- purpureum were used to develop calibration models which were
sential for embryo growth. The GA3 increased embryo growth subsequently validated with over one thousand samples from
in the seeds, but only 1% to 6% of them germinated at 5 °C or different genera. In all samples, cellulose was the dominant cell
25/15 °C with 100 mg·L-1. To test low temperature requirements wall component with dry mass concentrations ranging from 32%
for germination after embryo maturation, the seeds in the field to 46%. Hemicellulose and lignin concentrations ranged from
were transferred monthly to a growth chamber from 18 Novem- 15–24 and 19–48, respectively. Energy grasses and hybrids
ber to 14 February. In seeds transferred on 18 November, GA3 from the Saccharum family had the highest lignin and cellulose
was treated to determine whether it could substitute for cold concentrations. Least squares calibration equations relating NIRs
requirements. When transferred to laboratory on 18 November, spectra and wet chemistry data had high coefficients of determi-
the seeds germinated 20% and 83% without and with GA3, re- nation (R2 > 95%) for cellulose and lignin. Factors affecting R2
spectively. However, ≥ 82% of them germinated without GA3 values included number of samples used to develop calibration
when the seeds were transferred from 5 January. Based on these models, species and genotype, sample age, and sample origin
results, seed dormancy of A. amurensis can be broken through with respect to soil type and fertility management. Whereas
warm followed by cold temperature sequence and classified as high-lignin varieties would be suited for thermochemical conver-
having deep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). sions, those high in structural sugars would be more appropriate
for biochemical conversion processes. The NIRs technique and
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Institute of Planning and calibration equations developed in this study are also useful in
Evaluation for Technology of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and breeding programs for high throughput screening and genetic
Fisheries. Project No. 111158-03-1-CG000 improvement of potential feedstocks.

10:15–10:30 AM
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
Phenotypic Diversity of Jatropha curcas L.
Bioenergy Accessions under Warm Subtropical Conditions
Moderator: John L. Jifon, [email protected] Silvia Nietsche*
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba, Brazil;
10:00–10:15 AM [email protected]
High-throughput Quality Characterization of Wagner Vendrame
Warm Season Lignocellulosic Feedstocks University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
John L. Jifon* Jonathan H. Crane
Texas A&M University, Weslaco; [email protected] University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S148 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Marlon C.T. Pereira are necessary. Microgravity offers a unique environment for
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba, Brazil; assessment of genetic variation that can be used in genetic
[email protected] improvement programs. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the differential gene expression of in vitro jatropha
Sidnei Reis
cultures exposed to microgravity. In vitro cultures of two
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba, Brazil;
jatropha accessions (Brazil, India) were initiated from coty-
[email protected]
ledon (CO), leaf (L) and stem (ST) sections. Different RNA
The phenotypic diversity of 15 accessions of jatropha (Jatro- isolation protocols were evaluated to assure sufficient RNA of
pha curcas L.) during the first and second flowering periods good quality for subsequent microarray analysis. Groups of 10
under the warm subtropical south Florida climate was as- petri dishes containing treatments (accession x explant tissue)
sessed by using multivariate analysis. Plants were established were arranged in Group Activation Pack flight hardware
in field plots at the Tropical Research and Education Center (petriGAPs), previously validated for spaceflight experiments,
(TREC), University of Florida, in Homestead, FL. Principal and exposed to microgravity for periods varying from 14 to
Component Analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and phenotypic 125 days under different space shuttle missions (STS-133 and
correlations between pairs of characters were estimated. A STS-135). Once returned, cultures were processed for RNA
total of 180 jatropha inflorescences were tagged to evaluate isolation and subsequent microarray analysis. Comparisons
the type of inflorescence. Inflorescences were subdivided into were performed between ground and orbit samples for the
three types: female-type, male-type, and middle-type. A higher effects of medium and microgravity exposure time. The type
number of female-type inflorescences was observed during the of tissue influenced the efficiency of the RNA isolation and
summer. Field evaluations using 15 quantitative traits showed the Plant Reagent and Trizol protocols returned the best RNA
significant variation among accessions. The oil content ranged quality and quantity. Microarray analysis revealed differential
from 19.30% for TREC 45 to 35.62% for TREC 31. Seed dry patterns of gene expression between ground and orbit samples
weight had positive correlation with seed fresh weight, seed and expression patterns were affected by accession and explant
length, seed thickness, seed width, and 100-seed weight, and tissue. For all comparisons performed, between 9 and 522
negative correlation with oil content. Based on the variations genes were differentially expressed. Over 20% of those genes
across the 15 morphological traits in the first and second were expressed at higher levels by over 2-fold. Higher levels
flowering periods, the Average Linkage-Unweighted Pair of differential gene expression were observed in orbit. Gene
Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering expression was also affected by exposure time to micrograv-
mechanism divided all 15 jatropha accessions into five dif- ity, with periods of 111 days showing higher expression levels.
ferent clusters. The PCA reduced the collected data to three Specific groups of genes showing differential gene expression
principal components that cumulatively explained 73.5% of were grouped using a cluster analysis. The roles of different
the total variance observed. Based on UPGMA cluster and PCA gene groups and the observed genetic changes are discussed for
assessments, accessions can be evaluated in the first period of their potential impact on new cultivar development. Differential
flowering, corresponding to Spring. In addition, phenotypic gene expression induced by microgravity may assist in future
characteristics, such as seed dry weight, 100-seed weight, total genetic improvement programs.
flowers per inflorescence, male flowers per inflorescence, and Specified Source(s) of Funding: Vecenergy, Inc.
fruit set can be used to distinguish accessions. Accessions TREC
31 and TREC 55 had superior averages for almost all characters 10:45–11:00 AM
evaluated and could be likely used as parents in future breeding
programs. Elevated Salinity in Irrigation Water Reduced
Growth of Ricinus communis L. Cultivars
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Vecenergy Company, CNPq
and FAPEMIG Youping Sun*
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
10:30–10:45 AM [email protected]

Differential Gene Expression in Jatropha curcas Genhua Niu

Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@
In Vitro Cultures Exposed to Microgravity ag.tamu.edu
Wagner Vendrame* Pedro Osuna
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
Universidad Autónoma De Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua,
Ania Pinares Mexico; [email protected]
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] The greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) has been identified as a suitable salt tolerance of six castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars
species for biofuel production. However, the species is undo- (‘Brigham’, ‘Energia’, ‘Hale’, ‘HCastor’, ‘Memphis’, and
mesticated and breeding and genetic improvement programs ‘Ultra dwarf’). Plants were irrigated with nutrient solution at

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S149
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.40 dS·m-1 or saline solution 27 hours yielding H2 at 365.61 μL·mg-1 Chlorophyll (= H2 at
at EC of 10.0 dS·m-1 for 69 days. All plants irrigated with 8812.12 μL·mg-1 dry cell weight) in cbn 1-48. Further, greater
saline solution were shorter than those with nutrient solution. energy conversion efficiency from radiation energy to forma-
The reduction in height was 40%, 39%, 44%, 38%, 51%, and tion of hydrogen molecules was achieved with the combination
50%, respectively, for ‘Memphis’, ‘Brigham’, ‘HCastor’, ‘Ultra of PSI-light and some mutant strains compared to alternate
dwarf’, ‘Energia’, and ‘Hale’, compared to their respective methods of biophotolysis.
controls. The fruit dry weight (DW) of ‘Brigham’, ‘HCastor’,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The University of Arizona
‘Ultra dwarf’, and ‘Hale’ irrigated with saline solution was
significantly reduced by 65%, 66%, 60%, and 78%, respectively.
Although a reduction of 57% and 55% in the fruit DW was
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
recorded for ‘Energia’ and ‘Memphis’, respectively, there was
no significance between saline solution and nutrient solution. Viticulture and Small Fruits
Total DW of the plants irrigated with saline solution decreased
by 60% for ‘Memphis’ and 70% to 78% for other cultivars as Moderator: Michele R. Warmund, warmundm@
compared with those irrigated with nutrient solution. Based missouri.edu
on the above results, ‘Memphis’ was more tolerant to salinity
than other cultivars. 10:15–10:30 AM
Spatial Distribution of Plant-parasitic
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Texas A&M AgriLife Research
Bioenergy Initiatives Program
Nematodes in Semi-arid Vineyards of the Pacific
Northwest
11:00–11:15 AM Amanda Howland*
Effects of Implementing Psi-light on Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected].
edu
Hydrogen Production via Biophotolysis in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Strains Patricia A. Skinkis
Oregon State University, Corvallis; skinkisp@hort.
Daniel Johnson* oregonstate.edu
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
R. Paul Schreiner
Joel L. Cuello USDA–ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; paul.schreiner@ars.
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] usda.gov
Takanori Hoshino Inga Zasada
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]. USDA–ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; [email protected].
edu gov
A new strategy in hydrogen production via biophotolysis devel- Plant-parasitic nematodes are commonly encountered in semi-
oped previously was implemented in mutant strains of Chlam- arid vineyards of the Pacific Northwest; however, little is known
ydomonas reinhardtii. Implementing PSI-light (photosystem I about their distribution and pathogenicity. We investigated the
light) successfully demonstrated improved hydrogen production spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in semi-arid
in the wild type strain of C. reinhardtii in a previous study , vineyards to provide grape growers with information to better
however, the results also showed rapid attenuation of hydrogen manage nematodes. Two vineyards in eastern Washington were
production even under PSI-light due to inhibited hydrogenase sampled: ‘Chardonnay’ grown on a sandy loam soil and ‘White
activity caused by oxygen, which was simultaneously produced Riesling’ grown on silt loam soil. Nematode populations densities
through the water splitting reactions of PSII (photosystem II) were determined horizontally by sampling five 152 x 213 cm
under radiation. In order to further decrease oxygen generation sampling locations at 30 cm intervals to a depth of 45 cm. Verti-
under PSI-light during the hydrogen production phase, use of cal sampling was performed at another five sampling locations
some mutant strains of C. reinhardtii, that are known to show where five soil cores 91 cm deep were collected directly under an
limited oxygen generation, were investigated. Continuous emitter and 30 cm to the N, S, E, or W of the emitter; collected
supply of PSI-light after a short anaerobic adaptation under cores were partitioned into 15 cm samples. The percentage of
dark conditions achieved significantly prolonged hydrogen soil moisture and number of different plant-parasitic nematodes
production up to ≈ 18 hours in a chlorophyll b deficient mutant were determined for each soil sample. In addition, fine root
(Cbn 1-48) and a very high light tolerant mutant (VHLR-S4) biomass and AMF colonization were quantified in all horizontal
yielding H2 at 220.33 and 175.64 μL·mg-1 Chlorophyll (= H2 soil samples. The plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne hapla,
at 4243.05 and 8731.39 μL·mg-1 dry cell weight), respectively. Pratylenchus spp., Xiphinema spp., and Paratylenchus spp. were
In addition, by iterating light and dark every 1.5 hours with found at both vineyards, while Mesocriconema xenoplax was
PSI-light, hydrogen production was successfully extended to only detected in the ‘Chardonnay’ vineyard. At both vineyards,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S150 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

population densities of M. hapla were positively related to soil and ‘Triple Crown’ cane plants, respectively. Each inflorescence
moisture and fine root biomass (P < 0.0001). The same trend produced over 5 fruit averaging 7.1 g/fruit. Additional studies
was observed for M. xenoplax at the Chardonnay vineyard (P < are needed to determine the effect of longer exposure to cold
0.0003). The opposite was observed for AMF colonization of temperatures and dark, cold-room storage on the performance
the roots, where less soil moisture corresponded with higher of long-cane blackberry plants. The cold-stored, containerized
AMF colonization of roots (P < 0.002). Roots that were galled long-cane blackberry plants have potential for late-season fruit
as a result of M. hapla infectivity had significantly less AMF production. Additional methods of producing long-cane black-
colonization than non-galled roots (P < 0.02). The horizontal berry plants will be discussed.
distribution of nematodes varied among the nematode genera Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–ARS
with M. hapla and M. xenoplax concentrated in the row near
emitters while Pratylenchus were aggregated at the vine row’s
10:45–11:00 AM
edges. At both vineyards, M. hapla and Pratylenchus popula-
tion densities were concentrated in the upper 45 cm of the soil Characterization and Population Genetics of a
profile; M. xenoplax followed the same trend in the Chardonnay New Virus Infecting Blackberry
vineyard. Conversely, Xiphinema was found throughout the Thanuja Thekke-Veetil
soil profile at both vineyards. These results indicate that there University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
is potential to reduce the treated area when targeting M. hapla
and M. xenoplax in semi-arid vineyards in the Pacific Northwest. Nina Abou-Ghanem Sabanadzovic
However, this strategy would not be effective against Xiphinema Mississippi State University; S_Sabanadzovic@
(found to a depth of 91 cm) or Pratylenchus (concentrated in entomology.msstate.edu
the row edges). Robert Martin
USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Washington Association of
Wine Grape Growers Sead Sabanadzovic
Mississippi State University; SSabanadzovic@entomology.
10:30–10:45 AM msstate.edu
Method for Producing Long-cane Blackberry Ioannis Tzanetakis*
Plants University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]

Fumiomi Takeda* A new virus belonging to the genus Ampelovirus in the family
Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV; Closteroviridae was identified in blackberry in several states in
[email protected] the Southern United States (U.S.). Experiments were conducted
to characterize the virus,; investigate its distribution in the U.S.,
Blackberry plants have been propagated by tip-layering, soft- and study its population genetics. Virus-specific dsRNAs were
and hard-cane cuttings, root cuttings, and tissue culture (TC). extracted and genome sequences were obtained by random-
In the last 20 years, long-cane blackberry plants for off-season primed cloning and ‘next-generation’ sequencing. Molecular
fruit production have become popular. Long-cane blackberry analysis of sequences revealed a genome organization resembling
plants have been produced from TC-plug plants that could yield GLRaV-3, a representative member of the subgroup I in the genus
as many as 20,000/ha of bare-root plants with four 1.5-m-tall Ampelovirus. The sequenced genome contains 10 open reading
canes. However, this system requires that the field be replanted frames (ORFs), which encode closterovirid signature replication
annually with 8,000 fresh TC plug plants. A modified rotating and quintuple gene block proteins in addition to four proteins
cross-arm trellis system was used to produce over ~120,000 1.5- of unkown function. Genetic variation within the population
to 2.0-m-long cane ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Siskiyou’ plants from was analyzed by amplifying and sequencing portions of the
stock plants established at a density of only 1,700/ha. Lateral polyprotein (region between methyl transferase and helicase
canes that develop from horizontally trained primocanes were domains), HSP70 homolog (HSP70h) and minor coat protein
trained to grow upward on the wires positioned on a slanted (CPm) genes. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences
cross-arm trellis and then down to the ground. Tips of lateral revealed significant diversity in the polyprotein (23%) and
canes were inserted into pots for induction of adventitious roots. CPm (14%) compared to the HSP70h region (1%). The ratio
After 4 weeks, the entire lateral cane was detached from the of non-synonymous substitution per non-synonymous site and
stock plant and the proximal end also inserted into a moistened synonymous substitution per synonymous site indicated that these
medium. Rooting occurred at that end. With this procedure, proteins are under stringent purifying selections. No predicted
3-m-long cane plants with roots at both ends of the cane were recombinational events were observed. Sensitive detection as-
generated. Rooted cane plants were chilled and then grown in says were developed based on a highly conserved region for
a greenhouse maintained at 17 to 22 °C during the day and 14 both conventional and real-time reverse transcription PCR and
to 16 °C at night. In both cultivars, 70% of buds broke. Inflo- were able to detect all sequenced isolates. Efforts are underway
rescences developed on 68% and 46% of shoots on ‘Siskiyou’ to identify potential transmission vector(s) for this new virus.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S151
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

11:00–11:15 AM Xianjin Bai

Characterization of Eriophyid Mites Inhabiting Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning, China;
[email protected]
American Elderberry
Michele R. Warmund* Xianjin Bai
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning, China;
University of Missouri, Columbia; [email protected]
[email protected]
Audrey L. Davis
University of Missouri, Columbia; [email protected]
Xianjin Bai
Guangxi Agriculture Science Academy, Nanning, China;
Identification and control of pests is important as American [email protected]
elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.) production increases in
the United States. Two genera of eriophyid mites, Phyllocoptes Shiping Wang*
wisconsinensis (Keifer) and Epitrimerus trilobus (Nalepa) have Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
been described taxonomically and are known to cause foliar Root restriction could significantly improve grape coloration
damage on elderberry plants. However, mites have not been with increased anthocyanins content, however, less information
examined in commercial plantings in Missouri. Thus, specimens involved in anthocyanins biosynthesis and related-genes expres-
were collected from American leaflets at two locations, Mt. sion in grape berry skin was available. In this study, four-year-
Vernon and Hartsburg, MO, from April 2012 to Spring 2013. old ‘Kyoho’ grapevines were planted in wooden boxes as root
Mite-induced damage varied by location. P. wisconsinensis col- restriction and the conventional ground planting as the control.
lected from Mt. Vernon induced curling of leaflet margins with Compositional changes in skin anthocyanins and expression
erinea (i.e., enlarged leaf trichomes). In contrast, mites from patterns of 15 genes in anthocyanin pathway were investigated.
Hartsburg reduced leaflet size and induced interveinal puckering Our results showed that root restriction significantly increased
of plant tissue. Examination of these mites using environmental the total and individual anthocyanins levels in berry skin. Gene
scanning electron microscopy revealed a previously undescribed expression patterns revealed that the increased anthocyanins co-
fusiform eriophyid mite species. Key features used to identify incide with the up-regulated expression of 14 genes [except chal-
mites included prodorsal shield anatomy, leg morphology, and cone synthase 1 (CHS1)] investigated, including Phenylalanine
genital cover flap structure. Overwintering mites remained on ammonia-lyase (PAL); 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL);chalcone
plants under bud scales at Hartsburg and were quantified by bud synthase 2 (CHS2); chalcone synthase 3 (CHS3); flavanone
position. As many as 26 eriophyid mites per node were found 3-hydroxylase 1 (F3H1); flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2 (F3H2);
in mid-January. The greatest average numbers of mites on buds flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H), flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase
were located at nodes 4 to 6 from the distal end of last season’s (F3’5’H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocy-
growth. Terminal buds and those at nodes 12 and 13 (i.e., near anidin dioxygenase (LDOX), O-methyltransferases (OMT),
the soil surface) had the fewest mites. UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl-transferase (3’GT) and
UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyl-transferase (5’GT).
11:15–11:30 AM
Root Restriction Improved Anthocyanins 11:30–11:45 AM
Accumulation and Biosynthetic Genes Plant Architecture of Vaccinium Genotypes as
Expression during Berry Development in Influenced by Soil Characteristics
‘Kyoho’ Grape Gerardo H. Nunez*
Bo Wang University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected] James W. Olmstead
Caixi Zhang University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected] Rebecca L. Darnell
Jianjun He University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Guangxi Institution of Citrus, Guilin; [email protected] Vaccinium species vary in both canopy architecture and soil
Xiuming Yu adaptation. For example, canopies of southern highbush blue-
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; yuxiumingfish@sjtu. berry (SHB, V. corymbosum L. hybrids), rabbiteye blueberry
edu.cn (RE, V. virgatum Aiton.), and sparkleberry (VA, V. arboreum
Marsh.) range from multi-caned shrubs to monopodial trees.
Jiefa Li
Optimum organic matter content, soil pH, and drought toler-
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
ance also vary between species. This variation may reflect
Wenping Xu differences in root architecture among Vaccinium species.
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected] To assess the effects of genotype and soil on plant architec-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S152 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

ture of Vaccinium spp., we randomly selected nine seedlings assumed to be vegetative and non-yield contributing. Despite
from five populations and grew them in bench-top rhizotrons. widespread use of this method, the margin of error between
The seedling populations were open-pollinated VA (G1) predicted and actual yields can exceed 15%. Such a large margin
and controlled crosses of RE x RE (G2), SHB x VA (G3), of error leads to questions about the reliability of this metric. An
SHB x (SHB x VA) (G4), and SHB x SHB (G5). G3 and additional complication with this approach to yield prediction
G4 are expected to be comprised of 50% and 25% of the VA is the recent release of cultivars that have been reported to
genome, respectively. Sixty days after germination, seedlings differ in bud development. The objectives of this project were to:
were transplanted to rhizotrons containing either sphagnum 1) characterize bud development and flower initiation through-
peat moss or a 3:1 mixture of sphagnum peat moss and perlite. out two growing seasons; 2) compare bud development across
Seedlings were destructively harvested 77 d after transplant- several cultivars, including traditional and recently-released
ing. Canopy architecture was determined using digital calipers cultivars; and 3) determine the relationship between external
and a LiCor LI3100C leaf area meter, and root architecture appearance of buds and the presence/absence of flower initials.
was determined using a scanner and WinRhizo Pro 2008a. Samples of plant material were collected from commercial
Root-to-shoot ratio and average root diameter were similar for beds located in central Wisconsin during the 2011 and 2012
genotypes from different populations. Total root length, volume growing seasons. Cultivars sampled include Searles, Stevens,
and surface area were greater in the G3 and G4 populations than HyRed, and Crimson Queen. Collected material was separated
in the others. The G2 population exhibited less root branching based on growth type. Buds were subsequently dissected and
than the other populations. For above-ground measurements, analyzed for presence/absence of flower initials using light
the G5 population exhibited significantly greater number and and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Growth degree days
length of first order lateral branches and a significant increase (GDD) were calculated and used to determine the timing of
in leaf number compared to the other populations. Growth me- floral initiation. Presence of flower initials was first observed
dia also affected root and shoot architecture. Seedlings grown 29 July 2011 and 10 July 2012. These dates coincide with 290
in the peat-perlite mix developed thinner root systems than and 322 GDD, respectively. Dates of flower initiation did not
seedlings grown in peat alone, as evidenced by their signifi- differ across cultivars and types of uprights. Searles, the oldest
cantly higher specific root length and percentage of root length cultivar included in the study, was the only exception to this
with diameters below 0.9 mm. Above ground, seedlings grown finding. Lack of initiation data in ‘Searles’ was due to high
in sphagnum peat were denser and more leafy than seedlings mortality of buds during both years of the study. Analysis of
grown in peat-perlite, as evidenced by their significantly descriptive bud data showed wider buds had a greater prob-
greater plant height, total leaf area, and length of the main ability of containing flower initials and bud width was greater
cane, and their significantly shorter internode length. These among recently released cultivars. Noteworthy was the discovery
results indicate that plant architecture in Vaccinium species that biennial bearing tendencies were minimal among recently
is influenced by interactions between genetic factors and soil released cultivars. These new cultivars exhibited “rebud,” which
characteristics. Additionally, these results suggest that RE and is an important trait that circumvents biennial bearing and has
VA can be used as sources of different plant architecture traits not been widely documented in the literature. Based upon the
in blueberry breeding. qualitative nature of bud appearance and variation observed
across cultivars, we conclude visual appearance of buds is not a
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop
robust metric for yield prediction. Future work should consider
Research Initiative Award No. 2009-51181-06021
quantifiable metrics when attempting to develop improved
methods of yield prediction.
11:45 AM–12:00 PM
Comparison of Bud Development Across
Traditional and New Cranberry Cultivars Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
Lisa Wasko DeVetter Fruit Breeding
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Moderator: Ralph Scorza, [email protected]
Rebecca Harbut*
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] 11:30–11:45 AM
Jed Colquhoun Fruit Tree Domestication: The Evolution of
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] Productivity
Growers and industry predict yield of cranberry (Vaccinium Eliezer E. Goldschmidt*
macrocarpon Ait.) via visual assessments of terminal buds. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
This qualitative approach assumes large and round buds are [email protected]
mixed and consequently contain flower initials that contribute Studies of fruit tree domestication are rather scarce and pro-
to next season’s crop. Small and narrow buds, in contrast, are ductivity issues have been barely addressed. In the present

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S153
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

study fruit tree productivity has been analyzed in the broader, NY (n = 170). There were less than five individuals that were
biological context of trees’ sexual reproduction. The survival in common among the trials. However, the deep pedigree
of individual trees does not depend upon regular, year-by-year relationships among parents and ancestors that spanned seven
flowering and fruiting. The irregular, fluctuating “masting” generations were used to establish genetic connections among
habit of forest trees probably represents the natural pattern trials and hence enabled genetic effects to be separated from
of trees’ sexual reproduction. In the wild, trees seldom reach non-genetic effects. This approach was also used to quantify
their fruiting potential; environmental stresses and endog- the magnitude of genotype-by-environment interactions for
enous resource constraints preclude regular fruiting and limit several traits.
fruitfulness. Consistent, year-by-year fruiting has been estab-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: University of Queensland and
lished in domesticated fruit tree crops through unconscious
RosBREED
and conscious human selection. Advanced crop management
eliminates or, at least, minimizes biotic and abiotic stresses,
thereby enabling trees to approach their full fruiting potential. 12:00–12:15 PM
Examination of a broad range of wild, semi-domesticated, Enabling Marker-assisted Breeding in
recently domesticated, and fully domesticated fruit tree spe- Heterozygous Polyploid Species: The Strategy
cies enables reconstruction of the evolutionary course of fruit Used in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus)
tree productivity. Trees with a striking alternate bearing habit
(olive, pistachio) represent, in our opinion, an intermediate Travis Stegmeir*
position between wild and fully domesticated species. Alter- Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
nate bearing appears to be a survival strategy for balancing Umesh Rosyara
reproductive and vegetative tree growth, in particular under Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
sub-optimal conditions. The underlying genetic mechanisms
are still greatly unknown. An evolutionary model of fruit tree Audrey Sebolt
productivity will be presented. Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Amy F. Iezzoni
11:45 AM–12:00 PM Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Prediction of Genetic Potential of Candidate With heterozygous polyploid species, detecting quantitative
Apple Cultivars for Fruit Quality from trait loci (QTL) can be an arduous process, especially in seg-
Unreplicated Multi-location Field Trials mental allopolyploids like sour cherry (2n = 4x = 32) where
non-homologous pairing is common. In our sour cherry breed-
Craig M. Hardner* ing and genetics program at Michigan State University, we
University of Queensland, St. Lucia Australia; craig. have taken a QTL validation approach for identifying relevant
[email protected] QTLs, whereby QTLs more easily discovered in related
Cameron Peace diploid species are tested for their association in sour cherry.
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] SNP markers on the Illumina 6K Infinium II array were used
for genotyping sour cherry plant materials included in the
James Luby
USDA-SCRI funded RosBREED project (www.rosbreed.org).
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
GenomeStudio polyploidy functionalities were used to score
Katherine Evans SNP genotypes, including dosage. Previously identified QTLs/
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee; candidate genes for several horticulturally important traits (fruit
[email protected] size, fruit flesh color, fruit acidity, fruit firmness, and bloom
Evaluation of the phenotypic expression of traits under field time) were identified from the peach (P. persica), almond
conditions is a fundamental process for predicting the genetic (P. dulcis), and sweet cherry (P. avium) literature. SNP mark-
potential of new candidate cultivars. However, the accuracy ers spanning the target QTL intervals were identified based
of genetic potential predicted from phenotypic observations is on synteny with the peach genome sequence, and marker
compromised by non-genetic effects. Replication of individu- linkage phase was determined based on sour cherry progeny
als through grafting and randomization may be employed to segregation. The different haplotypes identified for these tar-
estimate the average effect of a candidate, from which genetic geted regions were then tested for haplotype trait association.
potential may be inferred. In this study, we describe the use of Haplotypes with significant effect on phenotype were identi-
pedigree information in the analysis of unreplicated genetic fied for marker-assisted breeding. In certain cases, the SNP
trials as another method to improve the accuracy of predicting haplotype was “converted” to an SSR marker to facilitate future
genetic potential from phenotypic records. The data in this genotyping. Not all regions found to be significant in diploid
analysis is from the pedigree-linked RosBREED apple refer- relatives were significant in sour cherry, indicating either
ence germplasm set including trees planted at three locations: they are absent, fixed or cannot be detected due to complex-
Wenatchee, WA (n = 284), Victoria, MN (n = 300), and Geneva, ity of dosage and more allelic variants compared to diploid

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S154 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

species. This approach has been successful for QTLs with and continually. We have reduced the plum generation cycle from
fairly large effects, which are good targets for marker-assisted 3–6 years to less than one year. The “FasTrack” system allows
breeding. for the rapid incorporation of the PPV resistance transgene into
new hybrids. Hybrids containing the resistance-inducing trans-
12:15–12:30 PM gene can be selected immediately following seed germination
and an accelerated backcross program is being used to move
“FasTrack” Breeding to Produce New Plum Pox
PPV resistance from ‘HoneySweet’ into germplasm adapted
Virus Resistant Plum Germplasm and Cultivars to different growing areas such as California and the northern
Ralph Scorza* United States. Adapted PPV resistant cultivars that result from
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, this preemptive breeding program will be available to growers
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] in the event that PPV should reappear in the United States.
Chris Dardick
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 12:30–12:45 PM
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] Genome-wide QTL Detection of Individual
Ann Callahan Sugars, Sensory Sweetness, and Soluble Solids
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Content in Apples
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] Yingzhu Guan*
Chinnathambi Srinivasan Washington State University, Wenatchee; yingzhu.guan@
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, email.wsu.edu
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] Sujeet Verma
Doug Raines Washington State University, Pullman; sujeet.verma@email.
USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, wsu.edu
Kearneysville, WV; [email protected] Cameron Peace
Ted M. DeJong Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected] David R. Rudell
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee;
Sarah Castro
[email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Plum pox virus (PPV) is one of the most destructive diseases Katherine Evans
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee;
of plum and other stone fruits. The virus entered the United
[email protected]
States in 1999 and currently appears to have been eradicated. In
Canada after a decade-long unsuccessful eradication effort, PPV Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is one of the most impor-
is under a monitoring and management program. Over the past tant fresh fruits in the world based on its annual production.
20 years an intensive international research project has focused Washington State is the leading apple producer in the United
on the development of genetically engineered (GE) resistance States, accounting for approximate 60% of the total production.
to PPV. This program has resulted in the development of a GE The Washington State University apple breeding program was
plum variety ‘HoneySweet’ that has been tested for 15 years in started in 1994 to develop new improved quality apple varieties
the United States and the European Union. It is highly resistant focusing on fruit texture, flavor, and storability. The program
to PPV and it has received full regulatory approval in the United uses DNA-based markers to assist in cross-planning and to
States. Resistance to PPV in ‘HoneySweet’ is RNAi-based and improve the efficiency of selection, however, the number of
represents a new source of PPV resistance for breeders and for available markers is still limited. Sweetness is an important but
growers. ‘HoneySweet’ can be used in breeding programs to complex component of flavor, which has low heritability and
develop additional resistant varieties and/or rootstocks. To rapidly is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As part of the
incorporate PPV resistance into new plum varieties requires novel RosBREED project, the phenotypic data of individual sugars
approaches to breeding that can reduce or eliminate inherent (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol), sensory sweetness,
tree breeding limitations, such as: long juvenility periods; the and soluble solids content (SSC) for 285 and 282 individuals
need for extensive and costly breeding plots; and yearly limita- were collected at harvest in 2011 and 2012, respectively. These
tions on flowering and fruiting related to seasonal dormancy. individuals were genotyped with the RosBREED 8K apple
To address these limitations we have developed a system to SNP chip. FlexQTLTM software was used to detect QTLs in
dramatically shorten the breeding cycle of plum. “FasTrack” Washington apple germplasm. Putative QTLs for fructose in
breeding overcomes the juvenility and environmental limita- Chromosome 1, 2, and 7, glucose in Chromosome 1, 6, 8, and
tions of flowering and fruiting by incorporating into plums the 16, sucrose in chromosome 13, and sorbitol in chromosome 16
Poplar FT (PtFT) gene that induces plum trees to flower early have been detected. These QTLs will be further studied for the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S155
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

development of functional markers to enable easy application Crispness, juiciness, and acidity are traits that collectively de-
in the Washington apple breeding program. termine the “fresh sensation” of apple flesh and greatly affect
Specified Source(s) of Funding: RosBREED funded by USDA consumer liking of apple cultivars. Unfortunately, our lack of
and NIFA genetic understanding of these attributes has slowed progress in
apple breeding programs. The RosBREED project has developed
12:45–1:00 PM genotypic and phenotypic resources to enable DNA-informed
breeding in apple and other Rosaceae crops. For example, an
Genome-wide QTL Analyses Uncovers SNP
8 K SNP chip for scanning genomes of approximately 1000
Marker-based Functional Alleles for Apple individuals of the U.S. apple breeding germplasm has been
“Fresh Sensation” Traits developed. Pedigree based analysis approach, using FlexQTL™
Sujeet Verma* and Pedimap softwares, has been implemented for location
Washington State University, Pullman; sujeet.verma@email. specific (Washington, Minnesota, and New York) genome-wide
wsu.edu QTL analysis for “fresh sensation” traits and linkage groups
with significant QTLs have been identified for further analysis.
Cari Schmitz
LG02 and LG16 have QTLs for all three fresh sensation traits.
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
We have also confirmed an additional QTL for acidity on LG08,
Matthew Clark crispness on LGs 05, and 12, and sensory juiciness on LGs 05
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] and 12. We have identified SNP based functional alleles and
Yingzhu Guan estimated effects of major “fresh sensation” loci for important
Washington State University, Wenatchee; yingzhu.guan@ breeding parents. Identified “fresh sensation” QTL variants
email.wsu.edu would be useful for DNA-informed breeding and new cultivar
development.
Benjamin Orcheski
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
Julia Harshman Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon A/B
Washington State University, Wenatchee; juliam.
[email protected] Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal
Katherine Evans Plants
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee;
Moderator: Valtcho D. Jeliazkov, [email protected]
[email protected]
Susan K. Brown 1:45–2:00 PM
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] Essential Oil Yield, Composition, and
James R. McFerson Bioactivity as a Function of Distillation Time
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee; Valtcho D. Jeliazkov*
[email protected] University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected]
Nahla Bassil Charles Cantrell
USDA–ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected] USDA–ARS, University, MS; [email protected]
Umesh Rosyara Tess Astatkie
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Dalhousie University, Truro, NS; [email protected]
Marco Bink Thomas E. Horgan
Wageningen University and Research Center, Mississippi State University, Verona; [email protected].
Droevendaalsesteeg; [email protected] edu
James Luby Vicki L. Schlegel
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] University of Nebraska, Lincoln; [email protected]
Eric van de Weg Ekaterina Jeliazkova
Wageningen University and Research Center, University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; [email protected]
Droevendaalsesteeg; [email protected]
Researchers reporting data on essential oil content and composi-
Amy F. Iezzoni tion of various aromatic plants are utilizing different extraction
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] methods and duration time. The essential oil of a number of
Cameron Peace aromatic crops is traditionally extracted via steam distillation.
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] However, the optimal distillation time for most crops is largely

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S156 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

uknown. Our previous research has shown that distillation time countries. Recent studies demonstrated its feasibility as cash
(DT) can modify essential oil yield and composition of several crop for north central Wyoming. The transportation and energy
crops such as coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), oregano costs of commercial mint producers can be decreased by drying
(Origanum vulgare L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), the spearmint in windrows out in the fields for few days after
Japanese cornmint (Mentha canadensis L.) lemongrass (Cymbo- harvest. And this has been a common practice in the traditional
pogon flexuosus Steud.), and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii mint producing regions. There is a knowledge gap regarding the
Roxb.), pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws), of female effect of drying on ‘Native’ spearmint oil yields and composition.
and of male Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in Wyoming
Sarg.). We conducted additional research on the effect of DT to evaluate the effects of drying in days after harvest, DAH (0,
on other crops including anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), worm- 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11 DAH) and drying condition (shade and sun) on
wood (Artemisia annua L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), the essential oil yield, and on the concentrations of beta-pinene,
and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Herewith, we are myrcene, limonene, eucalyptol, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol,
presenting data from all the DT studies on the above crops. In cis-dihydro carvone, cis-carveol, carvone, iso-dihydro carveol
all these studies, DT significantly changed both the essential acetate, beta-bourbonene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-humulene/
oil yields and composition. In general, there was a trend for trans-beta-far, and germacrene D in the oil. Treatments did not
the low boiling oil constituents to be eluted first, while the have significant effect on essential oil yield; the average oil
main essential oil constituents for most of the plants required content was 0.25%. The concentrations of myrcene (3% to 3.2%
longer DT. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oils from range) and germacrene-D (2.2% to 2.4% range) were greater in
different DT within a plant species was also altered. For some the oils from plants dried under a shade compared to the plants
plant species, we developed regression models that can predict dried under direct sun, whereas the concentration of beta-pinene
essential oil yield, the concentration of individual constituents, (0.85% to 0.96% range) was greater in plants dried under direct
and the yield of these constituents within DT starting at couple sun. The concentration of carvone (51% to 53% range in the oil)
of minutes and finishing with 8, 10, and 14 hours (different DT was greater in the plants dried for 1 and 2 days after harvest,
range for different crops). These studies demonstrated that DT and lower in plants dried for 7 days; the rest of the constituents
can be used as a tool for obtaining essential oils with different were not significantly different. Drying of ‘Native’ spearmint
composition, moreover, in some instance a specific targeted under direct sun in Wyoming for up to 11 DAH can be practical
composition can be obtained. These studies also established in an effort to reduce transportation and energy costs without
the optimum length of the DT for maximum essential oil yields affecting oil yields or composition.
of the selected crops. In most instances, the optimal DT for Specified Source(s) of Funding: SunGrant Initiative
maximum yields and desirable composition for a given species
was shorter compared to what is usually used and reported by 2:15–2:30 PM
researchers and processors. Apparently, these shorter DT may
translate into significant savings of energy for producers and Study on Spearmint and Japanese Cornmint in
processors. The data demonstrated that researchers must report Mississippi
the DT when reporting essential oil and composition of these Thomas E. Horgan*
crops. The data from these studies can help researchers when Mississippi State University, Verona; [email protected].
comparing reports in which different DT for extraction of es- edu
sential oil from a specific crop were used.
Crofton R. Sloan
Specified Source(s) of Funding: University of Wyoming start up Mississippi State University, Verona; [email protected].
funds and Mississippi Specialty Crops Block Grant edu

2:00–2:15 PM
John McKee
Westside Farms, Friars Point; [email protected]
Drying and Shade Effects on Native Spearmint
Charles Cantrell
Oil Yields and Composition USDA–ARS, University, MS; [email protected]
Valtcho D. Jeliazkov*
Dennis Rowe
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected]
Mississippi State University; [email protected]
Ekaterina Jeliazkova Valtcho D. Jeliazkov
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected]
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected]
Tess Astatkie In previous studies, ‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.)
Dalhousie University, Truro, NS; [email protected] and Japanese cornmint (Mentha canadensis L.) have shown
‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of the two most potential as essential oil crops for the southeastern United States.
widely grown spearmints in the United States and in other Followup field studies were conducted in 2011 and in 2012 at

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S157
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

two locations in Mississippi (the North Mississippi Research are mainly grown in the Midwest. There is no information on
and Extension Center at Verona, MS, and at Westside Farms, how these crops would yield under the Wyoming short growing
Friars Point, MS), with ‘Native’ spearmint and ‘Arvensis II’ of season conditions. Field experiments were conducted in 2011
Japanese cornmint to evaluate the effect of nitrogen rate (150, to evaluate the effect of harvest time on peppermint ‘Black
200, 250, and 300 lbs/ac.) and location of essential oil yield Mitcham’ and ‘Native’ spearmint oil content and yield. The
and composition. The N source was Urea (46–0–0); half of the Native spearmint plots were harvested every week commencing
N for each treatment was applied in early spring and the other on September 14 and finishing on November 1. Whereas, the
half 7 days after the first harvest. Transplanting of mint in the peppermint plots were harvested on September 20, September
field was done with a wagon wheel transplanter, rows were 38 28, and October 5, 2011, (peppermint plants were damaged and
inches apart, with the in-row plant spacing of 1 ft. Irrigation was later killed by subsequent frosts). The last two harvests yielded
used at both locations: low flow drip tape in Verona and flood reduced oil content and oil yield of ‘Native’ spearmint relative to
irrigation at Friar’s Point to apply approximately 1 inch/acre/ the first two harvests. The concentration of carvone in spearmint
week minus the rainfall. Harvesting was done at beginning of was also reduced during the last two harvests. Harvest time did
flowering, representative samples were weighed immediately not change oil content or oil yields of peppermint. However,
and dried at shady place. Dried mint samples (250 g dried later harvests of peppermint resulted in greater accumulation of
material), all in 4 replicates, were steam distilled for extraction menthol in the oil relative to the first harvest. Overall, the con-
of the essential oil. Overall, both mint species grew very well centration of menthol in peppermint oil was relatively high, and
at the two locations. Nitrogen had some effect on oil yields at much more than menthol in peppermint grown in more southern
Friars Point and an effect on the concentration of carvone in latitudes, such as in Mississippi, as recently reported. This result
‘Native’ spearmint oil. ‘Arvensis II’ plants were taller (97 cm) supports the notion that for best oil quality, peppermint should
than ‘Native’ spearmint plants (68 cm). Fresh herbage yields be grown in more northern latitudes. Our preliminary results
at both locations were similar to previous reports from trials indicate that both peppermint and spearmint could be grown
conducted in 2007 and in 2008 at Verona with the same culti- under the environmental conditions of north central Wyoming.
vars. The dry weight of the plants was greater at Verona (0.8 Peppermint may be harvested after the first light frosts, but will
kg/6 foot of row) compared to Friars Point (0.6 kg/6 foot), and be killed by late fall frosts. Native spearmint was much more
‘Arvensis II’ provided greater dry weight (0.77 kg) than ‘Native’ resistant to frosts, it can be harvested after few fall frosts and
spearmint (0.59 kg). Menthol was the main oil constituent of just before the first snow.
‘Arvensis II’, whereas carvone was the main oil constituent of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: SunGrant Initiative
‘Native’ spearmint. The concentration of both constituents was
similar to previous reports from Mississippi, from trials con-
ducted with the same species. The concentration of carvone in
‘Native’ spearmint oil was greater at Friars Point compared to Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
the one in Verona. The results suggest ‘Native’ spearmint and Public/Commercial Horticulture/
‘Arvensis II’ Japanese cornmint can be viable crops for Mis-
sissippi and provide essential oil with desirable composition. Computer Applications in
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Mississippi Specialty Crops Horticulture
Block Grant
Moderator: Peter Ling, [email protected]
2:30–2:45 PM 1:45–2:00 PM
Peppermint and Spearmint in Wyoming Can Community Engaged Collaborative Design of a
Survive the First Fall Frosts New Children’s Garden at a Public Garden
Valtcho D. Jeliazkov* Dana R. Reynolds
University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; [email protected] North Carolina State University, Raleigh; dana_reynolds@
Charles Cantrell ncsu.edu
USDA–ARS, University, MS; [email protected] Lucy K. Bradley*
Tess Astatkie North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@
Dalhousie University, Truro, NS; [email protected] ncsu.edu
Ekaterina Jeliazkova Julieta T. Sherk
University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY; [email protected] North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) is grown mainly in the north- Julia L. Kornegay
western United States, while spearmints (‘Native’ spearmint, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; julia_kornegay@
Mentha spicata L. and ‘Scotch’ spearmint, M. gracilis Sole.) ncsu.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S158 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

The Elizabethan Gardens are on ten acres, situated on the Outer potential to use longevity labels and guarantees in floral retail
Banks in Manteo, NC. Located in a tourist destination, the settings to improve consumer confidence when selecting cut
Gardens have had difficulty expanding their membership base flower arrangements.
due to the transient nature of the surrounding population. Many
Specified Source(s) of Funding: American Floral Endowment
public gardens have been successful in both expanding their
membership and drawing in tourists by including a children’s
2:30–2:45 PM
garden. Therefore North Carolina State University partnered
with the Elizabethan Gardens to develop a conceptual design for Dynamic Plant Water Use Measurement using
a new children’s garden. Several key partners have made this Data from a Low-cost Weighing Lysimeter
project possible. The North Carolina State Legislature provided Peter Ling*
tuition and a stipend for a graduate student. The Outer Banks The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; [email protected]
Community Foundation agreed to provide grant funding for
the design collaboration. The North Carolina State Horticulture Robert Boucherle
Landscape Design Studio facilitated the community engaged The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected]
design process and created conceptual designs. Community Jonathan M. Frantz
input was gathered during a four-hour workshop held at the Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.; jonathan.frantz@
garden in January 2013. Community members were divided pioneer.com
into discussion groups and participated in three activities that
Inexpensive, reliable ways to measure plant water use on short
helped them identify the children’s garden program, theme and
temporal scales are needed to improve irrigation efficiency. Apart
design elements. Utilizing the input from the community, six
from more expensive, accurate components, new data mining
junior and senior North Carolina State University Horticultural
methods may be a way to extract more reliable data from a sys-
Science Landscape Design students each created a design for tem with less precision. In this study, different time-averaging
the children’s garden space, and then presented it to the Eliza- methods were applied to the data from a custom-built weighing
bethan Gardens’ management team including administrators, lysimeter to determine the maximum amount of reliable water
staff, and board members. The management team identified use information that could be determined. The relationship
the most desirable design program, theme and elements from between data reliability and temporal resolution were examined
the student’s conceptual designs and contracted with a local based on error analyses, and a proposed dynamic time-stepping
design firm to combine them into one plan that will be used algorithm was used to optimize the temporal resolution and
for fundraising and a phased installation. number of reliable data points obtained from the data set. The
results given by the lysimeter system, and the data processing
2:15–2:30 PM methods were verified using a precision laboratory balance as a
Consumer Preferences for Longevity reference. Separate month-long tests were performed, one with
Information and Guarantees on Cut Flower lettuce grown from seedlings, and another with small tomato
and pepper plants. This paper aims to improve the quality and
Arrangements
amount of information obtainable from a generic low-cost
Alicia L. Rihn* system with significant uncertainty.
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
Chengyan Yue 2:45–3:00 PM
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] Building Database Resources for Translational
Charles R. Hall Research in Rosaceae
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] Sook Jung*
Bridget K. Behe Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Taein Lee
The study evaluated consumer preferences for longevity labels Washington State University, Pullman; taein_lee@hotmail.
and guarantees on cut flower arrangements using a choice com
experiment. Cut flower arrangements with varying longevity Stephen Ficklin
labels, guarantees, and use (self vs. gift) were displayed in 24 Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
scenarios. A choice experiment was used to examine consumer
preferences for the different attributes. A mixed logit model Chun-Huai Cheng
and Ward’s linkage cluster analysis was used to analyze the Washington State University, Pullman; chunhuaicheng@
data. Results revealed three consumer clusters and participants gmail.com
were willing to pay more for cut flower arrangements with Anna Blenda
longevity labels and guarantees. Results imply that there is Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S159
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Sushan Ru egories in the search sites. Pathway data can also be accessed
Washington State University, Pullman; sushan.ru@email. through the GDR Cyc Pathways databases: FragariaCyc, Ap-
wsu.edu pleCyc, and PeachCyc. Synteny among the three sequenced
genomes is also available through the graphic interface,
Ping Zheng
GBrowse_Syn, to facilitate data utilization across species.
Washington State University, Pullman; ping23621827@
Genetic data such as markers, QTLs, and genetic linkage maps
gmail.com
are available through various search sites and graphic viewers.
Katherine Evans QTLs and markers from various maps can be compared using
Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee; kate_ the comparative map viewer CMap and the markers that have
[email protected] been anchored to the genome can be viewed through GBrowse,
Cameron Peace facilitating the new marker development and the identification
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] of underlying genes for the traits of interests. Breeding data,
mostly from the RosBreed project, has also been integrated.
Nnadozie Oraguzie The germplasm details and their phenotypic and genotypic
Washington State University, Prosser; [email protected] data can be searched by datasets, germplasm names, trait
Albert Abbott thresholds, markers, and marker alleles. Tools that can facili-
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected] tate Marker Assisted Breeding, such as Cross Assist, have also
been developed.
Desmond R. Layne
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA Specialty Crop Research
Initiative (SCRI), Tree Fruit GDR: Translating Genomics into
Mercy A. Olmstead Advances in Horticulture
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Fred Gmitter 3:00–3:15 PM
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected] Development, Testing, and Application of a
Chunxian Chen Process-based Crop Simulation Model for Garlic
USDA–ARS, SEFTNRL, Byron, GA; Chunxian.Chen@ars.
Soo-Hyung Kim*
usda.gov University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
Lukas Mueller Jighan Jeong
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY; University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
[email protected]
Lloyd Nackley
Dorrie Main University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
Kyung Hwan Moon
The Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR, http://www. Rural Development Administration, Jeju, Korea; khmoon@
rosaceae.org) is an integrated database for genomic, genetic rda.go.kr
and breeding data. Rosaceae includes many economically im-
Soo-Ock Kim
portant crops such as apple, peach, cherry, almond, raspberry,
National Center for Agro-Meteorology, Seoul, Korea;
strawberry, pear, and rose. The GDR integrates genomic,
[email protected]
genetic, and breeding data to facilitate data utilization across
disciplines as well as across species. Current genomic data Jin I. Yun
includes the annotated whole genome sequences of strawberry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin; [email protected]
peach, and apple that are available through GBrowse and Crop simulation models are essential tools for assessing climate
download pages. In addition, all the Rosaceae sequences from impacts on crops, assisting crop breeding and management
NCBI have been anchored to the whole genome sequences decisions, optimizing agricultural inputs and resources, and
of the closest genome where matches were found. New EST forecasting crop yield for policy decisions, as well as developing
unigene sets have also been developed for major genera of adaptive cropping solutions in a changing climate. With a long
Rosaceae. The predicted genes of the whole genome sequences, history of cultivation, garlic (Allium sativum) is an important
genes parsed from NCBI sequences, and EST unigenes have crop that has been incorporated into cuisines around the world
been further annotated by homology to genes in other species, and widely used as a health supplement and at times a panacea.
InterPro protein domains, GO terms, and KEGG pathway It is critical to evaluate the impacts of climate change on garlic
terms provide a glimpse of the pathways and traits in which production with site specificity and develop climate adaptation
they are involved. The annotated sequence data can be browsed strategies such as identifying suitable production sites under the
through the new species page or queried using various cat- future climate scenarios. We have developed a process-based

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S160 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

crop model for simulating potential growth, phenology, and Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
bulb yield formation of hard-neck garlic. The model responds
to temperature, solar radiation, CO2, and humidity in predicting Propagation
crop development, biomass accumulation, growth, and bulb Moderator: Chiwon W. Lee, [email protected]
yield. Our model incorporates a modified beta function for
modeling non-linear phenological responses to temperature, 4:00–4:15 PM
and applies a coupled photosynthesis and transpiration model Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Asiatic
for predicting crop carbon gain and water use. The model is Lily
designed based on the object-oriented scheme in which each
organ is an object of a class with properties and methods. This Kedong Da*
scheme allows for tracking the development and growth of The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
individual organs including leaves, roots, scape, and bulb, and Danville, VA; [email protected]
examining the interactions between different organs. Expansion Hannah Farish-Williford
and senescence of individual leaves are simulated separately for The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
each leaf as a function of cardinal temperature, physiological Danville, VA; [email protected]
age, and carbon availability. The model has been calibrated and
tested using experimental data from the greenhouse and field
Samantha Smith
The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
studies performed in the United States and Korea. We discuss
Danville, VA; [email protected]
a case study for linking the model with a GIS tool to evaluate
site-climate-crop suitability in a changing climate. Barry Flinn
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Cooperative Research Program Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville,
for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project VA; [email protected]
No. PJ006403), Rural Development Administration, Korea Lily is a monocotyledonous species belonging to the Liliaceae,
and one of the most important cut-flower species, mainly because
3:15–3:30 PM of its large, attractive flowers. The Asiatic lilies are the hardi-
est of all the lily hybrids, they grow very well in USDA Zones
Building Capacity in Public Horticulture
3–10, are easiest for the beginner to grow, and are the first to
through Strategic Partnerships and Cooperative flower each season. In an effort to establish an Asiatic lily in
Education vitro breeding system, we developed a highly efficient plant
Brian Trader* regeneration system for an elite Asiatic lily hybrid ‘Jocelyn’s
Longwood Gardens, Inc., Kennett Square, PA; btrader@ Bouquet’. The ‘Jocelyn’s Bouquet’ is an Asiatic hybrid with
longwoodgardens.org multi-bloom characters, reported to produce up to one hundred
blooms on a single plant. Tissue culture experiments tested
Douglas C. Needham pedicel, immature seedpod, and bulb-scale explants, combined
Longwood Gardens, Inc., Kennett Square, PA; dneedham@ with MS basal medium supplemented with different levels of
longwoodgardens.org BA (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/L) and NAA (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1 mg/L). It took
Without adding new interest and youthful minds to the ranks 45 days for the explants to regenerate new adventitious shoots,
of our staff, membership, and visitation: the public gardens of with the bulb scale the best initial explant material. The BA at
today will tire, age, and near extinction. Longwood Gardens 1 mg/L combined with all levels of NAA produced high fre-
has recently launched a Co-Op Program in partnership with a quency regeneration. Regenerated plants were transplanted in
local Technical High School and Trade College. The program the greenhouse, grew well and produced normal flowers when
is strategically aimed to build capacity in public horticulture, compared with the mother plant.
not only through opportunities with plants and gardening, but
through other trades including carpentry, machinery, electrical, 4:15–4:30 PM
HVAC, security etc. This program allows for hands-on training Development of a Rooting Protocol for
with knowledgeable staff coupled with academic learning in Oenothera Spp. Vegetative Cuttings
the students’ classroom at his/her home institution. Currently
in its second year, this program has proven successful as the Stephen Stanphill*
student satisfies a mandatory experiential learning requirement, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; stephen.stanphill@
the school gains a community partner, and the public garden okstate.edu
profession is impressed on future generations as a potential ca- Bruce L. Dunn
reer path. Not only does the Co-Op expose students to a public Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; bruce.dunn@okstate.
garden, but it allows them to connect with the larger context of edu
a potential career in horticulture. Oenothera is a genus of brightly colored and phenotypically
diverse flowers collectively known as evening primroses. This

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HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S161
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

genus has seen limited cultivar development in commercial logistics. However, the seasonal nature of nursery operations
horticulture. By inducing genetic diversity through chemical due to the limitation of transportation of the grafted seedlings
mutation and hybridization, desirable traits can be produced. If a is problematic when nurseries are interested in introducing
program for production of desirable mutant and hybrid cultivars vegetable grafting to serve producers who are interested in us-
is to be successful, a protocol for vegetative replication must be ing the technology. To address this issue, we examined factors
attained. When desirable evening primrose individuals are iso- affecting quality and growth of unrooted grafted cuttings as a
lated, replication through stem cutting propagation is necessary. means to improve the distribution of grafted materials and for
An experiment was devised to determine the best rooting media nurseries to centralize the labor-intensive grafting operation to
and hormone treatment for root initiation of Oenothera spp. Cut- serve producers in various regions (i.e., various planting seasons).
tings were taken from O. speciosa Nuttall and O. missouriensis Grafted tomato and watermelon cuttings (‘Durinta’ tomato or
Hooker. These 14-cm stem segments were put in 98-cell plug ‘Tri-X 313’ watermelon scion with ‘Aloha’ tomato or ‘Strong
trays using either coarse perlite or fine vermiculite. For each Tosa’ interspecific hybrid squash rootstock’, respectively) were
media type, three commercially available formulations of indole harvested after 0, 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of healing after grafting and
butyric acid (IBA) were applied at a rate of 1000 ppm. The IBA kept for 72 hours in a dark chamber maintained at 10 (tomato),
products included Hortus® water-soluble salts, Dip’nGrow® 12 (watermelon) or 20 °C (both species). The results showed that
liquid concentrate, and Hormex® rooting powder. Each treatment it required a minimum of 3 and 5 days of post-grafting healing
also contained a control group of untreated cuttings. Trays were for tomato and watermelon, respectively, before harvest in order
then placed under intermittent mist irrigation set at 8 seconds to maintain growth and development rates after 3-day simulated
every 2 minutes until root data was recorded 8 days later for O. transportation, as equivalent to non-treated cuttings (control).
speciosa and 2 weeks later for O. drummondii. Results showed Transportation at a lower temperature (10 °C for tomato or 12 °C
a significantly higher average rooting percentage, number for watermelon) seems to contribute to maintaining better visual
of roots, and root length for the vermiculite rooted cuttings. cutting quality than 20 °C. Although more research needs to
Indole butyric acid treatments had varying results among the be done to establish protocols suitable for various species and
media types and two species, as the hormone treatment did not scion-rootstock combinations, effective use of unrooted grafted
have significantly greater rooting percentages than the control cuttings in nurseries with and without grafting capabilities may
for O. speciosa. No significant difference was found between become a breakthrough technology to advance the use of grafted
the IBA products alone, but an interaction was detected using plants in the United States.
Dip’nGrow for root length and Hortus® for number of roots
using vermiculite for O. drummondii. 4:45–5:00 PM
The Effect of Rootstock Age on Grafting Ability,
4:30–4:45 PM
Re-rooting, and Field Performance of Grafted
Use of Unrooted Grafted Vegetable Cuttings: I. Watermelon Transplants
Effects of Healing Duration and Transportation
Shawna Daley*
Temperature Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
Chieri Kubota* Richard L. Hassell
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
Mark A. Kroggel Fatty alcohol treatment is a useful technology that prevents
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] rootstock regrowth in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and
Leo Sabatino Interspecific Hybrid Squash (Cucurbita maxima x C. mos-
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]. chata) rootstocks. During a three-week period after treatment,
edu rootstock carbohydrates have been shown to increase. This
increase could provide energy to improve graft healing and
Brent Salazar
rootstock re-rooting. This positive effect on transplant quality
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
could lead to an eventual improvement in overall fruit quality
Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technol- and yields. A greenhouse grafting experiment and an open-field
ogy to overcome soil-borne diseases and pests and to add extra trial were conducted to characterize this effect. Bottle Gourd
vigor to the plants under various environmental stress conditions. (cv. ‘Macis’) and Interspecific Hybrid Squash (cv. ‘Carnivor’)
In order to advance the use of grafting in U.S. vegetable produc- rootstock seed were sown in subsequent weekly plantings to
tion in open fields, key issues to address include 1) increasing achieve rootstock ages of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after fatty alcohol
the propagation capacity to meet the expected large number of application. All rootstocks were grafted using Tri-X 313 scion.
seedlings necessary to supply the demands of typically large The age of the scion was the same for all rootstock types, and
farms and 2) reducing production costs. Traditionally, vegetable the grafting was done on the same day using the one-cotyledon
grafting is a labor-intensive process involving much training and grafting method. Two weeks after grafting, the percentage of

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S162 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

healed grafts was calculated and scion fresh and dry weights germination can be achieved with a 1–4 hour treatment with
were recorded. Rooting percentage, root length density (RLD), concentrated sulfuric acid or mechanical scarification. Seed
and surface area (SA) were also measured. Increases for both soaking in sulfuric more than 6 hours was undesirable. The
cultivars were observed as rootstock age increased. Grafted possible use of diluted sulfuric acid during seed scarification
plants were also planted in a field at the Clemson University was also tested for safety and practicality.
Coastal Research Station in Charleston, SC. Transplant survival
was recorded and aerial tissue fresh and dry weights from two
plants per plot were measured. Yield data, including number Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
and weight of fruit produced per plot and number of harvests
per plot, was also collected. Significant effects in both plant Crop Physiology
growth and fruit yields were observed depending on the age of Moderator: Charles A. Sanchez, [email protected]
the rootstock treatments.
4:00–4:15 PM
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Development of Grafting
Technology to Improve Sustainability and Competitiveness of Use of Pollen Vitality to Monitor the Nutritional
the U.S. Fruiting Vegetable Industry project—USDA–SCRI Status of Flowers
PROJECT NO. 2011-51181-30963
Thomas Ferrari*
Pollen Bank, Bakersfield, CA; [email protected]
5:00–5:15 PM
Analyzing tissues and soils are cultural practices routinely
Germination Enhancement of Common used to monitor the nutrient status in vegetative stages of com-
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Seeds by mercially important crops. Flowers are a plant’s reproductive
Scarification apparatus. Following pollination and pollen germination, pistils
Chiwon W. Lee* provide nutrients to support pollen tube growth through the
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] stigma, style, and ovary. Major problems with tissue analyses
involve timing. Samples are taken in summer, months after
Saeum Choi pollination occurred and when it is too late to remedy floral
Seoul National University, Seoul; [email protected] deficiencies. At harvest, fruit and nuts are completely removed
Karson Beckstrom from an orchard; consequently, nutrients contained in them are
North Dakota State University, Fargo; karson.beckstrom@ deleted from the ecosystem months before pollination begins.
my.ndsu.edu In addition, leaves are shed and the nutrients they contain are
lost. Paradoxically, tissues routinely used to monitor the status
Todd P. West of essential nutrients for many crops are not even present during
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] bloom when their contents are needed to optimize pollen vital-
There are numerous superior cultivars commercially available ity and pistil fecundity. Previously, no assays were available to
that are propagated by bud grafting to a seedling rootstock. categorize the status of floral nutrients to optimize fertilization
This requires adequate germination and seedling production of eggs and, consequently, fruit or nut set. Studies involving a
by commercial producers. Common honeylocust (Gleditsia multitude of plant varieties indicate that responses of pollen
triacanthos L.) requires scarification to break physical dormancy viability to different boron or calcium concentrations produce
of the seed. The influence of various scarification methods on bell-shaped curves. With this knowledge, an in vitro nutrient
the germination of the common honeylocust seeds was inves- bioassay was devised that involves pollen vitality. Pollen was
tigated. Seeds harvested from a female plant grown as a street suspended in increasing concentrations of nutrients: boron,
tree in Fargo, ND, were chemically scarified for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum,
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 hours in concentrated sulfuric acid potassium, and zinc. Next, fluorescein diacetate was added as
and were geminated in peat-lite mix (Sunshine Mix #1) under a vital stain. The amount of florescence produced was used as
intermittent mist. For comparison, two sets of seeds were also a criterion of pollen vitality. If pollen vitality increased in the
mechanically scarified or treated in boiling water. Seeds that presence of a nutrient, compared to controls, flowers were con-
were mechanically scarified or boiling water were germinated sidered deficient. If vitality decreased, flowers were considered
in the same root substrate under the same misting system. When at excessive levels. If vitality remained the same as controls,
scored for germination in 10 days under mist, germination of flowers were considered near optimum levels. Pollen samples
treated seeds was 0.3%, 98.0%, 98.0%, 99.9%, 88.0%, 80.0%, from commercial orchards revealed five categories of floral nu-
33.0%, 8.05%, and 2.0% at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 hours, trients: excessive, near optimum, slightly deficient, moderately
respectively. Seeds treated with sulfuric acid for 18 hours or deficient, and extremely deficient. If pollen is deficient in any of
longer were killed. Seeds scarified mechanically showed 98.0% those nutrients, it is logical that the flower that produced them is
germination, while those treated in boiling water showed 18.0% deficient, which includes the pistil. Samples near optimum levels
germination. Result of this study indicates maximum seed ranged from 30% to 79%. Samples with excessive levels ranged

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S163
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

from 0% to 18%. Therefore, routine applications of nutrients Red Norland and shoot tip injury occurred when the media Ca
during bloom can cause toxic amounts to accumulate. Pollen was below 300 μM. The standard MS media for shoot cultures
bioassays accurately and rapidly measure the status of available contains 3000 μM Ca. In the present study we investigated the
floral nutrients so farmers can optimize flower fertility before variability of Ca requirements within potato cultivars Solanum
bloom ends and their crop is set. tuberosum L. using an in vitro shoot culture system. Shoot cultures
of three potato cultivars were grown in the standard MS media
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Pollen Bank
containing Ca concentrations from 50–3000 μM. Shoot tip health
and axillary shoots development were evaluated after 20–30 days
4:15–4:30 PM after transfer. The media calcium concentration varied for each
Response of AVP1-OX Romaine Lettuce to cultivar to first observe (threshhold) Ca deficiency symptoms.
Phosphorus For example this threshhold media calcium concentration was
about 60 μM for the cultivar Snowden, 275 μM for cultivar Dark
Charles A. Sanchez*
Red Norland, and 700 μM for the cultivar Burbank. Our results
University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
suggest that there is a genetic variation within potato cultivars
Roberto Gaxiola for Ca requirement for healthy growth in vitro.
Arizona State University, Tempe; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: In part by the University of
Crops produced in the desert receive large annual applications Wisconsin-Madison
of phosphorus (P) fertilizer. However, declining P mineral
reserves, erratic fertilizer costs, and concerns about water pol- 5:00–5:15 PM
lution, have created incentives for improved efficiency. While A Continuous Canopy Photosynthesis
we have developed management practices, such as soil and plant Measurement System for CAM Plants
tissue testing and improved fertilizer placement, the possibility
of genetic modifications to crops for improved fertilizer use ef- Dongxian He*
ficiency has received little attention. Recently, it has been shown China Agricultural University, Beijing; he_dongxian@
that over-expression of type I H+-pyrophosphatase AVP1 (AVP, hotmail.com
Arabidopsis vacuolar pyrophosphatase) contribute positively Zejing Zhang
to many energetic plant processes including general growth, China Agricultural University, Beijing; zhangzj127@163.
nutrient acquisition, and stress response. This genetic modi- com
fication enhances nutrient uptake by affecting the abundance
and activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in a manner Guomin Zheng
Beijing Forestry University, China; [email protected]
that correlates with apoplastic pH alterations and rhizosphere
acidification. The objective of this project was to evaluate the Rongfu Gao
potential for using AVP1 overexpression (AVP1-OX) modified Beijing Forestry University, China; [email protected]
romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) for improved P use efficiency Genhua Niu
under desert cropping systems. Greenhouse and field data show Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@
that AVP1-OX romaine lettuce outperformed conventional let- ag.tamu.edu
tuce at all levels of P.
Portable photosynthetic measurement based leaf gas exchange
4:45–5:00 PM is one tool of most important photosynthesis research tech-
niques. However, it is not suitable for CAM plants because of
Variations in Calcium Requirements for In the main CO2 absorption in dark period and CO2 assimilation in
Vitro Shoot Culture among Potato Cultivars photoperiod. Some facultative CAM plants always show certain
Zienab F.R. Ahmed amount of CO2 uptake in photoperiod, therefore lead to incorrect
South Valley University, Qena; [email protected] determination of the gas exchange characteristics. Therefore, a
canopy photosynthesis continuous measurement system based on
Jiwan P. Palta* two leaf canopy chambers was developed and tested for obligate
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] CAM plant (Kalanchoe daigremontiana), facultative CAM plant
Tissue cultures offer an accurate system for the evaluation (Dendrobium officinale), C3 plant (Fragaria ananassa Duchesn),
of nutrient deficiency studies for immobile nutrients such as and C4 plant (Zea mays) under artificial and natural lightings.
calcium. Calcium is an important plant nutrient and its role in The results show that the canopy photosynthesis continuous
plant growth and development is well known. In our previous measurement is not only suitable for quantitative evaluation of
studies, we have reported that a calcium deficiency to in vitro gas exchange characteristics in CAM plants, but also suitable
shoot cultures causes damage to potato shoot subapical expanding in C3 and C4 plants with weak photosynthetic capacity.
cells resulting in shoot tip necrosis and development of axillary
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work supported by national
shoots. This study was conducted using only potato cultivar Dark
advanced technology program (2013AA101002).

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S164 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

5:15–5:30 PM to large-scale, high-input environments. Long-term investments

Steady-state Chlorophyll Fluorescence required for breeding programs often preclude efforts in Central
America to provide high-quality, low-cost seeds to small-scale
Measurement for Photosynthesis Research of farmers. In Central America, as well as other tropical countries,
CAM Plants production losses up to 100% can occur due to geminiviruses
Dongxian He* transmitted by the white fly, Bemisia tabaci, in a persistent,
China Agricultural University, Beijing; he_dongxian@ circulative manner. Control of the whitefly vector often requires
hotmail.com repeated applications of insecticides that may reduce the popu-
lation size but also increase costs and selective pressure for
Rongfu Gao
resistance, frequently exacerbated by continuous sowing cycles.
Beijing Forestry University, China; [email protected]
In participatory plant breeding with women’s cooperatives in
Zejing Zhang Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala and in col-
China Agricultural University, Beijing; [email protected] laboration with local NGO’s, we evaluated geminivirus resistant
Genhua Niu cultivars developed by the World Vegetable Center, Taiwan,
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@ ROC, which have the potential to provide a more sustainable
ag.tamu.edu solution for small-scale, rural farmers to reduce economical,
environmental, and health risks. Different breeding lines were
Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is one of most important identified as superior by women’s cooperatives in different
techniques in photosynthetic research related to plant physiologi- regions reflecting variation in production environments and
cal ecology and stress physiology. Because of special photosyn- preferences in local markets.
thetic carbon assimilation pathway of CAM plants, the CO2 uptake
and the assimilation has certain time and the stomata movements Specified Source(s) of Funding: USAID HortCRSP
always show non-uniform closure phenomenon. In order to store
water better and reduce transpiration and thereby improving 4:15–4:30 PM
light and water use efficiencies, facultative CAM plants often QTL Analysis for Early Blight Resistance in
show non-uniform stomata closure movement and C3 and CAM
Tomato
pathways switching to eliminate various environmental stress
influences and adapt better the environment changes. However, Dilip Panthee*
chlorophyll fluorescence measurement based on saturation pulse North Carolina State University, Mills River;
fluorescence or OJIP rapid fluorescent in CAM plants may not [email protected]
take linkage evaluation in photosynthetic electron transport Allen van Deynze
and carbon assimilation in PS II and PS I because of the dark University of California, Davis; [email protected]
adaptation. Therefore, a steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence
measurement method with the theory and instrument under light Sung-Chur Sim
adaptation is proposed to apply in photosynthesis research of Sejong University, Seol; [email protected]
CAM plants and the plants with non-uniform stomata closure. David Francis
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work supported by national
advanced technology program (2013AA101005) Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria solani and related fungi
is a potentially devastating disease of tomato grown under humid
conditions. Although it is controlled by fungicides, resistance
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 can effectively lengthen spray intervals and reduce the amount
of pesticides applied. Some quantitative trait loci (QTL) associ-
Vegetable Breeding ated with resistance to EB have been reported but the location
Moderator: Haejeen Bang, [email protected] of those QTL on the tomato genome is still not precise. The
objective of this study was to map the QTL associated with
4:00–4:15 PM EB resistance within culitvated tomato genetic backgrounds.
Participatory Tomato Breeding for Virus A mapping population (F2:3) was derived from a cross of NC
Resistance in Central America 1CELBR x Fla 7775. NC 1CELBR is resistant and Fla 7775
is susceptible to EB. A population of 250 F2-derived lines with
Raul Guerra six plants per line were planted at the Mountain Research Sta-
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] tion, Waynesville, NC, with two replicates. Natural inoculum
James Nienhuis* provided disease pressure. Disease rating was performed at the
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] scale of 0 to 5, where 0 = no disease symptom at all on the leaf
surface, 1 = symptoms spread over about 20% of the leaf surface
Most of the tomato seeds of cultivars planted in Central America
area, 2 = symptoms spread over 21% to 40% of the leaf surface
are imported. The imported hybrid cultivars are often adapted

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HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S165
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

area, 3 = symptoms spread over about 41% to 60% of the leaf with resistance and together explained 73% of the phenotypic
surface area, 4 = symptoms spread over 61% to 80% of the leaf variation in the population. There was no epistatic interaction
surface area, and 5 = symptoms spread over 100% of the leaf between ty-5 and “Ty-6”.
surface area. The population was genotyped with 384 single
nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) molecular markers optimized 4:45–5:00 PM
for polymorphism rate in fresh-market tomato germplasm and Alternative Splicing Variants and a New DNA
assayed using the KASPAR platform, of which 183 were found
to be polymorphic in this population. Composite interval map- Marker for an Allelic Selection of Lycopene
ping (CIM) using QTL Cartographer (version 2.5) revealed that Beta-cyclase in Watermelon
there are three QTL on chromosome 2 located at 10cM (R2 = Haejeen Bang*
4.6%), 13cM (R2 = 5.3%) and 35cM (R2 = 5.9%) positions, and Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
one on each of chromosome 4 located at 55cM (R2 = 6.2%) and
12 located at 47cM (R2 = 41.3%) positions, respectively. Chro- Sunggil Kim
Chonnam National University, Gwangju; [email protected]
mosome 6 may have an important genomic region which was
detected by single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) but not Daniel Leskovar
by CIM. Additional work on these chromosomes may provide Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde; d-leskovar@tamu.
precise mapping of QTL conferring resistance to EB in tomato. edu
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
4:30–4:45 PM Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Identification of a New Begomovirus Resistance Center, College Station; [email protected]
Locus, “Ty-6,” in Tomato The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well studied in
Samuel F. Hutton* various crops. One of the pathway genes, lycopene beta-cyclase
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] (LCYB), encodes an enzyme that converts lycopene to beta-car-
otene. Plants have chromoplast-specific and chloroplast-specific
John W. Scott classes of LCYB. At least two copies were reported in tomato,
GCREC, Wimauma, FL; [email protected] orange, and papaya, but only one copy of LCYB has been iden-
Begomoviruses, including Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus tified in watermelon, to date. Our previous study showed that
(TYLCV), are among the most important diseases of tomatoes LCYB may be crucial for conditioning flesh color differences
grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The between red and canary yellow watermelon varieties. Two dif-
development of resistance to the begomoviruses TYLCV and ferent splicing variants were identified during molecular cloning
to Tomato Mottle Virus (ToMoV) has been a major breeding of LCYB. One variant retained an intron in the 5’ untranslated
objective of the University of Florida tomato breeding program region (UTR) and the other variant did not have an intron. In this
since the early 1990s. Resistance has been incorporated from the study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out to
cultivar Tyking and from several Solanum chilense accessions, determine if there was differential gene expression of the coding
and resistance alleles of the major resistance genes Ty-1 (and its region. The promoter region was characterized and alternative
allele, Ty-3), Ty-2, Ty-4, and ty-5 are all utilized in the program. splicing variants in the 5’UTR were examined using qRT-PCR. A
The resistance in some advanced lines, however, is not explained significant difference in mRNA transcripts of the coding region of
by these alleles. Fla. 8383 has a moderate level of resistance LCYB was observed between red and canary yellow watermelons.
derived from S. chilense accession LA2779, but lacks all of the Moreover, it appeared that LCYB transcripts retaining an intron
previously identified resistance loci. In Spring 2010, 203 plants were more abundant than LCYB transcripts without an intron in
of an F2 population derived from the cross between Fla. 8383 both flesh colors. Both splicing variants were more abundant in
and the susceptible breeding line, Fla. 7776, were inoculated canary yellow than red flesh varieties. Overall, the expression
with TYLCV and evaluated for disease severity. Each plant of LCYB in canary yellow was higher than in red regardless of
was genotyped with 158 polymorphic snps developed through splicing patterns or positions. When promoter regions of the two
the SolCAP project. Single marker analysis identified a major watermelon varieties were compared, polymorphic sequences
resistance allele on chromosome 10, tentatively named “Ty-6,” were identified and developed into a PCR-based marker for
which functions additively. For confirmation, Fla. 8638B, which LCYB allelic selection. Genotyping on genetic populations and
has a high level of resistance conferred by ty-5 (derived from other genotypes revealed perfect co-segregation of the marker
‘Tyking’) and by one or more alleles derived from S. chilense with flesh colors, which indicated that polymorphic sequences
accession LA1938, was crossed to the susceptible breeding in the promoter region may influence transcriptional regula-
line, Fla. 7804; 240 F2 plants were inoculated with TYLCV tion in red and canary yellow watermelon. Because this newly
and evaluated for disease severity in Fall 2012. Each plant was developed marker is PCR-based, it can be used in watermelon
genotyped with a marker for the ty-5 allele and with a marker for breeding with greater efficiency than our previously reported
the “Ty-6” allele. Both loci were highly significantly associated cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences marker.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S166 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Specified Source(s) of Funding: This project is based upon work Nobushige Yonezawa
supported by the USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing Kobe University, Japan
Foods for Health” through the VFIC Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most consumed leafy
vegetables in the world. Its productivity is dramatically de-
5:00–5:15 PM creased by environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and
A New SNP Marker for Allelic Selection of high salinity. Improved stress tolerance is desirable in new let-
Carotenoid Isomerase in Watermelon tuce cultivars. Isolation and characterization of genes involved
in stress in this plant would help us understand the molecular
Haejeen Bang* mechanisms of stress response and to breed more tolerant lettuce
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] using transgenic technology. DREBs/CBFs encoding DRE/CRT-
Daniel Leskovar binding factor proteins play important roles in plant responses
Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@ to abiotic stress. In this study, the DREB1 and DREB2 orthologs
tamu.edu LsDREB1A and LsDREB2A, respectively, were isolated from
lettuce and their expressions and functions were analyzed. Ls-
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
DREB1A and LsDREB2A encoded proteins with the conserved
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
AP2 (apetala 2) domain, and they were classified into A-1 and
Center, College Station; [email protected]
A-2 subgroups of the DREB subfamily, respectively. Southern
Carotenoid isomerase (encoded by CRTISO) catalyzes an blot analysis indicated that there might be more than ten DREB
isomerization of cis-lycopene into all-trans form in conjunction homologs in the lettuce genome. Quantitative real-time PCR
with desaturations from phytoene to lycopene in the carotenoid experiments revealed that the expression level of LsDREB1A was
biosynthetic pathway of plants. Limited sequence information on highest under cold conditions, followed by salt and abscisic acid
CRTISO in other species made it difficult to clone watermelon stresses, while the expression of LsDREB2A was significantly
CRTISO. Over five kb of genomic sequence of watermelon induced by drought and high salinity treatment, but not cold,
CRTISO contains twelve introns in the coding region. It showed heat, or abscisic acid treatments. These results suggested that
80% amino acid sequence identity with tomato and 82% with LsDREB1A and LsDREB2A play different roles during drought,
Arabidopsis CRTISO. The sequences of the coding region were cold, and high salinity stress responses. LsDREB2A could spe-
aligned between CRTISO of red watermelon and that of salmon cifically recognize the DRE sequence in vitro as determined by
yellow watermelon and two single nucleotide polymorphisms an electrophoresis mobility shift assay. In a yeast one-hybrid
(SNPs) were identified. One SNP showed a conserved substitu- assay, both LsDREB1A and LsDREB2A proteins specifically
tion from tyrosine to phenylalanine and the other SNP resulted bound to the DRE sequence and activated the expression of
in an amino acid substitution from leucine to proline. Alignment both the His3 and LacZ reporter genes. These results indicated
of the deduced amino acids showed that leucine is conserved that both proteins might function as transcription factors. Over-
in other crops. Genotyping was performed to validate whether expression of LsDREB1A and LsDREB2A increased tolerance
they can distinguish flesh color differences. Different genetic to salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that
populations and commercial varieties were tested using two these genes might show promise for producing transgenic lettuce
SNP markers. One SNP co-segregated with salmon yellow flesh that is tolerant to salt stress. This work was supported by Grant
color. This suggested the newly developed SNP marker is very Number 1116 from the Salt Science Research Foundation and
closely linked to causal mutations resulting in salmon yellow by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25292022.
flesh color of watermelon and this marker may provide a useful
tool for breeding novel watermelon varieties.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This project is based upon work Tuesday, July 23, 2013 Springs Salon A/B
supported by the USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing Environmental Stress Physiology
Foods for Health” through the VFIC
Moderator: Leo Gene Albrigo, [email protected]
5:15–5:30 PM 4:00–4:15 PM
Isolation and Characterization of DREB/CBF Physiological and Growth Responses of Two
Gene Orthologs in Lettuce Sweetpotato Cultivars at Early Season Soil
Yuichi Uno* Moisture Deficit
Kobe University, Japan; [email protected]
Bandara Gajanayake*
Keita Kudo Mississippi State University, Starkville; [email protected]
Kobe University, Japan
K.R. Reddy
Itsumi Sugimoto Mississippi State University, Starkville; krreddy@pss.
Kobe University, Japan msstate.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S167
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Mark Shankle 4:15–4:30 PM

Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Morphological, Anatomical, and Physiological
Branch; [email protected]
Adaptations of Potatoes to a Simulated Heat
Ramon A. Arancibia Stress
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods
Branch; [email protected] Jiwan P. Palta*
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Even though soil moisture deficit is one of the important
abiotic stresses causing reductions in growth and yield of sev- Justin E. Schabow
eral crops including sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)], University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
limited quantitative information is available that can be used for Potatoes are known to grow well in cool climates. Heat stress
irrigation management during the growing season. To quantify generally reduces foliage growth and partitioning to tubers. Our
soil moisture stress effects on sweetpotato, an experiment was previous studies have shown that heat stress reduces leaf size
conducted by varying soil moisture levels, 0.256, 0.216, 0.164, by reducing cell division and cell enlargement. Most studies
0.107, and 0.058 m3·m-3 soil, (representing 100%, 80%, 60%, to date have documented the adverse impact of heat stress on
40%, and 20% of field capacity) from transplanting to 55 days potato plant growth and development. However, very little has
on two commonly grown cultivars, Beauregard and Evange- been reported on the adaptation of potato plants to heat stress.
line, for plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. The present study was conducted to study strategies employed
Soil moisture treatments were imposed prior to planting and by potato plants to acclimate to heat stress using five different
maintained throughout the experiment at the respective treat- commercially available cultivars. Shoot culture plantlets were
ment levels through sensor-based programmed irrigation. grown in about 8-L pots containing an artificial soil mix (Metro
Six pots were harvested at weekly intervals starting 15 days Mix) in a temperature controlled greenhouse at the University
after transplanting and growth and developmental rates were of Wisconsin, Madison Biotron controlled environment facility
determined from the destructive harvests. Gas exchange and using a 14-hour photoperiod. Six weeks after growing in cool
other physiological measurements were recorded during the (20 °C day/ 15 °C night) temperatures plants were transferred
last two weeks of the experiment. Numbers of storage and to a controlled environment room at the Biotron facility for
non-storage roots were recorded based on their visual and heat stress treatment (35 °C day/ 25 °C night) under a 14-hour
anatomical features through microscopic observation of roots at photoperiod. After 4–5 weeks after heat stress exposure, the
each harvest. Although vine length was greater in ‘Evangeline’ leaves produced under heat stress were compared with the leaves
than ‘Beauregard’ across all soil moisture levels, total leaf area, on the same plants that were produced under cool temperatures
leaf number, and total biomass were not different between prior to heat stress. In general as expected the leaves produced
the cultivars and declined quadratically with decreased soil under heat stress were smaller. Heat stress adapted leaves had
moisture. The rate of photosynthesis decreased in both culti- (i) dramatic increase in stomatal index and stomatal density,
vars with increasing soil moisture deficit and the magnitude (ii) thicker and highly developed palisade cell layer, and
of reduction was significantly different between cultivars at (iii) over 2x increase in chlorophyll per leaf area. Infra-red leaf
soil moisture levels below 0.164 m3·m-3 soil. Less time was temperature measurements showed that heat stress adapted
required for ‘Beauregard’ to initiate storage roots than ‘Evan- leaves maintained cooler leaf temperatures. These adaptations
geline’, across all soil moisture levels. Storage root initiation appear to help plants mitigate heat stress effects.
of both cultivars showed a quadratic decline with decreasing
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA/NIFA grant
soil moisture content. Soil moisture optima for storage root
initiation were 0.168 and 0.199 m3·m-3 soil for ‘Beauregard’
and ‘Evangeline’, respectively. Even though more total and 4:30–4:45 PM
storage roots were produced in Evangeline than ‘Beauregard’ Managing Drought Stress of Oranges to
across soil moisture levels, storage root biomass was not dif- Optimize Flowering and Productivity under
ferent between the cultivars and the response to soil moisture Sao Paulo–Mina Gerais, Brazil, and Florida
stress was similar, which declined with declining soil moisture
Conditions
levels. The functional algorithms developed from these data will
be useful in predicting sweetpotato growth and development Leo Gene Albrigo*
under varying soil moisture levels. Citrus Exp. Station, Lake Alfred, FL; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-AFRI, Specialty Crops Eduardo J. Chica
Block Grant Project Escuela Superior Polit´ecnica del Litoral, Guayaquil;
[email protected]
Ricardo R. Carrera
Cutrale, Inc., Araraquara; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S168 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

Winter weather in the Sao Paulo–Minas Gerais (SP–MG), Brazil, All physiological parameters were monitored simultaneously
and Florida citrus production areas often varies from adequate on one fruiting branch per vine, on three vines per treatment.
to inadequate cold for flower induction and excessive drought Reducing irrigation decreased leaf carbon assimilation during
for induction in the north of the main Brazilian citrus production the afternoon, following the decrease in stomatal conductance.
area. A program of monitoring winter temperature and rainfall Reduced irrigation vines showed lower stem and leaf water
data for farms from near Conchal, SP, to north of Frutal, MG, potentials, with no changes in the relative stem-to-leaf water
was instituted starting in 2008 and Florida winter weather potential gradient which, for both treatments, increased during
for flower bud induction has been monitored since 1998. Con- the day, reaching a maximum around 15.00 hour. This was in
trolled irrigation experiments were instituted in the northern accordance with sap flow, whose daily peak was reached at the
third of Sao Paulo and at Lake Alfred, FL. Cool temperature same time, but showed lower values in 70% irrigated branches.
induction hours (19 °C or less) ranged from less than 200 to Fruit daily growth pattern was highly affected by water shortage:
more than 1300 hours by location and year in (SP-MG). Florida stressed berries showed significant shrinkage during midday
usually ranged from 600 to 1200 hours. Winter drought stress hours which was then recovered during the afternoon when
by withholding irrigation increased flower bud induction in higher growth rates were recorded. Berry shrinkage was due to
Florida in years when winter rains were sparse. Based on an strong xylem backflow from fruit to leaves, which along with
ultralow volume irrigation scheme ULVI), deficits in cool transpiration determined berry dehydration and decreased its
temperature induction in SP-MG were compensated for drought pressure potential during midday hours. Such decrease probably
stress management to achieve adequate flower bud induction created favorable conditions for passive phloem unloading, as
without excessive drought stress. In an ULVI experiment soil shown by the subsequent higher phloem flows to stressed berries.
moisture tensiometers indicated that the surface 20 cm could These latter re-hydrated in the afternoon thanks to the higher
be kept at adequate moisture levels to prevent severe drought xylem flows recorded at this time of the day, which followed
with less than 1 mm/day. This kept trees in adequate condition the afternoon peak in the branch sap flow. On a whole daily
without initiating bud sprouting for up to 120 days, until nor- basis, reduced irrigation decreased the xylem but increased the
mal timing of bloom could occur. The moderate stress could phloem flows to the berry, with no apparent consequences in
be released at any time in order to initiate an earlier bloom as daily fruit growth which resulted similar between treatments.
long as water was available for normal irrigation until the rainy These data suggest that water restrictions at this time of the
season started. Thirty-five to 40 days were required from initiat- season may leave fruit growth apparently unaffected but it may
ing full irrigation until full bloom. Yields were very satisfactory reduce fruit Ca uptakes, while it may have positive effects on
under this program, which is now being used on over 10,000 fruit dry matter concentration.
hectares in SP-MG.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: PRIN 2009
Specified Source(s) of Funding: University of Florida
5:00–5:15 PM
4:45–5:00 PM Chemical and Physiological Response of Turkish
Mild Water Stress Affects Water Relations, Gas Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and American Red
Exchanges and Vascular Flows of ‘Hayward’ Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) Seedlings Exposed to
Kiwifruit Branches during the Second Stage of Artificial Cold Temperature Treatments
Berry Development Dilek Yildiz
Brunella Morandi Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey;
University of Bologna, Italy; [email protected] [email protected]
Luca Corelli Grappadelli* Pascal Nzokou
University of Bologna, Italy Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Kiwifruit production requires high amounts of water as this Ayse Deligoz
species is very sensitive to drought stress, especially during Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey;
the initial stages of fruit growth and strategies to reduce the [email protected]
water use of Actinidia orchards are highly needed. This work
Ismail Koc*
investigates the physiological effects of reduced water supply
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
to ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines to test the possibility to reduce
water use during the second stage of fruit development. At 11 Musa Genc
weeks after full bloom, the daily pattern of leaf gas exchanges, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey;
leaf and stem water potential, sap flow, fruit pressure potential, [email protected]
fruit growth, fruit vascular, and transpiration flows were com- Determining the establishment success of tree species
pared between two irrigation regimes corresponding to a water needs to be conducted before attempting to use a species in
restitution of 100% and 70% of the estimated Etc, respectively.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S169
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013

large-scale afforestation programs. In this study, the physi- hours, caused an increase in most of the aspects of shoot and
ological performance of four Turkish red pine (P. brutia Ten.) root growth both at seedling stage and mature stage (90 days
provenances was investigated after their exposure to artificial after sowing). At seedling stage, HBL (10 μM ) significantly
cold temperature treatments. Seeds were sown and raised for enhanced the fresh biomass by 19%, dry biomass by 31%,
24 weeks, 28 weeks, and 32 weeks and exposed to decreasing seedling height (shoot+root) by 14%, photosynthesis rate by
temperatures in an artificial freezer. Relative electrolyte leak- 29%, stomatal conductance by 18%, total chlorophyll contents
age, chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbohydrate concentrations by 43%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 39%, nitrare reductase
were measured to determine the variability among P. brutia activity (NRA) by 28% and nitrite reductase activity (NiRA) by
provenances and between species. Results showed that diameter 29% in comparison to control (water soaked alone). However,
and height growth of seedlings of P. brutia sources did not vary at mature plant stage the plants grown from seeds pre-imbibed
for each of the three seedling growth stages. Provenance af- in HBL (10 μM) possessed 14% and 27% higher leaf NR and
fected stem and root electrolyte leakage, and our data revealed NiR activities, 23% increase in dry mass, 51% enhancement
that cold stress effectively caused physiological damages in nodule number, and 20% increase in nodule dry biomass,
when temperature decreased –15 °C during the early age of in comparison to water imbibed, control. Antioxidant enzyme
seedlings. The study also showed that in all provenances, roots superoxide SOD was 66% higher than control. The 28-homo-
were more susceptible to cold damage than stems. There were brassinolide enhanced the photosynthesis rate (28%), stomatal
no significant differences of the chlorophyll fluorescence of conductance (31%), chlorophyll a (48%) and chlorophyll b
P. brutia provenances. Carbohydrate concentrations were also (59%) as compared to the control. It was concluded that salinity
very variable and varied significantly among growth stages induced drastic effects can be mitigated by the seed treatment
and provenances. We could not find any clear trends related with 28-homobrassinolide.
to provenance altitude. Further studies including more treat-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Higher Education Commission
ment and response variables are needed before any definite
of Pakistan
conclusion and recommendation can be made about the cold
hardiness of this species.
5:45–6:00 PM
5:30–5:45 PM Genetic Variability of Citrus Rootstock
Mitigation of Salinity Induced Cultivars under Saline Regime
Morphophysiological and Biochemical Effects Rashad M. Balal*
by Seed Treatment with 28-Homobrassinolide University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Pakistan; [email protected]
in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Muhammad Mumtaz Khan
Muhammad Adnan Shahid*
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan;
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
[email protected]
Sargodha, Pakistan; [email protected]
Muhammad Adnan Shahid
Rashad M. Balal
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Pakistan; [email protected]
Sargodha, Pakistan; [email protected]
Neil Mattson
Muhammad Aslam Pervez
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; pervez62@
hotmail.com Francisco Garcia-Sanchez
University of Murcia, Spain; [email protected]
Zafar Iqbal
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
Sargodha, Pakistan; [email protected] University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Pakistan; [email protected]
Neil Mattson
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Using sand culture technique, an experiment was conducted
to study the genetic variability of citrus rootstock varieties
Francisco Garcia-Sanchez to salt tolerance. Ten different varieties of citrus rootstock
University of Murcia, Spain; [email protected] (Rough Lemon, Bitter Sweet Orange, Carrizo Citrange, Yuma
Salinity is very severe global problem so a study was carried Citrange, Gada Dahi, Sanchton Citrumillo, Citrumillo-1452,
out to investigate the response of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Citrus Obvidea, Rangpur Lime, and Rubidux) acquired
Climax seeds imbibed with 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) and from different fruit research stations were grown in plastic
sodium chloride (NaCl) before sowing. The seeds soaked pots having four salt treatments ie control (no salt application),
in two different concentrations of HBL (5 and 10 μM) for 4 30 mM, 60 mM, and 90 mM of NaCl with five replications.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S170 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

After germination, the six-month old seedlings were trans- transformation. Three independent transgenic lines were
ferred to 9-L plastic pots. The plants were allowed to grow produced and stable integration of transgene was verified by
with 0.5% Hoagland solution as a growth medium for 90 days. PCR and Southern blot analysis. Reduced plant height (21%
The salinity treatments were applied along with the Hoagland to 52%) and internode lengths (31% to 49%) were obtained in
solution. Ten days after the salinity application, plants were the transgenic lines compared to control plants. This correlates
harvested for the estimation of growth, physiological, and positively with the AtSHI transcript levels, with the highest levels
biochemical parameters. The fresh and dry weight per plant, in the most dwarfed transgenic line (TL1). The indole-3-acetic
number of leaves per plant, shoot and root length, chlorophyll acid (IAA) content appeared lower (11% to 31% reduction) in
content, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal con- the transgenic lines compared to the wild type (WT) controls,
ductance, total nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus with the lowest level (31% reduction) in TL1. Total internode
(P), contents decreased while sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) numbers, bract numbers and bract area were significantly
ions increased with increase in salinity in all rootstocks stud- reduced in all transgenic lines in comparison with the WT
ied. ‘Rubidux’ showed the maximum values for plant height, controls. Only TL1 showed significantly lower plant diam-
shoot fresh weight, tap root fresh weight, fibrous root fresh eter, total leaf area, and total dry weight, whereas none of
weight, shoot dry weight, tap root dry weight, fibrous root the AtSHI expressing lines showed altered timing of flower
dry weight, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, WUE, initiation, cyathia abscission or bract necrosis. This study
Cholophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll ab, N, K, and demonstrated that introduction of the AtSHI gene into poin-
phosphorus as compared to the rest of the rootstocks. All the settia by genetic engineering can be an effective approach in
varieties gave variations in their morphophysiological attributes controlling plant height without negatively affecting flowering
under saline conditions but ‘Rubidux’ and ‘Rangpur Lime’ at- time. This can help to reduce or avoid the use of toxic growth
tained the top position by giving the excellent performance at retardants of environmental and human health concern. This is
all salinity treatments especially the 90 mM. ‘Carrizo Citrange’ the first report that AtSHI gene was overexpressed in poinset-
and ‘Sanchton Citrumillo’ are categorized as salt sensitive tia and transgenic poinsettia plants with compact growth were
varieties because they failed to gave satisifacory performance produced.
under salt stressed conditions. Therefore it is clear that ‘Ru-
bidux’ and ‘Rangpur Lime’ are salt tolerant, ‘Gada Dehi’ and 8:30–8:45 AM
‘Rough Lemon’ moderately tolerant, while ‘Carrizo Citrange’ Proteomic Analysis of Gibberellins Increased
along with ‘Sanchton Citrumillo’ are salt sensitive. Fruit Sink Strength in Pyrus pyrifolia
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Higher Education Commission Jiefa Li
of Pakistan Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
Shiping Wang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Springs Salon A/B
Wenping Xu
Plant Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
Moderator: Zong-Ming Cheng, [email protected] Bo Wang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
8:00–8:15 AM
Xiuming Yu
Overexpression of the Atshi Gene in Poinsettia Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; yuxiumingfish@sjtu.
(Euphorbia pulcherrima) Results in Compact edu.cn
Plants Lei Wang
Jihong Liu Clarke* Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; tianxingnudun@sjtu.
Norwegian Institute for Agricultural & Environmental edu.cn
Research, Aas; [email protected] Yusui Lou
Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsettia, is a non-food and non- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
feed vegetatively propagated ornamental plant. Appropriate Qi Yang
plant height is one of the most important traits in poinsettia Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; yangqitiantian@sjtu.
production and is commonly achieved by application of chemi- edu.cn
cal growth retardants. To produce compact poinsettia plants
with desirable height and reduce the utilization of growth Caixi Zhang*
retardants, the Arabidopsis SHORT INTERNODE (AtSHI) Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; [email protected]
gene controlled by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter Our previous work demonstrated that exogenous gibberellins
was introduced into poinsettia by Agrobacterium-mediated (GAs) applications during rapid fruit growth significantly in-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S171
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

creases sink demand and results in a larger fruit in Pyrus pyri- Fei Chen
folia. To better understand the sizing effect of GA on pear fruit, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; 2011104013@njau.
the pear fruit (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Cuiguan) was treated edu.cn
with GA and differential protein expression were determined by
proteome analysis. Differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE),
Bin Cai
Nanjing Agricultural University, China; [email protected]
Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization Time of flight/
Time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) were performed. In this Marianna Fasoli
study, 66 proteins were successfully identified and assigned to Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
8 functional groups. Among the 66 identified proteins, 9 protein
Giovanni Battista Tornielli
spots were related to stress response/defense, 7 were associated
Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
with expression regulation and epigenetic, 4 with cell structure,
23 with photosynthetic and energy, 3 with signal transduction, Silvia Dal Santo
4 with protein synthesis/fate; 11 with transport, and 5 with un- Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
known function. According to the expression differences of the Mario Pezzotti
proteins, GAs had a significant influence on the abundance of
Universita degli Studi di Verona, Italy
differently-expressed proteins between core and sarcocarp. The
present data will help to shed light on pear fruit ripening process. Liangsheng Zhang
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
8:45–9:00 AM Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are molecular
The Development of Cisgenic Grapevines switches that bind Ca2+, ATP, and protein substrates, acting as
sensor relays and responders that convert Ca2+ signals, created
Dennis J. Gray*
by developmental processes and environmental stresses, into
University of Florida, MREC, Apopka, FL; [email protected]
phosphorylation events. The precise functions of the CDPKs
Zhijian T. Li in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) are largely unknown. We therefore
University of Florida, MREC, Apopka, FL; [email protected] investigated the phylogenetic relationships and expression pro-
Kyung-Hee Kim files among the 17 CDPK genes identified in the 12x grapevine
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; [email protected] genome sequence, resolving them into four subfamilies based
on phylogenetic tree topology and gene structures. The origins
Dilma Daniela Silva of the CDPKs during grapevine evolution were characterized,
University of Florida, Apopka, FL; [email protected]
involving 13 expansion events. Transcriptomic analysis using 54
Cisgenic technology differs from transgenic technology in that it tissues and developmental stages revealed three types of CDPK
uses only genetic elements from the host plant to improve/modify gene expression profiles: constitutive (housekeeping CDPKs),
specific traits. Implementation of “cisgenics” requires availability partitioned functions, and pollen/stamen-specific CDPKs. We
of functional endogenous genes, promoters and terminators. In identified three duplicated CDPK genes that had evolved from
grapevine, the sequenced genome of Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir’ housekeeping to pollen-specific functions and whose origin cor-
provides a wealth of information with which endogenous genetic related with that of seed plants, suggesting neofunctionalization
elements can be readily identified and utilized. We recovered and with an important role in pollen development and also potential
tested approximately 40 endogenous promoters. Several of these value in the breeding of seedless varieties. We also found that
displayed constitutive activity comparable to the commonly-used CDPKs were involved in three abiotic stress signaling pathways
d35S viral promoter. The V. vinifera thaumatin-like protein gene and could therefore be used to investigate the crosstalk between
(VvTL-1) was shown to confer broad spectrum fungal disease stress responses.
resistance in greenhouse and field trials. Recently, a novel PR-1
protein gene, recovered from a Vitis hybrid, displayed very high
bacterial disease resistance when inserted into tobacco and now
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
is being evaluated in grape field tests. Efforts are ongoing to
combine all of the endogenous elements necessary to create true Vegetable Crops Management
cisgenic plants with improved agronomic performance.
Moderator: Ajay Nair
9:00–9:15 AM Iowa State University; [email protected]
The Evolutionary History and Diverse 8:00–8:15 AM
Physiological Roles of the Grapevine Calcium-
dependent Protein Kinase Gene Family The Effect of Biochar on Sweet Corn Production
Ajay Nair*
Zong-Ming Cheng*
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S172 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Laura Weieneth Ajay Nair

Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Vince Lawson Biochar, a carbon rich material derived from the pyrolysis of
Iowa State University, Muscatine,; [email protected] biomass, has shown beneficial chemical and physical when
added to the soil. Research into the use of biochar to increase
Biochar is an organic amendment produced by a process called
plant productivity and growth has been on the increase over
pyrolysis, which is the burning of biomass in a limited oxygen
the past decade. Some research has focused on using biochar
environment. In the recent past, agricultural use of biochar has
as an alternative to sphagnum peat moss, but little of this work
been steadily increasing and attracting tremendous research
has been done to determine if biochar can be used in vegetable
interest. This study investigated the effect of biochar in sweet
transplant production. It was the goal of this project to explore
corn (Zea mays ‘Temptation’) production. The study comprised
the possibility of supplementing an over-the-counter potting mix
of a randomized complete-block design with following rates
(Jiffy Mix® Growers Choice #901, Lorain, OH) with biochar.
of biochar: 0, 6.2, 12.4, or 24.8 t/ha. Each treatment plot was
Biochar was added to the potting mix at the following rates on
81 m2 and was replicated four times. Biochar was applied and
a weight by weight (w/w) basis: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%.
disked in on 12 April, 2012. On 17 April 2012, sweet corn
Bell pepper Capsicum annuum L. ‘Paladin’ was seeded and
(‘Temptation’, a bicolor sugar enhanced cultivar) was planted.
grown in three sizes of cell flats (50, 72, and 98) at each of the
Herbicide and fertilizer applications were made later in the
five biochar ratios. Plant height and biomass were reduced as
season based on Midwest Vegetable Production Guide. Sweet
biochar rates increased, as well as when the cell size was reduced.
corn was harvested on 5 July 2012 and data was collected on
Growth decreased at differing rates within both factors, show-
marketable and nonmarketable weight and number. Ten ears
ing less reduction in smaller cell sizes and at the higher biochar
were randomly collected from each treatment to record husked
rates. Nitrate found in the potting mix was leached except in the
ear weight, ear length, and diameter. Further, two husked ears
60% and 80% biochar mixes. The 60% and 80% biochar mixes
were randomly selected and analyzed for sweetness. There was
had higher levels of nitrates at the end of the experiment than
a general trend of increasing soil pH with increasing biochar
in the beginning. These results indicate that both rate and cell
rates; however, there were no statistically significant differences
size are important factors for consideration if biochar is used
between treatments. Soil temperature measured 10 cm below
in transplant production.
the surface during the growing season did not show difference.
Biochar significantly affected the number and weight of market-
able ears. Higher rates of biochar, 12.4 and 24.8 t/ha, reduced 8:30–8:45 AM
number and weight of marketable ears, however, 6.2 t/ha rate Trellising and Plastic Mulch Effects on
did not reduce yield and was statistically similar to the control Cucumber Production in High Tunnels
treatment (0 t/ha biochar). The effect of biochar on vegetable
crop yields are not widely available, however, row crop stud- Ajay Nair*
ies have shown yield reductions in the first year of biochar use Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
followed by increases in subsequent years. Increases in crop Moriah Bilenky
yields have been attributed to better water holding capacity, Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
higher cation exchange capacity, increased nutrient retention,
Nick Howell
and the ability of biochar to reduce bulk density. In terms of
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
fruit quality, we did not find any significant differences in
husked weight, ear length, ear width, or sweetness (Brix). This Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Dasher’) are summer vegetables
was the first year of the study and it is early to speculate effects but are extremely frost-sensitive. Most vegetable growers in
of biochar on soil properties, crop growth, and yield. Biochar Iowa and other Midwestern states are exploring ways to start
could be a valuable tool for management of soils that are either the crop early in the spring. One method to extend the produc-
degraded or have poor nutrient status; however, it could take tion season and start early production of cucumbers is using a
time to observe significant changes in soil and crop attributes high tunnel. Although high tunnels are extremely useful in the
after biochar addition. spring to increase temperature, managing summer temperatures
in them is a challenging task. This study investigated the use
Specified Source(s) of Funding: ISU Research Funds of plastic mulch color and trellising system to manage high
temperatures in a high tunnel cucumber production system. The
8:15–8:30 AM experimental design was a randomized complete block with four
Biochar Added to a Potting Mix Decreased replications. Treatments comprised of: 1) black plastic mulch;
Bell Pepper Transplant Size, While Increasing 2) black plastic mulch + trellis; 3) white plastic mulch; and 4)
white plastic mulch + trellis. Cucumber plants were transplanted
Nutrient Retention on raised beds covered with black or white plastic mulch on
Brandon Carpenter* May, 18, 2012. Data was collected on soil temperature, reflected
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] light intensity off the plastic, crop yield, and fruit quality. Color

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S173
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

of plastic mulch modified soil temperature at four inch depth. control plants were also prepared. Grafted plants produced three
Average daily soil temperature was higher in the black plastic to four new leaves during the healing phase and were scored
mulch as compared to white. Reflected light intensity was 44% and sorted according to quality and vigor. Thereafter, uniform
higher from the white plastic mulch as compared to black. There subsets of high quality plants were set into single-row, raised-bed,
were no significant differences in marketable number of cucum- drip-irrigated, 1 mL plastic mulch-covered, 7.2 m2 field plots
bers between black or white plastic mulches, however, within containing 10 plants of a single genotype. All RS-S combina-
each mulch treatment, trellis treatment significantly increased tions were replicated twice and four times in 2008 and 2010,
yield over non-trellised treatment. The marketable numbers respectively, and arranged in a randomized complete-block design
were almost one and a half times more when trellis system was (RCB); in 2009, an augmented RCBD with 1–3 replications per
used. Marketable weight followed the same pattern. There was genotype was used. After being set, plants were pruned to the
no difference in marketable yield between trellised treatments third node, trellised using a Florida stake and weave system,
of black or white plastic mulch. Non-marketable fruit weight irrigated per the “hand-feel” method and protected from weed,
was highest in trellised treatment, irrespective of plastic color. pest, and disease pressure using approved and accepted materials
Fruit quality attribute with respect to average fruit length was and methods. Total and marketable yield (fruit number, weight)
highest in the black plastic mulch + trellis treatment. Results were calculated after removing and sorting all fruit at stage 5–6
from this study indicate that trellising cucumbers in high tunnel ripeness from eight to ten plants per plot every one or two weeks
production systems affects fruit length and yield higher number approximately ten times annually until fruit production and
of marketable fruits as compared to non-trellised systems. Trel- ripening stalled. Soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity were
lising allows for better air movement and heat dissipation and measured on a subset of ten marketable fruit per plot collected
reduces the occurrence of fungal and bacterial diseases. Although at harvests 4–6. Grafting influenced neither the timing of fruit
white plastic mulch reflected almost double the amount of light production (onset, duration) nor the total or marketable yield as
when compared to black, it did not translate to enhanced yield recorded over the entire season, regardless of whether yearly data
or productivity. White plastic mulch kept the soil cooler than were pooled or kept separate for analysis. In contrast, specific
black and could be used in high tunnel production when crop components of fruit composition were affected by grafting and
plantings occur during peak summer. RS. For example, total soluble solids differed by RS in 2008 and
2009 but not in 2010. In 2008 and 2009, fruit from ungrafted
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Iowa State Research Funds
‘Celebrity’ and SGH07-319-rooted plants had significantly
higher soluble solids values than fruit taken from those grafted
8:45–9:00 AM to ‘Maxifort’. Fruit pH also differed by RS in all study years.
The Composition, More so than Yield, of For example, 319-rooted plants tended to produce fruit with a
Organic Field-grown Tomato Fruit Is Affected higher pH than other treatment plants. In 2009, titratable acid-
by Grafting and Rootstock ity tended to be highest in fruit taken from self- grafted plants
and lower in fruit taken from ungrafted or plants grafted onto
Natalie Bumgarner commercial or experimental RS. Four working hypotheses for
The Ohio State University, Wooster; bumgarner.169@ the effects observed here are offered.
buckeyelink.osu.edu
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Ohio State University;
David Francis USDA–NIFA Integrated Organic Program; USDA–NIFA
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected] Specialty Crops Research Initiative
Bizhen Hu
The Ohio State University, Wooster; hu.327@buckeyemail. 9:00–9:15 AM
osu.edu Commercial Extract from the Brown Seaweed
Jennifer Moyseenko Ascophyllum nodosum (Stimplex®) Improves
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected] Earliness and Yield of Hydroponically Grown
Matthew D. Kleinhenz* Sweet Bell Peppers
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster;
Will Neily*
[email protected]
Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; [email protected]
Grafting and rootstock (RS) effects on the yield and composition
of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) fruit taken from open field, Jef Achenbach
Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; jachenbach@
certified-organic plots were documented in 2008–10. Four- to
acadian.ca
five-week-old scion (‘Celebrity’) seedlings were grafted, using
the cleft method, to seedlings of three experimental rootstocks Laurel Shishkov
(313, 314, 319) developed at OARDC and two commercial Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; lshishkov@
rootstocks (‘Beaufort’, ‘Maxifort’). Ungrafted and self-grafted acadian.ca

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S174 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Jeffrey Norrie The experiment was conducted in Hastings, FL, on a sandy,

Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; [email protected] siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Ochraquaif belonging to the
Sweet bell peppers are one of the leading greenhouse vegetables Ellzey series with high water table, about 60 cm below the
grown in North America and the world. Almost all greenhouse soil surface. A factorial design included irrigation and N-rate
peppers are produced hydroponically using computerized produc- treatments. Irrigation treatments were: SMS, water application
tion systems and grown in media such as rock-wool or coconut controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS) with base irrigation
fiber. In the United States and Canada, growers typically trans- set at 14% soil volumetric water content (VWC) which was al-
plant new plants into their greenhouses in December and the first lotted three irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the
ripe peppers are produced in late March. A greenhouse experiment soil VWC exceeded the established threshold and TIME, fixed
at the Dr. James S. Craigie Research Center in Cornwallis, Nova time irrigation being applied three times a day. All treatments
Scotia, was designed to test the effects of Stimplex® extract (a received 56 kg·ha-1 of N pre-plant and additional N-fertilizer
derivative from Ascophyllum nodosum) on earliness and yield of via fertigation at rates of 0; 112; 224 and 336 kg·ha-1. The SMS
hydroponically grown greenhouse sweet bell peppers. Ascophyl- reduced the number of irrigation events by 82% compared to
lum nodosum seaweed extract (ASE) treatments in combination TIME treatment. There was an interaction between irrigation
with a standard hydroponic fertilizer were applied to the root and N-rate for total plant biomass at 14, 29, 43, 57, and 71 DAT.
systems of sweet bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. var. For SMS, the fertigation rates of 112 and 224 kg/ha N increased
Morraine) through the irrigation system. The growth, flowering, plant biomass compared to control (0 kg·ha-1), at 14, 43, and
and fruit production of the ASE treated plants was compared to 57 DAT. The application of 224 kg·ha-1 of N for SMS resulted
fertilizer only treated plants. The yield of ASE-treated plants in higher plant biomass compared to control, at 71 DAT. Cau-
was shown to increase by up to 20% during the first 7 weeks liflower yield was on average 41.5 and 34.5 Mg·ha-1 for SMS
of production. In addition, an increase in quality was observed and TIME, respectively, and the benefit the reduced irrigation
in the ASE treatments, with a 37% increase in the number of water application with SMS treatment increased cauliflower
peppers graded as being Fancy, as compared to the control. yield and head weight by 17% on average. Use of N application
Also, a significant reduction in the incidence of blossom-end rate above 280 kg·ha-1 did not increase yield significantly for
rot was measured in the ASE treatments. This was attributed to either irrigation treatment.
the higher calcium concentration measured in the tissue of the
ASE-treated pepper plants. These results suggested that ASE Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
applications promote earliness, increase yields, and improve
the quality of hydroponically grown sweet bell peppers, which Postharvest
result in a higher economic return for the user.
Moderator: Jinwook Lee, [email protected]
9:15–9:30 AM 8:00–8:15 AM
Cauliflower Yield, Biomass Accumulation as Genetic and Environmental Variation
Affected by Nitrogen Rates and Irrigation in Southern Highbush Blueberry Flavor
Scheduling Components
Lincoln Zotarelli* Jessica L. Gilbert*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]

Charles Barrett Michael L. Schwieterman

University of Florida, Gainesville; charlesedwardbarrett@ University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
gmail.com Thomas A. Colquhoun
Guilherme B. Buck University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] David G. Clark
Simone da Costa Mello University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Universtiy of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] James W. Olmstead
Irrigation and N-fertilizer management are important factors University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
for cauliflower production. Cauliflower is a heavy water user Among traits selected for in the University of Florida southern
and requires constant supply of water. Suitable management highbush blueberry (SHB, Vaccinium corymbosum L. hybrids)
of irrigation and N-fertilizer are required to maximize plant breeding program, flavor is one of the most subjective. In early
growth, yield, N-fertilizer use efficiency. The objective of stages of selection, flavor is judged in a non-quantitative manner
this study was to evaluate the N-fertilizer rates and irrigation by few individuals, while in later stages flavor is quantified by
scheduling on yield and biomass accumulation of cauliflower calculating sugar : acid ratios based on total soluble solids and
‘Snow Crown’ cultivated on plastic mulch with drip irrigation. titratable acidity measurements. Additionally, the high level of

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S175
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

environmental variation for flavor components makes breeding and effect on fruit quality. This experiment sought to establish
evaluation challenging. To identify potential breeding targets for the efficacy of 1-MCP treatment in purple passion fruit (Pas-
flavor, we measured flavor components of six SHB genotypes siflora edulis, Sims), one of the major fruits produced in Kenya
(FL 06-377, ‘Emerald’, ‘Farthing’, ‘Meadowlark’, ’Primadonna’, for domestic and export market. The 1-MCP was separately ap-
and ‘Scintilla’) grown in three locations at three different time plied following 2 regimes—2 ppm for 24 hours and 4 ppm for
points in harvest season. The three locations were chosen for 12 hours to passion fruits—which were harvested at two stages
differences in production and management styles: high tunnel of maturity. The stages of maturity were defined by the peel
evergreen production in Waldo, FL; very low chill production color as; stage 1, mature green (less than 25% purple) and stage
in Haines City, FL; and no use of hydrogen cyanamide in Citra, 2 (50% to 75% purple). After 1-MCP treatments, fruits were
FL. Total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) were left to ripen at ambient room conditions, 25 ± 1 °C and 60% ±
measured, and individual sugars were quantified using Sucrose/D- 5% relative humidity (RH) alongside untreated controls. During
Glucose/D-Fructose enzymatic reaction kits. In all samples, the storage period, six fruits from each treatment combination
D-fructose was detected in higher amounts than D-glucose, and were randomly sampled every two days to evaluate physiologi-
sucrose was not detected in any of the samples. ‘Farthing’ was cal changes including ethylene evolution, respiration rate, and
least variable in TSS across all nine harvests, while ‘Scintilla’ weight loss. Physicochemical parameters associated with ripening
and FL 06-377 were least variable in TA throughout the season. including hue angle, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable
When measurements were grouped by location, TSS were least acidity (TTA), major sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and
variable at Citra, FL, while TA was least variable at Haines City, mineral nutrients (calcium, iron and potassium) were also evalu-
FL. In all but two cases, TA decreased throughout the season, ated. The experimental design used was a completely randomized
and the lowest acid berries, excluding ‘Farthing’, were harvested design with a factorial arrangement. Results show that 1-MCP
from Citra, FL. In most cultivars, there was an increase in TSS treatment (both regimes) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the rate
as the harvest season progressed. However, at the third harvest of most of the changes associated with passion fruit ripening,
in Waldo, FL, which was done during a rain, there was a drop in irrespective of stage of maturity. There was a delay in ethylene
TSS for all samples. There was also a decrease in fructose and peaks by at least 3 days and reduced ethylene evolution rate in
glucose present in all samples, except ‘Farthing’. Although there treated fruits. Similarly, significantly lower respiration rates and
was a high degree of variation for measured flavor components delayed respiration climacteric peaks (up to 4 days) were observed
overall, potential parents could be selected that had less variation in 1-MCP treated fruits. Other ripening-related physicochemical
for individual components. changes correlated positively with ethylene evolution and the
respiratory pattern. In 1-MCP treated fruits lower hue angle,
8:15–8:30 AM higher TTA, and lower TSS were observed throughout the storage
Efficacy of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in period. Additionally, 1-MCP treated fruits maintained relatively
higher levels of calcium and generally higher calcium: potassium
Purple Passion (Passiflora edulis Sims) Fruits as ratio. Overall, 1-MCP treatment extended the shelf life of passion
Affected by Dosage and Maturity Stage fruits harvested at stage 1 and 2 by 3 and 4 days, respectively.
Jane Ambuko* However, at the end of the storage period, stage 1 fruits failed
University of Nairobi, Kenya to achieve most of eating and aesthetic quality attributes known
to be desired by consumers.
Penina Mueni Yumbya
University of Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: International Foundation for
Science (IFS)
Margaret Jesang Hutchinson
University of Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected]
8:30–8:45 AM
Solomon Igosangwa Shibairo
Starch Metabolism in Apple Fruit and Its
University of Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected]
Relationship with Maturation and Ripening
Hiroshi Gemma
Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan; gemma@sakura. Franziska C. Doerflinger*
cc.tsukuba.ac.jp Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]

Willis Omondi Owino Christopher B. Watkins

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected] William B. Miller
An inhibitor of ethylene action, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
has been widely used in many countries to slow down ripening The Starch Pattern Index is used to help assess fruit maturity.
and deteriorative processes climacteric fruits, thereby extending Iodine forms a tri-iodine complex with starch molecule amylose
the postharvest shelf life. Its application in some countries like and produces a black-blue staining. However, since iodine only
Kenya is limited due to lack of studies to determine its efficacy complexes with amylose the staining pattern can be misleading

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S176 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

because its dependence on the ratio of amylose to amylopectin and data were collected on the ripening behavior and qualitative
may make it less reliable for the assessment of the total starch changes of the fruits. 1-HCP (1000 nlL-1) is more effective in
changes over time. The cultivars ‘Empire’, ‘Gala’, ‘Honeycrisp’, suppressing climacteric ethylene production (1.5-fold) as com-
and ‘McIntosh’ have been used to investigate relationships be- pared to 500 and 2000 nlL-1 in tomato. Ethylene production was
tween the SPI, total starch and percentage of amylose. Starch also supressed (1.5- to > 2-fold) in the plum fruits treated with
concentrations are more variable at the lower SPI values where 1-HCP (250 nlL-1), as compared to other 1-HCP treatments. The
little hydrolysis has occurred. ‘Gala’, ‘Honeycrisp’, and ‘Empire’ higher concentration (500 to 1000 nlL-1) of isoprene oxide and
show a wide range of starch concentrations at a SPI of 1, ranging 1-octyne enhanced ethylene production ranged from 2.5- to >
from 100 to almost 400 mg of starch per gram (dry weight). The 370-fold more than 1-HCP treated fruit in ‘Tegan Blue’ plum.
starch concentration shows a curvilinear relationships with the In ‘Fuji’ apple, the treatment of 125 nlL-1 1-HCP delayed the
SPI for all four cultivars, but linear when plotted over harvest climacteric peak of ethylene up to three weeks as compared to
date. Later in the season the range of starch concentration at all other treatments. The lower concentration of 1-HCP (125 to
different SPIs varies among and within cultivars, and some of 250 nlL-1) substantially suppressed the ethylene production and
this variation can be explained by the changing percentage of respiration in both of the two and four-week cold stored fruit of
amylose of total starch. The percentage of amylose decreases ‘Crisp Pink’ apples. Our preliminary results showed that 1-HCP
as the season progresses, in ‘Gala’ decreasing from 62% to less (125 to 250 nlL-1) is an effective anti-ethylene compound on a
than 1% (average 33%), whereas ‘Empire’ changed from about range of climacteric fruits kept at ambient conditions.
58% to 15% during ripening (average 46%). ‘Honeyrisp’ and
‘McIntosh’ averaged 26.7% and 35.35% amylose, respectively. 9:00–9:15 AM
Those differences in total starch at different SPI levels could
1-MCP Differentially Affects Postharvest
therefore, be related to the ability to stain the starch. At a very
low percentage of amylose the staining is less clearly visible. Physiological Attributes and Incidence of
Overall, the results suggest that the iodine test can be less reliable Internal Browning in Cold Stored ‘Gala’ Apples
as an indicator of starch in the apple especially later in the season. Jinwook Lee*
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
8:45–9:00 AM WA; [email protected]
Fumigation of 1-Hexylcyclopropene Inhibit James Mattheis
Ethylene Production in Climacteric Fruits at USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
Ambient Conditions WA; [email protected]
Shamim A.K.U. Khan* David R. Rudell
Curtin University, Perth, Australia; samkuk_bd@yahoo. USDA–ARS, Wenatchee, WA; [email protected]
com The risk of internal browning (senescent browning or stem-end
Zora Singh browning) developing in ‘Gala’ apple [Malus sylvestris (L.)
Curtin University, Perth, Australia; [email protected] Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit during cold storage
increases with increased fruit size. The objective of this study
Alan Payne was to further investigate relationships between fruit size and
Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Alan.Payne@curtin. development of internal browning and other physiological charac-
edu.au teristics of ‘Gala’ apples held in cold storage. Fruit segregated at
Postharvest losses in fresh horticultural produce account more harvest based on size (small: less than 200 g; medium: 200–240
than 30% in the world. The postharvest life of horticultural g; large: 241–280 g; extra large: greater than 280 g) were un-
commodities is most affected by endogenous ethylene, exposure treated or treated with 1 μL·L-1 1-MCP and then stored at 0.5 °C
of produce to external ethylene, or both. Methylcyclopropene in air for 3 or 6 months. Internal browning was only detected in
(1-MCP) is widely recognized as an ethylene inhibitor, but its apples stored 6 months, regardless of 1-MCP treatment. In both
application is cumbersome and expensive. Among other 1-substi- control and 1-MCP treated fruit, browning incidence increased
tuted cyclopropenes, 1-HCP (1-hexylcyclopropene) is effective with fruit size while browning severity was less associated with
in extending vase life on kalanchoe flowers. We investigated size. Severity of internal browning in 1-MCP treated fruit greater
the effects of different concentrations of 1-HCP and some other than 240 g was lower compared with control fruit of similar size.
analogues of 1-MCP (isoprene oxide and 1-octyne) on ethylene However, browning symptoms were mostly senescent browning
production and modulation of ripening in climacteric fruits in the cortex tissues of control fruit but browning was primarily
such as ‘Kommeet’ tomato; ‘Black Amber’ and ‘Tegan Blue’ in the stem-end localized tissues of 1-MCP treated fruit. Internal
Japanese plum; ‘Fuji’ and ‘Crisp Pink’ apple. The experiments ethylene concentration (IEC) decreased with increased fruit size
were conducted on completely randomized design, with three in control fruit but IEC was not associated with size in 1-MCP
replications and ten fruits in each replication. The treated fruits treated fruit. Cortex tissue lightness (L*) increased with fruit
were kept at ambient conditions (20 ± 2 °C and 70% ± 5% RH) size irrespective of tissue localization (stem-end, equatorial,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S177
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

calyx-end) at harvest but during storage, L* decreased with carbon dioxide injury and this was reduced with SmartFreshTM
increased fruit size in control fruit. In 1-MCP treated fruit, L* use. Untreated, ReTain and ReTain + NAA treated fruit all
at 3 months was similar to that at harvest but at 6 months, L* showed higher levels of external carbon dioxide injury when
was not associated with fruit size, regardless of tissue localiza- SmartFreshTM was used. Combining ReTain with NAA resulted
tion. Fruit fresh weight loss during storage increased with fruit in fruit that behaved similarly to fruit treated with ReTain only.
size and storage duration more so in controls compared with Specified Source(s) of Funding: ARDP, NE 1036, Agrofresh
1-MCP treated fruit. Furthermore, fruit circumference increased
with fruit size only for control fruit stored for 6 months. These 9:30–9:45 AM
physiological changes appear to contribute to the susceptibility
of large fruit to internal (or senescence) browning more so than Diphenylamine and Conditioning Affect
small fruit. Reduced browning incidence and severity in 1-MCP Disorders in Controlled Atmosphere (CA)
treated fruit may indicate browning is related to fruit senescence Stored ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples
while stem-end browning results from a lack of ethylene action
Christopher B. Watkins
during cold storage.
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]

9:15–9:30 AM Jacqueline F. Nock*

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
The Effects of ReTain, Harvista, and NAA on ‘Honeycrisp’ apples store well at 3 °C in air after a conditioning
the Quality of ‘Mcintosh’ Apples week at 10 °C to reduce risk of soft scald development, but may
become bland after several months. Controlled atmosphere (CA)
Christopher B. Watkins*
storage maintains firmness and acidity but there is variation in
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
susceptibility to internal carbon dioxide injury among orchards,
Jacqueline F. Nock making it too risky to recommend. We have investigated the ef-
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] fects of diphenylamine (DPA), with and without conditioning,
on CA storage of ‘Honeycrisp’ from two orchard blocks in each
It is recommended that fruit treated with NAA (naphthalene ace-
of three growing regions in New York. In a separate experiment,
tic acid) not be treated with SmartFreshTM (postharvest 1-MCP)
fruit quality after CA delays up to 28 days along with the use
because the former stimulates ethylene production. If fruit have
of DPA, 1-MCP, or both has been investigated. Results indicate
already been treated with ReTain, it may be all right since the
that the week of temperature conditioning is essential for main-
stimulation of ethylene production would be prevented. ReTain
taining fruit relatively free from soft scald (found only in some
was sprayed 2 weeks prior to harvest, Harvista 1 week prior to
orchard blocks) and lowered the incidence of internal carbon
harvest and NAA 3 days prior to harvest. In one year, there were
dioxide injury if the fruit was not treated with DPA. DPA use
2 harvests of ‘McIntosh’, the second harvest 3 days after the first.
strongly reduced or eliminated internal carbon dioxide injury.
In the second year, there was only one harvest. SmartFreshTM
If DPA was used on fruit susceptible to soft scald, but without
was applied to half the harvested fruit. In the second year, it was
a conditioning week prior to CA, the soft scald was still present
applied either on day 1 or delayed until day 5. In both years, the
but less severe. However, DPA treatment increased the amount of
internal ethylene concentration (IEC) was higher, firmness lower
decay and aerosol or thermofogging options for DPA treatment
and the starch index higher for untreated and NAA treated fruit.
may be needed to avoid unacceptable losses.
ReTain and ReTain + NAA treated fruit were similar to Harvista
treated fruit for these assessments. After 8 months of controlled Specified Source(s) of Funding: ARDP, NE1036, AgroFresh
atmosphere (CA) storage, untreated and NAA treated fruit had
the lowest firmness while Harvista treated fruit were the most
firm. Use of SmartFreshTM made the ReTain and the ReTain + Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
NAA fruit as firm as the Harvista fruit while the NAA treated
fruit were softest. Delaying the SmartFreshTM treatment until SCRI-MINDS Nursery Crops
day 5 lowered the firmness in all fruit except those treated with Moderator: tba
Harvista. In the first year, harvest 2 had higher levels of flesh
browning than harvest 1 and the use of SmartFreshTM lowered 8:00–8:15 AM
the flesh browning, although not by much for the NAA treated Development of an Advanced Sensor Network
fruit. External carbon dioxide injury was generally worst in Node for Automated Monitoring and Control
ReTain and ReTain + NAA treated fruit and tended to be worse
of Irrigation in Nursery and Greenhouse
with SmartFreshTM use. There were low levels of senescent
breakdown, mainly in harvest 1 NAA treated fruit and ReTain Production
treated fruit without SmartFreshTM. Low levels of core brown- George Kantor
ing were present, but lowest with Harvista. In the second year, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; kantor@
Harvista without SmartFreshTM had the highest level of external ri.cmu.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S178 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

David Kohanbash Erik Lichtenberg

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; dkohanba@ University of Maryland, College Park; elichtenberg@arec.
cmu.edu umd.edu
Todd Martin Marc van Iersel
Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA; [email protected] University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
John D. Lea-Cox* The SCRI–MINDS project has developed hardware and software
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] to efficiently irrigate ornamental crops. Two large demonstration
projects were implemented in 2011 in commercial nurseries in
We have developed a smart wireless sensor (nR5) node that is
the state of Georgia to assess the use of wireless sensor networks
capable of integrating outputs from a range of soil moisture and
and associated software as a management tool for nursery ir-
environmental sensors, and uses that information to determine
rigation systems. Two years into this cooperative project, we
when irrigations should be applied. This enables growers to
have been able to assess that growers: 1) can successfully adapt
implement irrigation set-point or model-based protocols, which
their management strategies using this technology and learn
are then executed by the sensor nodes, enhancing human decision-
the system within a few months of use; 2) see documentable
making. The nR5-DC version of the node can independently
economic benefits; and 3) implement additional management
power a latching solenoid, allowing irrigation control in remote
changes that improve production as a result of using the network.
field situations. These nodes are low maintenance, have a reli-
Both growers found that using the system was beneficial to crop
able communications protocol, and a long battery life—greater
health, improved time management, and shortened production
than 6 months with five AA batteries during testing in 2012. To
cycles. Irrigation water use was significantly reduced in both
support node functioning and to allow growers to program the
operations. The most dramatic results so far have been observed
node, a web-based software program (Sensorweb) was also
in Gardenia jasminoides, a crop that can be difficult to grow
developed. Sensorweb has a sophisticated set of monitoring and
and suffers from serious disease losses (often causing shrink-
control functions, enabling two-way communication and control
age between 30% to 70%). Irrigation control using the wireless
of these wireless sensor networks in the field. The software ful-
sensor network resulted in significant economic benefits. The
fills three primary functions: 1) efficient management of nodes
economic analysis showed a 148% increase in annualized profits.
(configuration of sensors, set-points etc.); 2) organization of data
This largely resulted from a shorter production cycle (decreasing
transmitted from the sensor nodes in the field; and 3) display
production costs) and, to a lesser extent, from eliminating plant
of that data in graphical form for quick decision-making by the
losses due to root pathogens. Based on these increased profits,
grower. Each sensor network has a customized homepage in
the payback period for the sensor network was less than one
Sensorweb, which shows the unique farm layout and locations
month. Although the economic benefits will not be this high in
of the nodes in the network, allowing users to quickly view data
all crops, this clearly shows the potential for wireless sensor
“at a glance,” while also giving the ability to further analyze
networks to improve production efficiency of difficult crops.
sensor data using easy-to-use charting functions. The software
also has a wide variety of irrigation control functions based In addition to the benefits of automated irrigation control, one
either on sensor “set-points” or more advanced model-based grower specifically reported on the importance of the weather
tools based on environmental sensors. This new wireless sensor station that is part of the system, for management decisions
hardware and software has allowed for the automated control such as when to pull frost cloth, to relocate plants to a different
of irrigation applications and a reduction in total water use of production area, and for tracking heat-load in the production
areas as a result of installing the system. Both growers have been
up to 75%, in a number of commercial nursery and greenhouse
environments during 2012. increasing the production areas where irrigation is controlled
by the sensor network, indicating that they trust the system to
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award no. provide good irrigation control.
2009-51181-05768
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI (award
no. 2009-51181-05768)
8:15–8:30 AM
Wireless Sensor Networks for Automated 8:30–8:45 AM
Irrigation Control in Container Nurseries: Sensor-Controlled Irrigation Scheduling for
Implementation and Economic Impact Pot-in-Pot Nursery Tree Production
Paul Thomas* Bruk E. Belayneh*
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
Matthew Chappell John D. Lea-Cox
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
John M. Ruter Irrigation scheduling in nursery tree production is a complex
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] process, due to the large number of tree species grown, differ-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S179
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

ences in plant size, growth rate, and rooting volume (container Mechanistic water use models represent a potential step forward
size). To avoid the risk of plant water stress, irrigation require- for predicting irrigation scheduling in horticulture systems. The
ments are typically overestimated by nursery growers. Sensor- mathematical framework for transpiration estimates centers
controlled irrigation scheduling for two species of trees was around stomatal conductance (gs) submodels. Several of the
independently compared to grower-scheduled irrigation in a gs models contain a parameter that specifies the minimum gs
pot-in-pot nursery from March–November 2012. Sensor-based estimate (g0). Sensitivity analyses with a canopy flux model
control was achieved using a prototype nR5 radio node (Decagon (MAESTRA) identified g0 to have the greatest influence on
Devices, Inc.), in concert with advanced control software (Sen- transpiration estimates (seasonal mean of 40%). A canopy spa-
sorweb; Carnegie-Mellon Robotics Institute, Pittsburgh, PA), tial analysis revealed the influence of g0 to vary (30% to 80%)
to independently control irrigation events using solenoids. One with the amount of light absorbed by the foliage and to increase
row within a block of dogwood (Cornus florida) and red maple in importance as absorbed light decreased. The parameter is
(Acer rubrum) trees were retrofitted for independent control of typically estimated by extrapolating the linear regression fit
irrigation with nR5-DC radio nodes, which allowed for direct between observed gs and net photosynthesis (An). However,
control of a 12V-DC latching 25 mm solenoid (Baccara; ML our measurements demonstrate that the gs–An relationship
Irrigation Inc., Fountain Inn, SC). Soil moisture sensors (10HS; becomes nonlinear at low light levels and thus, extrapolating
Decagon Devices, Inc.) were inserted laterally at 15 cm depth in values from data collected in well-lit conditions resulted in an
the root zone of 58 L containers (dogwood) and 116 L containers underestimation of g0 in Malus domestica when compared to
(red maple). Ten trees of each species were monitored in this measured values (20.4 vs. 49.69 mmol·m-2·s-1, respectively). In
fashion; five trees in the grower-scheduled row and five in the addition, extrapolation resulted in negative g0 values for three
nR5-controlled row, using a custom sensor calibration for the other woody species. We assert that g0 can be measured directly
pine-bark substrate used to grow both species. There were a total with diffusion porometers (as gs when An ≤ 0), reducing both
of 133 trees in each row for dogwood and 67 trees per row in the time required to characterize g0 and the potential error intro-
the maple block. Irrigation water was applied by the nR5-DC duced by statistical approximation. Incorporating measured g0
node whenever the average substrate moisture content of the into MAESTRA significantly improved transpiration predictions
five sensors fell below a pre-determined set-point (46% VWC (6% overestimation vs. 45% underestimation, respectively),
for dogwood and 49% for red maple). The grower-scheduled demonstrating the benefit in gs models. Foremost, diffusion
irrigation was typically 3 to 4 six-minute irrigations per day. porometer measurements offer a viable means to quantify the
Irrigation water was applied to each tree using a single micro- g0 parameter, circumventing g0 estimate errors associated with
sprinkler spray-stake (Netafim Corp., Fresno CA). Irrigation linear extrapolation of the gs-An relationship.
application and leachate volumes were continuously recorded
with flow meters (Badger Corp., WI) for each treatment. For
9:00–9:15 AM
dogwood, the grower-scheduled row received 2.69 times more
water than the control row (averaging 3.49 L vs. 1.30 L per tree A Comparison of the Potential for Scaling Up
per day, respectively); for maple, this was 1.45 times greater Irrigation Scheduling Techniques: Substrate
(6.20 L vs. 4.29 L per tree per day, respectively). Tree height Moisture Sensing Versus Predictive Water
and diameter were measured for the five sensored trees in both Use Modeling
rows every two months. Differences in plant height and tree
diameter between treatments were not significant for both tree Dave M. Barnard*
species after nine months, illustrating that sensor–controlled Colorado State University, Fort Collins; dave.barnard@
irrigation can achieve significant water savings in commercial colostate.edu
production without affecting growth rates. William Bauerle
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award Colorado State University, Fort Collins; bauerle@colostate.
no. 2009-51181-05768 edu
Evapotranspiration equations (e.g. Penman-Monteith) are widely
8:45–9:00 AM used to estimate crop irrigation. However, crop coefficients that
The Implications of Minimum Stomatal adjust potential evaporation to crop-specific transpiration are
Conductance on Estimating Water Flux in empirically derived, absent of physiological response descrip-
Containerized Tree Nurseries tions. Although complex mechanistic models exist for predicting
crop water use (e.g. MAESTRA), their application in commercial
Dave M. Barnard* nurseries has, so far, only been conceptual. Alternatively, irriga-
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; dave.barnard@ tion scheduling can take place by substrate moisture measure-
colostate.edu ment, triggering irrigation based on predefined volumetric water
William L. Bauerle contents (threshold method). In this study we grew trees in a
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; bauerle@colostate. containerized pot-in-pot production system and irrigated them
edu with both scheduling methods. The threshold method maintained

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S180 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

substrate volumetric water content between 35% and 42%. The the first, targeting grower perceptions of sensor networks, and
modeling method used MAESTRA to estimate transpiration on information on production costs and revenue. We have conducted
a 15-minute time step, triggering periodic irrigation from crop preliminary analysis of the 176 surveys completed fully to date.
water use estimates. Tree growth (stem caliper) and canopy Respondents represent 1713 acres of greenhouse, 11,372 acres
development (m2 of leaf area) were measured over the growing of container production, and 20,576 acres of field production in
season. In addition, we monitored daily irrigation and leachate for 28 states. Fertilizer, disease management, and water account for
water balance and irrigation application efficiency calculations. relatively small shares of expenditures (averaging 2.2%, 0.7%,
We tested the hypothesis that precise characterization of two and 2.3%, respectively), suggesting that potential cost reductions
physiology parameters [minimum stomatal conductance (g0) and from the use of wireless sensor networks may not constitute a
the marginal water cost per unit of carbon gain (g1)] could yield strong incentive for growers to adopt them. The survey results
accurate transpiration estimates (within 10%). Predictive water also indicate that increased plant growth and quality, reduced
use modeling exceeded our 10% error window, but we were able labor expenses, and decreased losses due to irrigation and disease
to estimate irrigation within 20% of measured values. Overall, are likely to constitute stronger incentives for wireless sensor
trees irrigated by the MAESTRA method developed more (up to network adoption. We are currently in the process of estimating
15%) stem caliper and accumulated up to an additional 25% of growers’ willingness to pay for wireless sensor network base
leaf area in one growing season. However, the modeling method stations and expansion nodes using these survey data.
applied more water (~20% across species). Despite the additional Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA, SCRI Award
amount of water, we found the efficiency of applied irrigation no. 2009-51181-05768
(percentage of water that did not leach) to be similar between
the two methods (within 10%). We conclude that MAESTRA
9:30–9:45 AM
holds promise as an effective means for scheduling irrigation
with generalized physiology parameter sets. Behind the Curtain: The Support Component of
Wireless Soil Moisture Networks
9:15–9:30 AM
Lauren Crawford*
Water, Irrigation Costs and the Benefits of Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA; [email protected]
Sensor Networks: Results from a National
John D. Lea-Cox
Survey of Ornamental Growers University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
John Majsztrik* John Majsztrik
University of Maryland, Laurel; [email protected] University of Maryland, Laurel; [email protected]
Erik Lichtenberg William Bauerle
University of Maryland, College Park; elichtenberg@arec. Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Bill.Bauerle@
umd.edu Colostate.edu
Monica Saavedra Marc van Iersel
University of Maryland, College Park; msaavedra@arec. University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
umd.edu
Todd Martin
John D. Lea-Cox Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA; [email protected]
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
The use of wireless sensor networks to determine irrigation timing David Kohanbash
and application rates can reduce water application rates and thus Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; dkohanba@
irrigation costs (including energy and labor in addition to direct cmu.edu
expenditures on water). Sensor networks may also reduce disease Wireless soil moisture sensors have been successfully used to
pressure through more efficient irrigation, which can reduce or manage water in greenhouses and nurseries settings, and have
eliminate fungicide use. In addition, irrigation sensor networks been shown to improve plant quality, save water, and reduce
have also been shown to accelerate growth in some instances. disease pressure. Most publications discussing progress in this
For society at large, greater precision in agricultural irrigation area have focused on the sensors and wireless networks used
in general, and ornamental crops in particular can potentially to provide the data to growers. In order for the data from the
reduce pressure on water supplies as well as environmental systems to be actionable, key decisions must be made by per-
inputs of nutrients and pesticides. We conducted two national sonnel before the system is installed, during the configuration
surveys in order to gather information on cost, perceptions of process, and after the data are provided to the grower. These
wireless sensor networks, and water management practices in decisions include, but are not limited to: 1) number of sensors
greenhouse and nursery operations. The first survey asked for used to schedule irrigations within a single zone, or plant spe-
detailed information about a variety of on-farm costs and prac- cies; 2) location of sensors within the root zone; 3) frequency
tices. The second survey focused on a subset of questions from of the sensor measurements, and how the data are reported; 4)

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S181
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

data storage and graphic/text display; and 5) maintenance needs or 5 minutes. All plants within an experimental block were ir-
of the system. These unknowns represent potential barriers to rigated when the volumetric water content of the control plants
adoption for growers that are interested in using sensors to (2 minute irrigation duration, 100% fertilizer treatment) reached
monitor irrigation, but are unsure of the additional time and 35%. At that time, plants in all treatments were irrigated. This
resources that implementation and management may entail. Our provided excessive irrigation to plants irrigated for 3, 4, or 5
goals are to elucidate the decision and support process behind minutes. Leachate was collected biweekly and included leach-
wireless sensor networks, and to recommend best practices to ate caused by rainfall. Leachate volume was greatest for plants
ensure optimum results for the end user and quick adoption by receiving the 5 minute irrigation for all fertilizer treatments. The
growers. We reviewed the configuration and support structure of cumulative leachate volume was 15, 12.5, 10.5, and 9 L/plant for
12 different locations where wireless soil moisture systems are the 5-, 4-, 3-, and 2-minute irrigation treatments, respectively.
used to monitor and control irrigation, including six commercial Electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate was highest with the
greenhouses and nurseries, which have been controlling irrigation 100% fertilizer rate and decreased with reduced fertilizer rate.
for up to a year. We identified key areas where growers benefitted Fertilizer rate and the interaction of fertilizer rate with irrigation
from external assistance in either setting up a wireless system or duration had a significant effect on shoot dry weight. Average
interpreting data collected by their sensors, which was mostly shoot dry weight was 18.7, 25.3, and 27.3 g per plant for the
during system set up. Specifically, most growers needed external 25%, 50%, and 100% fertilizer treatments, respectively. Using
technical assistance setting up the Sensorweb software system. 3-minute irrigation cycles, shoot dry mass of plants grown with
Growers also benefited from learning the functionality of the 50% fertilizer was only 0.2 g lower than that of plants grown
software from a software expert. However, after most growers with 100% fertilizer, while with 4-minute irrigation cycles, this
learned the basic functionality of the software, they were able difference was only 1.1 g. This shows the potential for reduced
to use the features to learn about their irrigation strategies on fertilizer use with moderate irrigation applications. In this study,
their own. In addition, growers were unfamiliar with how and we have shown that reduced fertilizer application rates can be
where to install the sensors for monitoring. A clear picture of used along with moderate irrigation durations to reduce leaching
the cost, limitation, and time requirements for setting up and of nutrients, without negatively impacting plant growth.
running a network will help identify where technical resources
should be focused to minimize installation problems, and aid Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was funded by
in the adoption of this technology by growers. USDA–NIFA, SCRI (award no. 2009-51181-05768).

9:45–10:00 AM
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
Fertilizer Rate and Irrigation Duration Affect
Leachate Volume, Electrical Conductivity, and Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf
Growth of Gardenia jasminoides Moderator: Donald R. Hodel, [email protected]
Amanda Bayer*
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] 10:15–10:30 AM
John M. Ruter Research in Real Time: Integrating Social
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] Media and Landscape Research
Marc van Iersel Bert Cregg*
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
An increasing number of laws and regulations regarding runoff Social media is becoming an increasingly important means
and water use are necessitating container nursery growers to for university extension and research personnel to disseminate
irrigate more efficiently. However, over-irrigation and inten- research-based horticultural information to their clientele. Social
tional leaching are still common in the industry. Leaching of media also provides an opportunity to increase the interactivity
fertilizers often leads to the need for additional fertilizer appli- of information flow among researchers, extension specialists,
cations, which are costly for the grower and the environment. and their audience. In Summer 2012, I solicited input for the
By reducing fertilizer application rates and irrigating more design of a research trial on tree transplanting techniques from
efficiently we believe that salable plants can be produced with readers of the Garden Professors’ blog, a multi-institutional blog
little or no irrigation-induced leaching. In this study, we related focused on the science of gardening and landscaping hosted by
fertilizer application rate and irrigation duration to leachate four university horticulture professors: Linda Chalker-Scott
volume, leachate electrical conductivity, and plant growth. (Washington State University), Jeff Gilman (University of
A soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation system was used Minnesota), Holly Scoggins (Virginia Tech), and myself. The
to irrigate Gardenia jasminoides ‘Madga I’ (sold as Heaven overall objective of the project was to provide blog readers with
Scent). Controlled release fertilizer was applied at 100%, 50%, an opportunity to participate in a landscape research project
and 25% of the label rate and irrigation durations were 2, 3, 4, and gain insights into the research process. Garden Professors’

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S182 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

blog readers were surveyed to identify topics or issues related 2008, 12 F. valesiaca accessions originating from Kyrgyzstan
to transplanting of container-grown shade trees. In an on-line and eight U.S. cultivars were transplanted as replicated spaced
Survey-Monkey poll, readers identified root-ball manipulation plants to a field nursery at Blue Creek, UT. Relative vigor,
prior to planting (e.g., “shaving” root-balls) and fertilization at height, width, total biomass (dry matter yield), seed weight,
planting as their top research interests. An additional subject, and seed number were evaluated between 2009 and 2011. Am-
mulching at planting, was added to the project based on subse- plified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis (1,530
quent discussion on the blog. The resulting project was installed bands) was used to characterize F. valesiaca relatedness to other
in July 2012 as two separate experiments. In each experiment economically important Festuca species. Plant height, width,
eight replications of #25 (105 L) container-grown shade trees and total biomass of the F. valesiaca accessions examined were
(Plantanus xacerifolia ‘Bloodgood’) were assigned at random equal to the commercial control, ‘Cascade’ [F. rubra L. subsp.
to one of six treatments. In Experiment 1 the treatments were commutata (Gaudin) Markgr.-Dann.; 6x; chewings fescue]. Plant
arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial of three root-ball manipulation and vigor and seed weight of F. valesiaca accessions PI 659923,
two fertilization treatments. The root-ball treatments were: 1) PI 659932, W6 30575, and W6 30588 under semi-arid condi-
root-ball shaved to remove outer, circling roots; 2) roots teased tions (~300 mm annual precipitation) were significantly (P <
apart to eliminate circling roots; and 3) control. Fertilizer treat- 0.05) greater than ‘Cascade’. Moreover, principal component
ments were 1) 400 g of controlled release fertilizer (Osmocote analysis using all traits as loading factors indicated that these
Plus, 15N–4P–10K, 5–6 month release) per tree and 2) no fertizer F. valesiaca accessions were distinct from the majority of the
added. In Experiment 2 the treatments were arranged in a 3 x 2 other Festuca accessions examined. These F. valesiaca acces-
factorial of the three root-ball manipulations and two mulching sions produced abundant amounts of small seed, and this seed
treatments (with or without 3” of pine bark mulch). During the yield was significantly correlated with total biomass (r2 = 0.84,
growing season images and details of the plot establishment were P < 0.001), plant height (r2 = 0.58, P < 0.05), and plant vigor
posted on the blog as well as initial study results. Readers were (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.001). An AFLP-based neighbor-joining cluster
able to post comments and questions on the blog about study analysis defined five distinct groups consisting of diverse Fes-
installation, data collection and analysis. In this presentation I tuca species (Outgroups; Group 1), F. idahoensis (Group 2),
will present initial results from both tree planting experiments. F. rubra (Group 3), F. ovina and F. valesiaca (Group 4), and
In addition, I will discuss the logistics and pitfalls of interacting F. trachyphylla (Group 5). The F. valesiaca accessions dif-
with the public while sharing ongoing research in real time. fered from U.S. Festuca cultivars examined, except for ‘Durar’
(F. ovina L.; 6x; sheep fescue), to which they had strong genetic
10:30–10:45 AM affinities. Given their morphological attributes, F. valesiaca
Genetic Characterization of Kyrgyzstan Fine- PI 659923, W6 30575, PI 659932, and W6 30588 should be
leaved Festuca valesiaca Germplasm for Use in considered for use in low maintenance, semi-arid turf improve-
ment programs in the western United States.
Semi-arid, Low-maintenance Turf Applications
Specified Source(s) of Funding: U.S. Federal Joint Research and
Jack E. Staub*
Extension Programs in China (grant no. 2009-34613-20214)
USDA–ARS, FRRL, Logan, UT; [email protected]
administered by Utah State University and the USDA–ARS
Yingmei Ma Forage and Range Research Laboratory
Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
Matthew D. Robbins 10:45–11:00 AM
USDA–ARS, FRRL, Logan, UT; matthew.robbins@ars. Easy Tea Hybrid Tea Rose Study: 2009–2012
usda.gov Results
Paul G. Johnson Allen D. Owings*
Utah State University, Logan; [email protected] LSU Ag Center, Hammond, LA; [email protected]
Steven R. Larson Thirty cultivars of hybrid tea roses, determined from the results
USDA–ARS, FRRL, Logan, UT; [email protected] of a national survey of consulting rosarians with the American
Fine-leaved Festuca valesiaca Shleidcher ex. Gaudin (2n Rose Society, were evaluated under landscape growing condi-
= 2x-4x) is native to heavily-grazed, cold, semi-arid, Asian tions at the Gardens of the American Rose Center, Shreveport,
rangelands. However, its potential for low-maintenance turf LA, from 2009–12. The primary objective of this study was to
applications in the semi-arid western United States and its monitor susceptibility of the selected cultivars for susceptibility
relatedness to other agriculturally important Festuca species to blackspot disease under low fungicide application conditions.
has not been investigated. Therefore, a project was designed Plants were grown using cultural practices adapted from Earth
to identify F.  valesiaca accessions that possess horticultural Kind rose recommendations (minimum fertilization, minimum
potential when grown under semi-arid growing conditions and irrigation, compost use in bed preparation). Grade 1 roses
to characterize their relatedness to other Festuca species. In budded on ‘Dr. Huey’ rootstock were planted February 2009.

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HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S183
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Test plots were located in full sun and roses were spaced 4 feet In addition, all strains were identified as E. amylovora by fatty
apart within rows and 6 feet between rows. The experimental acid methyl ester profiles with similarity indices ranging from of
design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications of 79% to 99%. Clustering of strains in the resulting dendrogram
each cultivar. Plants were sprayed with consumer formulations was not correlated with different hosts and E. amylovora strains
of tebuconazole at the recommended rate in 2009 and 2011 were homogenous. Phytosanitary measures were taken to avoid
and propiconazole in 2010 and 2012. Fungicides were applied spread of the pathogen to new rosaceous plants.
each year in late February, mid to late April, mid June, and
late August/early September. Plants were pruned according to 11:15–11:30 AM
recommended hybrid tea practices in February and late August
each year. A slow-release 12–6–6 fertilizer was applied annu-
New and Recently Introduced Bamboo Palms
ally in late February at 1 lb. N/1000 sq. ft. bed area. Blackspot (Chamaedorea; Arecaceae) with Ornamental
susceptibility ratings were taken in April, June, August, and Potential
October each year. Visual quality ratings to determine land- Donald R. Hodel*
scape appeal were taken at the same time each year. The best University of California, Alhambra; [email protected]
roses over the four year period in terms of visual quality were
‘Traviata’, ‘Tahitian Sunset’, ‘Frederic Mistral’, ‘Tropicana’, Bamboo palms (Chamaedorea; Arecaceae) include over 100
‘Pink Traviata’, ‘Mister Lincoln’, ‘Olympiad’, ‘Tiffany’, ‘The species of small, unusually diverse, understory palms with
McCartney Rose’, and ‘Crysler Imperial’. The best roses over neat, green, bamboo-like stems indigenous to rain forests from
the four-year period in terms of blackspot resistance were ‘The Mexico to northern South America. Two species, the parlor palm
McCartney Rose’, ‘Traviata’, ‘Pink Traviata’, ‘Tahitian Sunset’, (Chamaedorea elegans) and the bamboo palm (C. seifrizii) are
‘Tiffany’, ‘Frederic Mistra’l, ‘Mister Lincoln’, ‘Midas Touch’, among the most popular and widely grown palms for decorative
‘Pope John Paul II’, ‘Electron’, and ‘Chrysler Imperial’. The use in subtropical and tropical landscapes and indoors anywhere,
American Rose Society will promote ‘The McCartney Rose’, and several other species are sometimes found in the trade. Re-
‘Pink Traviata’, ‘Traviata’, ‘Tahitian Sunset’, and ‘Frederic cent exploration in Mexico and Central America and research
Mistral’ as Easy Tea Hybrid Tea Roses to their membership and evaluation in the Chamaedorea Research Collection in
starting Fall 2013 and to gardening consumers Spring 2014. Los Angeles have revealed several additional species that have
great ornamental promise, including C. benziei, C. frondosa,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: American Rose Society Research
C. hooperiana, C. plumosa, and C. rhizomatosa. Some of these
Trust Endowment
have been in the trade for a few years, especially in California,
and are proving to be outstanding ornamentals while others are
11:00–11:15 AM
waiting to be introduced. This presentation will illustrate and
Characterization of Erwinia amylovora Strains discuss these species, addressing their identification, uses, and
Isolated from Ornamentals cultural requirements.
Kubilay Kurtulus Bastas*
Selcuk University, Konya42031; [email protected] 11:30–11:45 AM

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a The Growth and Evaluation of Some Mexican
serious and destructive disease of apples (Malus spp.) and pears Oaks and Other Trees in Los Angeles
(Pyrus spp.) but can also infect many ornamental species in Donald R. Hodel*
the Rosaceae family. During 2007 and 2010, typical fire blight University of California, Alhambra; [email protected]
symptoms were observed on firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea),
mountain ash (Sorbus sp.), Cotoneaster horizontalis, meadow- James E. Henrich
sweet (Spirea prunifolia), and crabapple (Malus floribunda). Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden,
Isolated sixty three representative bacterial colonies from the Arcadia, CA; [email protected]
ornamentals in landscape areas were characterized on the basis of Ken Greby
biochemical, physiological, and molecular properties comparing ArborPro, Inc, Yorba Linda, CA; [email protected]
with two reference strains of E. amylovora. Pathogenicity tests
of strains were performed on the host plants. All strains induced Kerry A. Morris
a hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum cv. Gardener, Chatsworth, CA; [email protected]
White Burley) and produced ooze on immature pear fruits. Three Mexico encompasses innumerable ecological zones stretching
primer sets, derived from PstI fragment of plasmid pEA29 and from deserts to tropical rain forests and is a meeting place of
chromosomal ams region targeted, were used for PCR. The temperate vegetation from the north and tropical vegetation from
genetic diversity among the strains was investigated by random the south. Thus, it is no surprise that Mexico is blessed with an
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The strains incredibly rich and diverse flora. One of the groups of plants
exhibited variability in susceptibility to fire blight among hosts that is unusually diverse in Mexico is the oaks (Quercus). With
and cultivars, and in virulence among strains of E. amylovora. more than 160 indigenous species, Mexico is the primary center

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S184 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

of oak diversity in the world. In 2001 I traveled to northeastern information to support this new emerging industry. Apples for
Mexico and with Mexican botanists made collections of sev- hard cider are mechanically harvested in Europe, with shake-
eral, handsome oak and other tree species. The oaks included and-sweep equipment. This study investigated the use of an
Q. affinis, Q. crassifolia, Q. polymorpha, Q. rysophylla, and Q. over-the-row mechanical raspberry harvester (Littau Model
sartorii. The seeds were germinated, seedlings grown on, and OR0012) with a trellised planting of ‘Brown Snout’ cider apple
small plants out of 3.8-L containers planted out in 2005 at the in northwest Washington. The region is a center for process-
Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Arcadia ing raspberry production and mechanical harvesters sit idle
near Los Angeles where they have been evaluated for landscape in the fall when apples are ready for harvest. The study was
suitability for 8 years. Nearly all of the oaks and other species carried out in 2011 and 2012 at Mount Vernon, WA, trees were
have grown remarkably well, clearly demonstrating their adapt- planted with 6-ft in-row and 12-feet between-row spacing, and
ability and suitability to the southern California climate. They there were two replications of M9 and M27 rootstock with 10
received no special care other than occasional irrigation. They trees per plot. There were no differences due to rootstock (P ≥
were unpruned for the seven years after planting out and most 0.05) and data were pooled. Total weight per plot of harvested
had attained about 10–15 m in height, had branches and foliage apples did not differ between hand and mechanical harvest
to the ground or nearly so, had trunks 12–20 cm in diameter, and either year (P = 0.6127 and P = 0.5666, respectively), how-
were flowering and fruiting. That most of the oaks had adequate, ever yield was lower in 2011 than 2012 (100 kg and 26 kg,
if not superb, conformation and structure without any pruning respectively; P = 0.0002); Brown Snout is alternate bearing
after seven years from planting is a testament to the trees’ inher- and 2012 was an “off” year. Significantly less time was needed
ent ability to grow well without human intervention. Perhaps the for mechanical harvest than for hand harvest in 2011 (40 hours
most amazing tree, though, is a Mexican sycamore (Platanus and 7 hours, respectively; P  = 0.0018), however there was
mexicana) that after only six years in the ground is 17 meters no difference in 2012 (16 hours and 10 hours, respectively;
tall and has a strong, straight bole, and has a 33-cm diameter P = 0.1446). Each year, there were almost twice as many
trunk. These trees will be prized for their strong, robust growth broken spurs per tree with mechanical harvest (2.4 and 16.0,
of good to excellent conformation with few or no structural respectively) than with hand harvest (1.3 and 7.5, respectively);
defects, handsome leaves, mostly evergreen habit, and suspected although these differences were not significant (P = 0.3082
low-water use. This presentation will illustrate and discuss tree and P = 0.1064, respectively), increased tree damage may lead
performance, cultural requirements, and landscape adaptability. to a decline in tree health and should be evaluated over the long
term. Juice was pressed immediately after harvest and both
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10 years there were no significant differences due to harvest
technique for Brix (P = 0.9234 and P = 0.6830, respectively),
Pomology pH (P = 0.1075 and P = 0.5055, respectively), specific grav-
ity (P  = 0.4950 and P = 0.9083, respectively), malic acid
Moderator: Carol A. Miles (P = 0.0823 and P = 0.9529, respectively) and % tannin
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] (P = 0.5301 and P  =0.4309, respectively). In 2011 fruit
was placed in cold storage (32 °F) for 3 weeks, and in 2012
10:15–10:30 AM
fruit was cold-stored for 2 and 4 weeks. Both years there were
Mechanical Harvest of Hard Cider Apples significant differences between juice at harvest and after cold
Carol A. Miles* storage for Brix (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0007, respectively) and
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] specific gravity (P = 0.0003 and P < 0.0001, respectively), while
there were no differences in pH, malic acid, or percentage of
Jonathan Roozen
tannin either year.
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; jfroozen@
wsu.edu Specified Source(s) of Funding: Washington State Department
Jacqueline King of Agriculture
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; kingjack@
wsu.edu 10:30–10:45 AM

Karen Hasenoehrl The Effect of Summer Hedging of Tall Spindle

Washington State University, Mount Vernon; karen. Apple Trees on Growth, Fruit Quality, and
[email protected] Flowering
David Bauermeister Terence Lee Robinson*
Northwest Agriculture Business Center, Mount Vernon, WA; New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva;
[email protected] [email protected]
Hard cider sales increased 40% in the United States in 2011, Mario Miranda-Sazo
and there is a need to provide growers with production Cornell University, Newark, NY; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S185
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Stephen A. Hoying received or did not receive naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
Cornell University, Highland, NY; [email protected] (10 mg/L) or benzyl adenine (BA) (228 g/ha, 114 ppm) at
bloom, combined with metamitron sprays (188 mg/L, 376 g/ha;
Leonel Dominguez
Goltix® 70WG) at petal fall, 11 mm fruit size or both; addition-
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
ally it was performed a control treatment, without any spray, and
Jose Fachinello a treatment combining NAA at bloom (10 ppm) with carbaryl
University of Pelotas, Pelotas; [email protected] at petal fall and 11 mm fruit size (640 ppm; 1280 g /ha). Fifty
Mechanized sidewall shearing of the tree canopy of Tall Spindle days after full bloom, the effect of thinning was determined in
apple orchards may offer the potential to reduce annual pruning two selected branches and expressed as fruit per cluster (F/C)
costs of apple production. Although mechanical pruning was and also as tree crop load, expressed as fruit per cm2 trunk
conducted in the 1960s and 70s, it was generally unsuccessful cross sectional area (F/TCSA). During harvest, yield efficiency
because it resulted in excessive regrowth and poor fruit quality (kg/TCSA) and mean fruit weight per tree was evaluated. All
due to vigorous rootstocks and the cutting of large limbs. How- treatments differed from the absolute control (0.9 F/C, 10.71
ever, current high-density Tall Spindle apple orchards are now F/TCSA). The more thinned trees were those which received
more suitable to mechanized pruning due to the use of dwarfing two metamitron sprays (between 0.14 and 0.32 F/C; 2.72 and
rootstocks, a better managed and calm tree, and the presence of 4.13 F/TCSA). Metamitron sprays at petal fall (between 0.31
more small pendant fruiting branches (15–18 branches) when and 0.48 F/C, 4.11 and 6.44 F/TCSA) were generally more
the tree is mature. We began 4 experiments in New York State effective than sprays at 11 mm fruit size (between 0.42 and
in 2012 to evaluate the timing and severity of summer sidewall 0.59 F/C; 7.02 and 8.63 F/TCSA). According to the analysis
of covariance, performed to remove the effect of crop load at
shearing on Tall Spindle and Super Spindle apple trees. Our
harvest, fruit size and yield efficiency were about 30% higher
main goal was to reduce pruning costs by 2/3 while maintain-
in those more thinned treatments, showing the importance of
ing a narrow fruiting wall with good light distribution but not
early fruit removal in ‘Gala’ apples.
create a vigor response in the tree. A second objective was to
study the shoot response of several important apple cultivars Specified Source(s) of Funding: Fundación para la Innovación
in New York State to mechanized summer pruning timings and Agraria, Chile
severities. Our results show that summer sidewall shearing
was fast and left the trees with a “manicured” look. The cost 11:00–11:15 AM
and time amounted to a fraction of the time (5%) to do manual The Effect of Timing and Rate of Metamitron
summer pruning. At each of the summer timings the shearing
process cut an average of only 28% if the growing points on the
Sprays on Chemical Thinning of ‘Brookfield
tree (range 22% to 38%). When the sidewall shearing was done Gala’ Apple Trees
at bloom there were some flowers cut off. However, when the Gabino M. Reginato*
sidewall shearing was done in June, July or August 4% to 6% Universidad de Chile, Santiago; [email protected]
of the fruits were cut off. The regrowth response of 4 cultivars
Cristián Riquelme
on M.9 rootstocks was about 12–15 cm in shoot regrowth. Most
Universidad de Chile, Santiago; [email protected]
of the short regrowth shoots terminated in a flower bud. There
was a nonsignificant reduction in yield and crop value and a During the 2012–13 season a trial was performed in four
nonsignificant improvement in fruit color from summer shearing. ‘Brookfield Gala’/M9 orchards, located along the Chilean apple
production area: Quinta de Tilcoco (VI R, 34°21’S, 70°57’W),
Specified Source(s) of Funding: New York Farm Viability Institute Chimbarongo (VI R, 34°42’S, 71°02’W), Yerbas Buenas (VII
R; 35°45’S, 71°34’W), and Renaico (IX R; 37°48’S, 72° 3’W),
10:45–11:00 AM with the aim of determining the effect of chemical thinning of
Chemical Thinning of ‘Gala’ Apples with different rates and application timing of metamitron (Goltix®
Treatments that Combine Sprays of NAA or 70WG). In each orchard, two trees were randomly selected and
applied at 0, 85, 170 or 340 ppm of metamitron (0, 146.4, 291.6,
BA during Flowering with Metamitron in or 582 g/ha), either at petal fall or 11 mm fruit size. Minimum
Postbloom and maximum temperatures and solar radiation were regis-
Gabino M. Reginato* tered in each location in a period of 3, 6, and 9 days after the
Universidad de Chile, Santiago; [email protected] metamitron sprays. Response curves were established for each
orchard, assessing the thinning effect in two selected branches
Cristián Riquelme fifty days after full bloom, and expressing it as fruit per cluster
Universidad de Chile, Santiago; [email protected]
considering the control treatment as 100%. In all orchards the
During the 2012–13 season, a trial was performed in ‘Gala’/ fruit thinning increased with metamitron concentration, reaching
M7 apple trees in Quinta de Tilcoco (VI R), Chile, in order to 50% of control, even though higher response rate was observed
determine the effect of chemical thinning treatments that either between 0 and 170 ppm. The most effective treatments were

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S186 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

always those applied at petal fall (between 3% and 17% more ments may be harnessed for genetic mapping and understanding
than at 11 mm fruit size). Much less thinning was obtained in the inheritance of cold hardiness in apple rootstocks.
Renaico, and no climatic characteristic could be associated to Specified Source(s) of Funding: New England Tree Fruit Growers
this for the 9 days period after the metamitron spray. Research Committee
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Fundación para la Innovación
Agraria, Chile 11:30–11:45 AM
How Long Should Apple Rootstock Trials be
11:15–11:30 AM Conducted?
Genotypic Variation in Apple Rootstock Cold R.P. Marini*
Temperature Tolerance The Pennsylvania State University, University Park;
Renae Moran* [email protected]
University of Maine, Monmouth; [email protected] Apple rootstocks are usually evaluated for 10 years, but there
Fang Geng is an economic incentive to shorten the evaluation period. Data
University of Maine, Orono; [email protected] from the 2003 NC-140 Dwarf Apple Rootstock trial were used
to determine the number of years required to separate rootstocks
Gennaro Fazio based on trunk cross-sectional area (TCA). ‘Golden Delicious’
USDA–ARS, Geneva, NY; [email protected] trees budded on 11 dwarfing rootstocks were planted at 12 lo-
John A. Cline cations with 2 trees on each rootstock randomized within four
University of Guelph, Simcoe, ON; [email protected] blocks in a generalized randomized complete-block design.
Annual TCA data from each location were analyzed with a
One and two-year old shoots from 14 apple rootstock cultivars
repeated measures ANOVA with SAS’s Proc Glimmix and the
and selections were collected in late October 2012 and subjected
slicediff option was used to compare rootstock lsmeans within
to temperatures of –15, –20, –25, –30, and –35 °C, and in De-
each year. Data for only 4 locations have been analyzed, but
cember to temperatures of –25 to –40 °C. M.7 was included for
the relationship between TCA and year was linear in British
comparison. Cold temperature injury was measured as xylem
Columbia and quadratic in Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wisconsin.
browning using a rating scale of 0 to 5 with 0 indicating none
Rootstocks were significantly different after 2 years in Utah, but
and 5 indicating severe browning. In October, xylem injury was
3 years were needed to separate rootstocks in the other loca-
relatively minor until a temperature of –25 °C when G.4011,
tions. Depending on the location, the number of years to detect
G. 4292 and G.4814 had significantly greater injury than M.7.
a difference between B.9 vs. M.26 was 3 or 4 years, 4 to 6 years
Injury was significantly greater in G.4292 than all other geno-
for B.9 vs. T.337, 5 to 8 years for T.337 vs. M.26, 7 to 8 years
types tested at –25 °C. V.5, V.7, G.935, and G.4288 had less
for M.26 vs. Pajam2, and 6 to >10 years for T.337 vs. Pajam2.
injury, and V.6, G.214, G.4013, G.5257, and G.6874 had similar
Although other characteristics may take longer to sort out, it
injury as M.7. At –35 °C, V.5, V.7, G.4011, G.4013, G.4292,
appears that rootstock trial require at least 8 years to separate
G.4814, and G.6874 had a similar level of injury compared
M.26 and M.9 Pajam2 into different vigor classes.
to M.7, whereas, V.6, G.214, G.4288, G.93,5 and G.5257 had
less injury. G.5257 had the least amount of xylem browning at
–35 °C, which was significantly less than all other genotypes. Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
In December, injury was relatively minor until a temperature
of –40 °C when V.5, V.6, V.7, G.214, G.3902, G.4013, G.4292, Genetics and Germplasm
and G.5257 had a similar level of xylem injury as M.7, but
G.935, G.4011, G.4288, G.4814, and G.6874 had less injury. Moderator: Nahla Bassil, [email protected]
G.935 and G.4288 were consistently hardier than M.7, whereas, 10:15–10:30 AM
G.4292 incurred the greatest level of tissue browning in both
Genetic Control of Resistance to Anthracnose
October and December. In October, shoot age had a relatively
minor effect on xylem browning at temperatures of –25 and –30 Crown Rot of Strawberry in Florida and North
°C, but a significant effect at –35 °C with a rootstock interac- Carolina
tion. One-year-old shoots of V.7 and G.214 had greater xylem Vance M. Whitaker*
injury than 2-year-old shoots, and 1-year shoots of G.4011 had University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected]
less injury than 2-year shoots. In December, xylem injury was
generally greater in 2-year-old shoots compared to 1-year-old Luis F. Osorio
University of Florida, Wimauma,; [email protected]
with no rootstock interaction. The ‘Geneva’ rootstocks tested in
these experiments belonged to a full sib family that segregates Jeremy Pattison
for many traits. These results indicate that the genetic variation Plants for Human Health Institute, Kannapolis, NC; jeremy_
for early and mid-winter cold hardiness observed in these experi- [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S187
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Anthracnose crown rot is an economically important disease experiments (GH1 and GH2). The greenhouse experiments
of strawberry in the southeastern United States and is primar- were inoculated by spraying four-week-old seedlings until
ily caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in that region. runoff with a mixed solution of Xcv isolates BS339, BS340,
However, no information on genetic control of resistance to and BS347 at approximately 1x108 cells/mL. The field, GH1,
this pathogen is currently available to guide breeding efforts. and GH2 experiments used a randomized complete-block
Our objectives were to estimate genetic parameters and gains design with three blocks. Disease severity was measured on
for resistance, and to examine the effects of locations (Florida individual plants using a 0 (low disease) to 10 (severe disease)
and North Carolina) and transplant types (plugs grown from scale at harvest maturity in the field and a 0 (no disease) to 5
seed and bare-root runner plants) on the estimates. An incom- (severe disease) scale in GH1 and GH2 one week after inocula-
plete diallel mating design generated 42 full-sib families. Both tion. Segregation of the HR was compared to known genetic
seedling plugs and bare-root runner plants were established in models using chi-square. The mean DS of the HR and the non
field locations at Castle Hayne, NC, and Wimauma, FL. Conidia HR RILs and parents were calculated and compared using t-
of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were sprayed directly into tests. ‘La Brillante’ expressed the HR while ‘Salinas 88’ did
the crowns, and plant collapse was recorded biweekly during not. Disease severity means of ‘Salinas 88’ (field: 3.8, GH1:
the 2010–11 season. Heritabilities were higher in North Caro- 3.3, GH2: 4.5) and ‘La Brillante’ (field: 0.2, GH1: 0.9, GH2:
lina (h2 = 0.34–0.58 and H2 = 0.35–0.70) than in Florida (h2 = 2.2) were significantly different (P < 0.01) in all experiments.
0.11–0.16 and H2 = 0.25–0.26). Likewise, the seedling tests The RILs segregated 47 HR : 43 not HR, a good fit to 1:1 (χ2,
showed higher genetic control than the runner plant (clonal) 1 df = 0.2, P = 0.7), which indicates a single gene controlling
tests at both locations. Genotype by environment interactions the HR. The mean DS of RILs expressing the HR (field: 2.8,
were low, with few rank changes in parental performance across GH1: 1.4, GH2: 2.5) was significantly lower than the non-HR
locations. ‘Pelican’ was the most resistant parent at both loca- RILs (field: 9.8, GH1: 2.9, GH2: 4.0). Bacterial leaf spot re-
tions, and NCH09-68 was comparable to ‘Pelican’ at the North sistance in ‘La Brillante’ is a simply inherited trait and should
Carolina location but conferred less resistance at the Florida be useful for breeding resistant cultivars.
location. Selection and clonal deployment of the most resistant
genotype within each of the five best families is estimated to 10:45–11:00 AM
produce average genetic gains of 37.4% and 34.9% in North Horticultural Trait-SNP Marker Association
Carolina and Florida, respectively.
Study in a Collection of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa
10:30–10:45 AM L.) Lines
A Single Gene Confers Resistance to Bacterial Jinguo Hu*
USDA–ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station,
Leaf Spot in the Lettuce Cultivar La Brillante
Pullman, WA; [email protected]
Ryan J. Hayes*
USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected] Soon-Jae Kwon
USDA–ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station,
Mark Trent Pullman, WA; [email protected]
USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
Ivan Simko
Carolee Bull USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
Barbara Hellier
Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) of lettuce caused by Xanthomonas USDA–ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station,
campestris pv. vitians (Xcv) is an important lettuce disease. Pullman, WA; [email protected]
Host resistance is known in ‘La Brillante’; nothing is known
about the inheritance of this resistance. In other crop species a Beiquan Mou
rapid cell death at the infection site known as a hypersensitive USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
response (HR) is a common mechanism of disease resistance. The U.S. lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm collection
The objective of this research was to 1) determine if a HR is managed by the USDA–ARS Western Regional Plant In-
confers resistance in ‘La Brillante’ and 2) determine the inheri- troduction Station in Pullman, WA. We recently genotyped
tance of BLS resistance in a F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) approximately 1,200 accessions of cultivated lettuce with the
population from Salinas 88 x La Brillante. Six plants from 90 Illumina’s GoldenGate assay for 384 SNP markers and created
RILs, ‘Salinas 88’, and ‘La Brillante’ were evaluated for a HR a special collection of 298 lines, each of which is derived from
after infiltrating the leaves of four week old lettuce seedlings a single plant homozygous at 322 genotyped loci. This collec-
with a solution of approximately 1x108 cells/mL using Xcv tion contains 122 butterhead, 63 crisphead, 53 romaine, 53 leaf,
isolate BS347. The same cultivars and RILs were evaluated and 7 stem types. There are only 258 unique genotypes among
for diseases severity (DS) on November 28 in a Salinas, CA, the 298 lines since there are 26 pairs or small groups (a total
field experiment with natural infection and in two greenhouse of 66 lines) sharing identical genotypes. The average genetic

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S188 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

similarity coefficient (GS) among the 258 unique genotypes was ARSFL007 was used to genotype the RosBREED strawberry
63.9% with a range from 40.6% to 99.8%. Population structure germplasm for presence of the marker and for parentage con-
analysis revealed that there are most likely six subpopulations firmation. One hundred and fifty three (153) of the RosBREED
corresponding more or less to the horticultural types with the individuals with known and unknown responses to the red stele
crisphead types divided into two. We evaluated 10 phenotypic pathogen were inoculated in bench tests to two races of this
traits of these lines and conducted a preliminary genome-wide disease to validate this marker- association. The Microsatel-
marker-trait association analysis using three different methods: lite Allele Dose and Configuration Establishment (MADCE)
single factor analysis, general linear model analysis and mixed technique was used to establish the allelic composition of three
linear model analysis. Nine significant marker-trait associations subgenomes in the SSR and each of the four subgenomes in
(SMTA) were revealed at P < 0.0001 level with all three methods ARSFL007. Using manual parentage verification followed by
and also when considering kinship and/or population structure FlexQTL-based parentage check in the 947 individuals identified
for this collection. These marker-trait associations include five 42 progeny and 11 cultivars that did not segregate according to
SMTAs for seed coat color, one for leaf margin undulation, two pedigree. Genotypes for 24 out of 84 parents used in crosses
for leaf anthocyanin and one for stem anthocyanin. These marker- were inferred using FlexQTL and pedigree was corrected. The
trait associations await validation with segregating populations gene confers resistance to Canadian race 4 (Cdn-4) and is inef-
before being used for marker-assisted selection. fective against Canadian race 5 (Cdn-5). Of the 153 inoculated
individuals, 16 individuals, mainly of wild origin were identified
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–ARS, CRIS 5438-
as having other factors of resistance by exhibiting resistance to
21000-026-00D
race Cdn-5 and may be valuable for widening the genetic base
of resistance in commercial cultivars. To avoid epistatic effects,
11:00–11:15 AM
these individuals were excluded from validation along with 50
What Have We Learned during Marker-locus other individuals that were not replicated or that had borderline
Trait Validation for Rpf1 Red Stele Resistance in disease scores. For the remaining 87 individuals that showed
Strawberry? severe disease scores for Cdn-5, 24 were resistant to and 63
were susceptible to both races. The SSR marker was present
Megan M. Mathey in 14 of 24 individuals that were resistant to and absent in 50
Oregon State University, Corvallis; matheym@hort. of 63 accessions that were susceptible to this disease. Causes
oregonstate.edu for the 79.3% marker-trait association are being investigated
Eric van de Weg and will be discussed.
Wageningen University and Research Center,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: “RosBREED: Enabling marker-
Droevendaalsesteeg; [email protected]
assisted breeding in Rosaceae” is supported by the USDA–NIFA
Nahla Bassil* Specialty Crop Research Initiative by a combination of federal
USDA–ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected] and matching funds (grant number 2009-51181-05808).
Andrew R. Jamieson
Atlantic Food & Hort. Res. Ctr., Kentville, NS; jamiesona@ 11:15–11:30 AM
agr.gc.ca Characterization of Eight Novel Microsatellite
Chad E. Finn Markers from Viburnum rufidulum
USDA–ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR; [email protected]. Deborah Dean*
gov University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Umesh Rosyara Phillip A. Wadl
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
James F. Hancock Denita Hadziabdic
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Red stele (Phytophthora fragariae Hickman var. fragariae) Robert N. Trigiano
is a devastating root rot disease in strawberries (Fragaria L.). University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Several sources for genetic resistance are exploited in breeding
Viburnum rufidulum resides in the Adoxaceae and is one of the
and several race-specific R-genes are known. Recently, a tightly
fifteen species of shrubs within the genus that are native to the
linked SSR marker was found for the Rpf1 gene at Wageningen-
United States. Viburnum rufidulum can be distinguished from the
UR, The Netherlands. As part of the “RosBREED: Enabling
closely related species V. prunifolium by the reddish pubescent
Marker-Assisted Breeding in Rosaceae” project, 947 strawberry
petioles, leaf buds, and undersides of leaves. The attractive red
individuals were chosen to represent the breadth of relevant
pubescence gives V. rufidulum its common name of ‘Rusty
diversity used in breeding the domesticated strawberry. A simple
Blackhaw’. Prior to this study, genetic diversity of the species
sequence repeat (SSR) set composed of the SSR marker and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S189
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

has not been investigated. We report the results of a small insert geniculata Harper and P. maritima Marsh. Outgroups included:
GT-enriched genomic microsatellite library constructed from P. pumila L. (subgenus Cerasus section Microcerasus), P. per-
genomic DNA of V. rufidulum. Eight microsatellite loci were sica (L.) Batsch cv. Okinawa, AP05-18ws (UF peach haploid),
characterized and have successfully amplified DNA from 44 02-01c (UF peach haploid) (subgenus Amygdalyus section
samples of V. rufidulum that were collected from individuals Amygdalus), and P. fasciculata (Torr.) A. Gray (subgenus
growing in close proximity to each other at Worthington Cem- Emplectocladus). A total of 41 simple sequence repeat (SSR)
etery located in Oak Ridge, TN. Four to seventeen alleles were markers distributed across the peach genome (~15–25 cM),
identified per locus, and the mean polymorphic information (PIC) 7 chloroplast genome regions, nuclear ribosomal repeat ITS, and
content was 0.68. The range for allelic richness was 4-14 and 55 candidate genes believed to be associated with flowering and
gene diversity was 0.65–0.89. The inbreeding coefficient (Fis) plant architecture were used. A Neighbor Joining (NJ) analysis
mean for all loci was 0.4 and observed heterozygosity mean of the SSR markers yielded different species relationships than
(Ho) was 0.44, which deviates from the expected heterozygosity the results obtained using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions,
(He) average of 0.73. The program STRUCTURE 2.3.4 was able internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and nuclear genes
to discern two discreet populations within the samples. These Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML)
microsatellite loci also exhibit high cross-species transferability analyses. Phylogenetic analyses using cpDNA regions, ITS and
to other Viburnum species and genera in the Adoxaceae. The loci nuclear genes yielded some of the previously known species
discovered in this study are expected to be useful in population relationships. A total of 27,278 bp of sequence per species was
genetic studies of this plant, and applicable to any population used. The observed polymorphism rates were 3.67%, 10.82%,
throughout the natural range of V. rufidulum. Moreover, these and 7.27% for the cpDNA sequences, ITS, and nuclear genes,
markers are expected to have utility in breeding programs, and respectively. Sequence variation in exon and intron regions of
also in refining and defining the phylogenetic relationship of V. nuclear genes was 4% and 11%, respectively. Several highly
rufidulum to other species within the genus, and to other genera informative regions were identified that will be used for larger
within the Adoxaceae. phylogenetic analysis within Prunus.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Germplasm Repository
11:30–11:45 AM
and USDA–ARS Project No. 5306-21000-018-00D
Adaptive Differences Associated with Neutral
and Non-neutral Markers in the Core Collection 11:45 AM–12:00 PM
for North American Plums (Prunus spp.) Molecular Markers for Population Studies of
Dario J. Chavez* Cornus sanguniea
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Robert N. Trigiano*
Thomas G. Beckman University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Byron, GA; [email protected] Phillip A. Wadl
W.R. Okie University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Warner Robins, GA; [email protected]. Annie Hatmaker
gov University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
José Chaparro Cornus sanguinea is 4–5 m tall shrub and is distributed almost
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] over the entire European continent and in some locations in
North America is a center of diversity for Prunus L. species. Asia. The species can form hedges and grows along forest
The University of Florida Stone Fruit Breeding and Genetics edges, riversides, and in floodplain forests. Cornus sanguinea
Program in collaboration with the National Germplasm Re- occupies lowlands and terrain up to 1500 m in the Alps, and is
pository and USDA–ARS (Project No. 5306-21000-018-00D) often planted as an ornamental. To address some conservation
collected and identified ~400 genotypes of approx. 30 taxa issues with the species, genetic variation in natural populations
native to the United States. A core collection of 13 species was has been assessed using isozymes and chloroplast markers. In
used to compare the utility of selectively neutral sequences these studies, genetic diversity was found to be relatively low
and sequences believed to be under selection pressure in the compared to other tree species because of clonal reproduction. A
elucidation of phylogenetic relationships of North American more robust genetic marker system was needed to evaluate both
plums. The core collection represented the major clades within large- and small-scale genetic diversity and differentiation. We
subgenus Prunus section Prunocerasus. The American clade was developed microsatellite markers for the species from a small-
represented by P. americana Marsh., P. hortulana L.H. Bailey, insert GT- genomic library. Sixteen primer pairs were identified
and P. mexicana S. Watson; the Chickasaw clade included P. and optimized to amplify loci in 29 C. sanguinea individuals
angustifolia Marsh., P. munsoniana W. Wight & Hedrick, and collected from nine populations in Germany and all loci were
P. umbellata Elliot; and the Beach clade was represented by P. polymorphic. There were 5 to 16 alleles discovered per locus;

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S190 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

HO ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, and HE ranged from 0.65 to 0.90. seedlings in comparison to known sources of resistance and
Tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were not conducted due other reference cultivars. Knowing these relationships can allow
to the small sample size and because plants often reproduce breeders to better utilize and maintain a high level of genetic
vegetatively. Understanding the extent of seed dispersal, genetic diversity in their EFB-resistance breeding efforts.
drift and and how selection operates will require knowledge of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops
population structure. Although we had only a limited number
Research Initiative Competitive Grant 2009-51181-06028
of samples in our study, the 16 polymorphic microsatellites
will be sufficient for the population genetics studies underway
in Germany and assessing the extent of clonal reproduction in
C. sanguinea. Wednesday, July 24, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
12:00–12:15 PM Local Food Systems
Population Structure Analysis of Eastern Moderator: Mary E. Henry, [email protected]
Filbert Blight Resistant Hazelnut (Corylus spp.)
Germplasm 12:00–12:15 PM

Megan Muehlbauer* Characterizing Polk Small Farms, as Compared

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; meganmu@eden. to a Previous Florida Small Farms Survey
rutgers.edu Mary E. Henry*
Thomas J. Molnar University of Florida, IFAS, Bartow; [email protected]
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; molnar@aesop. Glenn Israel
rutgers.edu University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Josh Honig A Small Farms Survey based on a previous statewide survey
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; honig@aesop. was mailed to 465 small farms in Polk County, FL. Lists used
rutgers.edu were from the Polk County Property Appraisers office lists.
Jennifer Vaiciunas Those selected were listed as having agricultural exemptions
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; jennifer. on their property in several categories: cropland, poultry, bees,
[email protected] fish, and dairy. Those listed as having exemptions for land in
citrus or pasture were not included in the survey, as the purpose
John M. Capik of the survey was to perform a needs assessment of farms that
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; capik@aesop. would be served by the Polk Small Farms Program and farms
rutgers.edu in citrus and livestock production fall under the responsibil-
Eastern filbert blight (EFB) severely limits hazelnut produc- ity of other program areas. The survey was mailed twice in
tion in the eastern U.S., and its spread to Oregon’s Willamette March 2011 using IRB approved protocol. An introductory
Valley now threatens the primary U.S. commercial hazelnut letter was sent shortly before sending the survey the first time.
production region. Work is currently being done at Rutgers The survey was sent again two weeks later to those that had
University to develop commercially acceptable hazelnut cul- not responded to the first survey. One-hundred and eighteen
tivars with durable resistance to this disease. An important surveys were included. Not all respondents answered all of the
goal of the breeding program is the maintenance of genetic questions. Response data were entered into the SAS statisti-
diversity within the breeding lines, which can be assessed using cal package. Data were analyzed using the FREQ Procedure.
simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, 170 newly The survey consisted of forty questions and collected in depth
selected EFB-resistant and tolerant seedlings from foreign information on the size, type, and income of small farm en-
germplasm collections, as well as 178 reference cultivars terprises in Polk County. Farmers were also characterized by
including EFB-resistant breeding selections representing a demographic, experience, education, motivation, and plans for
wide spectrum of geographic origins, were analyzed using 17 the future. Overall, Polk County farmers are less educated and
genomic SSR markers. Genetic analysis was performed using the experienced than previous statewide data. Methods used and
program STRUCTURE 2.3.3 to confirm prior cluster analysis trends suggested by the data may be useful for others working
results, as well as to discern the most parsimonious number of to establish programs addressing small farms such as local
populations present within the hazelnut germplasm. Results and regional food systems development and Extension educa-
of the analysis grouped hazelnuts into 11 populations, and an tion. The data will be used as a benchmark for comparison to
AMOVA performed using GenAlEx 6.5 showed that the post- other existing populations and programs in addition to future
facto groups were all significantly different (P ≤ 0.001). This changes in the population of Polk County farmers.
analysis sheds light on the relationships of the new EFB-resistant

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S191
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013

12:15–12:30 PM sustainable food production. Each of these gardens exemplifies

The People’s Garden Initiative: Case Studies on the People’s Garden Initiative’s objectives while providing learn-
the Mississippi Gulf Coast ing and teaching opportunities for clients of all ages.

Christine Coker* 12:30–12:45 PM

Mississippi State University, Biloxi; [email protected]
Global Sustainable Food Systems for Urban
Gary R. Bachman
Mississippi State University, Biloxi; gbachman@ext.
Environments
msstate.edu Ajay Jha*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; ajayjha@colostate.
Corey Wheeler
edu
Mississippi State University, Biloxi; [email protected]
Jeannine May Paul Rupp
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Jackson, Colorado State University, Fort Collins; paulrupp@rams.
MS; [email protected] colostate.edu
The limited water situation, rising health costs both at the local
Beth D’Aquilla
Harrison County Soil & Water Conservation District, and global arena have forced its population to find alternative
Gulfport, MS; [email protected] technologies for sustainable and local healthy safe food
production systems which uses less water. Burgeoning population
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack began the People’s Garden growth is a significant driver of change in the urban US and many
Initiative—named in honor of President Lincoln’s description other cities of the world. The overall challenge is to create a
of USDA as the “People’s Department”—in 2009 as an effort sustainable and integrative urban food system using innovative
to challenge employees to create gardens at USDA facilities. It science and technology approach. The concept of “greening
has since grown into a collaborative effort of over 700 local and the city and feeding the world” is the driving force to set up a
national organizations all working together to establish com- “Agriculture Innovation Lab” at the Colorado State University
munity and school gardens across the country. The simple act
to support the sustainable food system in the urban environment
of planting a garden can help unite neighborhoods in a common
by developing new innovative food production kits. This way the
effort and inspire locally-led solutions to challenges facing our
communities in small town and cities will have access to local
country—from hunger to the environment. People’s Gardens vary
fresh, nutritious and safe food. Such systems can be placed in
in size and type, but all are required to have three components
indoors or outdoors or can be expanded as an enterprise. These
in common. They must benefit the community, in some cases by
kits work on a principle of providing safe and clean breathing
creating recreational spaces and in others by providing a harvest
space and produce nutritious and healthy food as well as also
for a local food bank or shelter. They must be collaborative—that
provide a clean, green and safe environment. The innovative
is, the garden must be created and maintained by a partnership
indoor energy smart food production technology is developing
of local individuals, groups, or organizations. And third, they
should incorporate sustainable practices. The gardens might use as a prototype and soon will be provided to the communities
compost or mulch made by participants. They might contain and roll out as a horticulture venture. This sustainable 21st
native plants or encourage beneficial insects. They also might century technology idea is to promote entrepreneurship and
exemplify water conservation, for instance, capturing rain in a sustainable food production opportunity at local, regional and
barrel to water the garden. Many areas of coastal Mississippi are global marketplace. In best of our knowledge, this is the unique
considered food deserts. This fact along with the slow economy, integrated science; engineering and technology based solution
make the time right for increasing home gardening and com- for healthy food production system follows the triple bottom line
munity garden programs. Current garden projects include East principles, conserves limited natural resources (energy, water)
Central Lower Elementary School (ECLE), the Armed Forces and provides opportunity for new horticulture enterprise for
Retirement Home (AFRH), and Mississippi State University’s economic development. Our focus for integrating technology to
Coastal Research and Extension Center (MSU–CREC). The reduce local and global hunger and develop a possibility of safe
garden at ECLE was initiated by kindergarten teacher, Lisa food close to the doorstep which also helps as a one stop shop
Koen, in 2011. Her students grow vegetables that they eat in the of learning entrepreneurship model for creating a sustainable
classroom. They also utilize a rain barrel for irrigation and learn environment, communities, and regional economic development.
about sustainability in the garden. The garden at the AFRH is
actually a green roof occupying nearly two acres of rooftop area. 12:45–1:00 PM
The roof is accessible to residents and serves as a recreational Designing in Systems: Using Engaged Design to
area as well as a storm water management tool. The garden at
MSU–CREC consists of raised beds, each of which are used to
Incorporate Permaculture Solutions
demonstrate a different irrigation practice. This garden is acces- Abbey E. Piner*
sible to the public, and serves as a demonstration of small-scale, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S192 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Lucy K. Bradley reduced wetting of the soil surface. However, significantly less
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@ is known about the impact of SDI on growth of vegetables in
ncsu.edu the humid southeastern United States. To evaluate the suitability
of SDI for vegetable production, a two-year trial was conducted
Will E. Hooker
to determine the effects of SDI on water use efficiency as well
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; will_hooker@
as productivity of acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo) grown in
ncsu.edu
Lexington, KY. Six-week-old plants of acorn squash, ‘Table
Julieta T. Sherk Queen’, were transplanted in July and June of 2011 and 2012,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] respectively, into bare-ground plots with surface and SDI. The
Community gardens offer positive impacts for individuals and SDI drip tubing was placed at a depth of 15 cm below the soil
neighborhoods, but are often difficult to maintain. Permaculture surface. In addition to irrigation type, 2 moisture regimes were
is a design framework based in ecological systems that can evaluated using automated tensiometers for irrigation. Irrigation
increase sustainability and reduce the need for maintenance of levels were on/off –30/–10 kPa and –60/–10 kPa, representing
garden spaces. Community engaged design strives to involve well-watered and relatively dry irrigation regimes, respectively.
people in shaping and managing their environment by incor- The trial was 2 x 2 factorial arranged in a completely random-
porating participant ideas into design decisions. This method ized design. In 2011, SDI irrigation regimes used significantly
can be especially useful in public spaces. Permaculture based, less water than the comparable surface irrigation treatments,
community engaged-design could increase community garden while achieving higher yields. In 2012, however, yields were
longevity both by designing a more efficient, easier to maintain significantly higher in the –30/–10 kPa surface irrigation treat-
garden space and by increasing gardeners’ personal commitment ment than all other treatments. In 2012 the –30/–10 kPa irriga-
to care for a site. A permaculture based, community engaged tion treatment irrigated frequently, but for a relatively shorter
design process was developed and piloted as a part of a re-design period of time than other treatments and used about 17% less
of an inner-city community garden. Four different workshops water than the comparable SDI treatment. Water use was sig-
were presented over a six month period. Workshops included 1) nificantly greater in the SDI treatments than in the comparable
permaculture principles, elements, and systems; 2) an inventory surface treatments in 2012. There were no quality differences
of existing permaculture elements in the pilot garden; 3) design in fruit among the irrigation treatments in either year. It was
decision activities based in permaculture principles; 4) images noteworthy that the growing season in 2012 was significantly
and discussions of possible permaculture solutions. The outcome warmer with less rainfall than in 2011, suggesting that weather
was a final vision statement, priorities list and concept design conditions could influence the response of a crop to irrigation
for the re-design project. Hosting four different workshops led method. Results suggest that SDI may provide some benefits
to clear communication and trust that resulted in participants’ over traditional surface applied drip irrigation, but that climate
sharing honest opinions about garden design decisions. Work- can also significantly interact with irrigation method.
shops successfully taught permaculture principles, elements, Specified Source(s) of Funding: Kentucky Agriculture
and systems. All participants expressed confidence that the Development Board
re-designed space will better represent permaculture and model
earth stewardship. Most participants also believed the re-designed 8:30–8:45 AM
space will do a better job of welcoming community members.
Permaculture based community engaged-design activities were Onion Variety Response to Plant Population and
developed and documented. Irrigation System
Clinton C. Shock*
Oregon State University, Ontario; clinton.shock@
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 oregonstate.edu
Vegetable Crops Management Erik B.G. Feibert
Oregon State University, Ontario; erik.feibert@oregonstate.
Moderator: Gordon C. Johnson, [email protected] edu
8:15–8:30 AM Lamont Saunders
Subsurface Drip Irrigation Affects Water Usage Oregon State University, Ontario; monty.saunders@
oregonstate.edu
and Yield in Acorn Squash
Changing market opportunities for smaller size onion bulbs
Timothy W. Coolong* and the availability of new onion varieties, necessitate evalu-
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
ations of yield and bulb size response to plant population for
Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has been successfully utilized onion production in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon
for the production of processing tomatoes. It allows for efficient and southwestern Idaho. These evaluations can aid growers
water use as well as a reduction of in-row weed growth due to a in making planting rate decisions. The objective of this trial

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S193
 Thursday, July 25 2013

was to evaluate the response of four onion varieties to plant were spaced 183 cm center-to-center. Spacing between plants was
population under “conventional” drip irrigation, “intense bed” 23 cm. Roots were harvested on 5 October, 2012, and cured at
drip irrigation, and furrow irrigation. Conventional drip irriga- 27 °C and a relative humidity of 80% to 90% for 14 days. Yield
tion had 4 onion double rows and two drip tapes on a 2.2 m of Jumbo grade and Grade 1 roots were higher for ‘Beauregard’
bed. Intense bed drip had 6 onion double rows and three drip (16,432 kg/ha) and ‘Evangeline’ (20,284 kg/ha) as compared
tapes on a 2.2 m bed. Furrow irrigation had 4 onion double to other cultivars. ‘Beauregard’ has been a standard workhorse
rows and two furrows on a 2.2 m bed. Four onion variety split cultivar in sweetpotato growing areas of United States. ‘Evan-
plots were planted in each irrigation plot. Each variety split geline’ is a relatively new cultivar with characteristics similar
plot was thinned to four plant population split-split plots in 2011 to those of ‘Beauregard’ but with southern root-knot nematode
(296,000, 395,000, 494,000, and 593,000 plants/hectare), a resistance and higher sucrose content. For Grade 1 roots there
nd five plant population split-split plots in 2012 (222,222, was no statistically significant difference between ‘Covington’
296,000, 395,000, 494,000, and 593,000 plants/hectare). Ir- and ‘Beauregard’. ‘Diane’ produced the lowest yield for Grade
rigation system was not a statistically significant factor in the 1 roots (7530 kg/ha). There were no statistically significant
response of bulb size to plant population. In 2011, averaged differences in yield for grade 2 roots among treatments. Cull
over irrigation systems and varieties, marketable yield in- yield was lowest for ‘Covington’. Roots with odd or abnormal
creased with increasing plant population over the full range of shapes were higher in ‘Hernandez’ and ‘Diane’ as compared to
populations tested. In 2012, averaged over irrigation systems ‘Covington’ or ‘Evangeline’. Root quality in terms of average
and varieties, marketable yield showed a quadratic response to root length indicate no statistically significant difference among
plant population with a maximum marketable yield at 483,766 cultivars, however, average root width was significantly differ-
plants/hectare. In 2011 and 2012, averaged over irrigation sys- ent among cultivars with highest width for ‘Beauregard’. Aver-
tems and varieties, yield of bulbs larger than 10 cm in diameter age root width was lowest in ‘Diane’. Laboratory analysis of
decreased and yield of bulbs smaller than 7.6 cm in diameter crushed sweetpotato roots showed highest sugar concentration
increased with increasing plant population. In 2011 and 2012, in the cultivar ‘Hernandez’. ‘Beauregard’ had the lowest sugar
yield of bulbs 7.6 to 10 cm in diameter increased or decreased content. Results from this study indicate that cultivar selection
with plant population according to the variety. Optimal popula- is critical when considering sweetpotato production in the Mid-
tion varied with growers’ marketing opportunities, with lower western region. ‘Evangeline’, ‘Beauregard’, and ‘Covington’
populations best for onion rings and populations with 400,000 seem to be promising cultivars for sweetpotato production in
plants or more per hectare when a mix of medium and jumbo the Midwest region
onions are to be marketed.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Iowa State University Research
Funds
8:45–9:00 AM
Cultivar Adaptability for Midwest Sweetpotato 9:00–9:15 AM
Production Improving Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
Ajay Nair* Productivity in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Gordon C. Johnson*
Moriah Bilenky University of Delaware, Georgetown; [email protected]
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Emmalea Garver Ernest
Ben Bergum University of Delaware, Georgetown; [email protected]
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is the cornerstone crop of the
Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L., is a warm-season vegetable vegetable processing industry in the Delmarva area of the Mid-
crop that is widely grown mainly in the southern parts of United Atlantic region with green baby lima beans being planted over
States. In the Midwest, short growing season often limits the 8000 hectares in the area. Productivity of the crop is affected
production of this crop. Cultivar selection and management significantly by heat and water stress. Flower and pod loss can
practices could play an important role in the proper establish- be severe during high temperature periods and split sets are
ment, growth, and development of sweetpotato crop. This common. Because of these abiotic stress factors, yields have
study investigated the role of cultivar selection for sweetpotato plateaued over the last decade. The general practice to reduce
production in Iowa. Study was conducted at the Horticulture losses to heat has been to plant the crop to flower and mature in
Research Station, Iowa State University, Ames, and was set up the cooler periods of late summer and early fall. This limits the
as a randomized complete-block design with four replications. amount of weeks that companies can process the crop. Cooler
Treatments comprised of five sweetpotato cultivars: Beauregard, periods also are conducive to several diseases (downy mildew,
Covington, Diane, Evangeline, and Hernandez. Sweetpotato slips pod blight, and white mold) that further limit the productivity
were planted on raised beds covered with black plastic mulch of the lima beans. Research on variety improvement, stress
on 1 June 2012. Each treatment had three 6-m long beds. Beds mitigation, tillage, multiple cropping, and irrigation is being

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S194 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

conducted in an effort to improve lima bean productivity and of research, extension and educational programs, future breed-
increase the potential harvest period. A Delaware-based breed- ing, and growers support for programs. Finally, the survey
ing program has shown yield increases of over 30% compared gave demographic information of the respondents such as age,
to currently available varieties with improved yield stability gender and number of years in business. A total 87 participants
by utilizing heat tolerant materials in crosses; stress mitigation and 80 stakeholders responded the internal and external survey,
studies have shown increases of 35% with the used of particle respectively. The external survey instrument was successful
films, strobilurin fungicides, and cytokinin applications in com- in identifying an important segment of the V&F industry
binations; tillage studies are being conducted to determine the (95,000 acres) in Texas with a distribution of 75% to 25% of
potential for reduced tillage in production; multiple cropping conventional-organic growers. This presentation will discuss the
studies where the crop is harvested then allowed to regrow for level of programmatic pre- and postharvest activities, top prior-
a second harvest have achieved overall yields over 6000 kg/ha ity issues, competitive advantages of the Agency (strengths),
and irrigation studies are underway to better understand water conditions favorable to achieve goals (opportunities), internal
needs of the crop. Preliminary results from this research show limitations that hinder the Agency progress (weaknesses), and
great promise for improving overall productivity of lima beans external conditions harmful in achieving goals (threats). We
for the eastern U.S. production area. will present the main strengths that contribute to the success
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA/DDA Specialty Crop of the V&F industry and the broad opportunities for achiev-
Block Grants ing success (i.e. technology advances applied to agriculture,
applied long-term research, education and outreach, pre- and
post-harvest technology advances). We acknowledge J. Landi-
9:15–9:30 AM
var, P. Rosson, and M. Dozier as planning committee members
SWOT Analysis of the Vegetable and Fruit and B. McCutchen, Executive Associate Director, Texas A&M
Programs in Texas AgriLife Research.
Daniel Leskovar*
Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde, TX; d-leskovar@
tamu.edu Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
Marco Palma Viticulture and Small Fruits
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Moderator: Wei Qiang Yang, [email protected]
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
8:00–8:15 AM
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Center, College Station; [email protected] The Effect of Terbacil, Root Injury, and
The analysis of internal and external forces affecting the Veg- Rhizoctonia fragariae on Strawberry and the
etable and Fruit (V&F) programs in Texas A&M AgriLife and Development of Black Root Rot
the current state of the Texas V&F industry is the first step in E.K. Lavely*
the development of a strategic planning for the Vegetable and The Pennsylvania State University, University Park;
Fruit Industry in Texas. First, internal knowledge-based regional [email protected]
workshops were conducted at Uvalde and College Station and
a consolidated online survey was developed for research and B.K. Gugino
extension faculty engaged in V&F programs. Second, external The Pennsylvania State University, University Park;
regional industry workshops were conducted in four important [email protected]
V&F growing areas in Texas: McAllen (Lower Rio Grande K. Demchak
Valley), Uvalde (Wintergarden), Lubbock (High Plains), and El Pennsylvania State University, University Park; [email protected]
Paso (West Texas). The internal survey questions were grouped
by the level of activity engaged by faculty, by top priorities R.P. Marini
Pennsylvania State University, University Park;
issues that needed additional resources to increase AgriLife
[email protected]
impact, and by the specific SWOT components (S = strengths,
W = weaknesses, O = opportunities, T = threats). Furthermore, Black Root Rot (BRR) is a disease complex of strawberry
the internal survey also provided categorical information of the plants in the mid-Atlantic region. Multiple factors have been
respondents such as department affiliation, location, primary implicated in disease development such as Rhizoctonia fragar-
discipline, and professorial rank. The external survey provided iae, Pythium spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and environmental
data on specific crops grown, area per crop, type of production and cultural stresses. There is anecdotal evidence that
(conventional and/or organic), annual gross sales, marketing strawberry plants treated with the herbicide terbacil may
channels and SWOT components. Other data obtained included: be more susceptible to BRR. The effect of terbacil at 0 and
familiarity of growers with Texas A&M AgriLife Research and 160  mg·L-1, a.i., and R. fragariae anastomosis groups A, G,
Extension, technical assistance sources, programmatic values I, and an uncharacterized strain, from Pennsylvania, were

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S195
 Thursday, July 25 2013

observed on ‘Jewel’ strawberry plants and development of (0.49 ± 0.12), suggesting a lack of non-additive variance for this
BRR symptoms. Plants inoculated with AG-A had more leaves trait. For production traits, narrow-sense heritability estimates
with phytotoxicity symptoms when terbacil was applied than ranged from 0.12 ± 0.04 to 0.53 ± 0.04 whereas broad-sense
other inoculation treatments. Terbacil and inoculation did not heritabilities ranged from 0.19 ± 0.03 to 0.67 ± 0.03. Estimates
reduce leaf (including petiole), crown, root, and total dry mass, for the production traits were similar to those obtained in previ-
and final crown number. In another experiment, the effect of ous studies, except those for soluble solids content (h2 = 0.12
root injury and inoculation with R. fragariae strains were ± 0.04, H2 = 0.19 ± 0.03) which were lower than in previous
observed on ‘Jewel’ strawberry plants. Roots were injured by reports. Broad-sense heritability estimates for all traits except
scraping or crushing then before inoculation with isolates of soluble solids were moderate to high, suggesting that gains can
R. fragariae strains, AG-A and AG-G, from Pennsylvania and be obtained from clonal selection in this population
Connecticut. Plants inoculated with CT-A, CT-G, and PA-A had
higher plant survival than non-inoculated or PA-G inoculated 8:30–8:45 AM
plants, and uninjured plants had higher plant survival than Extending the Strawberry Season: High
injured plants. Plants inoculated with PA-A and crushed roots Tunnels, Low Tunnels, and Targeted
had more primary roots than uninjured plants, and inoculated Supplemental Heating
plants had a higher percentage of primary roots with lesions
except for plants inoculated with PA-A. Plants inoculated with Tiffany Maughan*
CT-G and PA-A had higher leaf, crown, root, and total dry mass Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
than non-inoculated plants, and dry mass of plants inoculated Brent Black
with CT-A and PA-G was intermediate. Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: North American Strawberry Dan Drost
Growers Association Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
Demand for fresh local strawberries continues to increase with the
8:15–8:30 AM expanding local food movement. However, environmental condi-
Genetic Parameter Estimates for Resistance to tions in many areas are less than ideal for strawberry production.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Comparisons In many regions of North America with a continental climate,
with Production Traits in Strawberry frequent spring frost events result in loss of early blossoms. In
the arid Intermountain West, sprinkler irrigation is not a frost
Jozer Mangandi* protection option. The effects of five frost protection methods
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] were compared over two seasons for plug, bare-root dormant,
Luis F. Osorio and fresh dug plants of ‘Chandler’ and ‘Seascape’ strawberry in
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] North Logan, UT (lat. 41.74°N, 1460 m elevation). Treatments
were: high tunnel, low tunnel, high tunnel + low tunnel, low tun-
Vance M. Whitaker nel with in-ground supplemental heating, and high + low tunnel
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] with in-ground supplemental heating. Plants were evaluated for
The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infects the crowns runner and branch crown formation, as well as early and total
of strawberry plants, causing wilting and death that may result yields. Highest total yields were achieved in the high + low tunnel
in significant losses in the field. Cultivars developed at the combination with no significant difference between those with
University of Florida show variable levels of resistance to this and without supplemental heating. ‘Chandler’ plug, ‘Chandler’
disease. Thus, genetic parameters for resistance to C. gloeo- dormant, and ‘Seascape’ dormant gave the highest total yields,
sporioides were estimated in this study to aid in the selection with no significant difference among the three. Fresh dug plants
of breeding practices that would improve resistance. About 13 yielded far below both plug and dormant plant types in all treat-
seedlings were randomly selected from each of 76 families ments, most likely due to insufficient crown development (2.3
obtained from a circular diallel mating design, with one runner crowns/plant compared to 5.4 and 6.0 crowns/plant for plug and
plant per seedling in each of four blocks. Plants in two of the dormant, respectively). ‘Chandler’ early yields (before 22 May)
blocks were inoculated by spraying the crowns with 2 mL of were higher than ‘Seascape’ for both plug and bare-root dormant
a spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides. The remaining two plant types in all treatments. In-ground supplemental heating of
non-inoculated blocks were utilized for measuring production 15 °C moved production 5 weeks earlier than the unheated high
traits including average fruit weight, marketable yield, propor- tunnel treatment and 9 weeks earlier than the outside control.
tion of unmarketable fruit, and soluble solids content. Broad- For Utah cold-climate production, a combination of high and
sense heritability for resistance to crown rot was estimated as low tunnels is most effective in providing frost protection and
0.38 ± 0.05 suggesting moderate genotypic control. Improve- advancing the season. In-ground supplemental heating can widen
ment in resistance to crown rot will be possible through recur- the production window but analysis is needed to determine the
rent selection, as narrow-sense heritability was also moderate economic viability of this option.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S196 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Specified Source(s) of Funding: Utah Department of Agriculture Adrienne Basey

and Food Specialty Crop Block Grant North Willamette Res & Ext Center, Aurora, OR; adrienne.
[email protected]
8:45–9:00 AM
Peter Sturman
Specific Changes in the Expression of Cell North Willamette Res & Ext Center, Aurora, OR; peter.
Wall Carbohydrate Metabolism Related Genes [email protected]
during Fruit Abscission in Rabbiteye Blueberry A grafted blueberry research plot was established at the North
Tripti Vashisth* Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora with a
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] split-split plot design with soil treatments and root types as sub
plots respectively. There were two root types (own roots vs.
Anish Malladi
grafted) and three highbush varieties (‘Draper’, ‘Liberty’, and
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
‘Aurora’) growing in two soil treatments (sawdust amended
Organ separation through abscission occurs at abscission zones soil vs. no amendment). Leaf tissue analysis found that grafted
(AZs) and involves the breakdown of cell walls. During abscis- plants had higher tissue N, P, K, and Mn, but lower Ca, and Mg
sion, the AZ cells respond to the various signals, and activate than own-root plants, indicating rootstock affected key nutrients
cell wall loosening enzymes. The spatial and temporal regula- uptake. Sawdust amendment reduced foliar Fe concentration.
tion of the dissolution of primary cell wall polysaccharides and Foliar P concentration in ‘Aurora’ was higher than that in both
middle lamella is not completely understood. The focus of this ‘Liberty’ and ‘Draper’, while ‘Liberty’ has a lower foliar K con-
study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of changes centration than both ‘Draper’ and ‘Aurora’. Fruit firmness was
in the expression of cell wall metabolism related genes during not affected by grafting and sawdust amendment and differed as
abscission in rabbiteye blueberry. In blueberry, fruit abscis- expected among three highbush blueberry varieties. Yield and
sion occurs primarily at the pedicel-peduncle junction (PPJ). other growth parameters among cultivars, root types, and soil
Next generation sequencing (454) was performed on a pool of amendment will be determined in future years.
potential AZs for identification of AZ related genes. Twenty
Specified Source(s) of Funding: SCRI and Oregon Blueberry
eight cell wall carbohydrate metabolism related genes were
Commission
selected using Blast2GO analysis to further study the changes
in their expression in response to abscission agent applications.
9:15–9:30 AM
Control (only adjuvant), Ethephon (1000 ppm + adjuvant) and
Methyl Jasmonate (MJ; 20 mM + adjuvant) treatments were The Effect of Timing and Intensity of Summer
performed on rabbiteye blueberry. Approximately 60% of the Pruning on Vegetative and Reproductive Traits
berries abscised at the PPJ in response to Ethephon and MJ of Southern Highbush Blueberry
within 48 h. PPJ and fruit-pedicel junction (FPJ) tissue were
collected at 0, 24 and 48 h after treatment. In the PPJ, expression Alisson Pacheco Kovaleski*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
of POLYGALACTURONASE and POLYGALCTURONASE
ISOZYME increased by 4- to 5-fold, while PECTATE LYASE, Jeffrey G. Williamson
BETA-GLUCANASE, and BETA-GALACTOSIDASE expres- University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
sion increased by more than 8- to 10-fold at 48 h after treatment Rebecca L. Darnell
with MJ and ethephon. Expression of PECTIN METHYLES- University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
TERASE and INVERTASE PECTIN METHYLESTERASE
INHIBITOR was down-regulated by 2- to 7-fold as a result Summer pruning is a major practice for blueberry management in
of MJ and ethephon treatments. Also, the expression of CEL- the southeastern United States, but research-based recommenda-
LULOSE SYNTHASE decreased as a result of the abscission tions are lacking. The objective of this study is to determine the
agent applications. Overall, cell wall carbohydrate metabolism effects of timing and intensity of summer pruning on vegetative
related genes appear to play an instrumental role in abscission, and reproductive growth, and the incidence and severity of leaf
resulting in detachment of the berry. Together, these data suggest spots in ‘Jewel’ and ‘Emerald’ southern highbush blueberry.
that blueberry fruit abscission is mediated by specific changes The following treatments were applied to mature plants of both
in the composition of the cell walls at the PPJ. cultivars for two years: 1) control—no pruning; 2) control—
detailed hand pruning; 3) pruning 30% of existing foliage in
9:00–9:15 AM early June (30% June); 4) pruning 30% of existing foliage in
Effect of Rootstock and Soil Amendment on mid-July (30% July); 5) pruning 30% of existing foliage in early
June followed by shoot tipping in mid-July (30% June+tip);
Three Highbush Blueberry Cultivars and 6) pruning 60% of existing foliage in early June, followed
Wei Qiang Yang* by shoot tipping in mid-July (60% June+tip). Plant volume
North Willamette Res & Ext Center, Aurora, OR; wei. was similar across years within treatments for both cultivars,
[email protected] with the non-pruned plants having the greatest canopy volume

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S197
 Thursday, July 25 2013

at the end of each growing season, averaging 1.57 m3 and 1.26 improvement. More than 72% of the respondents noted that
m3 for ‘Jewel’ and ‘Emerald’, respectively, across both years. face-to-face training would be very helpful. With this in mind,
However, regrowth volume of the non-pruned plants decreased Extension Educators and Specialists developed a Diagnostic
significantly from the first to second year, while regrowth in the Update for MGVs and presented this program in five areas of
other treatments either increased or had no differences between the state with the goal of raising participant’s confidence level
years. Flower bud formation in ‘Emerald’ started in early Au- in the area of diagnosing plant problems. This program was
gust for the non-pruned plants, but not until late August for the modeled after a successful program for the green industry that
other treatments. For ‘Jewel’, flower bud formation began in has been presented yearly since the early 1990’s. The format is
mid-October for all treatments. Flower bud number per shoot a morning session of classes and presentations and an afternoon
was least in the 30% July pruning, reflecting decreased regrowth session of hands-on diagnostic training. Live plant samples are
compared with the other treatments. The non-pruned and the displayed and participants are given time to attempt to answer
60% June+tip had the greatest average number of flower buds the diagnostic question that ranges from identifying the plant to
per shoot. Full bloom (50%) in ‘Jewel’ occurred 3 days earlier in the actual pest problem. After participants have an opportunity
the hand-pruned compared with the 30% June and 60% June+tip to go through the samples, they then have the opportunity to
treatments and one week earlier than in the other treatments. Leaf learn about each one as the educators go through the samples,
spot in ‘Jewel’ non-pruned plants was greater than in the other identify the specific problem or answer the question, and tie
treatments, which likely resulted in the greatest defoliation for the samples to the general diagnostic process. As a result of
this treatment. ‘Emerald’ was not affected by leaf spots. Shoot these updates, MGV participants indicated an increase in their
length in the non-pruned plants was reduced by 30% to 50% diagnostic skills. For instance, 56% indicated that there were not
and flower bud number by 50% from the first to second year, confident at all prior to the class; this dropped to 24% indicating
while the other treatments were stable or increased for these that they were not confident after the class. There were 0.0%
traits, reflecting the reduction of vigor caused by the lack of of the participants with lots of confidence prior to the class and
pruning. Early pruning (June) resulted in increased vegetative 29% with lots of confidence after the class. Ninety-four percent
growth and flower bud number compared to later pruning (July), of the participants indicated that they strongly agreed or agreed
regardless of severity and tipping. that they would use the knowledge learned and 100% of the
participants planned to put the knowledge gained into practice
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Florida Blueberry Growers
immediately, either on the County horticulture helpline or in
Association and USDA Specialty Crops Block Grant program
their own gardening practices. Additional skills learned as a
result of these workshops include: examine the entire speci-
men as there can be several things happening at the same time;
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10 pay attention to the history of the specimen; where to start the
Consumer Horticulture and Master diagnostic process; diagnostics is an ongoing process; and ask
more questions before making a diagnosis.
Gardeners
8:15–8:30 AM
Moderator: Lucy K. Bradley, [email protected]
Making Meaning Out of Science: Using Nature’s
8:00–8:15 AM Notebook to Engage Citizens in Exciting and
Increasing Confidence in Diagnosing Plant Relevant Research
Problems with Diagnostic Updates Peter Warren*
Pamela J. Bennett* University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
Ohio State University Extension, Springfield, OH; LoriAnne Barnett
[email protected] USA National Phenology Network, Tucson, AZ; lorianne@
James C. Chatfield usanpn.org
Ohio State University Extension, Wooster, OH; Many site-based educators (nature centers, Cooperative Ex-
[email protected] tension, schools, arboretums) struggle with developing and
Extension offices around the country utilize Master Gardener implementing cohesive projects into their existing programming.
Volunteers to assist clientele in diagnosing plant problems. One Moreover, projects that are not meaningful to participants often
of the challenges for these volunteers is the lack of training have little or no long-term impact. The USA National Phenology
and confidence when it comes to identifying plant problems. Network’s (USA–NPN) Education Program provides phenology
A 2009 survey by the North Central Consumer Integrated Pest curriculum and outreach to educators in formal, non-formal, and
Management working group showed that Master Gardener informal settings. Materials are designed to serve participants
Volunteer (MGV) responses indicated that their confidence in grades 5–12, higher education, and adult learners. Phenol-
level in identifying and diagnosing plant problems needed ogy education can inform science, environmental, and climate

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S198 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

literacy. Education and educator instruction materials were and the environment. However the challenges of maintaining
designed and field-tested to implement a long-term phenology- these spaces are also significant. Many communities have tried
monitoring program, Nature’s Notebook (NN), at sites. Materials and failed to sustain gardens, often due to a lack of appropriate
demonstrate how to incorporate monitoring for public visitors, planning, resources, and labor. Permaculture is a framework
long-term volunteers, and school groups, while meeting the goals that can help promote long-term sustainability by designing
of USA–NPN and the site. Materials encourage long-term data systems that create more regenerative landscapes. Permaculture
collection, interaction between educators, and offer information gardens are designed to work with nature to more efficiently use
about how educators can ask and answer science questions. Do resources, time, and energy. The goal of this project was to: 1)
site-based NN training materials engage students and meet NN design a tool to assess the level of permaculture design present
and Master Gardeners (MG) objectives? Phenology monitoring in community gardens; 2) pilot the tool in eight community
was added to Pima MG Training during 2012 and 2013. MGs gardens; and 3) use the tool as the framework for community
receive 40–50 education hours and return 40–60 volunteer ser- engaged redesign of an existing garden. There has been minimal
vice hours annually. Using this case study as an example, this research on permaculture in community gardens. Therefore, the
talk will demonstrate how to successfully implement NN at a first goal of this project was to determine a strategy to assess
site. The course was changed during the second year to better the level of permaculture in community gardens. An assessment
reflect participant needs. Year one content included phenology tool was developed and piloted in eight community gardens. The
and observation using NN. Second year additions included tool identifies six key permaculture systems within community
ecology, biogeography, climate, and garden phenology appli- gardens: soil, water, energy, materials, plants/animals, and com-
cations. Both classes collected weekly data for NN and were munity/people. Within each system, core elements are listed
offered an opportunity to review data during a follow-up les- creating a checklist for assessment. Three of the eight gardens
son. Thirty percent of year one participants were very likely to evaluated were implementing permaculture. Subsequently, the
continue NN observations while 48% of year two participants permaculture assessment tool was incorporated into a community
were very likely to continue. Forty percent of participants were engaged design process to redesign an existing community garden
very likely to attend an advanced training on NN and 55% of while teaching participants permaculture principles, systems and
second year participants responded positively. Evaluations from elements. A series of four workshops were facilitated culminat-
year one indicated a need to be more explicit about phenology ing in a new permaculture design for the space. Stakeholders
application in gardening. Comments included: “This does not were surveyed to assess impact. In addition to designing a more
seem helpful for MG, but … interesting,” “…information not manageable space, one of the goals was to facilitate learning
relevant to helping…community garden.” Conversely after of permaculture principles. Findings show success in teaching
year two, students better understood phenology’s relationship permaculture principles and elements using community-engaged
to gardening. Comments included: “…makes you more aware,” design. Success in teaching permaculture systems was present,
“Very informative…motivate(s) me to record more than…when but not as prevalent. The assessment tool increased participants’
I hear the first cicada,” and “Phenology touches everything… confidence in identifying permaculture, but was less success-
brings to light…connecting you already know…tests your new ful in making participants comfortable applying permaculture.
insights [that will] make it more meaningful.” In conclusion, Participants believe that the re-designed space will reflect per-
effective education materials holistically and explicitly incor- maculture and model earth stewardship. The actual ability of
porate personal meaning. Directed content creation helps form the permaculture-focused re-design to ease management stress
an engaged volunteer corps. will need to be assessed over time. The project underscores a
need for more research on the impacts of permaculture in com-
8:30–8:45 AM munity gardens, and supports community-engaged design as
Permaculture in Community Gardens: one effective model for implementing this work.
A Systems-based Approach to Engaged Design
8:45–9:00 AM
Abbey E. Piner
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] Organic Gardening Educational Materials for
Lucy K. Bradley*
Extension Master Gardener Volunteers
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@ Aimee A. Rankin
ncsu.edu North Carolina State University, Wadesboro, NC; aimee_
[email protected]
Will E. Hooker
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; will_hooker@ Lucy K. Bradley*
ncsu.edu North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@
ncsu.edu
Julieta T. Sherk
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] David B. Orr
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Community gardens have positive impacts for individuals, cities,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S199
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Frank J. Louws barrels, composting, and mulch. It also focuses the participants’
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; frank_louws@ attention on low water-use landscaping, irrigation systems and
ncsu.edu watering. The tool is effective in changing behavior; 86% of the
Horticulture Agents in North Carolina supervising Extension respondents to a follow-up survey reported following through
Master Gardener Volunteer (EMGV) programs were surveyed with at least 75% of their pledge. Extension Master Gardeners
to identify their need for additional training materials on Organic have used the Challenge as an educational tool in many venues.
Gardening as well as their preference for format and content The Challenge may serve as a model for other educational activi-
of materials. In a 65% response rate, North Carolina Exten- ties. It is flexible and easy to use. It encourages personal reflec-
sion agents, managing 33 of the 51 active EMGV counties, tion of educational messages. Finally, it calculates the impact
47% reported daily or weekly requests for organic/sustainable of the educators’ efforts at the county, state and national level.
consumer horticulture information and 53% reported monthly Specified Source(s) of Funding: Southern Region Water Program
requests. The survey outcome revealed a strong preference to
provide value-added content within the current curriculum and 9:15–9:30 AM
products. In addition, State Extension Master Gardener Coordina-
tors across the country were surveyed to identify the structure of Virtual Volunteers: Expanding Extension’s
their advanced training programs for volunteers. Twenty states Reach with a National EMG Social Media
have advanced certification in their EMGV program and the Certification
survey documented that the design and structure of advanced
Karen Jeannette*
certification differs in each state in order to meet the needs of
eXtension, Minneapolis, MN; [email protected]
volunteers, the public, and extension programs. Based on the
results of these two surveys, a chapter on Organic Gardening Emily Eubanks
was created for the NC-EMGV Manual. It includes sections on University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
organic management of top disease, weed, and insect pests of As extension horticulture programs seek to use social media to
ornamentals, lawns, and vegetable gardens. connect or expand their reach with the general public, it should
seem no different that EMGs could be helpful in using social
9:00–9:15 AM media to reach the gardening public or service existing clientele.
The 40 Gallon Challenge: A Simple Effective Yet, who a volunteer represents (themselves or extension) is often
Educational Tool blurred in social media since creating separate accounts or social
media entities is often unrealistic. In some cases, volunteers
Ellen Bauske* are asked to manage group social media accounts on behalf of
University of Georgia, Griffin, GA; [email protected] their local extension program. In other cases, individuals may
Paul Pugliese participate in online Twitter discussions as an individual, but
University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, Cartersville; may be unclear if or how they should represent the knowledge
[email protected] they share on behalf of extension. Recently EMG Coordinators
gathered by web conference to discuss these issues. One of the
Melanie Biersmith
main ideas discussed was this: volunteers have other identities
University of Georgia, Rock Eagle 4-H Center, Eatonton;
and responsibilities outside of extension, and extension has
[email protected]
specific needs for extending research, credibility, consistency,
Emily Pitts reputation, control, and verification of research-based informa-
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] tion. In both cases, simple, clear expectations, guidelines, support
The growing population and subsequent water demand have coin- and reinforcement may help volunteers and extension become
cided with several high impact droughts in the southeast, increas- successful in understanding how to extend extension informa-
ing the pressure on limited water supplies. Water conservation tion through online social networks in a reputable and helpful
throughout the region is a necessity and a challenge. The 40 Gal- manner. Thus, a task force was assembled to devise a way to
lon Challenge web site was created (www.40GallonChallenge. equip local programs and volunteers with training and support
org) to encourage people to pledge to save 40 gallons of water a resources that would meet the needs of both Extension and
day. Essentially a self-audit checklist, the Challenge provides an EMG volunteers. The task force identified several key training
estimate of water savings resulting from the implementation of modules to be developed, specifically—what social media is;
conservation practices. Total daily savings are estimated when social media identity and accountability; social media etiquette
the practices are selected. Participants choose practices that fit and customer service; writing for the web; common social media
their lifestyle, and then pledge to implement them. In the process platforms (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, YouTube); and
of choosing, participants learn how to conserve water and how anayltics and reporting. A needs assessment was also conducted
much water is used in routine activities. The challenge targets to understand which training modules, desired training formats,
water conserving horticultural practices including use of rain specific social media platforms or tools, and type of skills would

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S200 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

be most helpful for volunteers to attain through a National EMG D. Thayne Montague
Social Media certification program. Texas Tech University, Lubbock; [email protected]
Ashley Elle
9:30–9:45 AM
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; [email protected]
Seeing in Systems: Helping Community Online education in the laboratory sciences creates a milieu
Gardeners Build Resilience and Reduce the of questions and problems. The efficacy of the hands-on
Need for Maintenance by Making Permaculture experiences developed by faculty members for distance learn-
Connections ers requires student and instructor ingenuity and flexibility.
Previous research has determined there is more individual
Abbey E. Piner*
interaction between the faculty member and the online student
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
when compared to traditional courses. However, the effective-
Lucy K. Bradley ness of these types of activities has not been quantified. By
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@ comparing the laboratory results and laboratory reports of on-
ncsu.edu campus students completing the exact same activities as the
Will E. Hooker distance learners, the nature of the difficulties experienced by
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; will_hooker@ the online learners may be determined. This project provides
ncsu.edu some examples of “what works” and “what doesn’t work”
with regard to distance laboratory exercises using live plant
Julieta T. Sherk material.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Many communities have tried and failed to sustain commu- 8:15–8:30 AM
nity gardens, however, permaculture is a framework that can
help promote long-term sustainability. Permaculture gardens
Creating Virtual Nursery Trips to Improve
are designed to work with nature to create efficient, resilient On-campus and Distance Education in Nursery
spaces saving time, energy, and money. Despite the potential Production
for positive impact, minimal research has been conducted on James A. Robbins*
permaculture in community gardens. In order to assess the use University of Arkansas Coop. Extn., Little Rock;
of permaculture in community gardens a two-part tool was [email protected]
developed to identify whether and how permaculture is being
used in existing gardens. The tool identifies six key permaculture Amy N. Wright
systems within community gardens: soil, water, energy, materi- Auburn University; [email protected]
als, plants/animals, and community/people. Within each system Mengmeng Gu
core elements are listed creating a checklist for assessment. In Texas AgriLife Center, College Station; [email protected]
the second part of the tool, connections between elements and
A national survey conducted in 2009 of instructors of nursery
systems are identified in a diagram. These interconnections
production indicated a need for multimedia resources to supple-
between elements and systems are the basis of garden resilience
and the ultimate goal of permaculture. The assessment tool was ment in-class instruction and field trips. Finances, logistics, and
piloted in existing community gardens and used as a teaching geography limit the scope of nursery production operations that
tool in permaculture workshops. Surveys showed that the tool students can view on field trips. The objective of this project
increased participants’ confidence in identifying permaculture was to document nursery production operations with video foot-
elements and systems. age and create virtual nursery trips to improve on-campus and
distance education in nursery production. For the first year of
this project, digital HD video footage was captured at nurser-
ies around the country. From October 2010 to November 2011,
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 video footage was collected using a professional videographer
at 42 nursery businesses in 22 states. Total travel included 65
Teaching Methods days over 18 trips covering almost 43,000 miles. Almost 25 GB
Moderator: James A. Robbins, [email protected] or approximately 26 h of video footage was collected. Video
footage collected was inventoried and archived, and appropriate
8:00–8:15 AM clips were selected for inclusion in final product. Video footage
selected for each topic was edited together by the videographer.
Effectiveness of Online Laboratory
Narration for selected video footage was written, and a profes-
Experiences sional narrator recorded all narration for each topic. In the final
Cynthia B. McKenney* product, videos were arranged by topic for a total of 20 “chap-
Texas Tech University, Lubbock; [email protected] ters”. Video segments within each chapter or topic range from

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S201
 Thursday, July 25 2013

a few seconds to several minutes. The finished product has been understanding and managing their farm businesses with a focus
transferred to a single USB drive and contains 444 individual on farm and family financial management. The primary goal was
topic videos (total time about 10.75 h) and 28 company profiles to provide a collaborative outreach and assistance program for
for a total size of 29 GB. In Spring 2013 USB drives containing traditionally underserved farmers (women) in throughout New
all videos and company profiles were provided to instructors Jersey and across the mid-Atlantic region. A unique combina-
of horticulture at over 100 land grant institutions (1862, 1890, tion of in-person meetings and distance-learning technology
and 1994) who submitted a request form. Product users will be was utilized to deliver the program via webinars, webcams, and
surveyed to document content, organization, accessibility, and wireless microphones to “connect” 75 women and 24 presenters
ease of use, and implementation of the product. in three locations across New Jersey. Participants (n = 42) out
of the 137 women in the Annie’s Project New Jersey programs
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIFA Higher Education
2011–12 were surveyed within a year after the coursework
Challenge Grant
to determine adoption of business practices that would help
to improve their farm business operations. Results indicated
8:30–8:45 AM
that 97% developed a mission statement; 92% developed their
Using an Extraordinary Combination of In- business description; 64% wrote a farm description to be used
person Education and Distance Learning to for marketing (or another purpose); 70% developed a manage-
Help Women Producers Create Business ment plan; and 68% developed a production plan. In addition,
several participants have used their business plans as part of
Robin Brumfield* their applications for funding from the USDA’s Farm Service
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; brumfield@aesop. Agency (FSA). In total, 70 of the 137 women competed business
rutgers.edu plans as a result of the course. The live sessions were broadcast
Jenny Carleo and recorded each week, allowing women to watch a lecturer
Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Cape May County, Cape from over 100 miles away as well as the opportunity to watch
May Courthouse, NJ; [email protected] the video again. Once the “live” course was completed, these
videos, handouts, and Power Point Presentations were archived
Jeff Heckman
online under the Resources and Articles tab on the Annie’s Proj-
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; jeff.heckman@
ect New Jersey website: http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~farmmgmt/
rutgers.edu
anniesproject.html. There they remain available to anyone to
April Lippet-Faczak view to broaden their knowledge on a specific topic or learn
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; something new about successful agricultural business manage-
[email protected] ment practices.
Jennifer Matthews Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA National Institute
Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Cape May County, Cape of Food and Agriculture Risk Management Agency and
May Court House, NJ; [email protected] Rutgers Cooperative Extension. Cooperating agencies include
Meredith Melendez Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, the U.S.
Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Mercer County, Trenton, Department of Agriculture and County Boards of Chosen
NJ; [email protected] Freeholders
Barbara O’Neill 8:45–9:00 AM
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; oneill@aesop.
rutgers.edu Climate Change Literacy in the U.S.
Nicholas Polanin
Undergraduate Horticulture Curriculum
Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Bridgewater, NJ; polanin@ Virginia I. Lohr*
aesop.rutgers.edu Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
It is a little known fact that the majority of women in agriculture Weather extremes consistent with predictions from climate
do not have business plans. When women farmers were surveyed change and global warming models are already impacting
in New Jersey, only 2 out of 137 farm women had current busi- horticulture. Weather extremes will become more frequent and
ness plans for their agricultural enterprises. Whether they are destructive if global temperatures rise as rapidly and as far as
partners or sole proprietors, it is evident that women need to the models currently predict. These will force us to change
be more aware of the importance of the business and financial how we live and function. To determine the extent to which
management components that impact the very success of their higher educational institutions across the United States are
farms. Our Women in Agriculture program—Annie’s Project preparing students for such a future, a survey was conducted
New Jersey—created a comprehensive educational program and to gather information on the incorporation of climate change
support network for women farmers that educated them about literacy in horticultural curricula. While most programs do not

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S202 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

currently offer classes with “climate change” or “global warm- actually happening. Ranking of teaching methods found student
ing” in the formal title or description, a few are beginning to preference to be: 1) lectures; 2) readings; 3) online materials;
do so. Nearly all respondents reported including at least some and 4) in-class discussion. However, rankings showed that
information related to climate change in the specific courses each teaching method was preferred by at least one student.
they teach. Examples of content include discussions related This shows the benefit of using a variety of teaching methods
to the revised USDA Cold Hardiness map, carbon sequestra- to best meet student learning goals.
tion, equipment fuel consumption, effects of increased carbon
dioxide, crop scheduling, and environmental stresses, such as 9:15–9:30 AM
drought and heat. Most instructors also said they have been A Syllabus Rejig: Aligning Course Goals,
increasing such content over time. Details from the survey
will be presented. Learning Objectives, Assignments, and
Assessment
9:00–9:15 AM Ann Marie VanDerZanden*
Using Different Teaching Methods to Enhance Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Student Learning of Climate Change Well-defined course goals and learning objectives should be
the guiding force in developing or redesigning a course. Once
Amanda Bayer*
these are determined then the types of assignments, how the
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
assignments will be assessed or evaluated, and which teach-
Marc van Iersel ing and learning strategies will be most appropriate can be
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] developed. When all of these elements are linked the course
Improving student learning in the classroom can be achieved becomes a cohesive whole. Most importantly, students will be
by using multiple teaching methods in order to reach to stu- provided with opportunities to demonstrate how their learning
dents with varied learning styles. Two general learning styles matches the overall intent of the course. In 2012 the syllabus for
are visual and auditory. In order to appeal to these learning Horticulture 481, Advanced Garden Composition at Iowa State
styles, class materials on the climate change section of an University was redesigned to align all of the course components.
environmental physiology class at the University of Georgia As a result of this thoughtful realignment, many changes were
were presented via lectures, assigned readings, discussion, made to the types of assignments and how they were assessed or
and on-line materials. Environmental physiology is an upper evaluated. Different teaching and learning strategies were also
level class consisting mostly of juniors, seniors, and graduate employed in the course. Student feedback through mid-semester
students. Three lectures were given within the broad topics of: formative evaluation and end of semester teaching evaluations
1) how current climate change differs from historical climate showed a positive correlation between many of these changes
change; 2) predicted climate changes; and 3) how climate and student satisfaction with the course. Reviewing the syllabus
change will effect plant growth and production. Eight short with this type of whole course alignment in mind has resulted
papers were assigned within the previously mentioned topics. in a more unified and successful course.
Students were asked to read these papers and develop questions
for use in in-class discussions. Discussions were led by student 9:30–9:45 AM
groups. Prior to covering the topic in class, a survey was given Continuing Agricultural Education:
to the students to self-assess their knowledge of various topics Relationship between Adult Learning Styles and
related to climate change. The survey asked students to rate
whether they agreed or disagreed with a statement from 1 to 10.
Educational Delivery Method Preferences
The same survey was then given to students a week after the Kaylee Renick*
climate change section was concluded in class. Students were University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
also asked to rank the four teaching methods by how effective Ryan M. Foor
they felt the methods were in enhancing their knowledge of University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
climate change. The self-assessment of the students indicated
that their understanding of 10 of the 30 topics surveyed was Kurt D. Nolte
significantly improved. The self-assessment also indicated University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
better understanding of all other topics, although that improve- The Yuma County Cooperative Extension service plays a sig-
ment was not statistically significant for 20 of the 30 topics. nificant role in providing a range of information sources to the
The two topics where students indicated their largest increase agricultural industry through outreach and Extension program-
in understanding (response averages changed by 3) were: 1) ming. Littlefield (2000) noted that Arizona vegetable growers
You understand the physical process that causes increased CO2 are the main clientele in Cooperative Extension programming,
concentrations to raise the earth’s temperature and 2) There is specifically in desert vegetable research. In addition, agricultural
much scientific controversy about whether climate change is pest control advisers (PCAs) are provided essential continu-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S203
 Thursday, July 25 2013

ing education credits from university programming. Further R. Daniel Lineberger

clientele who are kept abreast of current research include Texas A&M University, College Station; dan-lineberger@
industry personnel such as crop production consultants, seed, tamu.edu
fertilizer, and agrichemical industry representatives, pesticide
Tim D. Davis
applicators, equipment manufacturers, storage operators, and
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
truckers (Littlefield, 2000). The purpose of this study was to
identify the learning styles and preferred methods of receiving David W. Reed
agricultural information on new or innovative farming practices Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
among Yuma, AZ, area growers, pest control advisors, and in- A comprehensive survey of American and Canadian university
dustry personnel. A review of the literature suggested there is a departments/colleges was conducted resulting in responses
continual need for evaluation of instructional methods and from twenty seven programs reporting graduate degrees in the
technology in adult education (Martin & Omer, 1990). Most field of Horticulture at the masters or doctoral level. Units were
studies in adult education in agriculture have focused on the need surveyed regarding the types of degrees offered, admissions
for adult education (Creswell & Martin, 1993). Those studies policies, demographic characteristics of the students, financial
which have focused on instructional methods recommended assistance provided to students, faculty ranks and salaries, and
further study was needed on the appropriate methods and tools metrics by which the programs were evaluated. About 80%
to use in adult education programs in agriculture (Creswell & of the programs resided in 1862 land grant institutions with
Martin, 1993). As non-experimental correlational research, the remainder housed in other state or provincial institutions.
relationships were examined between learning styles and se- Thirty eight percent of reporting land grant programs existed
lected demographic characteristics (age, profession, number as stand-alone Horticulture departments, whereas Horticulture
of years in the agricultural industry, education, and gender) of programs were combined with other disciplines in the remainder.
adult continuing agricultural education learners. Relationships Admissions criteria consisting of applicants’ prior grade point
were examined between preferred delivery method and selected ratios (averages), verbal and quantitative GRE scores, letters of
demographic variables (age, profession, number of years in the reference, statements of purpose or essays and, for international
agricultural industry, education, and gender) of adult continu- students, TOEFL or similar English language competency
ing agricultural education learners. Moreover, relationships assessment scores were typically required. Participation in
were examined between learning styles and preferred delivery distance programs was low, but growing. Fifty-five percent
methods of adult continuing agricultural education learners. of the programs permitted direct enrollment in PhD programs
Conclusions from the study indicated the following: a moderate without a prior Masters degree. On average, 84.3% of gradu-
correlation (Davis, 1971) exists between learning styles and ate students at 1862 land grant schools received institutional
the demographic characteristics of age, education, and profes- support, while only 66.1% at non-land grant schools received
sion. A moderate correlation (Davis, 1971) exists between the institutional support. Most schools offered some sort of tuition
demographic characteristic, profession, and preferred delivery reduction to those students on assistantships/fellowships and
methods of adult continuing agricultural education learners. offered available health insurance. Payment of fees was rare
A moderate correlation (Davis, 1971) exists between VARK and the level of stipends provided varied substantially among
learning styles (visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic) and programs. Mean international student enrollment was 34.8%
preferred delivery methods of adult continuing agricultural of students at 1862 land grant schools, but was only 19.4% at
education learners with a grower or industry personnel profes- non-land grant institutions. Most graduate students at 1862 land
sion. Research implications concluded that Extension agents and grant schools were non-Hispanic White (63.2%) with Hispanic
instructors of adult continuing agricultural education learners (6.8%), Black (3.0%), Asian (14.0%), Indian/Pakistani (4.9%),
should focus on the demographic characteristic (profession) Native American (0.3%), and other (6.1%) reported as minor-
when seeking to develop program delivery methods that will ity constituents. Professors (46.7%) and Associate Professors
effectively meet the needs of these adult learners. (28.3%) dominated the faculty ranks while Assistant Professors
(19.3%) and lecturers/instructors (5.7%) constituted a much
9:45–10:00 AM smaller portion of the faculty. Faculty salaries varied tremen-
North American Horticulture Graduate dously among institutions, especially for senior faculty. Doctoral
Program Survey: Demographics, Policies, student enrollment and total graduate enrollment were the top
metrics used to evaluate many graduate programs, while student
Finances, and Metrics authored peer-reviewed publications, scientific presentations
Michael A. Arnold* and awards were of secondary importance. Summary data on
Texas A&M University, College Station; ma-arnold@tamu. student remuneration and faculty salaries will be discussed.
edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S204 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2 During greenhouse trials (ranging from four to 15 weeks) PWC
did not decompose, shrink, or even change color. These results
Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf provide evidence across a broad range of cultural parameters
that PWC can successfully be used as a replacement to perlite
Moderator: Erin E Agro, [email protected] with little to no changes to a grower’s production system.
9:45–10:00 AM
10:00–10:15 AM
Pine Wood Chips as an Alternative to Perlite in
Effect of Vermicompost-amended Media on
Horticultural Substrates: Physical, Chemical,
Container-grown Miniature Roses
and Cultural Parameters
Pamela Collins*
Brian Jackson* Mississippi State University; [email protected]
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu Ekaterina Jeliazkova
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected]
W. Garrett Owen
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] Dennis Rowe
Mississippi State University; [email protected]
William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@ An experiment was conducted to evaluate earthworm castings
ncsu.edu (vermicompost) as an amendment to a peat-based potting media
for container-grown miniature roses. Bare-root roses of ‘Crack-
The past decade has seen an increase in the potential uses of ling Fire’, ‘Feisty’, or ‘Hot Tamale’ were planted in 3-gallon
fresh wood in horticultural substrates. During this time numerous containers of potting media containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or
academic researchers, substrate (potting mix) manufacturers, 40% vermicompost and maintained in an outdoor nursery area
and independent growers have tested various wood components during the growing seasons of 2009 and 2010. Height, width and
and formulations in an attempt to stretch/extend peat or pine quality ratings for flower quantity and quality, foliage quantity
bark supplies in both the nursery and greenhouse industries. and quality and vigor were collected monthly from May through
Loblolly pine has been proven to be the best tree species to October. Chlorophyll content was measured using a SPAD me-
make substrates or substrate components. When processed pine ter. Volume was derived from height and width measurements.
wood is amended in peat substrates it has been observed and Each cultivar responded very differently to the vermicompost
noted that due to increased air space (porosity) it is likely that treatments. For ‘Crackling Fire’—height and volume increased
perlite is not needed in greenhouse substrates. Perlite serves during the growing season; width increased during the season
as an aggregate in greenhouse substrates and, depending on for all treatments, but the increase was less as the vermicompost
the specific substrate, is incorporated at rates of 10% to 40% content increased from 0 to 40%; flower quality ratings declined
most commonly. Perlite, being expensive, nonrenewable and during the peak summer months, but improved during the fall;
inorganic has led to interest in finding suitable replacements. and chlorophyll content decreased as vermicompost increased
Until recently no protocols or specifications have been used to from 0% to 40%. For ‘Feisty’—height, width and volume for
process pine wood, which has resulted in inconsistent and varied increased during the season for all media treatments and declined
end products (substrate components). Recent advances in wood as vermicompost increased; flower quality ratings declined
processing procedures have resulted in pine wood chips (PWC) throughout the growing season; and chlorophyll content was
that are nonfiberous, structurally similar to perlite, consistently greatest during the peak summer months for all treatments, but
reproduced, cost effective, and broadly accessible. Freshly har- declined as vermicompost increased. Foliage quality and quan-
vested pine trees were chipped and then further processed in a tity was greatest in May for 0% followed by 40%, but whereas
hammer mill through a 6.35 mm screen yielding PWC. Over a roses grown in 0% vermicompost declined through the season,
two-year period, PWC aggregates were processed and trialed roses grown in 40% vermicompost rebounded in the fall. Vigor
in comparison to perlite at ratios of 10% to 30%. Experiments followed a similar pattern with some fall improvement for both
were conducted to test/compare: 1) substrate physical proper- 0% and 40% treatments. For ‘Hot Tamale’—height and volume
ties; 2) chemical properties; 3) fertility requirements; 4) liming increased through the season with growth decreasing from 0%
requirements; and 5) plant growth regulator (PGR) efficacy/ to 40% vermicompost in May. However, by October, plants
requirements. All laboratory and plant growth trials that were increased in height and volume as the vermicompost content
conducted indicate that substrates amended with 10%, 20%, or increased. Plant width increased both from May through October
30% PWC compared to perlite at the same percentages had no and as the vermicompost content increased from 0% to 40%.
differing effect on substrate physical properties. Plant trials in Flower quantity and quality decreased linearly and chlorophyll
substrates amended with 10%, 20%, or 30% PWC compared content increased linearly through the season. Foliage quantity
to perlite at the same percentages also showed no difference in and quality and vigor slightly decreased from 0% to 40% vermi-
lime, fertility, or PGR requirements for optimal plant growth. compost in May, but maintained quality well until late summer

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S205
 Thursday, July 25 2013

when quality declined through fall with the greatest decline at Specified Source(s) of Funding: Canadian Agriculture Adaptation
0% compared to 40%. Program, Agrium Advanced Technologies and Landscape
Ontario Growers Group
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Mississippi Agricultural and
Forestry Experiment Station
10:30–10:45 AM
10:15–10:30 AM Impact of Biopots on Landscape Plant
Determination of Optimal Controlled Release Performance and Pot Degradation
Fertilizer Rates for Container Nursery Crop Genhua Niu*
Production in Cold Climates Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
[email protected]
Erin E. Agro*
Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, Youping Sun
ON; [email protected] Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
[email protected]
Youbin Zheng
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected] Guihong Bi
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@
Region specific trials examining optimum controlled release msstate.edu
fertilizer (CRF) rates for the Canadian climate are limited. Most
studies are conducted in temperate to warm regions of the United Andrew Koeser
States and use a limited number of plant species and growing University of Florida, GREC, Wimauma; akoeser2@illinois.
substrates. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate the edu
effect of CRF application rates on the release of nutrients and Krista Jacobsen
on the growth of 17 economically important container-grown University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
ornamental shrubs, using three growing substrates and fertil-
izer types at three southern Ontario nurseries. Five different Sven Verlinden
fertilizer rates, ranging from N at 0.60 kg·m-3 to 1.95 kg·m-3 West Virginia University, Morgantown; [email protected]
for each fertilizer type, were incorporated during potting of Renee Conneway
plug-rooted liners between 29 June and 10 July 2012. Plant West Virginia University, Morgantown; krackerjack12@
performance (i.e., shrub height and growth index) and leach- hotmail.com
ate EC and pH were evaluated once every three to four weeks
Amy Fulcher
during the growing season. There were significant differences
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
(P < 0.05) in shoot dry weight, leaf area, and the concentration
of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the shoots Horticulture industry professionals and consumers are interested
and root ball between the different fertilizer rates and substrate in biodegradable pots as alternatives to plastic pots given their
types. Of the 17 species observed in the trial, none performed perceived environmental sustainability. The impact of biopots on
best at the highest or second highest CRF rate (i.e., N at 1.95 plant performance and pot degradability after being planted in
kg·m-3 and 1.80 kg·m-3, respectively). Buxus ‘Green Velvet’ landscapes has been investigated in Texas, Mississippi, Illinois,
achieved optimum growth at the third highest CRF rate (i.e., N Kentucky, and West Virginia. This abstract reports the results
at 1.65 kg·m-3) and Hydrangea macrophylla, traditionally clas- from two growing seasons for Texas. In the first year, the impact
sified as a heavy feeder, performed best at a fertilizer rate with of seven plantable biopots and one plastic pot on the performance
a low level of N at 0.75 kg·m-3. Both species were grown in a of three ornamental species, Impatiens x ‘Sunpatiens Compact
substrate containing no compost (i.e., 3 parts aged pine bark, Magenta’, Cleome x ‘Senorita Rosalita’, Lantana x ‘Luscious
1 part Canadian sphagnum peat moss, and 16%–17% perlite). Citrus’ and the degradation of these biopots at the end of the
The remaining 15 trial species had optimum fertilizer rates at growing season was quantified. In the second year, the same pot
or below N at 1.35 kg·m-3. Given a growing substrate with 15% types were used but the plant species were Lantana x ‘Luscious
compost, there was no statistical difference in growth between Citrus’, Buddleia ‘Nanho Blue’, and Artemesia ‘Silver Mound’.
different fertilizer rates for Thuja plicata ‘Whipcord’, Euonymus The seven biopots were Jiffy pot (peat moss), SoilWrap (bio-
forunei ‘Harlequin’, Forsythia x intermedia ‘Fiesta’, Weigela polymer), Fertilpot (wood pulp), coir (coconut fiber), Cowpot
florida ‘Variegata’, Cornus sericea ‘Kelsey’, and Cotoneaster (composted cow manure), NetPot (slotted pressed rice hulls),
dammeri ‘Coral Beauty’. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in and straw pot (rice straw). As a comparison, 4-inch plastic pot
growth occurred between fertilizer rates for Salix purpurea was included. In the first year, cleome and impatiens did not
‘Nana’, Cornus sericea ‘Cardinal’, and Hibiscus syriacus perform well, which was not related to pot type. Lantana shoot
‘Ardens’ grown in a substrate containing 60% composted pine dry weight was greater in Soilwrap, while no differences were
bark, 10% compost, and 30% peat moss. Nitrogen balances for observed among other pot types. In the second year, the effect
all species were also calculated. of pot type on plant performance varied with species. In both

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S206 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

years, plant species did not affect pot degradation, which varied Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
with pot material and there were differences in pot degradations
in the two growing seasons in some pots. Plant Biotechnology
10:45–11:00 AM Moderator: Ioannis Tzanetakis, [email protected]
The Effects of Lawn Plant Diversity on 10:30–10:45 AM
Arthropod Diversity Development and Preliminary Evaluation of
Sam Marshall* the IStraw90 Axiom® Array in Cultivated
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; sam_marshall@ Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa)
ncsu.edu
Nahla Bassil*
David Orr USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] hort.oregonstate.edu
Lucy K. Bradley Iraida Amaya
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@ IFAPA-Centro de Churriana, Málaga; iraida.amaya@
ncsu.edu juntadeandalucia.es
Steven Frank Francois Bellon
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; steven_frank@ Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA; bioinformatics_services@
ncsu.edu affymetrix.com
Christopher Moorman Thomas M. Davis
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; chris_moorman@ University of New Hampshire, Durham; tom.davis@
ncsu.edu unh.edu
The impact of lawn plant diversity on arthropod diversity was Beatrice Denoyes
assessed in 40 residential lawns in Raleigh, NC. This experiment INRA, Villenave d’Ornon Cedex; [email protected]
used a factorial design to examine the effects of both lawn plant
diversity and vegetative diversity surrounding the yard (vegeta- T. van Dijk
tive complexity). Arthropods were collected using pitfall and Wageningen-UR Plant Breeding,, Wageningen; N/A
vacuum sampling methods, respectively, identified to the family Stephen Ficklin
level, and then assigned to functional groups (pests, beneficials, Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
nonpest herbivores). Diversity, evenness and abundance of
Amy F. Iezzoni
functional groups and selected insect families were compared
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
across treatments. Abundances of ground-dwelling granivorous
beetles and spiders were not influenced by lawn plant diversity Sook Jung
or vegetative yard complexity; however, spider egg parasitoid Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
abundance was greater in diverse lawns with simple yards and Lise Mahoney
cricket abundance was greater in diverse lawns with complex University of New Hampshire, Durham; Lise.Mahoney@
yards. Diverse lawns with complex yards hosted more diverse unh.edu
communities of foliar beneficial insects and the highest diversity
and abundance of pest and nonpest insect species. Abundances of Dorrie Main
selected beneficial families of parasitoid wasps (ichneumonids, Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
mymarids, and scelionids) and selected pest families (membracids Mike Mittman
and phytophagous mirids) were higher in diverse lawns with Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA; Mike_Mittmann@affymetrix.
complex yards. Increased plant species diversity in lawns influ- com
ences arthropod species diversity and abundance, however, only
when vegetative yard complexity surrounding the lawn is high.
Amparo Monfort
IRTA CRAG–Centre de Recerca en Agrigenomica CSIC
Findings of this study suggest that low-maintenance, organic,
IRTA UAB UB, Barcelona; [email protected]
or conventional lawn management strategies will not inherently
require more pest management and that lawn pest management Cameron Peace
may depend on the vegetative complexity of the yard. Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: North Carolina State University, Ali Pirani
Department of Biology Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S207
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Daniel Sargent Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South

Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all’Adige, S. University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004;
Michele all’Adige (TN); [email protected] [email protected]
Theresa Webster Guixiong Jiang
Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA; Teresa_Webster@affymetrix. Guangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanning, 530002;
com [email protected]
Dave Wood Lin Zhang
University of New Hampshire, Durham Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
Y. Yang University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
University of New Hampshire, Durham [email protected]
H. Zhang Donglin Zhang
University of New Hampshire, Durham University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Eric van de Weg Fangfang Yan
Wageningen University and Research Center, Central South University of Forestry & Technology,
Droevendaalsesteeg; [email protected] Changsha,410004; [email protected]
The RosBREED consortium has focused on developing To investigate the profile of gene expression in Vernicia fordii and
high-throughput genome scans for apple, cherry, peach, and elucidate its functional gene, Illumina HISEQ 2000 sequencer
strawberry to facilitate quantitative trait locus (QTL) discovery was used to produce a substantial expressed sequence tags da-
and further develop the infrastructure for enabling and imple- taset from the seed of ‘Pu tao tong’ in three development stages,
menting marker-assisted breeding. This goal was met by the fruit-inflating stage (sample 1, 60 days after flowering), lipid
public release of three Illumina® Infinium® arrays for apple, synthesis early stage (sample 2, 120 days after flowering), and
peach, and cherry (8K, 9K, and 6K, respectively) that are being lipid synthesis peak stage (sample 3, 150 days after flowering).
used by the worldwide scientific community. Development of Totals of 61,001 unigenes, 54,679 unigenes, and 44,495 unigenes
a high-throughput genome-scanning array in strawberry has were obtained from 3 samples, respectively. A total of 58,439
lagged behind mostly due to the challenges caused by its unigenes with average length of 889nt and 41,059 unigenes
allo-octoploid genome. We describe the development of the with protein function annotations were generated. The Nr an-
International Strawberry 90K (IStraw90) Affymetrix Axiom® notation of tung tree unigenes showed that the biggest number
genotyping array. Approaches to address the allo-octoploidy (64.04%) among all unigienes could find homologous genes of
challenges included a large number of SNPs (> 90,000) Ricinus communis, followed by Populus trichocarpa (17.4%),
to compensate for potential low conversion of candidate to Vitis vinifera (8.98%), Glycine max (1.81%), Jatropha curcas
functional SNPs, and bioinformatic extraction of regions of (1.08%), and others (6.69%). All unigenes can be classified into
reduced ploidy. This reduction of effective ploidy levels was 25 functional-categories, of which 4,865 unigenes were related
the direct result of targeting subgenome-specific sites. We to the general function prediction only, and then 2,403 unigenes
also report results of the preliminary evaluation of this array were related to transcription, 639 unigenes were related to lipid
in 384 strawberry samples consisting of mapping populations, transport and metabolism. All unigenes were queried against
breeding populations and their founders, in addition to few the KEGG pathway database, and 22,134 unigenes were given
diverse strawberry individuals. We expect this array to enable the pathway annotations and related to 128 pathways, includ-
genome-wide scanning in the octoploid strawberry and to fa- ing metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty
cilitate QTL discovery for many traits of economic significance acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and
in this important fruit crop. so on. Analysis of different expression genes showed that the
up-regulation and down-regulation genes have significant differ-
10:45–11:00 AM ence in 3 development stages of Vernicia fordii seed. Between
Transcriptome Analysis of Vernicia fordii Seed Sample 1 and Sample 2, 9,057 up-regulated unigenes and 4,531
down-regulated unigenes were revealed. Between Sample 1 and
in Three Development Stages Sample 3 there were 21,972 up-regulated unigenes and 2,938
Xiao-Feng Tan down-regulated unigenes, and 1,468 up-regulated unigenes and
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- 14,069 down-regulated unigenes between Sample 2 and Sample
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South 3. Data presented in the study will constitute an important re-
University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan 410004; source for the data mining of important genes and the research of
[email protected] regulation and expression mechanism. This study also provides
scientific evidence for breeding of Vernicia fordii.
Hongxu Long*
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S208 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

projects of state forestry research and public service industry DSPAα1 are relatively low. We developed suitable rapid and
(200904023),Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of robust geminivirus-based expression transformation vectors for
China (10JJ4022), Scientific Research Foundation of Central the full length and mature length of DSPAα1 gene respectively.
South University of Forestry & Technology Fibrin plate tests showed that both the full length and mature
length of DSPAα1 can degrade fibrin. In vitro blood clot lysis
11:00–11:15 AM tests indicate that the mature DSPAα1 can break down the blood
clots. Our research indicates that the replicon system represents
An Automatic Bioinformatics Tool to Detect and
an important method to produce active, safe, and inexpensive
Discover Plant Viruses DSPA1 for stroke patients.
Thien Ho Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIH/INBRE:8P20GM103447
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Ioannis Tzanetakis*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
The speed of plant virus discovery has been further accelerated
by the emergence of high throughput sequencing techniques.
Weed Control and Pest
As the large volume of pyrosequencing and de novo synthesis Management
sequence data has made processing a burden for sceintists, we
have designed bioinformatics pipelines to analyze the data auto- Moderator: Harlene Hatterman-Valenti,
matically. Different samples were extracted, reverse-transcribed [email protected]
and PCR-amplified with up to 48 barcodes (expandable) before
10:15–10:30 AM
sequencing. The pipelines, written in Perl and Shell scripts and
making use of NCBI Blast tools, Fastx-Toolkit and an ORF finder, Evaluation of Herbicide Damage to Grapes in a
were able to identify barcodes, sort the data to original samples, Unique Growing Season
clip adapters, filter sequence quality, collapse identical sequences, Paul E. Read*
detect known virus/viroid, and remove plant sequences using University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; [email protected]
Blastn and subsequently Blastx. Sequences without similarity
to known organisms were subject to a Python script to identify Stephen J. Gamet
potential ORFs. The pipelines were tested successfully and in- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE; [email protected]
dependently by users with beginner bioinformatics knowledge The 2012 growing season presented a rare combination of ex-
to detect viruses from virus-infected samples extracted by total/ tremes, a record mild winter followed by the earliest date for
double-stranded/small RNA extraction methods. spring bud break on record. Bud break of three to four weeks
before normal averages recorded for numerous locations in
11:15–11:30 AM Nebraska contributed to serious problems related to early bud
Rapid High-level Transient Expression of break. In a few parts of the state, a cold temperature event caused
damage to shoots that had broken bud, but the most serious
Vampire Bat Plasminogen Activator (DSPAα1) problem for many vineyard locations was damage to shoots
in Plant for Stroke Treatment with a DNA from herbicide drift of volatile herbicides. In most cases, this
Replicon System damage was attributed to 2,4-D. This was the case for one of
Kevin Y. Wang* our research vineyard locations and led to our evaluating rela-
Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK; tive damage among a range of 5-year-old grape cultivars and
[email protected] genotypes. Shoots were rated for foliar damage and stunting of
shoots, and following a second herbicide drift occurence ratings
Frank Y. Yau for damage to flower clusters and fruit set were also recorded.
Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK; yau@ Significant differences were found for different cultivars and
nsuok.edu genotypes. The most severe damage was sustained by ‘Sabre-
Mona Easterling vois’, ‘Marquette’, and MN 1235. The least injury was noted
Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK; easterli@ for ‘Chambourcin’, ‘Seyval Blanc’, ‘Vidal Blanc’, and MN
nsuok.edu 1258, with ‘Frontenac’, MN 1220, ‘Valiant’ and ‘Saint Croix’
intermediate in their symptoms. In most cases, yield reductions
A stroke is a medical emergency that can cause brain damage
were consistent with the damage ratings, i.e., the most yield
within minutes. Plasminogen activators (DSPAs), enzymes depression was experienced by the genotypes that had the most
from the saliva of blood-feeding vampire bats, have been found severe damage ratings and the genotypes with the least damage
to act only on fibrin without excess brain bleeding. Currently, rating produced a nearly full crop.
recombinant DSPAα1 are produced in transformed yeast,
animal, and insect cells. However, the yields of recombinant Specified Source(s) of Funding: University of Nebraska

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S209
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Agricultural Research Division, State of Nebraska Grape and at least one of the application timings provided better com-
Wine Board mon lambsquarters control throughout the trial compared to
treatments without bromoxynil. In contrast, treatments with
10:30–10:45 AM the micro-rate oxyfluorfen applied alone had poor common
lambsquarters control. However, applying bromoxynil at the
Composting as an Alternative Management
70 g/ha followed by tank mixes of bromoxynil and oxyfluorfen
System for Wild Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and at 70 g/ha provided the best common lambsquarters control com-
Brown Algae (Sargassum fluitans and Sargassum pared to all other treatments. Applying bromoxynil at the 35 g/ha
natans) followed by tank mixes of bromoxynil and oxyfluorfen at 70 g/ha
Jennifer Sembera* had significantly less control of common lambsquarters. The
Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected] highest yielding treatment was when bromoxynil was applied at
70 g/ha followed by tank mixes of bromoxynil and oxyfluorfen
Tina Waliczek Cade at 70 g/ha with 82.3 T/ha. The lowest yielding treatment besides
Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected] the untreated, which didn’t produce any marketable bulbs, was
The purpose of this study was to investigate the large-scale when bromoxynil was applied at 35 g/ha followed by tank mixes
compost management of 3 aquatic species that pose threats to of bromoxynil and oxyfluorfen at 70 g/ha with 26.8 T/ha. The
local ecosystems in Texas: Colocasia esculenta (wild taro), preemergence conventional treatment of ethofumesate at 1.1
Sargassum fluitans, and Sargassum natans (brown algae, col- kg/ha had the second highest yield of 70.6 T/ha.
lectively). To conduct this study, species were collected from
Spring Lake in San Marcos, TX, and along the Gulf of Mexico 11:00–11:15 AM
shoreline in Corpus Christi, TX. Three cubic yards of each spe- Sucessful Control of the Erythrina Gall Wasp in
cies were incorporated as feedstocks into various large-scale
Hawaii
compost piles and tested for plant viability and compost com-
position. Results indicated that each species can be utilized as Leyla Kaufman*
an effective feedstock source in future composting operations University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
in Central Texas. This study also supports compost management Juliana Yalemar
systems as an effective alternative system of invasive species Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Honolulu; Yalemar@
management by rendering propagules of these species unviable, hawaii.edu
while creating a marketable byproduct for use in agriculture,
horticulture, and related markets. Cynthia King
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Honolulu; [email protected]
10:45–11:00 AM
Early-season Weed Control in Direct-seeded Mark Wright
University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected]
Onion
Andrew Kaufman
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti*
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
North Dakota State University, Fargo; h.hatterman.valenti@
ndsu.edu The invasion of the Erythrina Gall Wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus
erythrinae (Kim) in 2004 threatened the existence of E.
Collin P. Auwarter sandwicensis in Hawaii. A promising biological control agent
North Dakota State University, Fargo; collin.auwarter@ was collected in Tanzania and underwent rigorous risk assessment
ndsu.edu at the Hawaii Department of Agriculture insect containment
Field research was conducted at the Oakes Irrigation research facility. In November 2008, Eurytoma erythrinae (Gates &
center near Oakes, ND, on ‘Sedona’ onion. Micro-rate appli- Delvare) was approved to be released into the environment to
cations of bromoxynil and/or oxyfluorfen were compared to control EGW. Pre- and post-release evaluations were initiated
preemergence treatments using ethofumesate at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ to evaluate the impacts of the biological control agent on the
ha or DCPA at 14.9 kg/ha for early season broadleaf control. gall wasp and the Erythrina trees. Regular sampling and gall
Clethodim plus a petroleum oil surfactant, was added to each dissections showed that the wasp became established within
micro-rate application for grass control. Onion seed was planted 6 months of its release. Results from post-release monitoring
May 14 and harvested October 3. Herbicide applications were indicate that E. erythrinae is successfully controlling gall wasp
made May 22 (PRE-A), June 4 (flag leaf-B), June 12 (1.5 populations in foliage at most sites, whereas infestation levels
leaf-C), June 21 (2 leaf-D), June 27, (3 leaf-E), and July 2 (4 in inflorescences remain still high at some sites. Surviving
leaf-F) using a CO2 pressurized sprayer equipped with 80º flat wiliwili trees are recovering from gall wasp damage. Post-
fan nozzles with a spray volume of 20 GPA and pressure of 40 release monitoring continues in order to determine the impact
psi. Treatments that included micro-rate bromoxynil during that E. erythrinae will have on the species’ long-term viability.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S210 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

11:15–11:30 AM the disease epidemiology in nurseries, the genetic plasticity of

Research on the Quarantine Pathogen P. ramorum on different host plants and the effects of fungicides
and physiological stress on symptom development.
Phytophthora ramorum at the National
Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican
University of California (NORS-DUC) Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6
Wolfgang Schweigkofler*
Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Water Utilization and Management
[email protected] Moderator: Oleg Daugovish, [email protected]
Kathleen Kosta
CDFA, Sacramento, CA; [email protected] 10:15–10:30 AM

Karen Suslow Differential Susceptibility of Strawberry to Salts

Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Oleg Daugovish*
[email protected] University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura,
Tomas Pastalka CA; [email protected]
Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Ben Faber
[email protected] University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura,
Vernon Huffman Ventura, CA; [email protected]
Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Anna D. Howell
[email protected] University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura,
Supriya Sharma Ventura, CA; [email protected]
Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Cameron Chandler
[email protected] University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura,
Sibdas Ghosh CA; [email protected]
Dominican University of California, San Rafael; Strawberry is a primary crop in five counties in coastal Califor-
[email protected] nia, with an annual value of $1.4 billion. Strawberry is sensitive
Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death to injury from salts, abundance of which is measured with soil
and Ramorum blight, can infest several dozen host plants, among electrical conductivity (EC). Even though current EC threshold
them many important ornamental plants like Rhododendron, for yield reduction is 1 dS/m, several strawberry fields have
Viburnum and Camellia. Federal and state regulations require excellent production in soils with EC 4–6 dS/m. Thus, we
the destruction of nursery plants infected by P. ramorum and investigated the specific salt and ion effect on strawberry in
treatment of contaminated soil. Infected nursery material is also summer and fall-planted bare-root strawberry in typical 1.2 m-
a possible factor in the long-range spread of P. ramorum. The wide raised beds covered with plastic mulch in clay loam soil
National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University near Santa Paula, CA. Four plants were watered by hand nine
of California (NORS-DUC) was founded in the year 2009 times during initial 3-week establishment period with 250 mL/
by a Farm Bill grant to study P. ramorum in a sophisticated plant of one of the four salt solutions (each salt at EC 5, 10, 15,
research nursery that reflects an authentic commercial nursery or 20 dS/m) or with distilled water. At EC 5 dS/m potassium
setting (www.dominican.edu/norsduc). NORS-DUC goals are sulfate or sodium sulfate did not significantly reduce plant size
to develop practical solutions for containment, remediation, and or fruit production in summer or fall strawberry, while plants
eradication of quarantine pathogens in nurseries, reducing the irrigated with sodium chloride or calcium chloride were 65%
risk of long-range spread of pests through infested nursery stock or 85% smaller than distilled water irrigated plants. At greater
shipments. Research at NORS-DUC is conducted by a team of EC values plant size declined 50% to 80% for the sulfates and
permanent staff as well as by P. ramorum experts from other no live plants were observed in plots irrigated with chlorides
institutions who can apply for grants to work at NORS-DUC. at EC >5 dS/m. A similar trend was observed for fruit produc-
The research site offers a unique opportunity to study different tion. The negative effects of all salts were more pronounced
aspects of P. ramorum diseases of ornamentals that has not in summer, likely due to higher evapotranspiration rates, lack
been accomplished previously. First results from research on of rain and greater susceptibility of proprietary variety to salt
the eradication of P. ramorum from soils using steam steriliza- damage compared to fall-planted ‘Benicia’. The study identified
tion, solarization and bio-control using a new Trichoderma specific salt and ion effects on strawberry and emphasized the
isolate indicate they were effective; and these methods are being need for testing of the irrigation water for those ions instead of
reviewed by USDA APHIS as approved for soil treatments in relying solely on EC measurements for production management
infected commercial nurseries. Ongoing research is focusing on decisions.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S211
 Thursday, July 25 2013

10:30–10:45 AM 10:45–11:00 AM
Physiological Responses of Citrus to Partial Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Web-
Rootzone Drying Irrigation Strategies based Software for Lettuce Production
Antonia Romero-Conde Michael D. Cahn*
Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba; aromeroconde@gmail. University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas,
com CA; [email protected]

Ayako Kusakabe Richard F. Smith

Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco; University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas,
[email protected] CA; [email protected]

Juan Carlos Melgar* Timothy K. Hartz

University of California, Davis, CA; [email protected]
Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
[email protected] Bryon J. Noel
University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources,
The effect of partial rootzone drying (PRD) on growth and
Davis, CA; [email protected]
physiological responses of 2-year-old grapefruit trees was
studied in two experiments under greenhouse conditions. First, Lettuce growers on the central coast of California are under
we studied the effect of different irrigation volumes, includ- increased regulatory pressure to reduce nitrate loading to ground
ing irrigation above and below tree evapotranspiration (ETc) and surface water supplies. Two tools available to farmers to
requirements, in order to determine how trees respond to ex- improve nitrogen use efficiency of lettuce are the soil nitrate
cess of irrigation or to PRD + deficit irrigation (DI) strategies. quick test (SNQT) for monitoring soil mineral nitrogen levels and
Four treatments were applied for 12 weeks: 1) control (100% weather-based irrigation scheduling for estimating water needs
ETc was applied, 50% on each pot); 2) PRD 100–0 (100% of the crop. We developed a web-based software application,
ETc on one side, no water on the other side); 3) PRD 200–0 (200% called CropManage (https://ucanr.edu/cropmanage), to facilitate
ETc on one side, no water on the other side); and 4) PRD+DI the implementation of both of these tools. Users can access the
50–0 (50% ETc on one side, no water on the other side). All software through a web browser on their smart phones, tablet,
trees had their root system split in two halves and established and desktop computers. The software allows growers to quickly
in adjacent pots. Soil water content, tree water status, stomatal determine an optimal fertilizer N rate based on the SNQT and
conductance, leaf ABA concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence N uptake curves for lettuce. In addition, the software estimates
and tree growth were measured. PRD 200-0 trees used 70% the water requirement of the crop using evapotranspiration data
more water than control trees whereas PRD 100-0 and PRD+DI from the California Irrigation Management Information System
50-0 trees decreased water use by 18% and 79% compared to and models of canopy development. Preliminary field testing of
control trees, respectively. PRD 100-0 or PRD 200-0 did not the software in commercial fields demonstrated that growers can
affect tree growth or any physiological parameter compared significantly reduce N fertilizer and water use without reducing
to control trees. Although tree growth was not affected by quality and yield of lettuce. A demonstration trial comparing
PRD+DI 50-0, leaf ABA concentrations and stomatal closure the CropManage fertilizer N recommendation with the grower
increased after 10 weeks of the experiment. In the second standard practice resulted in similar commercial yields using
experiment, we studied the effect of alternate irrigation between almost 30% less N fertilizer. The other trial comparing the
each side of the tree root system. Three treatments were ap- irrigation recommendation of CropManage with the grower
plied for 10 weeks: 1) control (100% ETc, 50% on each pot); standard practice resulted in a 25% savings in water following
2) alternate PRD1 100–0 (alternating irrigated/dry rootzones the CropManage irrigation schedule during the drip phase of the
every month); and 3) alternate PRD2 100–0 (alternating ir- crop, and equal commercial yields between treatments.
rigated/dry rootzones every two months). Tree establishment, Specified Source(s) of Funding: CDFA Fertilizer Research and
growth conditions, and all parameters measured were the same Education Program
as the first experiment. Trees under alternate PRD used 5% to
8% less water than control trees without decreasing growth or
11:00–11:15 AM
showing any changes in physiological parameters. Neverthe-
The Effects of Crop Load and Water Stress
less, the timing of the alternation did not cause any differences
in tree water use. on Yield and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherry
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Texas A&M University- Cultivars
Kingsville Denise Neilsen*
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC;
[email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S212 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Gerry Neilsen 11:15–11:30 AM

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC; gerry. Performance of Landscape Trees in the Semi-
[email protected]
Arid Southwest under Three Irrigation Regimes
Tom Forge Ursula K. Schuch*
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC; tom.
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
[email protected]
Edward C. Martin
John A. Cline University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
University of Guelph, Simcoe, ON; [email protected]
Tilak Mahato
Snow pack water supply in western North America is increas-
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
ingly unreliable but improvements in drought forecasting could
allow management using planned water deficits. Crop reduction Jay Subramani
is also a potential tool to manage the effects of water stress for University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
sweet cherry cultivars. The effects of water supply and crop Nine species of landscape trees commonly planted in the semi-
load management were assessed in two experiments. Experi- arid Southwest were irrigated with three different regimes to
ment 1—‘Skeena’ and ‘Cristalina’ on Gisela 6 received 100% determine their growth response and aesthetic functionality.
ET replacement atmometer-scheduled drip irrigation either 4 Irrigation treatments started in May 2010 and were based on
times/day or every second day in 2009–11. In 2011, crop load applying 80% (wet), 60% (medium), and 40% (dry) of refer-
was either 100% or blossom cluster-thinned to 50%. Experiment ence evapotranspiration (ETo) from May to October and half
2—‘Lapins’ on Gisela 5 received daily, atmometer-scheduled, of that (40%, 30%, and 20% of ETo) from November through
small-radius micro-sprinkler irrigation: 1) 100% ET replace- April. Soil moisture data was collected by time domain re-
ment; 2) 100% ET replacement reduced to 57% ET replacement flectometry from three species irrigated with the medium
from 21 days preharvest; and 3) 100% ET replacement reduced treatment. Soil moisture data were used to calculate crop
to 57% ET replacement postharvest. In 2011, crop load was coefficients (Kc) which ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 for Prosopis
either 100% or blossom cluster-thinned to 50%. In 2012, crop hybrid (palo verde hybrid), 0.3 and 0.6 for Cupressus arizonica
load [fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA)] effects were (Arizona cypress), and 0.3 to 0.7 for Fraxinus velutina
assessed using tree natural variability. High frequency irrigation ‘Rio Grande’ (Rio Grande ash). The three irrigation treat-
increased yield in ‘Skeena’ and ‘Cristalina’ in 2010–11 and fruit ments resulted in different irrigation frequencies. Plants in the
size in 2010. Cluster-thinning in 2011 did not significantly affect wet treatment received about twice the number of irrigations
yield, fruit size, or fruit quality for either cultivar. Preharvest compared to plants in the dry treatment. In summer, irrigation
water deficits applied to ‘Lapins’ on Gisela 5 were mitigated was applied every five, six and seven days, and in winter the
by cool weather in 2011 and wet weather in 2012. Midday longest interval between irrigations was 77, 94, and 136 days
stem potential of –1.5 to –1.6 MPa in preharvest deficit trees for the wet, medium, and dry treatment, respectively. Fast
had no effect on yield or fruit quality in either year. Midday growing species in descending order were palo verde hybrid,
stem water potential reached –2MPa by the end of the season Prosopis velutina (mesquite), Chilopsis linearis (desert willow),
in deficit trees. Cluster-thinning in Spring 2011 reduced yield and Pistachio x ‘Red Push (pistache) based on their growth
but did not affect fruit size or fruit quality. Cluster-thinning index. Trunk area was largest for palo verde hybrid trees, fol-
and preharvest water deficits in 2011 reduced crop load and lowed by pistache, mesquite, desert willow, and Pinus elderica
increased fruit size in 2012. In 2011 and 2012, crop load in all (Afghan pine). Smallest trees based on growth index and trunk
trees was compared to fruit quality. In both years there were area were Quercus virginiana (live oak) and Rio Grande ash.
strong inverse relationships between crop load and fruit size Although all species increased in height, growth index, and
(R2 = 0.85 and 0.78) for unstressed trees, respectively. Soluble trunk surface area, no significant differences in growth of the
solids content, titratable acidity and stem pull force were also same species receiving the different irrigation treatments were
reduced as crop load increased. In 2012, preharvest deficits, recorded by October 2012 with the exception of growth index
resulted in significantly smaller fruit when adjusted for crop for live oak. Symptoms of deficit irrigation started to develop
load as a covariate. Crop loads of 12 fruit/cm2 TCSA and on some species in spring and progress through the summer as
22 fruit/cm2 TCSA in unstressed trees and 10 fruit/cm2 TCSA marginal leaf burn, foliage dieback, terminal branch dieback,
and 18 fruit/cm2 TCSA in stressed trees resulted in average or loss of interior foliage. Overall quality of some trees such
fruit sizes of 12 g and 10 g, respectively, indicating that crop as Arizona cypress, Afghan pine, and Rio Grande ash started
load adjustment and planned deficits could be useful tools for to decline due to reduced foliage cover. After 30 months of
coping with drought. treatments trees of similar size can be grown with half the
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Agriculture and Agri-Food amount of water that is applied to a tree of the same species in
Canada and Okanagan Kootenay Cherry Fruit Growers the wet irrigation treatment without detrimental consequences
Association for several species.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S213
 Thursday, July 25 2013

11:30–11:45 AM Water scarcity, impaired water quality, decreased soil qual-

Evaluation of a Vegetative Landform Cap to ity, and aberrant weather are listed among the top risks to
grape production in the western United States (Thrupp et al.,
Reduce Water Percolation
2008). Grapes are the highest value fruit crop produced in the
Edward W. Bush* United States, and all grape products combine to generate an
Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge; ebush@ estimated $162 billion impact on the American economy each
agcenter.lsu.edu year. Perhaps the most important issue associated with global
Jeffrey S. Beasley warming for California is related to water availability (Weare,
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge; [email protected] 2009). California’s warmer winters and springs have led to
reduced snow-pack, increasing the seasonality of water flows
Magee Shaw and directly affecting the ability to grow plants, produce food,
LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge; [email protected] and support growing populations (Allen-Diaz, 2009). This
Industrial wastes can pose significant environmental, health, and report describes results from two years of deficit irrigation
ecological concerns. A study was conducted at a Solid Waste of table grapes grown in the San Joaquin and Coachella Val-
Surface Impoundment (SWSI) in Baton Rouge, LA, to assess leys. The objective was to determine the effects and limits of
conventional and alternative landfill caps and their effects on deficit irrigation strategies on vine development, yield, and
water percolation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate grape quality for table grape production. Starting in 2011, two
the establishment of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon 0.9 ha plots in California were selected, one in Delano in a
L.) soil caps, and evaluate chemical and physical properties of ‘Crimson Seedless’ late maturing table grape and, the other
clay and topsoil and their ability to restrict water movement one in an early season table grape, ‘Sugraone’ in Mecca. Rows
through soil profiles. Sixteen treatments of clay, topsoil, and/or (west–east oriented) contain 32 vines spaced 2.1 m apart within
combinations of the two soils at various capping depths up to 90 the row and 3.6 m between rows. The plots contained 3 rows
cm (36 inches) in depth were constructed in 15-cm (6-inch) clay with the middle row being the data row. The vines are drip ir-
lifts over the entire test area with the exception of control plots rigated with one lateral on each vine row with three emitters
of exposed filter cake and topsoil-only capping treatments. All per vine each discharging 3.8 L/hour. Three irrigation
capping treatments were seeded with common bermudagrass. treatments were used: T1 as the normal grower practice (GP)
Data was subjected to analysis of variance and means were and two deficit irrigated treatments, T2 and T3, as a percent-
separated using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test at a signifi- age reduction of GP during specific growth stages. In 2011, no
cance level of 0.05. Impounded waste had a high salt content, differences between treatments in terms of yield were achieved
and excessive levels of calcium, magnesium, and chloride were in any location even with reductions of applied water of 5%
detected. As clay and topsoil depths increased bermudagrass and 10% for T2 and T3, respectively, for both varieties. During
coverage increased, and water percolation to the impounded 2012, the ‘Sugraone’ harvest data demonstrated largest yields
waste was reduced. Soil caps comprised of 61 cm (24 inches) for T2 and no effect in ‘Crimson Seedless’ even with reduc-
of clay, and ≥ 31 cm (12 inches) of clay with topsoil maintained tions near to 22% less water in the entire season. In terms of
a greater barrier that limited capillary rise of salts and had ≥ fruit quality, positive effects were found for deficit treatments,
90% bermudagrass coverage. Soil caps composed of 61 cm (24 achieving highest values for soluble solids in ‘Sugraone’ T2,
inches) of clay with or without topsoil, and 31 cm (12 inches) of both years, and ‘Crimson Seedless’ T3 in 2011. Improvements
topsoil over 31 cm (12 inches) of clay had a cumulative total of in color development were also significant in this late season
≤ 2.40 mL of water percolate to the impounded waste over 16
table grape both years, parameter extremely important in this
months. Based on 16 months of monitoring, cap composed of
variety.
15 cm (6 inches) of topsoil over 61 cm (24 inches) of compacted
clay maintained soil stabilization, increased evapotranspiration,
minimized water percolation, and contained impounded wastes.
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
11:45 AM–12:00 PM Nursery Crops
Sustainable Water Management Strategies for
Moderator: Alison Stoven O’Connor,
California Table Grapes
[email protected]
Isabel Abrisqueta*
USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA; [email protected] 11:15–11:30 AM
James E. Ayars Landscape Transplant Success of Chanticleer®
USDA–ARS, Parlier; [email protected] Pear Grown in Three Container Types
Andrew J. McElrone Alison Stoven O’Connor*
University of California, Davis; [email protected] Colorado State University, Fort Collins; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S214 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Anthony J. Koski Rodney Thomas Fernandez

Colorado State University, Fort Collins; tony.koski@ Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
colostate.edu Guihong Bi
James E. Klett Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@ msstate.edu
colostate.edu Amy Fulcher
Daniel K. Struve University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected] Robert L. Geneve
The most commonly used container type for nursery tree produc- University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
tion is the black plastic (BP) container. The longer trees remain
Genhua Niu
growing in BP, the greater the potential for the development
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@
of circling and malformed roots. Root injury sustained during
ag.tamu.edu
production may negatively affect tree health when planted in
the landscape. Research at Colorado State University used Sven Verlinden
Pyrus calleryana Decene. ‘Glen’s Form’ (Chanticleer®) to West Virginia University, Morgantown; sven.verlinden@
compare tree production using two non-conventional, fabric mail.wvu.edu
container types, Root Pouch® (RP), and Smart Pot® (SP), with Bert Cregg
BP containers to determine the effects of container type on tree Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
roots following transplant in the landscape. After growing in a
nursery production setting, trees were planted into bluegrass turf Mathieu Ngouajio
in Fall 2010 and Spring 2012. Post-transplant success of trees Michigan State University, East Lansing; ngouajio@msu.
was determined during the growing season using pre-dawn leaf edu
water potential and infrared leaf canopy temperature to detect T. Kijchavengku
stress. Trees were harvested in Fall 2011 and 2012 using an air Michigan State University, East Lansing; thitisilp@gmail.
spade (after one and two growing seasons) to evaluate transplant com
establishment using growth measurements (e.g. root and shoot
re-growth, leaf area, height, caliper, and branching). In 2011 Rafael Auras
and 2012, there were no significant container effects on height, Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected].
caliper, root:shoot ratio, and dry leaf, shoot, and root weight. In edu
addition, there were no container effects on pre-dawn leaf water Susmitha Nambuthiri
potential and infrared canopy temperature. In 2012 there were University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; [email protected]
significant container effects for average root re-growth beyond
Renee Conneway
the original root ball: BP had 17.5% root re-growth compared
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;
to 30.2% and 29.4% for RP and SP, respectively. There were
[email protected]
no significant differences for root re-growth in 2011 (8.4% BP,
10.6% RP, and 10.2% SP). Though there were no significant dif- Youping Sun
ferences in 2012 for above-ground growth, nor dry root weight, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, El Paso,
root re-growth and visual root architecture differed among the TX; [email protected]
three container types. One preliminary conclusion from this This one-factor completely randomized experiment was con-
study is that you cannot predict below-ground establishment ducted in Michigan, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Texas, in order
potential based on above-ground growth. Another conclusion is to test plant growth and water use in containers made from
that using best management practices when planting is unlikely material other than virgin plastic. From July 2011 to June 2012,
to correct problems caused by container type in the nursery. Euonymus fortunei ‘Roemertwo’ were planted in three types of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Colorado Nursery Research and #1 (~3.8 L) containers (treatments) and evaluated. Con-
Education Foundation, CSU Agricultural Experiment Station, tainer treatments were: 1) polyethylene PF400-SM (control);
CSU Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture 2) Western Pulp 7X7RD (WP); and 3) Kord 07.50 Fiber Pot
(Kord). From June 2012 to May 2013, Buxus x ‘Green Velvet’
11:30–11:45 AM were evaluated in four types of #1 containers: 1) control; 2)
WP; 3) root pouch 15–20 month (RP) 4) keratin pot (KP). Sub-
Plant Growth and Water Use in Plastic, Fiber, strate volumetric moisture content (SVMC) was determined by
Keratin, and Root Pouch Containers EC-5 moisture sensors in 2011, GS3 and EC-5 sensors in 2012
Xueni Wang* (Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA). Plant daily water use
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] (DWU) was calculated as SVMC 5 minutes after irrigation

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S215
 Thursday, July 25 2013

minus SVMC immediately before the following irrigation 12:00–12:15 PM

period multiplied by container volume. Plants were irrigated Determining the Carbon Footprint of Tree
to replace 100% DWU. For E. fortunei, in all states, plant
Production System Components in Field
growth and biomass were not different between treatments.
A higher mortality rate in plastic than Kord and WP container Nurseries using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
was observed at the end of 2011 growing season. The DWU for Dewayne L. Ingram*
WP and Kord varied by states in both years. The root zone University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; [email protected]
temperature of KP was similar to control, and for WP and RP Life cycle assessment (LCA) applies international standards in
was 9% and 15% lower than control in Michigan, container determining the carbon footprint of products and processes. LCA
temperature in other states varied. Mortality of Buxus was 0% was used to determine the carbon footprint of production system
for all states by October 2012; mortality will be evaluated in components of field-grown, 5-cm-caliper trees in the midwestern
May 2013. United States. The production systems of a representative genus
of deciduous shade trees and evergreen trees have been analyzed
11:45 AM–12:00 PM for their impact on the balance of atmospheric greenhouse gases
Photosynthetic and Morphological Response (GHG) during production and during the trees’ useful life in the
landscape. Input products and the use of machinery during the
of Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir to the Combined
life cycle of tree production result in GHG emissions and con-
Effect of Irrigation and Fertilization in stitute a global warming potential (GWP), or carbon footprint
Controlled Environment (CF). The dominant contributor to the CF during production of
Ismail Koc* all trees studied to date was equipment use and the majority of
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] that occurred at harvest. As an example, the CF of Picea pungens
(Colorado blue spruce) from seed to landscape was calculated to
Pascal Nzokou be 13.558 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). During a 50-year
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] life in a favorable landscape site, the weighted positive impact
Three-year-old (plug+2) Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) of carbon sequestrated by this tree was estimated to be –593 kg
Poir.] seedlings were grown under three irrigation (375, 750 CO2. After considering the emissions resulting from tree take
and 1500 mL/week) and fertilization levels (2.5, 5.0, 10 g N/L) down and disposal at the end of its life, the net positive impact
in the greenhouse, with the goal of determining the interactive on GWP of this evergreen tree would be about –431 kg CO2e.
growth and physiological response to irrigation and fertilizer
application rates. Physiological variables measured included
chl concentrations (Chl a, b, total chl and carotenes), gas ex- Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10
change parameters [photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance
(Gs), transpiration rate (TR), water use efficiency (WUE), and
Environmental Stress Physiology
stem water potential (ΨS)]. Growth variables included height Moderator: Craig Ramsey, [email protected]
growth (HG) and root collar diameter (RCD). Irrigation had
the largest impact on HG and RCD. Water stress had a sig- 12:30–12:45 PM
nificant impact (P < 0.05) on gas exchange parameters for all Do Canker Pathogens Limit the Supply of CO2
three-measurement dates. The interaction of irrigation and fer- for Photosynthesis? Estimation of Stomatal
tilization on photosynthesis was statistically significant on the
and Internal Limitations in Maple Leaves in
September 18 measurement and not significant for the other
two measurement dates (August 5, and August 28). Gs and
Response to Phytophthora cactorum Inoculations
WUE showed similar seasonal trend throughout the measure- Hyungmin Rho*
ment period. Even though irrigation had a positive effect on University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
A, Gs, WUE, and TR, fertilization had a negative correlation Drew Zwart
with those variables. As expected midday stem water potential University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
(Ψmd) values were generally lower than the predawn (Ψpd)
values. Photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, chl b, total chl, and Soo-Hyung Kim
carotenes) generally increased throughout the treatment peri- University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
ods. However, the interaction of irrigation and fertilization on Phytophthora diseases are a major limiting factor to crop, for-
photosynthetic pigments was not significant (P > 0.05). Our est, and amenity plant growth worldwide. Canker pathogens
results suggest that the plant’s water condition is critical to can affect net CO2 assimilation (An) though phloem and xylem
physiological processes measured in the study. infections. While prior studies have shown that Phytophthora

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S216 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

canker infections limit An, reports regarding the underlying and systemic phenolic content data were inconclusive. While
mechanisms are variable. One possible pathway is through the exact physiological mechanisms remain unclear, it is likely
lowering CO2 supply by reduced stomatal (gs) and mesophyll that the lower CO2 assimilation rates observed in inoculated
conductance (gm). Our objective of this study was to quantify plants were due to a reduced stomatal conductance resulting
CO2 supply limitations in response to P. cactorum inoculations from a pathogen derived signal and/or hormonal response to
in red maple (Acer rubrum). We hypothesized that the inoculated wounding, leading to limitations in the supply of CO2 at the
plants will reduce both gs and gm, compared with the non- site of carboxylation, rather than a reduced demand for CO2
inoculated controls. We tested this hypothesis using the two resulting from feedback inhibition. Reduction of stem lesions
methods to determine gs and gm: 1) a method combining leaf observed in biochar treatment compared with the inoculated
gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and the biochemical control is likely a result of systemic resistance associated with
model of photosynthesis; and 2) a method utilizing the photo- higher photosynthetic productivity. Further studies will be
synthesis model with leaf gas-exchange measurements made needed in order to determine the exact mechanisms underlying
at the two O2 concentrations (2% and 21%). Our results show the induced resistance against lesion development in biochar
that gs and gm in the maple leaves decreased due to P. cactorum amended seedlings.
inoculations, leading to the limitation of CO2 supply to the site Specified Source(s) of Funding: The F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert
of carboxylation. The two different gm estimation methods Company
produced comparable gm values and similar response patterns.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert 1:00–1:15 PM
Company The Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on SAR
Plant Immunity Responses to a Bacterial Wilt
12:45–1:00 PM
Infection
Biochar Amendment Alters the Effects of
Craig Ramsey
Phytophthora Cankers on Leaf Physiology of USDA, APHIS, Fort Collins, CO; craig.l.ramsey@aphis.
Acer rubrum usda.gov
Drew Zwart* Heather Hammack
University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected] Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; heather.
Soo-Hyung Kim [email protected]
University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected] Steven Earl Newman
Previously we have shown that biochar amendment in potting Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; steven.
mix significantly reduced the size of necrotic lesions caused by [email protected]
Phytophthora spp. on Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra seedlings. The objective of this study was to determine the plant immunity
In addition, we have shown that biochar amendment mitigated effects of two oxidant disinfectants on kidney bean seedlings
the negative impacts of inoculation on biomass in A. rubrum and that were inoculated with a bacterial wilt [Curtobacterium flac-
on plant water status in Q. rubra. In this study, we present the cumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) (bacterial wilt of common
findings of a subsequent two-year experiment conducted with bean)]. Research has shown that chemical signals can increase
Acer rubrum with an emphasis on leaf physiological responses. the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) plant response to
Specifically, we examined maximum CO2 assimilation rates plant pathogens and insect herbivory. Oxidants such as chlorine
(Amax), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), dioxide and hydrogen peroxide may act as signals to increase
stem water potential, leaf phenolic content, leaf starch content, SAR activities that help defend plants from biotic stressors.
and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD measures) in order to gain The study factors for the kidney bean growth and morphology
an understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms responses were: 1) oxidants applied either four days before
associated with the increased pathogen resistance conferred by plants were inoculated with the wilt, or four days after plants
biochar amendment. When data from both years were combined, were inoculated; 2) non-inoculated plants and plants inoculated
multiple measures indicated that leaf physiological performance with Cff; and 3) four oxidant treatments. The four oxidant
was improved in inoculated plants that had been amended with disinfectant treatments were ClO2 at 200 ppm (Electrobiocide)
5% biochar compared to the inoculated plants with no biochar and H2O2 at 100 ppm (Oxidate) with each oxidant mixed with
amendment. Biochar amended plants showed reduced canker two different surfactants (EA and Sarc.). The kidney bean plant
expansion, higher Amax, higher stomatal conductance to water growth and morphology responses were total leaf area, specific
vapor, higher Fv/Fm, and higher chlorophyll content over the leaf area, total fresh weight, total oven dry weight, and relative
course of the experiments. These differences were significant in growth rate, as averaged across the six plants. The plants were
some weeks (P < 0.05), and the trend was consistent throughout harvested at 48 to 51 days after planting to take the growth
the experiments. Foliar starch content, stem water potential, and leaf morphology data. Each of the study factors (chemical

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S217
 Thursday, July 25 2013

treatment, inoculation date, and inoculation status) interacted that GmEXPB2, a root β-expansin gene, is involved in root
with each other (two, 2-way interactions) in three out of the system architecture responses to abiotic stresses and plays
six main plant growth responses. The total above-ground dry an important role in regulating adaptive changes of the root
biomass response increased by 35% and 24% for the non- system architecture. The use of GmEXPB2 gene expression
inoculated and inoculated plants, respectively, when the plants may be an effective tool to identify root characteristics, and
were sprayed with EB plus sarcosinate surfactant, at nine days have a great potential for improving crop productivity under
after planting. The study results show that oxidant disinfectants stress environments.
sprayed before the plants were inoculated had increased plant
growth. Also, the oxidant disinfectants show some promise 1:30–1:45 PM
for signaling/stimulating natural plant defenses against foliar Abscisic Acid Inhibits Leaf Expansion by
injury from the bacterial wilt. Future studies should focus on
the most effective treatments and increase the number of plant
Limiting Cell Expansion But Not Cell Division
replications in order to reduce variation between treatments. in Arabidopsis
Shinsuke Agehara
1:15–1:30 PM Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde, TX; shinsuke.
A Soybean β-Expansin Gene GmEXPB2 [email protected]
Involved in Root System Architecture Scott Finlayson
Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Transgenic Texas A&M University, College Station; sfinlayson@tamu.
Arabidopsis edu

Xinxin Li* Daniel Leskovar*

South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde; d-leskovar@tamu.
[email protected] edu
Abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation during water stress inhibits
Hye-Ji Kim
leaf expansion to limit plant water loss. When this acclimation
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
is induced by exogenous ABA, we have previously shown that
Hong Liao it is followed by rapid leaf expansion, with leaf area eventu-
South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; hliao@ ally recovering to the control level. We therefore hypothesize
scau.edu.cn that ABA inhibits cell expansion but not cell division, and the
Root system architecture determines the relative distribution maintenance of cell division enables such recovery of leaf
of plant roots in different soil layers and may respond plastically expansion after ABA degradation. To test this hypothesis, we
to different abiotic stresses including phosphorus (P) deficiency, treated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with 0 or 1
iron (Fe) deficiency, salt stress, and water deficiency, but its mM ABA at the rosette stage with 7–8 leaves. During 6 days
response mechanism is still unclear. Previously, we cloned following the treatment, ABA inhibited expansion of 5th and
and characterized a vegetable soybean β-expansin gene, Gm- 7th leaves by 10% and 53%, respectively, while it had no effect
EXPB2, from a Pi starvation-induced soybean cDNA library. on older leaves. Regardless of leaf age, epidermal cell number
This gene was mainly expressed in roots, and was highly in- per leaf was unaffected by ABA, suggesting that ABA inhibits
duced by Pi deficiency. In this study, we found that GmEXPB2 leaf expansion solely by limiting cell expansion. In addition,
was also induced by Fe deficiency, salt stress or drought stress. ABA affected neither number of stomata per leaf nor guard cell
Arabidopsis was transformed with a construct containing the length, which regulate the rate of gas exchange and transpira-
GUS reporter gene driven by GmEXPB2 promoter for the tion. These results suggest that ABA-induced inhibition of
gene localization analysis or the 35S promoter to drive the leaf expansion is a mechanism to conserve water by limiting
overexpression of the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of Gm- increases in non-stomatal evaporative area, as opposed to sto-
EXPB2 for the gene function analysis. Five-day-old seedlings matal closure that reduces transpiration. This mechanism may
were harvested and incubated in a GUS staining solution for not limit plant growth and photosynthetic capacity, as leaves
three hours at 37 °C, and the expression pattern of GmEXPB2 maintain both cell division and stomatal formation.
under different abiotic stresses was confirmed by GUS stain-
ing in transgenic Arabidopsis. Three overexpression lines 1:45–2:00 PM
were selected using q-PCR analysis for further study. Seven- Growth and Physiological Responses of
day-old seedlings were transplanted and subjected to differ- Bermudagrass to Salinity Stress
ent abiotic stresses for ten days. The overexpression lines of
GmEXPB2 showed significant increases in primary and lateral Ran Xu*
root length and lateral root number under low P and water Tottori University, Tottori; [email protected]
deficiency, while slightly increase under low Fe stress, but no Hideyasu Fujiyama
difference under salt stress. Taken together, our results suggest Tottori University, Tottori; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S218 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

The need for salinity-tolerant turfgrasses is increasing owing Espartan 2.70–3.03–2.60 humic acid) on the growth of marigold
to increased use of reclaimed or saline water for irrigation. The (Tagetes erecta L. ‘First Lady’) and nitrogen (N) leaching and
objective of this study was to investigate the salinity tolerance, to evaluate the effect of biochar on the fertilizer performance.
growth, and physiological responses of four bermudagrass Two greenhouse experiments were conducted, and plant extract
(Cynodon spp.) cultivars with different salinity tolerances. The fertilizers were evaluated against chemical fertilizer (20–2–20)
salinity treatments (in Hoagland’s nutrient solution) were 0, 100, and another organic fertilizer, Sustane (4–4–4), derived from
200, 300, and 400 mmol·L−1 NaCl. The reduction in relative turkey litter and feather meal. In Experiment 1, chemical,
shoot growth with increasing salinity indicated a salinity tolerance Sustane and Bombardier were used with or without biochar.
decreasing in the order of ‘Riviera’ > ‘Blackjack’ > ‘Savannah’ In Experiment 2, chemical, Sustane and Espartan were used
> ‘Sundevil 2’. Shoot and root growth of all cultivars were sig- with or without biochar. Plants received the same amount of N
nificantly affected by NaCl stress. However, root length and root from all treatments. Leachate was collected at 10-day intervals
dry weight of the salt-tolerant cultivars Riviera and Blackjack and analyzed for ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–). At the
increased significantly compared with the control. Tissue Na+ end of the experiments (62 d after transplanting), plant growth
and Cl– concentrations in all cultivars increased with increasing was measured. In Experiment 1, Bombardier resulted in high-
salinity. The most salt-tolerant cultivar, Riviera, accumulated est shoot dry weight after chemical fertilizer, which gave the
less Na+ and Cl– in leaves and roots and more K+ in leaves than greatest growth. Sustane produced the lowest dry weight among
the least tolerant cultivar, Sundevil 2. All cultivars had bicellular all treatments. Bombardier resulted in the highest N leaching,
salt glands. ‘Riviera’ excreted more Na+ and Cl– than the other mostly as NO3–N. Sustane resulted in the lowest N leaching,
cultivars through these glands. All grasses exhibited complete also mostly as NO3–N. Biochar had no effect on the fertilizers’
osmotic adjustment, and osmotic adjustment of ‘Riviera’ was performance with regard to shoot dry weight. Biochar also had no
less than other cultivars under salinity stress. Cultivars exhibited effect on N leaching from Sustane but reduced NO3–N leaching
marked differences in their responses to salinity. Our results from chemical and Bombardier pots. In Experiment 2, there was
indicate that the salinity tolerance of bermudagrass is associated no significant difference among treatments with regard to shoot
with leaf and root Na+ and Cl– regulation, in conjunction with dry weight. Among all treatments, Sustane resulted in the lowest
the maintenance of high leaf K+ levels and efficient excretion N leaching, mostly as NO3–N. No differences occurred among
of Na+ and Cl– by leaf salt glands. the other treatments. In terms of shoot dry weight, biochar had
no effect on the performance of fertilizers. In terms of N leach-
ing, biochar had no effect of the performance of chemical but
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 reduced NO3–N leaching from Sustane pots and increased NH4–N
and NO3–N leaching from Espartan pots. Results indicate that
Organic Horticulture both Bombardier and Espartan have performance limitations in
terms of plant growth or N leaching. Biochar did not affect the
Moderator: Brian Ward, [email protected] performance of fertilizers in terms of plant growth and its effect
on N leaching depended on the fertilizer used.
12:30–12:45 PM
The Effect of Biochar and Fertilizers 12:45–1:00 PM
Made from Plant Extracts on Crop Growth Influence of Organic versus Synthetic Nitrogen
and Nitrogen Leaching with Containerized Fertigation on Sweet Corn Yield, Quality, and
Greenhouse Plants Nutritional Quality
Touria E. Eaton* Brian Ward*
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; eaton@umext. Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
umass.edu
Consumer awareness and demand for fresh, high quality and
Douglas A. Cox nutritious organic sweet corn (Zea mays L. convar. saccharata
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; [email protected]. var. rugosa) has led to great consumer demand from organi-
edu cally certified farms. Our objectives were to determine yield,
Consumers’ increased awareness of the environment and sus- quality, and nutritional content of sweet corn fertigated with
tainability has created new markets for the floriculture industry. organically derived nitrogen (N) versus synthetically derived
Floriculture growers are increasingly adopting sustainable agri- N under conventional cultural practices to examine the effects
cultural practices to meet market demands. Organic fertilizers of the N source exclusively. A four factor completely random-
are considered sustainable because of their low energy consump- ized block design experiment including planting date, cultivar,
tion and impact on the environment. Biochar is presumed to be fertilizer source and rate was conducted under two separate
sustainable because of its carbon sequestration properties. The soil conditions at Clemson Coastal Research and Education
objective of this investigation was to evaluate fertilizers derived Center, Charleston SC. Two sweet corn shQ cultivars 3175 and
from plant extracts (Bombardier 8–0–0 liquid amino acid and 378a were grown with synthetic and organic N sources at 84,

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HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S219
 Thursday, July 25 2013

168, and 336 kg·ha-1 N, respectively, at two empirically chosen extensive international expertise in organic sector develop-
planting dates. Data collected included cobs/ha and kg·ha-1, ment. Over the past 7 years, the Organic Farming Project has
quality, nutritional content including mineral, phenolic acid established governmental structures and support services to
and carotenoid contents were determined. Of the two planting expand organic production and foster the further development
dates, it was determined that the 23 Mar. 2009 planting date was of this sector. To help meet the high standards for quality, the
superior in yield to the 20 Apr. 2009 planting date. Synthetic Ministry of Agriculture introduced its own Saudi National
N at the 4x rate produced greater yields on depleted soils when Organic Regulation and Standards in 2010. Standards include
compared to organic N at the 4x rate on enhanced soils. On guidelines for production, processing, trade, and the import of
enhanced soils, synthetic N at the 1x rate nearly equaled the 4x organic products. However, organic market development in
organic N rate. The lowest yielding were control plots without the Kingdom is largely dependent on consumer trust in certi-
N on depleted soils, followed by the organic N source at the 1x fied organic products. As a result, the Ministry of Agriculture
rate on depleted soils. The greatest yielding plots were synthetic is safeguarding consumers’ interests via its national organic
N source at 4x rates on depleted soils followed by organic N at control system. Its thorough implementation, together with the
4x rates on the enhanced soils. Phenolic acid content mg·g-1 did monitoring and surveillance of all organic-sector activities, is
not differ for either cultivar on depleted soils; however, cultivar the core function of the Department of Organic Agriculture
378a contained 11% more phenolic acid mg·g-1 on enhanced soils (DOA). This first Organic Sector Study offers an overview of a
when compared to depleted soils. The contrary was observed young but steadily growing organic sector. I hope this study will
for carotenoids for lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthanin, provide not only comprehensive insight into the current status
which was 21%, 31%, and 12% μg·g-1 greater in depleted soils of organic agriculture in the Kingdom but also an understanding
compared to enhanced soils, respectively. Lutein increased with of the potential health, economic and environmental benefits of
fertilizer rate with the 336 kg·ha-1 N rate producing the greatest this important segment of agriculture in the Kingdom.
lutein content of 0.99 μg·g-1. There was no conclusive evidence
that organic N fertilized sweet corn was superior to synthetic N 1:15–1:30 PM
fertilized sweet corn with regard to yield, quality, and mineral,
phenolic acid, and carotenoid contents.
Assessing the Suitability of Biofumigation
and Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation to Improve
1:00–1:15 PM Vegetable Crop Performance in Michigan
Organic Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Aaron Yoder*
Arabia Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]

Khalid Al-Redhaiman* Mathieu Ngouajio

Qassim University, Buraydah; [email protected] Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
The organic agricultural sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Pressure to improve alternative pest management practices has
is young and dynamic. All information contained in this report risen in intensive cropping systems due to the loss of broad-
has been compiled by the authors within the framework of the spectrum fumigants. Adding to this is the variable and inconsistent
“GIZ/MoA Organic Farming Project.” Global markets for certi- efficacy of alternative management including biofumigation (BF)
fied organic products have been growing rapidly over the past and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD). These practices were
two decades. Growth has mainly been driven by the increasing selected for evaluation based on amenability to environmental
health awareness among consumers. In consonance with global conditions of the upper Midwest. Biofumigation and ASD can
trends, Saudi Arabia is seeing a growing consumer demand for be combined through the use of brassica cover crops and virtu-
healthy and high-quality foods. Domestic organic markets are ally impermeable films (VIF). Used in concert, these practices
emerging in the Kingdom. However, in search of high-quality, have the potential to confer the advantages realized from each
healthy products, some segments of Saudi society have shifted system separately, including: improved nutrient cycling, soil
their consumption patterns toward imported organic foods. warming, water retention, and disease suppression. The objec-
Organic agriculture offers substantial opportunities for small tive of this study was to evaluate the impact of BF and ASD on
farmers in the Kingdom. The shift from severe competition at vegetable crop yield/quality while monitoring soil temperatures,
local conventional markets to an organic niche market offers nitrogen and CO2 concentration. In 2012, a field experiment was
attractive price premiums in a growing market environment. conducted at the Horticulture Teaching and Research Center
However, the benefits of organic agriculture are not confined (HTRC) in Holt, MI. Fifteen treatments were evaluated as a
to business opportunities. In addition to market considerations, fully factorial combination of 5 cover crops [oilseed radish
organic is environmentally friendly and protects the Kingdom’s (Raphanus sativus ‘Defender’), Oriental mustard (Brassica
valuable resources by strengthening soil fertility, biodiversity, and juncea ‘Pacific Gold’), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba ‘Ida Gold’),
other ecosystem services. In mid 1425H–2005G, the Ministry oat (Avena sativa ‘Excel’) and a bare ground control] with 3
of Agriculture commissioned GIZ to support the development mulching practices applied following cover crop incorporation
of the organic agriculture sector in Saudi Arabia, bringing in (standard black plastic film (BP), VIF, and no mulch (NM).

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S220 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Prior to incorporation, the cover crops were evaluated for dry utilize the vermicompost and produce larger plants. When VC
biomass and nutrient content. Following mulch application, was topdressed, a significant enhancement in growth compared
soil temperature, CO2 concentrations, and soil nitrogen were to control (0% VC) was apparent at 4% VC; whereas 8% VC
monitored. Fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum was required for a significant growth benefit when incorporated.
cv. ‘Big Beef’) was then transplanted, grown, and evaluated for Our second objective was to determine the effect of VC on the
plant biomass and crop yield/quality. Cover crop (and residual same species when transplanted into 4-inch (500 mL) contain-
weed) biomass at incorporation was 1939, 1229, 1210, 2030, ers. VC was incorporated into a peat-perlite substrate at rates of
and 651 kg/ha for R. sativus, B. juncea, S. alba, and A. sativa 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or 30% by volume. Four-week-old
and bareground treatments, respectively. No differences were seedlings were transplanted into the substrate and harvested after
observed in yields among cover crop treatments, possibly due 5 weeks. The addition of VC at 10%–30% increased the DW of
to lower than normal biomass accumulation. During ASD, soil tomato and pepper plants as compared to the control substrate.
nitrate and ammonium were higher under plastic treatments For petunia and snapdragon transplanted into 4-inch containers,
while CO2 levels were highest under VIF and lowest under NM. 10% appears to be optimal, additional VC led to a decrease in
Tomato fruit yield and shoot biomass was significantly lower on DW. Weekly leachate samples exhibited an increase in pH and
BP and VIF treatments compared with NM. Mulch treatments a decrease in EC over time. Nitrate concentration in leachate
provided favorable soil temperatures early in the growing sea- decreased over time and was completely depleted by week 3.
son, however, unusually high mid-season temperatures led to Ammonium also decreased over time but was still present in
root-zone temperatures above optimal for tomato growth. Our low quantities at weeks 3 and 4 for 10% to 30% VC treatments.
initial results suggest that under low disease pressures and high
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NRCS Conservation Innovation
temperatures, combining practices may result in lower yields
Grant
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Ceres Trust
1:45–2:00 PM
1:30–1:45 PM Exploring Best Organic Soil/Pest Management
Investigating Vermicompost as the Primary Practice through Farm Systems Analyses (FSAs)
Fertilizer Source in Organic Vegetable and of Organic Vegetable Farms
Flower Transplant Production Alexandra Stone*
Stephanie Beeks* Oregon State University, Corvallis; stonea@hort.
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] oregonstate.edu
Neil Mattson Helen Atthowe
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected]
Fertility management in production of organic transplants William Snyder
can be difficult. Transplants are grown in containers with a Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
small substrate volume and most substrates have a low nutri-
Michelle Wander
ent holding capacity. Organic fertilizers often have low levels
University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected]
of plant available nutrients that are not supplied in the correct
proportion to plant needs. Composts are commonly used in The goal of this project is to improve the environmental, eco-
organic substrates but they may be low in plant available nu- nomic, and social sustainability of organic vegetable farms
trients and microbe mediated nutrient release happens slowly. by facilitating the understanding and adoption of effective,
Commercially produced dairy manure vermicompost (Worm research- and farm-based, systems approaches to soil and pest
Power, Avon, NY) is a worm processed form of compost that management. These methods are needed to manage critical and
can be used in organic production. Our first objective was to seemingly intractable soil/pest problems such as aphids, nitrogen
determine the seed germination and plant growth response of supply, diseases, and weeds, as well as interrelationships amongst
pepper (‘Calwonder’), tomato (‘Rutgers 39’), petunia (‘Celebrity these factors. Draft FSAs have been developed of two Oregon
White F1’) and snapdragon (‘Rocket Mix F1’) to vermicompost and one Montana organic vegetable farms that a) are pushing
(VC). Germination trials were conducted using 0%, 4%, 8%, or the envelope on “systems management;” b) have successfully
12% VC by volume incorporated into the peat-perlite substrate managed common pest and soil management problems through
prior to seeding or topdressed at the same rates after 2 weeks. systems management; c) have at least 15 years of detailed farm
Incorporating the VC into the substrate did not significantly records; and d) have partnered with university researchers in
affect germination percentage of any of the species tested. Dry on-farm research studies. FSAs were developed by the farmers
weight (DW) was increased for 8% and 12% compared to 0% in cooperation with research/extension faculty with expertise
VC for tomato, petunia, and snapdragon. Pepper DW was sig- in pests and soils and with eOrganic, the national organic agri-
nificantly larger for 8% than 0% or 4% VC. Topdressing VC as culture information portal at eXtension.org/organic_production.
opposed to substrate incorporation allowed all species to better The FSAs include: 1)intensive interviews with each farmer to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S221
 Thursday, July 25 2013

document farm history and farming practices, how their farming film. Growers have modified traditional round balers to accom-
philosophy and practices have changed over time, pest and soil modate baling film. Others have purchased specifically designed
challenges they have overcome (or not), and trends they have balers that compact plastic into square 1,000 pound bales. These
observed on their farm; 2) detailed farm maps; 3) aggregation machines can save 75% in labor when removing plastic from
and analysis of farmer- and researcher-collected data sets; and overwintering structures and keeps the plastic clean. Three work-
4) literature reviews. Problem-focused cross-farm “stories” ers can remove film from four structures in 15 minutes where
(for example, on suppression of caterpillars and aphids) are using traditional manual labor would take 7–8 workers 90–120
also developed to describe trends that are observed on multiple minutes. A pesticide container recycling program was initiated
farms. Farm systems analyses and stories will be published at in 2002 with the cooperation of the Ag Container Recycling
http://eXtension.org/organic_production. Trends and research Council. The first year 676 containers were collected from 40
questions emerging from the FSAa will be described. The most participants. NJDA determined that the program was not cost
obvious cross-farm trend is that aphids and caterpillars on bras- effective and only one location continued to accept containers.
sicas were but are no longer a problem on these farms (and it The program expanded in 2008 to three locations with a private
is not clear why), while brassica flea beetles, onion thrips, and public partnership. In 2012, the program had 242 participants
cucumber beetles remain problems. Overall, the farmers report and approximately 110,000 containers were collected. Mulch
that crop health and quality seems to be improving over time; film and drip tape recycling has been a challenge since it is “dirty
the exception is that winter squash losses during storage are stuff.” Mulch film can contain between 50% to 60% contaminants
increasing (and it is not clear why). The FSAs have inspired comprised of soil, plant material, and other foreign matter. There
researcher-led projects on mechanisms of suppression of caterpil- are more than 10,000 acres where plastic is used for vegetable
lars and aphids as well as squash storage diseases, and farmer-led production in New Jersey. Each year farmers landfill this mate-
projects on nutrient management in high tunnel tomatoes and rial and pay more than $65 to $100 per ton for tipping fees for
nutrient balancing and insectary plantings in onions for thrip the estimated six million pounds of material. In 2012, two firms
and downy mildew management. began an economic development project to establish a facility in
Northern and Southern New Jersey to collect, wash and recycle
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA Western SARE Research
mulch film, drip irrigation tape, bunker silo plastic, peat moss
and Education Grant SW09-031
bags, and other agricultural films that may be contaminated. If
this project is successful growers will be able to recycle most
of their mulch film and drip tape, save money, and prolong the
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14 life of landfills.
Plasticulture
12:45–1:00 PM
Moderator: Jeremy Cowan, [email protected] Impacts from Three Years of an Integrated High
12:30–12:45 PM Tunnel Project in Mississippi
New Jersey’s Agricultural Plastics Recycling William B. Evans*
Program Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; wbe1@
ra.msstate.edu
Wesley L. Kline*
Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Millville, NJ; wkline@rce. Guihong Bi
rutgers.edu Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@
msstate.edu
Karen Kritz
New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture, Trenton, NJ; Karen. Mengmeng Gu
[email protected] Texas AgriLife Center, College Station; [email protected]

The New Jersey Department of Agriculture’s (NJDA) first ef- Vasile Cerven
forts at recycling agricultural plastics started in 1991 with baling Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; vc116@
greenhouse and nursery film. The effort was not successful as msstate.edu
the results of an inadequate long-term market. NJDA accepted High tunnels are unheated structures for growing high value crops
the role as facilitator in 1997 to develop a statewide program in over an extended season. Over the past few years, researchers at
an effort to recover an estimated one million pounds used each Mississippi State University (MSU) have studied several aspects
year by growers. From 1997 through 2004 the program was of high tunnel production. Our program started out with a grant
seasonal and collected on average 350,000 to 500,000 pounds to investigate using secondary covers in tunnels for production
annually. Each year participation increased and in 2005 expanded of warm season crops over the winter. The research portion
to a year round program collecting from 547,000 to a high of of this study included three replicate tunnels at two university
1.1 million pounds per year. Through 2012, New Jersey has locations, plus training tunnels at two grower sites. A critical
recycled almost 10 million pounds of nursery and greenhouse aspect of this research was strict adherence to the temperature

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S222 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

control protocol for venting the tunnels and using the secondary of Crown 1 and BioAgri reaching a maximum at 132 and 299
covers. The main research finding was that we could significantly days after incorporation, respectively. As the number of frag-
improve crop survival and overall performance with secondary ments declined for these two mulches, the average area of each
covers in our climate. We also learned that proper management fragment did not change, suggesting that a threshold fragment
of the openings of the tunnels could reduce but not eliminate size may exist for biodegradation during this time period. At the
high wind damage to these temporary structures. The project end of the study, 397 days after soil incorporation, Crown 1 and
was successful in terms of its extension and teaching outcomes BioAgri had deteriorated 100% and 65%, respectively, whereas
and impacts. It resulted in thousands of contacts, more than a SB-PLA-11 showed no appreciable deterioration based on total
dozen field days, several individual tours. The state of Missis- fragment area. Broccoli yield was only measured in the second
sippi now has more than 200 high tunnels at least in part due to year, after mulch had been soil-incorporated. When compared
this project, and several enduring partnerships between MSU to non-mulched subplots, mulch increased total and market-
scientists and those in surrounding states were forged out of this able crown weights 36% and 30%, respectively (P = 0.001 and
project. The project PI has appeared on national television, and P = 0.04, respectively), and decreased days to harvest by 6%
the team has partnered in the creation of several web outreach (P = 0.0002). There was no impact on broccoli yield due to
sites and publications, and made over twenty scientific presenta- mulch product.
tions to five different scientific societies.
1:15–1:30 PM
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA NIFA Grant # 2009-
55618-05169 Plasticulture Grown Cabbage: Effects of Plant
Population and Planting Dates on Crop Yield
1:00–1:15 PM Charles Barrett*
Deterioration of Three Biodegradable Plastic University of Florida, Gainesville; charlesedwardbarrett@
Mulches before and after Soil Incorporation in a gmail.com
Broccoli Production System Lincoln Zotarelli
Jeremy Cowan* University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; jeremy. Lucas Paranhos
[email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Carol A. Miles Guilherme B. Buck
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Debra Inglis Mihai Giurcanu
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; dainglis@wsu. University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
edu Growers in the major cabbage producing regions in Florida
Deterioration of three potentially biodegradable plastic mulch rely on seepage irrigation achieved by the upward movement of
products, BioAgri, Crown 1, and SB-PLA-11, was evaluated water from capillarity resulting from an artificially maintained
before and after soil incorporation over two growing seasons, water table just below the root zone. The water use efficiency
2011 and 2012, with broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) of seepage irrigation is typically lower than 50%. Therefore
as the test crop. In-season mulch deterioration was evaluated growers are seeking more efficient irrigation methods to reduce
during both growing seasons by estimating the percentage of crop losses, increase yield, and improve water/nutrient use ef-
visual deterioration (PVD). The PVD at the end of the growing ficiency. Plasticulture, or the use of drip irrigation and plastic
season differed significantly by mulch product in both 2011 and mulch, offers approximately 95% water use efficiency, increased
2012 (P < 0.0001), and was greatest for Crown 1 both years plant population per area, and reduced weed and possibly disease
(63.8% and 71.3%, respectively). The PVD for BioAgri (11.8% pressure. Cabbage ‘Bravo’ was grown on 48-inch wide raised
in 2011, 10.5% in 2012) was greater than for SB-PLA-11 both beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation. A split plot
years (1.3% in 2011, 0.5% in 2012). Mulches were incorpo- design with randomized complete blocks and four replications
rated into the soil at the end of the first growing season and was used. Main plots consisted of three or four rows of plants
soil samples were collected every three months for 13 months. per bed and the subplot factors were in-row plant spacing (6,
Fragments of mulch recovered from each soil sample were 8, 10, 12, and 14 inches), the final plant population ranged
photographed, and mulch deterioration was evaluated based from 16,802 to 52,272 plants per acre. The trial was planted
on average area per fragment, total number of fragments, and on two dates, 25 Oct. and 06 Dec. 2012. The October plant-
total fragment area, using ImageJ software. The average area ing yielded 15% more marketable cabbage than the December
per fragment decreased over time after soil incorporation for all planting. There were significant interactions between planting
mulch products. The total number of mulch fragments initially date and in-row spacing (P = 0.01) and number of rows per bed
increased for all mulch products, with the number of fragments (P = 0.02) for marketable yield. Wider in-row spacings performed

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S223
 Thursday, July 25 2013

better for the October compared to the December planting. For plots at three times: mulch installation, tomato first flower, and
the earlier planting (October), treatments of 10, 12, and 14 inch tomato final harvest. For each sample, breaking force and elon-
averaged 41,700 lb/acre and were significantly greater than 6 gation at break in the machine and transverse directions were
and 8 inch in-row spacings. In the later planting (December), measured in the laboratory. Regression analyses evaluated the
in-row spacings of 12 and 14 inch averaged 41,770 lb/acre, linearity of relationships between visual assessment parameters
which was 17% and 50% higher than the 10 and 8 inch in-row and mulch tensile properties. The strongest relationship overall
spacings, respectively. The 3 plant rows per bed treatment was (P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.41) was between the percentage of initial
unaffected by planting date, whereas the 4 plant rows per bed breaking force in the machine direction (BF-M-PD) and log10
treatment yielded significantly lower for the December plant- of the percentage of visual deterioration (PVD-L10). For each
ing. Marketable yield for the 4 plant row per bed treatment unit of increase in PVD-L10, BF-M-PD decreased by 31.78%.
averaged 36,960 lb/acre for the October planting, while 27,839 However, when analyzed separately by mulch treatment,
lb/acre for the December planting. In general, higher cabbage the relationship between BF-M-PD and PVD-L10 was only
marketable yields were obtained with a plant population in the statistically significant for WeedGuardPlus (P = 0.0001; r2 =
range of 16,802 and 39,204 plants/acre for the October planting 0.30). The strongest relationship for BioAgri and BioTelo was
and 16,802 and 26,136 plants/acre for the December planting. between elongation at break in the machine direction (El-M)
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA FDACS Specialty Crop and PVD-L10 (P ≤ 0.03; r2 = 0.10 and r2 = 0.22, respectively);
Block Grant for WeedGuardPlus the strongest relationship was between
elongation at break in the transverse direction (El-T) and the
1:30–1:45 PM percentage of visual deterioration (PVD; P = 0.009; r2 = 0.42);
and for polyethylene the strongest relationship was between
Evaluating Visual Assessments of Mulch the percentage of initial elongation at break in the transverse
Deterioration to Predict Changes in Mulch direction (El-T-PD) and log10 of the area under the deteriora-
Mechanical Properties tion progress curve (AUDPC-L10; P = 0.002; r2 = 0.22). No
statistically significant (P > 0.05) relationship was identified for
Jeremy Cowan*
SB-PLA. While moderate relationships were detected overall,
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; jeremy.
it is important to note that visual assessments and tensile tests
[email protected]
each measure different properties of the mulch materials, and
Carol A. Miles thus are measures of different factors of deterioration. To better
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] assess the ability of visual assessments to predict mechanical
Karen Leonas properties, independent evaluation of mulch products and in-
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] creased sampling frequency is recommended

H. Liu 1:45–2:00 PM
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] The Evolution of Ohio Strawberry Plasticulture
Arnold Saxton Production (2001–2013)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Brad R. Bergefurd*
Debra Inglis The Ohio State University, Piketon; [email protected]
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; dainglis@wsu.
edu
E. Barclay Poling
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; strawberrydoc@
Visual assessments can be a quick and inexpensive tool to gmail.com
evaluate mulch deterioration in the field. Laboratory evaluation
of mulch mechanical properties provide an objective measure Shawn Wright
of the physical status of mulch, but the equipment necessary is University of Kentucky, Jackson; [email protected]
inaccessible to growers and some researchers. Unfortunately, Strawberry plasticulture has been researched under southern Ohio
no comprehensive comparison of these methods has been re- conditions since 2001. Our goal was to determine if strawberry
ported. This study evaluated the relationships between visual plasticulture would be a viable strawberry season extension
assessments and mulch tensile properties. Using tomato (So- technique for Ohio growers. There were several potential benefits
lanum lycopersicum L.) as a model crop, visual assessments identified to growing strawberries in plastic covered raised beds
of five mulch treatments were made twice monthly over the over the traditional matted row culture system, such as an earlier
2010 through 2012 growing seasons at Mount Vernon, WA. harvest, cleaner fruit, ease of picking, and higher yields. A two-
Mulch treatments included black polyethylene plastic and four year on farm non-replicated trial was set up by authors with two
biodegradable mulches: BioAgri, BioTelo, WeedGuardPlus, southern Ohio growers. Results of these observation trials were
and an experimental spun-bonded polylactic acid (SB-PLA) mixed, with more questions being raised than answered. What
non-woven fabric. Mulch samples were extracted from field are the correct planting dates for our area? What types of row

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S224 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

covers are needed for winter protection? What varieties perform concentration increased significantly as K rate increased. The
well under southern Ohio conditions? In Fall 2001, replicated effect of K fertilization rate on tissue N concentration was non-
trials were established at the Ohio State University Piketon Re- significant. Shoot fresh weight, tuber fresh weight, and the shoot
search and Extension Center to study winter protection covering to tuber weight were all unaffected by K. As N fertilization rate
materials, cultivar evaluations and dates of planting. This paper increased, shoot weight increased significantly. However, just
will share the results of our 12 years of replicated strawberry the opposite occurred for tubers, where tuber weights increased
plasticulture research and the lessons we have learned. Our last 170% and 487% when N rate decreased from 350 ppm to 200
12-year average replicated trial results have shown an optimal and 50 ppm, respectively. When comparing the results for tu-
planting window for southern Ohio being September 10–20, bers with tissue N concentrations, there is an apparent shift in
with Chandler variety being the most consistent yield performer resource allocation when tissue N drops below approximately
with yields as high as 23,799 kilograms per hectare. Trial results 4%. This is further supported by the shoot to tuber ratio increase
have also indicated that row cover management is required for of 687% and 791% when fertilization rate increase from 50 ppm
winter protection of strawberry plants in Ohio with the heavier to 200 and 350 ppm, respectively. Further research is needed to
1.5 ounce floating row covers showing the least winter plant determine the critical tissue concentration of N where dahlias
damage and higher yields. shift growth partitioning toward or away from tubers. However,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Ohio Vegetable and Small Fruit this data does indicate fertilization of dahlias with high N can
Research and Development Program reduce tuber production while limiting N can promote tuber
production. There was no effect of three K rates on growth of
dahlia shoots or tubers, which indicates regular fertilization with
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2 50 to 100 ppm K2O should supply sufficient K for production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Longwood Gardens, The
Floriculture American Dahlia Society and USDA ARS
Moderator: Alicain S. Carlson, [email protected]
12:45–1:00 PM
12:30–12:45 PM
Growth Regulators Applied to Poinsettias in
The Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Production Affect Cyathia Drop and Bract Edge
Fertilization on Growth and Nutrient Content of Burn in Postproduction
Container-grown Dahlia ‘Magic Moment’
James E. Barrett*
Matthew D. Taylor* University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA;
[email protected] Carolyn A. Bartuska
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Timothy E. Elkner
Pennsylvania State University, Lancaster; [email protected] Robert F. Weidman
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Dahlias are a popular floriculture crop and are grown as herba-
ceous perennials, potted plants, cut flowers and for tuber produc- In the production of poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex
tion. Specific nutritional guidelines have not been developed in Klotzsch), the use of a combination of 6-Benzylaminopurine and
order to optimize container production. Proper information on Gibberellins A4&A7 (BA/GA) for expanding bract size and the
fertilization rates and tissue nutrient concentrations are required use of paclobutrazol are expanding. Preliminary studies indicated
to maximize productivity and quality for growers. The objec- that these chemicals may be affecting the occurrence of cyathia
tives of this research were to establish base line nitrogen (N) drop and Bract Edge Burn (BEB), which is often associated with
and potassium (K) fertilization rates as well as tissue nutrient Botrytis. Two experiments were conducted in 2012 to further
concentrations to maximize plant quality while minimizing over evaluate this relationship. For both, plants were grown using
fertilization. Dahlia ‘Magic Moment’ plants were field produced standard production procedures. The BA/GA (Fascination) was
from cuttings in 15 L containers outdoor in Kennett Square, PA, applied at a concentration of 5 mg·L-1 for each chemical using a
starting May 13, 2010, for 106 days. On weekdays, plants received spray volume of 200 mL·m-2. At the end of the production phase,
fertilizer treatments, which were a factorial arrangement of three the plants were sleeved and moved (shipping) to a dark room for 3
N rates (50, 200, and 350 ppm) and three K2O rates (50, 200, days. Then plants were unsleeved and placed in a postproduction
and 350 ppm). There was also a control treatment of 0 N and 0 room with 12 hours of lights. In postproduction, the numbers of
K giving a total of 10 treatments with 4 replications. Tissue N cyathia that were developing and still attached to the plant were
concentration increased and tissue K concentration decreased as counted on 2 laterals on each plant. With ‘Early Prestige Red’
N fertilization rate increased. This is likely the result of nutrient 7 days after shipping (DAS), the numbers of cyathia per shoot
antagonism where higher concentrations of positively charged on control plants, on plants only drenched with paclobutrazol
ammoniacal N in the fertilizer suppress uptake of K. Tissue K (1 mg·L-1) and on plants sprayed with only BA/GA were 3.6,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S225
 Thursday, July 25 2013

6.1 and 0.8, respectively. Paclobutrazol and BA/GA applica- weight and length, peduncle length, inflorescence width, and
tions were 7 days before shipping (DBS). For plants sprayed basal bract length were the lowest at full sun and at the 90%
with BA/GA and drenched with paclobutrazol, the number of shading level. The number of leaves per flower shoot, peduncle
cyathia were 1.3, 2.6, 2.0, and 3.2 when the drench was applied basal and distal diameter, and the length of the second to fifth
1, 7, 14, or 21 DBS, respectively. For plants sprayed with BA/ bracts were not affected by shading level. There was a positive
GA and with paclobutrazol (20 mg·L-1) 7 DBS, the number of correlation of flower shoot fresh weight with peduncle length
cyathia was 6.1. With ‘Prestige Red’ 10 DAS, plants sprayed and basal diameter, inflorescence length and width, and number
with paclobutrazol (30 mg·L-1) had more cyathia than did plants of bracts per inflorescence. Flower shoot length was positively
drenched with paclobutrazol (1 mg·L-1). Paclobutrazol reduced correlated with peduncle length but not with inflorescence length.
cyathia drop better when applied 5 or 14 DBS compared to 2 The longest flower shoots, which had the longest peduncles, also
DBS. Plants given BA/GA and sprayed with paclobutrazol had had the widest inflorescences and the longest bracts.
twice as many cyathia compared to plants only sprayed with BA/
GA. Occurrence of BEB was determined using a whole-plant Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACyT, Colegio de
rating scale with 1 = best and 5 = worse. BEB ratings for control Postgraduados (Campus Córdoba y Líneas Prioritarias de
plants and ones sprayed or drenched with only paclobutrazol Investigación LPI-12, LPI-13)
were similar. Rating for control plants and plants sprayed with
BA/GA 14 DBS was 1.8 and 3.4, respectively. Paclobutrazol 1:15–1:30 PM
sprays 5 or 14 DBS did not reduce the occurrence of BEB in Developing Production and Postharvest
plants sprayed with BA/GA. Protocols for Cut Penstemon grandiflorus
‘Esprit’
1:00–1:15 PM
Alicain S. Carlson*
Evaluation of Heliconia Cut-flower Production
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
under Shading
John M. Dole
Alma R. Solís Pérez North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los
Reyes, Veracruz; [email protected] The effects of production temperature and transplant stage on
stem length and caliper of cut stems and postharvest treatments
Raul I. Cabrera* on vase life of penstemon (Penstemon grandiflorus) ‘Esprit’ were
Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde, TX; r-cabrera@ examined. Plugs transplanted with 8–9 sets of true leaves had a
tamu.edu longer stem length (64 cm) at harvest than those transplanted with
E. Israel Silva Hernández 2–3 sets (58 cm) or 5–6 sets (61 cm). Flowering time decreased
Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los as production temperature increased and when transplants had a
Reyes, Veracruz; [email protected] greater number of true leaves. The addition of 2% or 4% sucrose
Eduardo Fuentes Sánchez with 7 mg·L-1 Kathon CG as a vase solution resulted in the longest
Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los vase life (9.4 d) of all treatments compared to the control (4.5
Reyes, Veracruz; [email protected] d). Commercial holding solutions significantly increased vase
life, while hydrators had no effect. The use of floral foam or
Edgardo Zalazar Marcial anti-ethylene agents, ethylene exposure, or sucrose pulses also
Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los had no effect on vase life. Wet or dry cold storage of cut stems
Reyes, Veracruz; [email protected] for more than one week reduced vase life. Penstemon may be
Most Heliconia species are found as understory plants, and suitable for heated greenhouse production and has acceptable
occasionally in small open spaces of tropical forests in Central commercial potential as a specialty cut flower as long as a floral
and South America. Despite this fact, cut flower Heliconia grow- preservative (holding or vase solution) is used.
ers in these regions typically grow them in open, non-shaded
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Hill Foundation and AFE
production areas with higher levels of irradiance. The present
study is being conducted to evaluate the flower productivity
and quality of soil-grown heliconia (H. psittacorum L.f. X H. 1:30–1:45 PM
spathocircinata Aristeguieta ‘Golden Torch Adrian’) exposed to Development and Evaluation of Injection-
five levels of artificial shading: 0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 90%. molded Bioplastic Container Prototypes
Data from 19 months after planting indicate that days to bloom,
James Schrader*
number of flower shoots per plant, inflorescence length, number
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
of bracts per inflorescence, and the bracts color (parameter a*
only) decreased with increasing shading level by a total of 19%, Kenneth McCabe
61%, 13%, 11%, and 6.8% respectively. Flower shoot fresh Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S226 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Gowrishanker Srinivasan posites as replacements for petroleum plastics in specialty-crop

Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] containers that can improve sustainability and reduce environ-
mental impact without sacrificing performance or productivity.
Kyle Haubrich
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
1:45–2:00 PM
David Grewell
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Identification of the Rose Rosette Disease Agent
Samy Madbouly Patrick Di Bello
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; patrick.dibello@gmail.
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
com
Michael Kessler
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Thien Ho
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
William Graves
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Ioannis Tzanetakis*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Sustainability and environmental impacts of container-crop
Rose rosette disease (RRD) was first described in the 1930s.
production are important to producers and consumers. While
the performance, productivity, and low cost of petroleum-plastic Symptoms of RRD include mosaic and mottling patterns on
containers have led horticultural industries to rely heavily on leaves, reddening on newly emerging shoots, excessive thorniness
containers made of these unsustainable materials, emerging on stems, and witches’ broom. A new Emaravirus, Rose rosette
bioplastics technologies provide alternative container materials virus (RRV) was characterized and found in perfect association
that may perform as well or better than petroleum plastics, yet are with RRD. Molecular detection methods including RT-PCR and
renewable and degradable. We created prototype containers of 14 qRT-PCR as well as immunological tests have been developed to
injection-moldable bioplastics and biocomposites and evaluated aid screening roses for RRV. Past research has established that
their effectiveness during greenhouse production of marigold, RRD is spread by the eriophyid mite Phylocoptes fructiphilius
petunia, salvia, pepper, and tomato and during establishment of and we were able to detect RRV in mites. Mites were individually
those plants outdoors with the container removed, crushed, and collected from RRV-positive roses and transferred to RRV-free
installed near plant roots. Materials evaluated were Mirel® PHA roses. Two months post infestation, material was tested posi-
formulations P1003, P1004, P1008, and P4010, and composites tive for RRV. The typical symptoms of RRD, described above
of P1003 and P1004 with dried distillers grains with solubles later developed. Total nucleic acids from diseased plants was
(DDGS); Ingeo® PLA and composites of PLA with DDGS, corn subjected to deep sequencing and no other viruses were detected
stover, and nano-clay; two high-percentage soy materials (SP and in diseased roses proving that RRV causes RRD.
SP.A); and two soy-PLA formulations (SP-PLA and SP.A-PLA)
blended 50:50 by weight. All materials except high-percentage 2:00–2:15 PM
SP and SP.A processed well on standard plastics-processing Global Gene Expression Changes in Response
equipment, and composites of PHA and PLA with DDGS or to Bent Neck and Petal Blueing in Cut Roses
corn stover processed better than their base resins without com-
‘Freedom’ and ‘Forever Young’
posite materials. After 5 weeks of greenhouse production, plants
grown in containers made of blended SP.A-PLA and SP-PLA Alicain S. Carlson*
were healthier, larger, and of better quality than plants grown North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
in control containers made of petroleum plastic, and with the Hao Zhu
exception of containers made of high-percentage SP and SP.A, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; hao_zhu1986@
plants grown in all other bioplastic containers were of similar hotmail.com
health, size, and quality as those grown in control containers.
Grower rating of functionality, durability, and appearance was George Allen
highest for containers made of PHA materials P1003, P1004, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; george_allen@
P1008, PHA composites with DDGS, and for controls. Grower ncsu.edu
ratings were lowest for high-percentage SP and SP.A containers, John M. Dole
which failed structurally in the greenhouse. In the garden trial, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; john_dole@ncsu.
plants grown for 8 weeks with bioplastic pieces installed near edu
their roots were of similar health, size, and quality and showed
similar fruit production as plants grown with petroleum-plastic
Bryon Sosinski
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; bryon_sosinski@
containers removed and discarded, with the exception of those in
ncsu.edu
the SP.A-PLA treatment, which were larger, of better quality, and
produced more fruit than controls. Our results demonstrate the John D. Williamson
potential to utilize injection-moldable bioplastics and biocom- North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S227
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Rose bent neck and petal blueing are major problems that many also produce fresh fruits, vegetables, potted plants, meat,
decrease cut rose postharvest quality, but the molecular mecha- or eggs. On average, 43% of surveyed farms’ income is from cut
nisms that occur during these processes are unknown. To begin flowers. 75% of farms are organic, but only 14% are certified
to understand the changes, we compared gene expression pat- organic or certified naturally grown. By far, most of production
terns using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The cDNA libraries (81%) is field grown in open ground. Crops are diverse: grow-
of Rosa ‘Freedom’ and ‘Forever Young’ were synthesized from ers produce on average 40 varieties or cultivars of cuts from
both healthy cut rose flowers and flowers that were at different 22 different species. From this list, the top 50 most commonly
stages of bent neck and petal blueing. The cDNA libraries of grown cultivars were identified for field and postharvest trials
‘Freedom’ healthy neck (DHN) and ‘Freedom’ bent neck stage in the 2012 and 2013 NCSU summer cut flower trials. Annu-
1 (DBN) were sequenced by Illumina® GAIIx sequencing plat- als comprise over half of all cuts grown, followed by bulbs at
form. Contigs were assembled de novo from expression sequence 20%, herbaceous perennials at 14%, and woody perennials at
tags of DHN and DBN and compared. Initial analysis showed 8%. Most farms trial new varieties yearly, but only 25% make
an increased expression of cell wall degradation, abscission and significant changes to what they grow on a yearly basis. Weed
stress related genes indicating that rose bent neck might be a control is the number one production challenge listed by growers.
combined effect of water stress and accelerated abscission of Many use plastic or organic mulches, hand weeding, and flame
the peduncle. weeding to control infestation. Most farms have cold storage
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Dole Fresh Flowers, Dept. facilities (71%) and use commercial floral preservatives (56%),
of Horticultural Science and College of Agticulture and Life although only 37% use hydrating solutions. 79% of farm sales
Sciences are retail, and 66% of retail sales are made at farmers markets.
80% of farms utilize social media or an online farm blog to
promote their flowers. Production and marketing challenges
2:15–2:30 PM
were identified and will guide future research.
The North Carolina Cut Flower Industry:
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NCDA/USDA Specialty Crop
Results of a Production and Marketing Survey
Block Grant
Halley Granitz*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Julia L. Kornegay Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon D/E
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; julia_kornegay@
ncsu.edu
Marketing and Economics
John M. Dole Moderator: John L. Griffis, Jr., [email protected]
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; john_dole@ncsu.
12:30–12:45 PM
edu
Partial and Enterprise Budgets for Growing
Charles Safley
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; charles_safley@ Hard Cider Apples in Virginia
ncsu.edu Gregory Michael Peck*
The cut flower industry is a small segment of North Carolina’s Virginia Tech, Winchester; [email protected]
floriculture industry, currently valued by the USDA Economic Gordon Groover
Research Service at $4.2 million in annual sales on 128 farms. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
In 2003, an economic and cost analysis survey of the industry
was conducted by Megan Weddington, an MS candidate at Jarrad Farris
North Carolina State University (NCSU). There has been little Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
information collected about cut flower production and market- Hard cider is a burgeoning part of the alcoholic beverage indus-
ing since. A survey was conducted among cut flower growers in try. To make a premium hard apple cider product, commercial
Spring 2012 and 2013 to determine their production and market- cider-makers desire apple cultivars with high tannin, high acid,
ing practices and to identify their biggest concerns. Forty-five and/or high sugar content. Some commercially grown apples,
responses were recorded from a representative sample of North such as ‘Albemarle Pippin’, ‘Winesap’, and ‘Granny Smith’ can
Carolina growers from different areas of the state. Results were serve these purposes. However, many cideries are also seeking
analyzed to obtain a current portrait of the growing industry. specialized apple cultivars with high tannin content or other
Many farms did not produce cut flowers in 2003 when the last characteristics that make them unfit for most other market desti-
industry survey was conducted. Seventy percent of farms have nations. To help growers outline the major revenues, expenses,
been growing cut flowers commercially for less than 10 years. and risk associated with producing special apple cultivars, a
The majority of farms are small; 64% are under an acre in cut partial budget for growing multipurpose apples (defined as apple
flowers. 84% hire less than two workers per year. However, cultivars that potentially have multiple market destinations, e.g.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S228 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

hard cider, fresh market, or processing) and an enterprise budget Ines Hanrahan
for planting and growing specialized hard cider apples were Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee;
developed. Both budgetary decision aids were created using [email protected]
Microsoft Excel® and are available as a free download that Since breeders face a long list of quality traits to focus on in
includes a built-in user’s manual. The budget workbooks can their breeding programs, information on how consumers value
be filled in by growers to calculate their production costs and these may help breeders better establish trait priorities and make
make a well-informed business decision to plant multipurpose the breeding process more efficient. This study investigates
and/or hard cider cultivars. By using data collected through sur- the marginal values consumers place on apple quality traits,
veying commercial apple growers and published apple orchard including internal and external quality traits. This is part of a
budgets, assumptions were made about the production costs and larger SCRI project that aims to increase the long-term eco-
returns that allowed the exploration of alternative scenarios for nomic sustainability of Rosacea crops by increasing the U.S.
Virginia orchards using sensitivity analyses. These analyses per-capita consumption of fruits. We conducted a second-price
are built into the downloadable Excel worksheets and provide auction along with a sensory tasting of apples with consumers
users with a starting point for customizing their own budgets. in November 2012. The studies took place in Pullman, WA; St.
The partial budget analysis suggests that growers would need Paul, MN; and Portland, OR. Three censored Tobit models are
to receive a median return of (U.S. dollars) $0.63/kg at a yield used to analyze the data where the bid is the dependent variable.
of 28,245 kg·ha-1 to show a net change in profits when growing External quality traits evaluated by consumers, internal quality
multipurpose apples instead of mainstream cultivars. Using a traits instrumentally measured, and both sets of quality traits
$0.79/kg selling price and mature yields of 36,485 kg·ha-1, our were used as regressors in the first, second, and third model
enterprise budget estimated the first year establishment cost at respectively. All three models include demographic and purchase
$35,635/ha, with annual variable costs at maturity of $8,080/ habits variables as regressors. Our goal is to find what group of
ha, and total variable costs over 25 years of $215,930/ha. As- attributes consumers value more, explicitly, external or internal
suming a discount rate of 12%, which reflects the rate of return quality traits, but also to estimate the marginal values consumers
a model operation could have earned if it had invested in its place on each apple quality trait.
next best alternative investment, the cumulative net present
value of net income before taxes becomes positive in year 11. 1:00–1:15 PM
Since commercial production of hard cider apple cultivars is Consumer Characteristics Affect on Local and
limited in the United States, let alone Virginia, our analyses Organic Purchasing
might be limited by unknown production risks and changes in
the market structure. Lingqiao Qi*
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Virginia Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services Ben Campbell
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected]
12:45–1:00 PM Yizao Liu
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected]
Relevance of Apple Quality Traits for
Consumers The terms local and organic are becoming common in most retail
environments, especially in the merchandising of produce. Recent
Lilian Carrillo* studies have examined the perceptions and misperceptions of
Washington State University, Pullman; carrillo.li@hotmail. these terms, as well as shown that consumers are willing to pay
com price premiums for produce. Another area of research has focused
R. Karina Gallardo on the consumer characteristics that drive increased purchasing
Washington State University, Wenatchee; karina_gallardo@ of local and organic. However, little to no research has examined
wsu.edu how consumer characteristics are impacting the tradeoffs between
local and organic purchasing in the marketplace. The objective
Chengyan Yue of this study was to understand how various consumer charac-
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] teristics, purchasing behaviors and environmental concerns (i.e.
Vicki McCracken being egotistic, altruistic, or biospheric) impact local and organic
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] purchasing, especially with regard to what causes consumers to
purchase more local and less organic, and vice versa. Using a
James Luby 2010 U.S. and Canadian survey, we categorize local and organic
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] purchasing into 9 groups representing each combination of local
James R. McFerson (none/seldom, sometimes, most times/always) and organic (none/
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee; seldom, sometimes, most times/always). Using a multinomial
[email protected] logit model, and its corresponding marginal effects, we are able

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S229
 Thursday, July 25 2013

to identify the impact of various consumer characteristics and 1:30–1:45 PM

behaviors on category assignment. Preliminary results indicate Market Viability of Native Central Texan Plants
a difference between U.S. and Canadian consumers. Further-
more, results indicate that certain consumer characteristics and
as a Food Source
purchasing behaviors do impact whether a consumer purchases Benjamin J. Glover*
more local and less organic as well as more organic and less Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
local. We also see that consumers’ environmental concerns play Tina Waliczek Cade
a role in which labeled produce they purchase, especially with Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
respect to consumers that are egotistic and altruistic. These
results will allow for a better understanding of what is driving Jean-Marc Gandonou
purchasing and will allow businesses to adopt strategies to be Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
more competitive in the marketplace. The purpose of this study is to test the consumer willingness to
pay rate of a native Texas plant fruit product for the restaurant
1:15–1:30 PM industry as well as for the consumer market. Farmers’ markets
Look at What Is Important: Eye-tracking and restaurants specializing in either local and/or organic foods
Research on Plant Displays were the focus of the market samples. The survey to determine
market viability was two-fold: the first part was an intercept
Bridget K. Behe* survey of farmers’ markets in multiple cities where individuals
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] were asked to participate in the survey, and the second part was
Ben Campbell a lead-user interview survey with restaurateurs in the same cities
University of Connecticut, Storrs; [email protected] as the farmers’ markets. Five cities all located in the geographic
area of Central Texas were included: San Marcos, Austin, New
Hayk Khachatrayn
Braunfels, Wimberly, and Bastrop. Approximately 400 responses
University of Florida, Apopka
were gathered from farmers’ markets during market days at
Charles R. Hall market locations. Ten surveys of restaurateurs provided more
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] in-depth qualitative data on the value of the product to specialty
Jennifer Dennis restaurants. Results indicate whether native plant food products
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] represent a viable horticulture industry.
Prior research has demonstrated that consumers vary in the value
1:45–2:00 PM
they assign to product attributes. Our study sought to investigate
the relationship between product attribute relative importance Gender Analysis of Labor and Resources in
and visual activity. We photographed plant displays and showed Greenhouse Vegetable Production in Turkey
them to 330 volunteer (compensated with $30) participants
Burhan Özkan
at six North American universities or research institutions.
Akdeniz University, Antalya; [email protected]
Displays were constructed to quantify relative importance for
4 (plant types) x 4 (production practices) x 3 (prices). Visual Robin Brumfield*
data was collected with a Tobii X1 Light Eye Tracking de- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; brumfield@aesop.
vice, extracted with Tobii Studio 3.0.2.218, manipulated in rutgers.edu
Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed with Stata 12. The conjoint The aim of this study was to identify existing gender roles in
analysis showed that the model was significant. Moderately greenhouse vegetable production in Turkey. For this purpose,
priced products ($2.49) were preferred over both lower and we conducted face-to-face interviews with the owners of 50
higher priced products, unlike prior studies. Modest price pre- vegetable-producing greenhouses to understand the average
miums ranging from $0.04 to $0.09 were attributed to the non- household structures, activity profiles, information sources,
conventional production practices with the greatest premium for training needs, access to resources, control over resources, and
water-saving production practices. We subsequently identified intra-household income stream. Activity profiles reflected the
3 consumer groups (plant focused, production method focused, hours per day men and women spent on specific greenhouse
and price focused). Consistent with the central gaze theory, most production and household tasks. We observed access to and
consumers looked at (total visit duration) the central sign longest. control of production resources for men and women and con-
However, no sign captured as much visual interest (total visit
trasted the two genders. We also contrasted the intra-household
duration) as the plant material. Attention to plant material was
income streams for the two genders. Compared to men, women
2x to 4x the attention to any one sign. Results can be helpful
had higher illiteracy rates and lower levels of education. They
to professionals, especially retailers, construct more effective
also had heavier workloads, the difference resulting from
plant displays.
household (reproductive activities) activities that were carried
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–FSMIP out mainly by women. Women’s and men’s workloads in the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S230 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

greenhouse (productive activities) were almost equal. Women production because of substantial losses they incurred and
received most agricultural information from neighbors, while uncertainty surrounding growing the crop in the presence of
men obtained most information from chemical salespeople. the diseases. Given the renewed interest in ‘Tahiti’ lime pro-
Notably, men received some information from the agricultural duction, the aim of this paper is to assess the downside risk
extension service—women received none. Women also had less involved in producing limes in the southern Florida region in the
access to and control over production resources. Furthermore, presence of these two invasive species. To account for the
the intra-household income streams in the selected households uncertainty associated with the presence of the diseases use is
benefited men more than women. The results of this study made of stochastic budgeting technique and Monte Carlo simu-
provide evidence for an unequal social structure and show lation involving the modeling of stochastic prices and yields.
that efforts should be made to increase women’s access to and The investigation is carried out for a hypothetical 5-acre lime
control of production resources, including information from orchard in southern Florida. The results suggest that production
the extension service. of ‘Tahiti’ limes can be profitable if steps are taken to manage
the diseases, but contrary to popular view, it might be better to
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Scientific Research Projects
wait until the trees become fully unproductive before replac-
Administration Unit of Akdeniz University
ing them.

2:00–2:15 PM
2:15–2:30 PM
Economic Potential of Producing Tahiti Limes Commercial Development of an Underutilized
in Southern Florida in the Presence of Citrus Fruit Crop: Purple-Fruited Pitanga (Eugenia
Canker and Greening uniflora L.) – A Case Study
Edward Evans* John L. Griffis*
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL; jgriffis@fgcu.
Fredy Ballen edu
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] Carl E. Sams
Jonathan H. Crane University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] Malcolm M. Manners
Currently the United States is the largest single country importer Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL; mmanners@
of fresh ‘Tahiti’ limes, absorbing close to 20% of the global flsouthern.edu
trade of limes and lemons in 2009. Of the 365 thousand metric
Theodore J.K. Radovich
tons of limes consumed in the United States in 2010, imports University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
accounted for about 99%. The vast majority (more than 90%)
of the lime import is supplied by Mexico—the world leading Ty G. McDonald
producer and exporter of ‘Tahiti’ limes—with the remainder University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
being sourced from suppliers in Central and South America Thousands of species of plants produce various industrial, ed-
countries. The overwhelming dependence on imports to satisfy ible or medicinal components, but fewer than 80 species yield
domestic demand for fresh limes was not always the case. As almost all of the food products available on a commercial scale
recently as 1990 the United States satisfied more than half of it worldwide. Why is it so difficult to introduce and commercial-
domestic needs from local production with production occur- ize other crops? Examination of an ongoing crop development
ring in the extreme parts of south Florida (Miami Dade County) project of purple-fruited pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) in Hawaii
and parts of southern California. The noticeable shift in degree yields some explanations that may aid others in developing
of lime self sufficiency is attributed to several factors. Among new crops in the future. Pitanga is not an entirely new crop. It
such factors were increased foreign competition, devastat- has been spread throughout the tropics by various means, but it
ing hurricane and outbreaks of pests and diseases. The latter, has seen only limited commercialization of the fruits and foli-
considered to be the worse of the three, involved the discovery age in its native Brazil. Factors that may have limited further
of two devastating citrus diseases present in Florida, namely development of pitanga include considerable variation among
citrus canker and citrus greening. Efforts to rid the production seedlings and their fruits, difficulty in clonal propagation,
areas of citrus canker led to an aggressive program of eradica- lack of recognizably superior cultivars, limited production in-
tion beginning in 2002 involving the destruction of all citrus formation, lack of pest and disease control recommendations,
trees grown in Miami Dade County and enforcement of regu- difficulty in determining when to harvest the fruits or foliage,
lations prohibited the growing of any citrus trees (commercial lack of postharvest handling information, lack of nutritional
or otherwise). Although since 2006 the program has been content information, lack of marketing, limited development
abolished, after being deemed cost-ineffective, and production of commercial uses for the fruits and foliage and lack of
restrictions removed, growers have been reluctant to restart research funding. Our research project attempts to address

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S231
 Thursday, July 25 2013

many of these factors as the development and commercialization some cultivars having nearly three times the concentrations of
of the crop moves forward. Comparisons to the recent success- nutrients of others and with considerable uniformity in cultivar
ful introductions of other fruit crops into the U.S. market are rankings among the elements. This work suggests that culti-
useful. vars and nutritional regimes can be selected for production of
nutrient-dense cabbage.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Hawai’i Tropical Specialty Fruit
Research and Development Grant Specified Source(s) of Funding: Massachusetts Agricultural
Experiment Station

Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon A/B 2:00–2:15 PM

Produce Quality, Safety, and Health Enzyme, Temperature, and Processing Effects
on the Percentage of Juice Recovery and
Properties Anthocyanin Changes in Blueberries
Moderator: Touria E. Eaton, [email protected] John C. Beaulieu*
USDA–ARS, New Orleans, LA; [email protected]
1:45–2:00 PM
Rebecca E. Stein
Mineral Nutrient Density of Cabbage in
USDA–ARS, New Orleans, LA; [email protected]
Response to Cultivar Selection and Nutritional
A small-scale fruit press (5.5-L Ferrari stainless/aluminum)
Regimes
plus and minus heated mash treatments with two pectinase
Touria E. Eaton* enzymes was utilized to determine the percentage of juice
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; eaton@umext. recovery (%JR) in fresh vs. frozen rabbiteye (RAB) and
umass.edu southern highbush (SHB) blueberries. To determine optimal
Allen V. Barker large-scale juicing protocols, a press sack was produced using
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; [email protected]. a medium-weave polyester mesh (#2636) that was also used in
edu follow-up pilot-scale hydraulic pressing on a Goodnature X-1.
All presses were at least triplicated. Lack of gelling and %JR
Md J. Meagy served as the critical processing points of interest. In the Ferrari,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; [email protected]. 500, 750, and 1,000 g fruit were initially tested using frozen,
edu thawed ‘Tifblue’ (RAB), not heated, no enzymes, and %JR was
Emad Jahanzad 73.1% (± 1.9), 72.7 (± 1.6), and 74.4 (± 0.4%), respectively.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst; ejahanzad@psis. Although numerically indifferent, the 1,000 g presses were
umass.edu easier to press, and delivered the most uniform cakes. Using
Mineral nutrient deficiency in vegetable-based foods is a 1,000 g berries heated to 85 °C marginally increased %JR
substantial concern in human diets. Depleted soil fertility and (76.9 ± 1.1%). Then, commercial-like mixes of 1,000 g SHB
high-yielding cultivars have been associated with low nutrient (‘Columbus’, ‘Montgomery’) and RAB (‘Magnolia’, ‘Biloxi’)
contents in vegetables. Research is needed to develop systems were evaluated fresh, frozen, via heated mashes (95 °C for
that introduce nutrient-dense crops to the markets. This study 3 min.) ± enzymes (AB Enzymes Rohapect 10L and Novozyme
explored if mineral nutrient densities of cabbage (Brassica Pectinex BE XXL). In fresh SHB pressed at room temperature
oleracea var. capitata) can be increased through selection of %JR was low (42.1 ± 4.6%) due to gelling yet, increased mark-
cultivars and nutritional regimes. Nineteen cultivars of cab- edly when mash was heated to 95 °C (71.1 ± 1.8%). RAB and
bage were studied in field experiments. Conventional fertilizer SHB delivered different %JR when pressed after thawing at
(10–10–10), compost, and an organic fertility regime of soybean ambient temperatures (45.9 ± 6.0% vs. 61.4 ± 7.4%). Heating
meal, bone meal, and potassium sulfate were assessed. Compost markedly improved %JR in both RAB and SHB to 60.8 ± 6.3%
was applied at 40 Mg/ha, and chemical or organic fertilizers and 68.6 ± 2.6%, respectively. Adding either enzyme after
provided 75 kg N–75 kg P2O5–75 kg K2O/ha. Elements in cab- heating did not significantly improve %JR in RAB or SHB.
bage heads were determined by plasma spectrophotometry. The Heating mashes increased Brix released (about 3° to 4°), and
organic fertility regime resulted in higher yield (fresh or dry adding enzymes resulted in the highest sugar content in RAB
weight) than compost, but lesser yield than chemical fertility (15.6) and SHB (17.4 °Brix) mixtures, and in ‘Tifblue’ (14.1).
regime. Chemical and organic fertility regimes resulted in ‘Tifblue’ fruit (27.5 Kg) was heated in a 40-L steam-jacketed
about 12% higher Mg, 17% higher Cu, and 9% higher Zn than kettle up to 95 °C for 2 min and %JR was 74.0 ± 1.0%. Raw
compost fertilization with lower but significant differences blueberries, press cakes, and clarified and non-clarified juice
occurring among most of the other elements. Differences samples were analyzed for anthocyanidins. Cyanidin, delph-
among individual cultivars for each element were large with inidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin were recovered in

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S232 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

all processing steps, with the press cake having the highest 2:30–2:45 PM
anthocyanidins, especially cyanidin, while the clarified NFC Developing an On-farm Decision Tree for Fresh
(not-from-concentrate) pasteurized juice contained the least.
The common 15 sugar-anthocyanin conjugates in blueberries
Produce Growers to Assess Risks and Prioritize
were recovered along with several already reported acetyl Implementation of Food Safety Practices
glucosides, and additional acetyl and courmaroyl glucosides Elizabeth Bihn
that have not been reported in the literature. Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
Michele A. Schermann
2:15–2:30 PM University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; [email protected]
Field Based Evaluations of Trace Element Annette L. Wszelaki*
Transfer from Contaminated Urban Garden University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Soils to Vegetables
Gretchen L. Wall
Ganga M. Hettiarachchi* Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Susannah K. Amundson
Chammi Attanayake University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Food safety is every growers’ responsibility, however, iden-
Phillip Defoe tifying and prioritizing food safety risks on the farm is often
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] difficult. While there are many food safety resources and tem-
Sabine Martin plates offering guidance on practices to reduce risks, most do
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] not explain how to assess risks or how to prioritize which food
safety practices should be put in place first. Not all risks are
Gary M. Pierzynski the same and farm resources are limited. Understanding how
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] to prioritize the implementation of food safety practices that
Tens of thousands of brownfields can be found in cities, towns, reduce the biggest risks is important to farm viability and safety.
and rural areas across the United States. Our work has focused, In this project, Decision Tree Portfolios were developed to help
in part, on the conversion of brownfields to garden areas fruit and vegetable growers assess on-farm risks and write farm
and is motivated by the increasing interest in locally produced food safety plans that guide and prioritize the implementation of
foods. Challenges of converting brownfields to community Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). Microbial contamination
gardening sites will be discussed using three urban–commu- of fruits and vegetables in the field and packinghouse can come
nity garden sites located in Kansas City, MO; Tacoma, WA; from many sources, such as wild and domestic animals, water,
and Indianapolis, IN, as examples. The Kansas City site had soil amendments, workers, and adjacent land. To address the
mildly elevated levels of lead (Pb); the Tacoma site had mildly diversity of risks, ten Decision Tree Portfolios were developed:
elevated levels of Pb and arsenic (As) and the Indianapolis Worker Health and Hygiene Training; Wildlife and Animal
site had elevated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Management; Biological Soil Amendments; Non-biological Soil
(PAHs), in addition, to mildly elevated levels of Pb and As. Amendments; Agricultural Water for Production; Agricultural
Suitable safety/corrective measures were suggested and Water for Postharvest Use; Previous and Adjacent Land Use;
implemented after thorough evaluation of soil properties. Sanitation Practices; Transportation; and Traceability. Each De-
Measures focused on reducing both direct (soil–human) and cision Tree Portfolio contains an overview of the topic, a decision
indirect (soil–plant–human) exposure of Pb, As, and/or tree for assessing risks, food safety template language, sample
PAHs to the gardeners and their children. In addition, field standard operating procedures, sample log sheets for recording
test plots were established within the community gardens, and food safety practices, and references for additional resources.
three vegetable crop types with three very different growth and Initial development and review of the Decision Tree Portfolios
contaminant uptake patterns were planted. Effectiveness of was guided by an advisory group of growers, extension educa-
selected site-specific soil amendments to reduce bioavailability tors, topic-specific experts, and government personnel. Focus
of Pb, As, and/or PAHs was evaluated. Different methodolo- groups were conducted with growers in Minnesota, New York,
gies will be utilized, throughout the project, to understand the and Tennessee to evaluate the final Decision Tree Portfolios for
significance of potential soil–plant–human exposure pathway usability and functionality. Educational materials will be dis-
of contaminants while gardening on mildly contaminated sites. seminated through nationwide train-the-trainer workshops for
Efforts were also made to understand relationships between key agricultural extension educators as well as through workshops
soil properties and contaminant bioavailability. with fruit and vegetable growers, with particular emphasis on
small and medium scale growers, including Amish, organic,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: U.S. Environmental Protection
and direct-to-market growers.
Agency
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFSI

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S233
 Thursday, July 25 2013

2:45–3:00 PM Xin Zhao

In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Annona University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
squamosa Leaf and Identification of Bioactives Charles A. Sims
by LC-ESI-MS-Qtof University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
G.K. Jayaprakasha* Grafting is an effective approach to controlling soilborne
Texas A&M University, College Station; gjayaprakasha@ diseases and alleviating abiotic stresses in cucurbits. Previous
ag.tamu.edu research revealed mixed results regarding rootstock impacts
on fruit quality. However, few studies evaluated fruit quality
Bhimanagouda S. Patil attributes using both consumer sensory analysis and instru-
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement mental measurements. In grafted specialty melon production,
Center, College Station; [email protected]
the rootstock effect on fruit quality deserves more attention
Annona squamosa Linn. (Family; Annonaceae) commonly as specialty melons are marketed for outstanding taste and
known as custard apple. A bark and root is used to prevent unique fruit flavor. In this field study conducted during the
diarrhea and dysentery. A decoction of the leaves is used for 2012 spring season in Citra, FL, galia melon ‘Arava’ (Cucumis
cold and also recognized for several medicinal properties. The melo var. reticulatus) and honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’
present study reports the antioxidant potential of various frac- (C. melo var. inodorus) were grafted onto commercial rootstock
tions isolated from leaves of custard apple and their chemical ‘Strong Tosa’ (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) (Ar/St and
constituents were identified by liquid chromatography with HY/St) and root-knot nematode resistant Cucumis metulifer
high resolution mass spectral analysis. Dried leaf powder was (Ar/Cm and HY/Cm). Ar/St and HY/St were grown in
successively extracted with various solvents including hexane, fumigated vs. non-fumigated conventional fields, while Ar/
ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water by increasing po- Cm and HY/Cm were grown in organic vs. non-fumigated
larity at 60 to 80 °C. All lyophilized extracts exhibited wide conventional fields. Non-grafted (NAr and NHY) and self-
range of free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) activity and grafted (Ar/Ar and HY/HY) melons were used as controls. At
antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method. Acetone harvest, eight to ten melon fruit with similar size and ripeness
extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (73% to 88% at were selected for both consumer sensory analysis and instru-
35 ppm) in DPPH and ABTS methods among tested fractions. mental assessment. Two consumer taste tests (96–100 panelists)
The same trend was observed in phospomolybedum method. The were conducted for each melon cultivar at two harvest dates.
degree of radical scavenging activity was comparable to total A 1–9 hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely)
phenolics present in each extract. Further, the acetone fraction was used in evaluating all the sensory attributes. Regardless
was separated on C18 column with gradient mobile phase and of the production systems, Ar/St received significantly lower
analyzed for their active constituents by rapid and high sensitive scores in consumer overall acceptability, flavor, and firm-
liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time ness liking compared to NAr. Reduced total soluble solids
of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS). We have (TSS) content and flesh firmness of Ar/St were detected by
identified two compounds using accurate mass spectral data the instrumental measurements. Grafting with Cucumis metu-
as methy armepavine and xylopine. The results of the present lifer significantly decreased consumer overall acceptability
study provide the use of best solvent to isolate antioxidant rich and flavor liking for organically grown ‘Arava’ fruit, but the
fractions which might provide potential biological properties. difference between grafted and non-grafted treatments was not
Further studies are needed to establish effectiveness of the detected in melons produced from the non-fumigated conven-
health benefits in in vivo models. This project is based upon tional filed. Interestingly, the instrumental measurements did
work supported by the USDA–NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 not show any significant differences in TSS and flesh firmness
“Designing Foods for Health” through the Vegetable & Fruit between Ar/Cm and NAr from either field. However, more
Improvement Center.
consumers detected off-flavor in Ar/Cm than in NAr. Across
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402- different production systems, few differences were detected
20875 from the instrumental assessment between non-grafted and self-
grafted ‘Arava’ fruit, whereas inconsistent results were observed
3:00–3:15 PM in the consumer sensory analysis. Different from ‘Arava’,
grafting did not exhibit any significant effect on TSS, flesh
Studying Quality Attributes of Grafted firmness, and consumer perceived sensory attributes of ‘Honey
Specialty Melons using Both Consumer Yellow’ melons. The influence of scion-rootstock interactions
Sensory Analysis and Instrumental on fruit quality in relation to consumer perceived sensory
Measurements properties of grafted melons deserves more comprehensive
studies.
Wenjing Guan*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: SARE

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S234 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

3:15–3:30 PM Bianca Smith

High Throughput Screening of Pyruvic Acid in Texas A&M University, College Station; brsmith4437@
Onions using Microplate Reader gmail.com
Akshata Kulkarni* G.K. Jayaprakasha
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Center, College Station; [email protected] Center, College Station; [email protected]
Ram M. Uckoo Suresh D Pillai
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Center, College Station; [email protected] Kevin M. Crosby
G.K. Jayaprakasha Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, College Station; [email protected]
Center, College Station; [email protected]
Bhimanagouda S. Patil
Bhimanagouda S. Patil Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, College Station; [email protected]
Center, College Station; [email protected]
Maintaining the postharvest quality (including health promot-
Onions are valued for their distinctive flavor and recognized for ing properties) of fresh cut cantaloupes is essential for both
their potential health benefits. Pungency of onions is a major the consumers and the produce industry. Fresh cut cantaloupe
criterion for economic remuneration and it can be quantified by fruits were packed in ambient, modified atmosphere (MA) and
measuring the enzymatically produced pyruvic acid. The pyruvic treated with or without low doses of electron beam irradiation
acid content is significantly influenced by the variety, location, (0.82 kGy). The treated cut fruits were analyzed for quality pa-
and their interaction with the environment. Approximately, 80% rameters including titratable acidity, color, Brix, sugar content,
of the total variation is caused is due to genetic differences in and microbial bio-burden at periodic intervals during storage at
the onions. This is a major problem to the cultivators in main- 4 °C. Modified atmosphere and e-beam irradiation treatments
taining the produce quality of mild onions. Therefore, accurate had a significant effect on the quality of fruits during the storage
measurement of pyruvic acid is critical. In the present study, a period. Sugars (glucose and fructose) were significantly higher
rapid colorimetric method using automated microplate reader in e-beam treated fruit packed under MA than the untreated
was developed to determine pyruvic acid in onions. In brief, fruit packed under ambient conditions. No significant variation
onion samples were treated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the color and titratable acidity were observed during storage.
followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce a colored However, low dose e-beam treatment of fresh-cut cantaloupe
adduct. The absorbance of the colored complex was read at λ485 reduced the microbial load (by 1–2 logs) compared to the control
nm using a micro plate reader. KOH enhanced the stability of samples. When MA was coupled with e-beam treatment, the cut
the colored complex up to two hours. The developed method is fruit maintained a lower microbial load for over 8 days compared
simple, robust, economical and reproducible for routine deter- to the irradiated samples in ambient conditions. E-beam treat-
mination of pungency in large number of onions. The method ment and MA together showed the greatest potential to reduce
can be applied to determine the level of pyruvic acid content in bio-burden and extend shelf life of fresh-cut cantaloupe without
different onion cultivars. This project is based upon work sup- affecting quality. This project is based upon work supported by
ported by the USDA–NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing the USDA–NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing Foods for
Foods for Health” through the Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Health” through the Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Texas.
Center, Texas.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This project is based upon work
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This project is based upon work supported by the USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing
supported by the USDA-NIFA # 2010-34402-20875 “Designing Foods for Health” through the Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Foods for Health” through the Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Center-TX.
Center-TX

3:30–3:45 PM 3:45–4:00 PM
Electron Beam Irradiation of Fresh Cut Microgreens: Assessment of Nutrient
Cantaloupe under Modified Atmosphere Concentrations
Extends the Shelf Life and Maintains the Gene E. Lester*
Quality USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected]
Ram M. Uckoo* Zhenlei Xiao
Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement University of Maryland, College Park; zhenlei.xiao@ars.
Center, College Station; [email protected] usda.gov

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S235
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Yaguang Luo Rob Fritts

USDA–ARS, BARC, Beltsville, MD; yanguang.luo@ars. Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; rob.fritts@
usda.gov valent.com
Qin Wang Gregory Venburg
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; greg.venburg@
Microgreens (seedlings of green vegetables and herbs) are gain- valent.com
ing in popularity as a new culinary ingredient, providing intense Johan Pienaar
flavors, vivid colors, and crisp texture when added to salads and Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; johan.pienaar@
other food preparations. Although microgreens would inherently valent.com
be regarded as a healthy addition to the diet, no information is
Jozsef Racsko
available on their nutritional content. The present study deter-
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; Jozsef.Racsko@
mined the concentrations of essential vitamins or provitamins
valentbiosciences.com
A, C, E, and K1 in 25 commercially available microgreens.
Results showed that different microgreens provide widely vary- Consumption and therefore production of leafy green vegetables
ing amounts of the four vitamins, but regardless they generally and salad mixes has been increasingly popular. Grower price
have significantly higher concentrations of these phytonutrients of leafy vegetables, e.g., spinach, for fresh consumption is
in comparison with mature leaves from the same plant species. primarily determined by leaf size. Higher commercial value is
These phytonutrient data provide the first scientific basis for associated with smaller leaf size (< 3 inches), known as baby
evaluating nutritional benefits of microgreens and, when included leaf. Larger leaf size is of reduced commercial value and prone
in the USDA food composition database, can be used by health to mechanical injury. Optimum harvest time is very narrow in
agencies and consumers to make educated choices about inclu- leafy vegetables due to their fast growth (23–38 day production
sion of microgreens as part of a healthy diet. cycle). Warm/hot growing temperatures that is characteristic of
the major growing areas of the United States (i.e., California,
Arizonia) often speeds up maturity to faster than planned. There
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 4-6 is a strong need to hold leaf size for several days to keep value
(i.e., in baby leaf stage) and time harvest. Recently, S-ABA has
Vegetable Crops Management been proven to effectively control leaf growth and keep leaf size
of spinach at high commercial value level for 3–5 days, without
Moderator: Derek D. Woolard, [email protected] side effects. There is an excellent crop safety with other leafy
green vegetables with spray applications of S-ABA up to 2,000
2:15–2:30 PM
ppm concentration (e.g., red leaf lettuce, baby green Romaine,
Growth Control of Leafy Vegetables with Lolla rosa, mizuna, tango, beet tops, Swiss chard, and parsley).
S-Abscisic Acid (S-ABA) for Improved Quality This study gives a detailed report on the potentials of S-ABA use
and Harvest Management in leafy green vegetables from a series of field trials conducted
under commercial production conditions. S-ABA, that has just
Derek D. Woolard* recently received federal registration, may become an important
Valent BioSciences Corp., Long Grove, IL; derek.woolard@
tool for leafy green vegetable producers to control leaf size, time
valent.com
harvest and ultimately improve grower profitability.
Frederick Marmor
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; fred.marmor@ 2:30–2:45 PM
valentbiosciences.com
Downy Mildew of Basil in Illinois: Occurrence
Paul Silverman and Management
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; paul.silverman@
valentbiosciences.com
Mohammad Babadoost*
University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected]
Liu Xiaozhong
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; liu.xiaozhong@
Alan DeYoung
Van Drunen Farms, Momence, IL; [email protected]
valentbiosciences.com
Downy mildew of basil, caused by Peronospora belbahrii,
Peter D. Petracek was first diagnosed in Illinois in 2009. Since then, this disease
Valent BioSciences Corp., Long Grove, IL; peter.petracek@
has occurred in Illinois every year. P. belbahrii infects leaves,
valent.com
rapidly multiplies and spreads, and can cause total crop loss.
Daniel Leep Infection of basil by P. belbahriiin Illinois can occur from late
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; dan.leep@ April until about the middle of October, but it is more common
valent.com during August–October. Trials were conducted during 2009–12

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S236 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

in commercial basil fields near Momence (Kankakee County, differences at Hermiston or Eltopia. In 2011, ‘Cherokee Purple’
IL) to evaluate efficacy of 14 fungicides for conventional tomato grafted onto ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Maxifort’ had significantly
production and eight compounds for organic productions of larger stem diameter than non-grafted and self-grafted tomato at
vegetables for control of downy mildew of basil. The plots Eltopia and Mount Vernon, and ‘Beaufort’-grafted plants were
were sprayed using 60 gallons of water/A at a weekly sched- significantly taller than other treatment plants at Mount Vernon.
ule. None of the compounds for organic production provided Grafting did not impact watermelon or tomato fruit yield or
effective control of downy mildew in basil plots. In contrast, quality at any location either year. Foliar symptoms of Verticil-
most of the fungicides applied, either alone, combined together, lium wilt were not observed on ‘Crisp’n Sweet’ watermelon at
or combined with spreader–sticker Induce 90 (0.125% at v:v) the Columbia Basin locations either year, however at Mount
provided effective control of downy mildew. The most effec- Vernon, ‘Emphasis’ and ‘Strong Tosa’-grafted watermelon had
tive fungicides were: chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik 6F, significantly lower Verticillium wilt severity than non-grafted
2 pt/A); dimethomorph (Forum 4.16SC, 6 fl oz/A); mancozeb and self-grafted watermelon both years. Microsclerotia were
+ zoxamide (Gavel 75DF, 2 lb/A); fluopicolide (Presidio 4SC, observed in all recovered watermelon stems sampled at Eltopia
4 fl oz/A); azoxystrobin (Quadris 2.08SC, 15.5 fl oz/A); cyazo- and Mount Vernon. V. dahliae was isolated from non-grafted
famid (Ranman 400SC, 2.75 fl oz/A); mandipropamid (Revus and ‘Emphasis’-grafted ‘Crisp’n Sweet’ stems at Eltopia, and
2.09SC, 8 fl oz/A); famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos 50DWG, non-grafted, self-grafted, and ‘Strong Tosa’-grafted stems at
10 oz/A), ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Zampro 525SC, Mount Vernon. Foliar symptoms of Verticillium wilt and mi-
14 fl oz/A), experimental fungicide-I (38.6 fl oz/A); and experi- crosclerotia in stems were not observed on ‘Cherokee Purple’
mental fungicide-II (38.6 fl oz/A. The severity of downy mildew tomato at either location both years.
in the plots that received any of above-mentioned fungicides Specified Source(s) of Funding: WSU CSANR, ORFR, WSCPR,
combined with phosphonate (ProPhyt 4L, 3 pt/A) and Induce 90 NARF, WSU Dept. of Horticulture
did not exceed 5%; while the severity of the disease in control
plots and plots that received compounds for organic production 3:15–3:30 PM
was 85% and greater than 75%, respectively. Currently, basil
growers in Illinois apply Quadris plus ProPhyt alternated with Efficient Intercropping for Biological Control of
Ranman plus ProPhyt alternated with Revus plus ProPhyt under Aphids in Organic Lettuce
special permit of section 18. Eric Brennan*
USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
2:45–3:00 PM
Organic lettuce growers in California typically use insectary strips
Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Verticillium of alyssum [Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.] to attract hoverflies
Wilt Tolerance of Grafted Watermelon and (Syrphidae) that provide biological control of aphids. A two-
Tomato in Field Production in the Pacific year study with transplanted organic romaine lettuce in Salinas,
Northwest CA, investigated agronomic aspects of lettuce monoculture and
lettuce-alyssum strip intercropping on beds in replacement in-
Carol A. Miles* tercropping treatments where alyssum transplants replaced 2%
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; milesc@wsu. to 8% of the lettuce transplants, and in additive intercropping
edu treatments where alyssum transplants were added to the standard
Sacha Johnson lettuce density without displacing lettuce transplants. Alyssum
Washington State University, Arlington; sacha.johnson@ and lettuce dry matter were determined at lettuce maturity. Alys-
email.wsu.edu sum transplants produced less shoot dry matter in the additive
than in the replacement intercropping treatments. The number
Debra Inglis of open inflorescences of alyssum increased with alyssum DM,
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; dainglis@wsu. and among treatments ranged from 2 to 15 inflorescences per
edu lettuce head. Compared to monoculture lettuce, lettuce heads
Growth, yield, fruit quality, and potential tolerance to Verticil- on intercropped beds were slightly smaller and had with lower
lium wilt were compared among non-grafted, self-grafted, and nitrogen concentration in the both additive treatments and
grafted triploid watermelon ‘Crisp’n Sweet’, and heirloom in some replacement treatments. This research provides the
tomato ‘Cherokee Purple’. Watermelon rootstocks were bottle first information on a novel additive intercropping approach
gourd and ‘Strong Tosa’ while tomato rootstocks were ‘Beau- to provide alyssum floral resources for biological control of
fort’ and ‘Maxifort’. Field trials were carried out in 2010 and lettuce aphids, and suggests that this approach may be more
2011 at Hermiston and Eltopia (eastern Oregon and Washing- land-efficient, particularly for producing slightly smaller lettuce
ton, respectively), and Mount Vernon (western Washington). heads for romaine hearts or for local markets with less strict
At Mount Vernon, watermelon grafted onto ‘Emphasis’ and size requirements. Additional research is needed to determine
‘Strong Tosa’ had significantly larger stem diameter than non- if the increased competition between alyssum and lettuce in ad-
grafted and self-grafted plants both years, while there were no ditive intercropping would reduce lettuce yields for wholesale

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S237
 Thursday, July 25 2013

markets with larger head size requirements. Practical aspects shoot biomass will further help us determine which species we
of implementing the various intercropping arrangements and will select for phase two of our study.
alternatives will be discussed.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Texas Department of Agriculture:
Specialty Crop Block Grant Program
3:30–3:45 PM
Intercropping to Mitigate Salinity Stress on
Watermelon: Halophyte Performance in a Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 13-14
Greenhouse Pot Study
Human Issues in Horticulture
Catherine Simpson
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] Moderator: Candice Shoemaker, [email protected]
Jose G. Franco* 2:15–2:30 PM
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
People’s Psychophysiological Responses to
Stephen R. King Tropical Urban Tree Pruning in Hawaii
Millican Farms, Millican, TX; [email protected]
Andrew Kaufman*
Astrid Volder University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Aarthi Padmanabhan
Increased continuous irrigation due to drought conditions and
University of Hawaii, Honolulu; aarthi.padmanabhan@
above average temperatures, and resulting salt buildup in soils,
gmail.com
can lead to a decline in yields in salt-sensitive species such as
watermelon. This greenhouse investigation is phase one of a Aliah Irvine
two-phase study aimed at assessing the potential benefits of University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected]
utilizing halophytic species as companion crops to watermelon Dioreme Navasca
in salt-affected soils. From this initial screening, two species University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected]
will be selected for intercropping with watermelon in a field
setting. Based on a set of criteria, the six species chosen for this Sang Mi Lee
screening were four-wing saltbush (Atriplex halimus), barley Rural Development Administration, Suwon; sangmilee@
(Hordeum vulgare), garden orache (Atriplex hortensis), purs- korea.kr
lane (Portulaca oleracea), saltwort (Suaeda salsa), and wheat Plants are a vital component of the social and economic health of
(Triticum aestivum). Treatments of 0, 3, and 6 dS/m irrigation our cities. Previous studies have shown how plants and natural
water were applied to plants over a 5-week period and plant landscapes can have significant impacts on people’s attitudes
species were replicated 5 times within each treatment level in as well as physiological states. Through this study, the visual
a randomized complete-block design. Preliminary results from stimuli shown to participants focus specifically on trees in the
soil bulk electrical conductivity averaged over the entire 5-week Hawaiian landscape that are subjected to proper and improper
period indicate that barley had the lowest soil EC in the 3dS/m pruning practices. Results obtained from analysis of physiologi-
treatment level at 0.30 dS/m followed by garden orache, wheat, cal measures recorded (ECG, GSR, EMG, and EEG) indicate
and four-wing saltbush (0.41, 0.43, and 0.47 dS/m, respectively). clear trends in peoples’ psychophysiological, cognitive and
In the 6 dS/m treatment level, garden orache had the lowest soil emotional responses.
EC at 0.55 dS/m followed by wheat, four-wing saltbush, and
barley (0.61, 0.67, and 0.69 dS/m, respectively). Purslane and Specified Source(s) of Funding: Kaulunani Urban & Community
saltwort consistently had the highest soil bulk EC at both salt Forestry Program
treatment levels (0.71and 0.65 dS/m at 3dS/m, and 0.90 and
0.83 dS/m at 6 dS/m, respectively) and, therefore, may not be 2:30–2:45 PM
taking up and accumulating as much salt as the other species. Exercise Intensities of Gardening Tasks as a
Plant growth data indicate garden orache was unaffected by salt
Physical Activity in Children and Adults by
treatments. It had the highest average absolute growth rate of
all 6 species and was the only species to exhibit significantly using Mets
higher absolute growth when treated with salt when compared Sin-Ae Park*
to no salt treatment. These preliminary results suggest wheat, Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
barley, four-wing saltbush, and garden orache, in particular,
A-Young Lee
may be well-suited as companion plants to watermelon. Due
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
to its slow growth rate, however, four-wing saltbush may not
be practical for use in a field production setting. Plant tissue Ho-Sang Lee
analysis of Na+ and Cl- accumulation as well as total root and Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S238 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Kwan-Suk Lee elementary students in the fifth and sixth grades. The sample
Hongik University, Seoul; [email protected] used for this study included fifth and sixth grade students from 4
elementary schools in Wonju, which have similar environmental
Ki-Cheol Son
conditions. The experimental group consisted of 123 students
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
(62 boys, 61 girls), four 5th and 6th grade classes. The control
Candice Shoemaker group included 123 students (boy 62, girl 61), four 5th and
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] 6th grade classes. This gardening program included activities
For health benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Preven- from sowing through harvesting and was designed to develop
tion and the American College of Sports Medicine suggested peer status, peer relationships and sociality. The program was
physical activity recommendation based on many research embedded in the school curriculum and included 90 minutes per
evidences. In adults, at least 30 min of moderate intensity physi- week for 10-week, from April 16 through June 25. Classrooms
cal activity and at least 60 min of moderate to high intensity and outside school garden (about 70 m2) were used for the
physical activity for children on the most days of the week are program. The treatment students were divided into groups (5
recommended. To utilize gardening as a physical activity for to 6 members) by pre-peer status. Results were analyzed using
health benefits, there is limited information regarding metabolic SPSS 19.0. ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) was conducted
equivalents for various gardening tasks especially in children to test difference of sociality scale, peer relation scale between
and adults. Therefore, this study was to investigate the meta- the experimental and control groups. Frequency analysis was
bolic costs of 10 gardening tasks in children and adults. Fifteen used for peer status scale. Firstly, the school gardening pro-
Korean children aged 13 to 14 years and 15 Korean adults in gram brought about meaningful differences in both durability
the twenties in the community of Cheongju, South Korea were of friendship (P < 0.039) and adaptability between friends
volunteered in this study. All participants were conducted a total (P < 0.029), subfactors of peer relationship, of the experimental
of 10 gardening tasks such as digging, raking, hand weeding, group. Secondly, there was significant improvement in sociality
mulching, transplanting plants, harvesting, watering, etc. in a (P < 0.000), especially in law-abiding (P < 0 .000), collabo-
community garden, Cheongju, South Korea that was previously ration (P < 0.000), subcategories of sociality. With regard to
prepared for this study. A 5-min for each gardening task and a peer status, in the experimental group the number of popular
5-min for resting time between each activity were provided. children increased while the number of neglected and rejected
The participants wore a portable calorimetric monitoring system children decreased. In contrast, in the control group, the number
(Cosmed K4b2) with radiotelemetry (Polar T 31) to measure of neglected and rejected children increased while the number
oxygen uptake and heart rate. As the results, the gardening tasks of popular children decreased. In conclusion, school garden-
performed by the children and adults in this study were moderate ing programs for promoting social relations among elementary
to high intensity physical activities. Gardening program with students give a positive influence on peer relationship, sociality,
moderate to high intensity can be expected to lead the same and peer status. Implementing and expanding a garden program
health benefits from other types of typical physical activities at school will effectively contribute to developing social rela-
in children and adults. tionship of the elementary school students.

2:45–3:00 PM 3:00–3:15 PM
School Gardening Program for Improving An Evaluation of the Fayetteville School
Social Relations of Elementary School Students Landscape Project
Sin-Ae Park* Ann Fleener*
Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; [email protected] Auburn University, Auburn, AL; [email protected]
Seong-Sil Kim Carolyn W. Robinson
Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; [email protected] Auburn University, Auburn, AL; [email protected]
Ki-Cheol Son Donald J. Eakes
Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; [email protected] Auburn University, Auburn, AL; [email protected]
In our lifetime, we establish various relationships with differ- David Williams
ent people from different groups. Building and maintaining Auburn University, Auburn, AL; [email protected]
desirable social relations is a key to living a happy life. In the Robert E. Lyons
case of senior elementary students, amicable peer relationships University of Delaware, Newark; [email protected]
help them to fulfill developmental goals such as socialization.
However, if they are rejected by their peers, it could lead to Contemporary children’s gardening began in 1993 when the
serious maladaptive problems. Thus, in this study, we will American Horticultural Society held its first symposium based
assess the effectiveness of school gardening program (from on youth gardening entitled “Children, Plants, and Gardens:
sowing to harvesting) for promoting social relations among Educational Opportunities” (Sealy, 2001). Since that symposium,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S239
 Thursday, July 25 2013

thousands of school gardens have appeared across the country life-threatening or that undermine long-term quality of life.
(Robinson-O’Brien and Story, 2009). Two such examples are RUTF formulation, preparation, distribution, and administra-
“The Edible Schoolyard Project”, in Berkley, California and the tion is complex, technically demanding, and input specific. It
“Growing Up Green Charter School” in Long Island City, NY. can also engage horticulturists operating in multidisciplinary,
Benefits that have been reported include increases in teamwork, outcome-oriented teams. Nourimanba—effective but expen-
improved nutrition and environmental attitudes, and respect, both sive—has been prepared, distributed and administered by
for self and others (Edible, 2010; Growing Up Green, 2009). Abbott Nutrition and its partners in Haiti. Nonfat dry milk
While school gardens are generally accepted as beneficial, few (NFDM) is the most expensive of the four ingredients in Nouri-
peer-reviewed studies have been conducted to examine school manba and it is imported. At Abbott Nutrition’s invitation, this
garden programs (Ozer, 2007; Robinson-O’Brien and Story, team set out to identify a crop-based alternative to NFDM that
2009). Since January 2009, Fayetteville School (FHS)—a K–12 can be grown in or near Haiti’s Central Plateau. Our specific
school in Fayetteville, AL—has been involved in a landscape objectives were: 1) identify candidate crops with a composi-
project that has transformed the school’s campus. So far, an tion profile that may qualify them for use in a re-formulated
expansive children’s garden and over 400 trees and shrubs Nourimanba; 2) identify a smaller subset of candidate crops
have been installed. Many of Fayetteville’s community, staff that also appear to be adapted to the production conditions of
and students have been involved in the project, with each of Haiti’s Central Plateau; and 3) estimate the amount of acre-
Fayetteville’s 650 students having the opportunity to be a part age required to produce one or more candidate-adapted crops
of planting, while many have been much more involved. This in quantities allowing for a substantial reduction in NFDM
study evaluated the landscape project using a case study method. use and related increases in Haitian farm-based income op-
Semi-structured interviews lasting 30–60 minutes were con- portunities. Objectives one and two were met by employ-
ducted with 14 faculty and staff at Fayetteville School. Several ing research-based data in a two-stage screening process.
themes were observed including an overall positive view of the First, the universe of available crops (nearly 7000 as listed in
project, an increase in school pride, and an increase in use of the the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory nutritional database) was
school grounds for both recreation and education. Challenges narrowed to twenty candidate raw crops calculated to possess
reported included lack of time to maintain the grounds and a a weighted, unit-less, four-component “formulation potential
lack of time to incorporate the grounds into school lessons. index” value equal to or greater than NFDM. Next, consulting
These results may offer the school insight into ways they can authoritative texts and reference information and employing
improve the ongoing landscape project. They may also benefit information therein in calculating a weighted, unitless, seven-
other schools hoping to implement a similar project, as these component “crop potential index” revealed that four crops
other schools can learn from the successes and struggles of the (teff, chickpea, sesame, and winged bean) may be most adapted
landscape project at Fayetteville. to production conditions common to Haiti’s Central Plateau.
Finally, consulting publically available, coded satellite images
3:15–3:30 PM and references regarding land use patterns in areas near an exist-
Can Locally-grown Crops Replace Nonfat Dry ing Nourimanba manufacturing facility and assuming certain
Milk in Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Foods? levels of crop use (NFDM replacement) and yield suggested
that land availability near the facility is unlikely to limit efforts
Innovative Malnutrition Solutions for Haiti
to develop a lower-cost and locally-enriching reformulated
Natalie Bumgarner version of Nourimanba.
The Ohio State University, Wooster; bumgarner.169@
buckeyelink.osu.edu Specified Source(s) of Funding: Abbott Nutrition and The Ohio
State University
Stephanie Short
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected] 3:30–3:45 PM
Corey Ballard Career Exploration of Horticultural Therapy
The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected]
Professionals
Daniel J. Schmitz
Anna Shinjo
Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH; [email protected]
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Yael Vodovotz
Candice Shoemaker*
The Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected]
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Matthew D. Kleinhenz* The profession of Horticultural Therapy (HT) in the United
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster;
States is considered an emerging profession yet one can
[email protected]
find historical reference to the use of gardening and farming
Ready to use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) are employed when in health care in the early days of our country. Limited re-
individuals reach levels of malnourishment that are immediately search has been reported on the profession, including studies

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S240 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

on the characteristics and HT professional aptitudes. The David A. Dzewaltowski

purpose of this study was to investigate the current conditions Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
of the HT profession including demographic characteristics, This project tested the feasibility of using a school garden to
employment, education, certification procedure, job satis- integrate youth, community, and family to promote healthy
faction, and career aptitude. The target population was the lifestyle choices for overweight prevention. There were
membership of the American Horticultural Therapy Associa- several components to this project. We 1) developed and
tion (AHTA). The membership was surveyed through an online tested a theory-based after-school gardening program that
questionnaire which was available from October to December promoted healthy lifestyle choices through targeting fruit
2012 via Axio Survey. An email was sent to all members with and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and gardening
an email address (n = 584, 30 members did not have an email behaviors, self-efficacy, and proxy-efficacy; 2) developed and
on record with AHTA and were not included in this study) that evaluated a volunteer program to build community support
explained the survey and provided a direct link to the online for the after-school garden program and for garden mainte-
questionnaire. The questionnaire included items from earlier nance; 3) built high tunnels and established school gardens
studies on the profession and adapted questions from studies for year-round food production; 4) developed biweekly family
in other allied therapies. A total of 238 completed the survey guides linked to the after-school gardening program to improve
for a 40% response rate. The demographics are similar to healthy lifestyle choices at home; 5) developed monthly
earlier studies with the majority being married (64%) females volunteer guides to foster community development; and
(81%), over 50 years of age (60%) and white (94%). The ma- 6) developed an assessment for self-efficacy and barriers to
jority of the respondents graduated college (84%) with 12% self-efficacy for gardening. The after-school gardening inter-
reported their highest level of education being an associate’s vention targeted 4th and 5th grade children attending schools in
degree, 39% earning a bachelor’s degree and 36% earning a Kansas school district and their parents. Participation in the
a Master’s degree. Most respondents had been a member of program was compared pre- and post- program through youth
AHTA for 10 years or less (71%), with 37% of those being surveys, parent surveys, volunteer surveys, and interviews of
members less than 5 years. Twelve percent of respondents had youth, school administrators, and volunteers. The after-school
been members for more than 20 years. AHTA offers a voluntary gardening program succeeded in increasing gardening time
professional registration program based on academic require- of the children, gardening self-efficacy and gardening barrier
ments and professional training. Sixty percent of respondents self-efficacy compared to children attending control sites.
indicated they were professionally registered through AHTA, Parents of children attending garden club increased in gar-
27% had been registered for less than 5 years, 35% had dening social support after intervention compared to control
been registered for 5–10 years, and 16% had been registered sites. Although we were able to see differences in gardening
for more than 20 years. The respondents’ view of employment behavior and self-efficacy, we did not see changes in the
conditions was that jobs are not easy to find, there are few jobs, healthy lifestyle choices also targeted in the intervention. We
and pay is not comparable to peer professionals. The respon- theorized that through gardening children would increase their
dents indicated that the profession needed a competency-based physical activity, reduce their sedentary behavior, and increase
certification and certification testing procedures. The results of their fruit and vegetable consumption. We saw no differences
this study are more similar than different from earlier studies in physical activity behavior and fruit and vegetable consump-
thus many of the needs in establishing the profession have yet tion of children attending garden club compared to control
to be met. sites and saw an increase in sedentary behavior of children at-
tending garden club. Accelerometer data from after-school hours
indicated that moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)
3:45–4:00 PM
was significantly higher during garden club than non-garden
Integrating Schools, Community, and Family to club after-school hours and that children obtained about 30
Effect Sedentary Behavior, Fruit and Vegetable minutes of MVPA during garden club and about 15 minutes
Consumption and Physical Activity through MVPA on non-garden club after-school hours. Additionally,
Gardening children participating in garden club were more physically
active and less sedentary on garden club days than non-garden
Candice Shoemaker* club days. Results demonstrate that an after-school gardening
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] club can serve as a venue for obtaining MVPA, particularly
Cynthia Domenghini for youth that may not participate in other forms of physical
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] activity.

George Milliken Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NRI

Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Gregory Welk
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S241
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 9-10 Newton Alex Mayer
Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas; [email protected]
Pomology David Michael Glenn
Moderator: Clive Kaiser, [email protected] USDA Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Shepherdstown,
WV; [email protected]
2:15–2:30 PM W.C. Bridges
Impacts and Outcomes of Integrated Pest Clemson University, Clemson; [email protected]
Management Extension Programs in Umatilla Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) is a disease syndrome in the
County, Oregon southeastern United States that often is characterized by tree
death from bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syrin-
Clive Kaiser*
gae). This bacterium produces a syringomycin toxin that kills
Oregon State University, Milton-Freewater, OR; clive.
plant tissue. Gene expression of this toxin is influenced by tissue
[email protected]
nitrogen content. Previous studies indicated that a high C/N
Leonard Coop ratio favored bacterial canker development in peach. Adjacent
Oregon State University, Corvallis; coopl@science. healthy and diseased pairs of trees with multiple replicates from
oregonstate.edu six different cultivars on six PTSL sites in South Carolina were
sampled in early April 2011 and 2012 (three orchards each year).
Kevin Masterson
Live, healthy cambial tissue was removed from scaffolds of
Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality, Portland, OR;
both healthy and diseased trees (bacterial canker symptoms).
[email protected]
Percentages of carbon and nitrogen in the tissue were analyzed.
Umatilla County is the breadbasket of Oregon generating the Nitrogen content of healthy cambium was significantly higher
most revenue from specialty crops and commodity agriculture in diseased trees at four of the orchards. The C/N ratios were
out of all the counties in Oregon. The fruit industries of the Walla also significantly lower in diseased trees at these same four
Walla Valley in northern Umatilla County generate more than $85 sites. These results did not confirm previous research. Timing
million per year. Codling moth, apple maggot, and cherry fruit of sampling, tissue type or cultural practices may be the reason
fly are major quarantine obstacles to national and international for contrasting results. Additional data on rootstocks and time
exports. In 2004, the “third strike” for codling moth in Taiwan of sampling will be discussed.
came from fruit produced in the Milton–Freewater area. This
shut down the entire United States apple market prematurely 2:45–3:00 PM
and cost the Pacific Northwest more than $26 million in lost Impact of Nitrogen on Vegetative Growth
revenue in the form of foreign exchange. Extension programs in
the Walla Walla Valley have aimed at monitoring for key pests
of Mature Peach Trees in a Subtropical
while preventing the introduction of new ones. Daily report- Climate
ing of pest counts together with interactive real time mapping Mercy A. Olmstead*
of the traps with current and historical counts have proven to University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
be invaluable tools for helping growers eliminate and reduce
Lincoln Zotarelli
“hotspots” in the Valley. Control programs have focused on best
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
management practices, using softer chemistries and collaborating
with other non-profit agencies to reduce toxic levels in the rivers Matthew Ross
and streams. Indeed, maximum in-stream concentrations of an University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
insecticide of concern for water quality have been reduced by The Florida peach industry has rebounded from devastating
over 90% from 2006. Similar significant reductions in stream freezes in the 1980s with increasing production and acre-
concentrations of an herbicide used in orchard areas were age. As the main production area shifts into southern areas
observed in 2012 as a result of recent collaborative efforts in with a subtropical climate, fertilization regimes developed in
the Valley. In addition, total insecticide applications have been temperate climates may not fulfill the nutritional demand of trees
reduced from 10,045 kg in 2007 to 2,745 kg in 2010 and are planted in these new production areas with extended vegetative
being maintained at these low levels. growth periods after harvest. The objective of this research was
to examine the effect of different nitrogen rates on peach tree
2:30–2:45 PM growth in a subtropical climate to determine the optimal rate
of nitrogen. Four rates of nitrogen (N) plus a control (N at 0
Ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen in Peach and
kg·ha-1) were applied to six-year-old ‘TropicBeauty’ peaches
Susceptibility to Peach Tree Short Life budded onto ‘Flordaguard’ rootstock in Citra, FL and included:
Gregory L. Reighard* 45 kg·ha-1, 90 kg·ha-1, 179 kg·ha-1, and 269 kg·ha-1 annually
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected] during the 2011 and 2012 growing season. Vegetative growth

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S242 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

measurements included trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), veg- regardless of treatment. The significance of these results on
etative and floral bud distribution on 1-year-old growth, pruning alternate bearing patterns in ‘Hass’ avocado will be discussed.
weights, total leaf nitrogen content (%), and chlorophyll content.
The TCSA measurements revealed no differences, however; trees 3:15–3:30 PM
in treatments with 0, 45, and 90 kg·ha-1 tended to be smaller Cutting Type and Time-of-Year Affect Rooting
than those receiving 179 and 269 kg·ha-1 annually. Trees with
0 and 45 kg·ha-1 produced lower tended to have lower prun-
Ability of Hardy Minnesota Prunus
ing weights; however, there were no statistical differences Emily Hoover*
after two years. Vegetative and floral buds were fewer in the University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
low nitrogen rates (0 and 45 kg·ha-1) with high numbers of blind Neil O. Anderson
nodes present in all treatments. Total leaf nitrogen (%) was University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
lower in the 0 and 45 kg·ha-1 treatments (3.7%) than the highest
two N treatments (4.1%). These results indicate that although Emily Tepe
trees in the lowest N treatments contained seemingly adequate University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
amounts of nitrogen, decreasing vegetative and floral buds John Tillman
over subsequent years may lead to smaller trees with reduced University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
yield, while trees with higher rates of N produced more blind All species and cultivars within the genus Prunus are difficult to
notes, requiring more severe pruning to maintain productivity. root. Thus, most cultivated accessions are grafted for propagule
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Florida Department of increase. The University of Minnesota Prunus germplasm and
Agriculture and Consumer Services cultivar releases include a variety of ornamental and edible types
that have received little research focus. Many accessions have
3:00–3:15 PM never been evaluated for their ability to root, even though at
least one sour cherry, P. cerasus ‘Northstar’, is not grafted and
Fruit Development Alters the Vegetative and sold on its own rootstock. Two experiments were conducted to
Reproductive Shoot Growth in ‘Hass’ Avocado evaluate if cutting position, time of year, or auxin treatment were
(Persea americana, Mill.) important for terminal and basal softwood-semi-hardwood root-
Rodrigo Iturrieta* ing success of: I) P. xcistena (control); P. armeniaca ‘Westcot’,
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] ‘Hardygold’; P. cerasus ‘Northstar’, ‘Meteor’; P. domestica
‘Superior’, P. spp. ‘Alderman’ treated with 1000 or 4000 ppm
Mary Lu Arpaia K-IBA for 10 seconds and II) P. xcistena (control) and P. spp.
University of California, Parlier; [email protected] ‘Alderman’ treated with 80 ppm each of K-IBA and ICapA
Harley Smith (Indole-3-caprioc acid) for 20 hr basal soak. Cuttings were taken
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] biweekly (June 5 to September 11, 2012) and then monthly until
Dec. 4, 2012. Cuttings were scored for callus formation, root
Avocado, specifically the Hass cultivar, is known for its al-
development, and bud break (leaves, flowering). The highest
ternate bearing tendency. This study focused on examining
frequency of rooting occurred in June and again in October–
alternate bearing at the single shoot level, across seasons and
December for P. xcistena and July, September–october for P.
considering vegetative and reproductive growth. Four-year
armeniaca ‘Westcot’. All other cultivars had very low rooting.
old ‘Hass’ avocado trees grafted onto ‘Duke 7’ clonal root-
Yield potential of transplantable seedlings ranged from 1.14%
stock in a commercial avocado grove in De Luz, CA, were
(P. spp. ‘Alderman’) to 24.09% (P. armeniaca ‘Westcot’) and
selected by similar size and bloom intensity. Individual shoots 40.23% (P. xcistena).
(N = 260) were tagged and followed for 3 years (2010–12) after
dividing the trees into two groups (N = 8 per treatment). Trees
3:30–3:45 PM
in the first group (“thinned”) had all inflorescences manually
removed from the tree during the 2010 flowering period. The Developmental Sensitivity of European Pear
second group of trees served as a control and were allowed and Sweet Cherry Floral Buds to Sub-zero
to flower and set fruit without intervention. There was a clear Temperatures from Late Dormancy
difference between the “thinned” and the control group where through Petal Fall
the former exhibited longer shoots and higher bloom intensities
than the latter. Furthermore, we observed that there were very Todd Einhorn*
few shoots which set fruit in consecutive years (0.1%). This Oregon State University, Hood River; todd.einhorn@
indicates that alternate bearing in ‘Hass’ avocado occurs at the oregonstate.edu
shoot level rather than on a whole tree level. We also observed a David Gibeaut
similar pattern of reduction in shoot length and bloom intensity Oregon State University, Hood River; david.gibeaut@
when shoots did not bear any fruit for two consecutive seasons oregonstate.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S243
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Late winter and early spring freeze events can have devastating Leland Glenna
impacts on tree fruit production. Our primary objective was to Pennsylvania State University, University Park; llg13@psu.
determine the critical temperatures resulting in 10%, 50%, and edu
90% reproductive bud mortality at distinct phenology stages of
Avinash Kak
sweet cherry and European pear cultivars from late dormancy
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
through anthesis. A secondary objective was to phenotype
the variability in reproductive bud development throughout Johnny Park
this period. Samples were collected from two sites, weekly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
beginning in mid-January through petal fall on commercially Tony Koselka
important cultivars of sweet cherry [‘Sweetheart’, ‘Skeena’, Vision Robotics Corp., San Diego; tkoselka@
‘Regina’ and ‘Bing’ (standard)] and European pear [‘Bosc’,
visionrobotics.com
‘d’Anjou’, ‘Starkrimson’, and ‘Bartlett’ (standard)]. All buds
were frozen at 1 °C per hour. Ice nucleation temperatures of Anouk Patel-Campillo
sweet cherry floral buds were detected by a high-throughput Pennsylvania State University, University College; aup20@
differential thermal analysis (DTA) system between dormancy psu.edu
and first swelling (earliest visible stage of bud development). James R. Schupp
Subsequent to bud swelling, DTA lost the capacity to accurately Pennsylvania State University Fruit Res. & Extn. Ctr.,
detect individual flower exotherms; therefore, bud hardiness of Biglerville, PA; [email protected]
advanced phenology stages was based on the visible presence
or absence of oxidative browning following freezing. Ice nucle- Clark F. Seavert
ation events within dormant and transitioning pear buds were Oregon State University, Corvallis; clark.seavert@
not detectable during freezing. We experimentally established oregonstate.edu
that water migration from buds, presumably to extracellular ice, Julie M. Tarara
was the cause of this; hence, microscopy was used to assess USDA–ARS, Prosser, WA; [email protected]
pear flower bud hardiness throughout the entire developmental
period. Anthers and pistils of both cherry and pear flowers were Bret Wallach
rated separately. The relationship between temperature and Vision Robotics Corp, San Diego, CA; bwallach@
bud survival was explained by a sigmoidal function. DTA and visionrobotics.com
visual assessment data were well-aligned during late dormancy Pruning of tree and vine crops is typically performed manually
and bud swell. In fact, data suggest that DTA may be useful for and accounts for the second largest labor costs, after harvesting.
detecting growth resumption and/or increased metabolism prior As well as the cost of labor, the availability of labor is a major
to visible changes in physical properties of reproductive cherry concern. This project was initiated to address these concerns, and
buds. Significant differences in hardiness among cultivars were investigate whether advances in fields such as machine vision and
evident between late dormancy and Stage 3 of development; robotics could be applied to developing autonomous pruners for
general hardiness ranking in cherry was ‘Regina’ >> ‘Skeena’ grape and apple. This SCRI-funded project includes participants
> ‘Sweetheart’ ≥ ’Bing’; and, for pear ‘Bosc’ >> ’d’Anjou’ > in the fields of pomology (Baugher, Hirst, Schupp), viticulture
’Bartlett’ ≥ ‘Starkrimson’. These genotypic effects were largely (Tarara), engineering (Park, Kak, Koselka, Wallach), econom-
attributed to early developmental differences among cultivars, ics (Seavert) and rural sociology (Glenna, Patel-Campillo).
and were reduced or disappeared entirely with advancing bud This multi-disciplinary team is focused on developing new
development. Variability in bud stage was more pronounced in technology, evaluating that technology, and determining the
cherry than pear. Given the significant differences among bud barriers to adoption. Previous work by our commercial partner,
stages for critical temperatures, combining a frequency distri- Vision Robotics Corp, has developed an autonomous pruner for
bution of bud stages with their respective critical temperatures grapevines that is currently being refined. It is undergoing field
provided a comprehensive analysis of freeze susceptibility and testing and should be commercially available by the end of the
potential crop loss on an orchard scale. 4-year project. With apple, we have formulated a set of “rules” that
describe optimal pruning and are currently evaluating those rules
3:45– 4:00 PM in terms of the physical attributes of the canopy structure. The
Developing Autonomous Pruning for Specialty engineering team is developing a 3D imaging decision system,
Crops and robot control technologies for automating dormant pruning
operations. The socio-economic team will determine social and
Peter M. Hirst* economic impacts of the proposed autonomous pruning system.
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] Pruning of tree and vine crops is typically performed manually
Tara Auxt Baugher and accounts for the second largest labor costs, after harvesting.
Pennsylvania State University Coop. Ext., Adams Co., As well as the cost of labor, the availability of labor is a major
Gettysburg; [email protected] concern. This project was initiated to address these concerns,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S244 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

and investigate whether advances in fields such as machine ages were recorded. Results indicated that rooted success varied
vision and robotics could be applied to developing autonomous by mot location. For two of the mots, total rooting significantly
pruners for grape and apple. This SCRI-funded project includes increased as IBA concentration increased. Within those two mots,
participants in the fields of pomology (Baugher, Hirst, Schupp), cuttings taken in August showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher
viticulture (Tarara), engineering (Park, Kak, Koselka, Wallach), rooting percentage (averaging 73%) than cuttings taken in May
economics (Seavert) and rural sociology (Glenna, Patel- and October using 7000 ppm IBA. Results indicate that when
Campillo). This multi-disciplinary team is focused on developing taking cuttings for sand plums, results will be variable depend-
new technology, evaluating that technology, and determining the ing on location but higher IBA rates and taking cuttings during
barriers to adoption. Previous work by our commercial partner, August is recommended for greater rooting success.
Vision Robotics Corp, has developed an autonomous pruner for
Specified Source(s) of Funding: ODAFF Specialty Crop Grant
grapevines that is currently being refined. It is undergoing field
testing and should be commercially available by the end of the
3:00–3:15 PM
4-year project. With apple, we have formulated a set of “rules” that
describe optimal pruning and are currently evaluating those rules K-Iba Concentration Regulated Rooting Quality
in terms of the physical attributes of the canopy structure. The and Plant Vigor of Prunus laurocerasus L.
engineering team is developing a 3D imaging decision system,
Yujie Yang
and robot control technologies for automating dormant pruning
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
operations. The socio-economic team will determine social and
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
economic impacts of the proposed autonomous pruning system.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-SCRI Donglin Zhang*
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Jinying Dong
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Springs Salon D/E University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]

Propagation Zhihui Li
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Moderator: Donglin Zhang, [email protected] Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]

2:45–3:00 PM Prunus laurocerasus L. is an evergreen species of Rosaceae,

native to southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. It is a
Impact of Location, Seasonality, and Iba widely cultivated ornamental plant in gardens and parks in
Concentration on Rooting of Prunus angustifolia temperate regions. A new type of branch sprout with 2–4 cm
Elizabeth McMahon* long and 0.5–1.5 cm broad leaves was collected and regenerated
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; elizabeth. with the stem cuttings in November 2012. All cuttings were
[email protected] treated with K-IBA at 1000, 3000, and 8000 mg·L-1. K-IBA
concentrations had significant influence on rooting quality and
Bruce Dunn
after growth of Prunus laurocerasus. The rooting percentage
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; [email protected]
was very high, ranging from 94.4% to 100% after two months.
Eric Stafne Although the rooting percentage did not show a great difference,
Mississippi State University, Poplarville; estafne@ext. the number of roots and root length were highly affected. As the
msstate.edu K-IBA concentrations increased, the number of roots increased
Interest in native plums has led to the initiation of a sand plum significantly from 6 to 11 to 17. However, root length had the
(Prunus angustifolia Marsh.) evaluation program in Oklahoma. opposite trend than that of root numbers. The longest root length,
Propagation by cuttings is being investigated as a method for 21.9 cm, was obtained from cuttings treated with K-IBA at
generating clones of outstanding selections. However, recom- 1000 mg·L-1. Cuttings treated with K-IBA 1000 mg·L-1 had a
mendations for sand plum cuttings do not exist and recommenda- mean root length of 6.2 cm, 4.8 and 1.9 cm for 3000 mg·L-1 and
tions for other Prunus spp. vary. The objective of this experiment 8000 mg·L-1, respectively. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to
was to determine which season and IBA concentration would one-gallon pots and placed in a heated greenhouse. The survival
produce the greatest total rooting percentage for P. angustifolia. rate was recorded and dead cuttings were examined. The highest
Hardwood cuttings were collected in May, August, and October survival rate was 95.5% under K-IBA 1000 mg·L-1 treatment,
from three different clonal mots in Payne County, OK. Five while those treated with K-IBA 3000 mg·L-1 and 8000 mg·L-1was
reps. of 15 cuttings each were used. Cuttings were treated with 78.8% and 50.0%, respectively. Higher K-IBA concentrations
Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salt treatments of 0, 100, 1000, 3000. might increase the number of roots, but kill the rooted cuttings or
and 7000 ppm using the quick dip method. Immediately after reduce the plant vigor afterward. For the propagation of Prunus
being dipped, the cuttings were stuck in a half vermiculite/half laurocerasus, stem cuttings treated with K-IBA 1000  mg·L-1
perlite media and placed under mist for 52 days. Rooting percent- are recommended.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S245
 Thursday, July 25 2013

3:15–3:30 PM Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease that affects

Light Quality Affects Microshoot Growth of young apple trees in many replanted orchards around the world.
Apple Rootstocks: B.9 & G.30 Symptoms of ARD are observed soon after planting and include,
among others, stunted growth above ground, reduction in root
Fang Geng* biomass, and root tip necrosis. Due to the complex etiology and
University of Maine, Orono; [email protected] multiple causal agents of ARD, there is a limited understanding
Renae E. Moran of the disease development on the fine-root system, as well as the
Highmoor Farm, Wayne, ME; [email protected] dynamics that lead to effective plant defense or susceptibility of
rootstocks in replant sites. The goal of this study is to identify
Donglin Zhang
morphological and physiological differences between suscep-
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
tible and resistance/tolerant rootstocks and induced changes
Tissue culture using shoot cultures is a procedure to rapidly in the traits when grown in ARD soil. We hypothesized that
increase plant numbers of newly released apple rootstocks, rootstock resistance/tolerance to ARD is supported by higher
especially when they are in short supply. However, slow grow- root growth rate, higher turnover of tissues, and higher number
ing microshoots limit the commercial availability of desired of growing tips. In an outdoor nursery, seedlings of M.26 root-
apple rootstocks. Light quality can affect shoot elongation stock (previously shown to be susceptible to ARD) and clonal
and shoot branching. The effects of red, white, and blue light rootstock liners of CG.6210 (previously shown to perform well
on microshoot growth in B.9 and G.30 apple rootstocks were in replant sites) were grown in soil from an ARD site (FS) and in
investigated. One-year-old greenhouse-grown shoots of both pasteurized soil (PS) from the same site for control. Above and
rootstocks were trimmed into 1.0–1.5 cm stem pieces with a below ground biomass was determined by harvesting a subset of
single node and then were cultured in solid MS media without plants per soil treatment and rootstock at 11, 17, and 23 weeks
any hormone. After 38 days, the sprouts were transferred to after planting. A subset of plants was used to track root dynam-
new solid MS media with GA3 (0.5 mg/L), BA (1.0 mg/L), ics during the growing season (13 weeks). Root observation
IBA (0.1 mg/L), and sugar (3%), and were then cultured under windows were digitally photographed at 7-day intervals from
red, white, or blue light. After 42 days culturing, the number of shortly after planting to the final harvest. Rootstocks grown in
shoots, length of the longest shoot, and the number of elongated PS grew significantly more than those in FS, but there were no
shoots (>1.5 cm) were collected. Red light increased the number differences in growth above ground between rootstocks. Total
of new shoots, shoot length and the number of elongated shoots
root biomass, first and second order roots, and second-to-first
when compared with white or blue light, and there was no
order root ratio were higher in CG6210 rootstocks than in M26
interaction with cultivar. The number of new shoots increased
in both soil treatments. First order roots of M26 were larger in
from 2 under blue light and 4 under white light to 7 under red
diameter and had higher N content than those of CG.6210 under
light. Shoot length was 2.9 cm under red light compared to 1.2
FS and PS. Roots of M26 and CG.6210 were larger in diameter
cm under white light and 1.0 cm under blue light. The number
and had lower C content under PS than FS. Under FS, lifespan
of elongated shoots in both cultivars was also increased by red
of M26 roots was significantly longer than those of CG.6210,
light, which increased from 1 under blue light and 2 under white
and the mortality risk of M26 roots was 56% that of CG6210
light to 6 under red light. For the total number of shoots and
roots. However, there were no differences on root lifespan or
the number of elongated shoots, there was no cultivar effect,
root mortality risk between rootstocks under PS. Differences
but shoot length of G.30 was longer than that in B.9. Thus,
using red light to culture microshoots will be recommended to in root production and lifespan might be linked to differences
improve apple rootstock microshoot growth. Moreover, survival in resources allocation to production of defense compounds
and microbial contamination rate were also calculated and the versus to plant growth.
results also presented that red light would be a better alternative
to culture apple rootstock microshoots.
Thursday, July 25, 2013 Desert Salon 1-2
3:30–3:45 PM
Plant Nutrient and Horticultural
Fine-root Dynamics of Apple (Malus domestica
Borkh.) Rootstocks under Replant Condition Waste Management
Amaya Atucha* Moderator: Aziz Baameur, [email protected]
Colorado State University, Grand Junction; amaya.atucha@
colostate.edu 2:45–3:00 PM
Bryan Emmett Pepper N Uptake: Preliminary Field Study
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Aziz Baameur*
Taryn Bauerle University of California Cooperative Extension, San Jose;
Cornell University, Ithica, NY; [email protected] [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S246 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Richard F. Smith soil. The objectives of this research were to: 1) evaluate the ef-
University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas; fect of a surfactant on nutrient use efficiency and 2) assess the
[email protected] yield enhancement of the surfactant on tomatoes grown in sandy
One of the challenging aspects of growing pepper is the lack soil. This research was conducted in a hyperthermic, uncoated
of empirical information on nutrient uptake. To adequately Typic Quartzipsamments (USDA, 1979) sandy soil in UF/IFAS
manage the crop nutritional needs, growers rely on soil moni- Plant Science Research and Education Unit, near Citra, FL, in
toring and crop and plant tissue analyses. This is especially Fall 2012. Prior to planting, fertilizers (lb/acre) were applied
true for nitrogen (N). However, as the regulatory environment and incorporated into soil: 160 N (as urea), 83 P2O5 (as triple
gets tighter, there is an increasing need to better understand superphosphate), and 250 K2O (as muriate of potash). There were
N uptake and partitioning in the plant The main objective of two surfactant rates: 0 (control) and 30 (treatment) lb/acre (as
this first year trial was to investigate the nutrient uptake by Stockosorb® 660). Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var.
pepper crops. Eight fields were included representing bell ‘Phoenix’) seedlings were planted in 12.5 m2 (135 ft2) plots with
and jalapeno peppers, in the central coast of California. The three replicates and irrigated with drip and plastic mulch. Nutrient
cooperating growers contributed their management practices use efficiency (lb/lb) was defined as tomato yield increment per
and provided logistical support. We selected and replicated pound of applied nutrients. The plant size of the treatment was
plots in each field. Plots consisted of five linear feet. Based on 15% greater in both height and diameter than the control. Tomato
row configuration, the sample population comprised either 5 yields of the control and treatment were 99,017 and 57,738 lb/
or 10 plants. Sampling consisted of collecting mature pepper acre, respectively. The marketable yield of the treatment was
pods, weighing and counting them, and then categorizing as 84% greater than that of the control. Large, medium, and small
marketable or reject. At the last harvest, we also harvested tomatoes of the treatment were 192%, 102%, and 38% greater
the above-ground plant part. Fruit and plant materials were than those of the control. Nutrient use efficiencies of N, P, and
separated, chopped, dried, and submitted for NPK analyses, K were 252, 485, and 162 and 123, 236, and 79 lb/lb for the
to the University of California ANR laboratory. In addition, treatment and control, respectively. These results indicate that
we composite soil samples from each plots at the 0–8 and soil surfactant significantly increases plant growth, yield, and
10–16 inch-depths and submitted them for NPK analyses. Plot nutrient use efficiency of the tested tomato cultivar.
production ranged between 24–40 tons/acre for jalapenos and
34–56 tons/acre for bells. Dry matter (DM) production was 3:15–3:30 PM
similar for both types of crops (2.6–2.7 tons/acre). Nitrogen Biochar Increases the Ion Exchange Capacity of
content of above ground biomass varied between 224 and 240 Potting Mix
pounds/acre for bells and jalapenos, respectively. Bell pepper
and jalapeno fruit also took up about 270 pounds/acre of K and Elizabeth Crutchfield*
around 30–33 pounds/acre of phosphorus. In comparison with University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
fertilizer applications, NP and K uptake was 72%, 48%, and Milton E. McGiffen, Jr.
100% of these applied nutrients. Additional work is planned University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
to further validate the data presented here.
Donald J. Merhaut
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pepper Commission University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
Biochar is organic matter that has been heated in little to no
3:00–3:15 PM oxygen in a process called pyrolysis. Biochar’s high surface
Soil Surfactant Increases Nutrient Use area is covered with exchange sites that can hold and release
Efficiency and Yield of Tomato Grown in Sandy the plant nutrient ions, potentially increasing fertilizer efficiency
and decreasing leaching. Different amounts of biochar were
Soil
incorporated into Sunshine mix planting media. The treatments
Guodong Liu* included: 1) a control pot filled with media but without biochar
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] or a plant; 2) a control pot without biochar but with a fibrous
Florida grows 33,600 acres tomatoes and the total yearly value begonia plant; 3) 5%; 4) 10%; 5) 15%; 6) 20%; 7) 25%; 8) 30%
is more than $520 million; accounting for 65% of the value of biochar by volume incorporated into the substrate with a fibrous
the crop in the nation. Florida tomatoes are grown primarily in begonia plant; and 9) a 10% biochar by volume unmixed at the
sandy soil, which has low water-holding capacity and high nutri- bottom of the pot without a plant. Leachates were collected
ent leaching due to its coarse-sized particles. A soil surfactant, weekly for 2 months, and the concentrations of ammonium,
however, is a surface-active substance with both hydrophilic nitrate and ortho-phosphorus determined. The amount of nitrate,
(water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving, apolar) proper- ammonia, and phosphate remaining in the media at the end of
ties like soaps and detergents. These amphiphilic properties can the season was measured. The biochar used in this study strongly
significantly improve soil quality, reduce water repellency, and sorbed both nitrate and ammonia, and a small but statistically
increase the capacity for holding water and nutrients in sandy significant amount of ortho-phosphate.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S247
 Thursday, July 25 2013

Specified Source(s) of Funding: UC Riverside Department of Brian E. Whipker

Botany and Plant Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_whipker@
ncsu.edu
3:30–3:45 PM Dean Hesterberg
The Effect of Nutrient Ratios on Plant Height North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Laura A. Wiser* Wei Shi
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected] North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Theo J.M. Blom Dave Dickey
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected] North Carolina State University, Raleigh; dave_dickey@
Height control is often achieved through the application of plant ncsu.edu
growth retardants (PGRs). However, environmental concerns While many factors that influence substrate pH have been
surrounding the use of synthetic PGRs could potentially lead to quantitatively measured, the effect from fertilizers continues to
restrictions on their use. Non-chemical methods, such as overhead be elusive. A multifactorial experiment was conducted to test
irrigation with cold water and day and night temperature differ- macronutrient effects using the unique statistical method known
ential (DIF) treatments can be time consuming, labor intensive, as the central composite design. Five nutrients—nitrogen [am-
and expensive. Some research suggests that plant height control monium (NH4+)] vs. nitrate (NO3–), phosphorus [as phosphate
may be achievable through modifications in plant nutrition. For (PO43–)], potassium (K), calcium+magnesium (Ca+Mg), and
instance, studies have suggested that limiting phosphorus sup- sulfur (S)—were varied at five concentrations encompass-
ply limits plant height. Many growers also believe that nitrate ing the proportionate range of these nutrients in commercial
(NO3–) nitrogen produces shorter plants than ammonium (NH4+) greenhouse fertilizers. Concentrations included N at 98 mg·L-1
nitrogen. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate ppm where the ammonium : nitrate ratios were 0:100, 15:85,
an alternative means of plant height control through adjust- 40:60, 65:35, and 80:20; PO43– as P2O5 at 10, 25, 50, 85, and
ments in macronutrients like N, P and K. Ratios of NO3– : NH4+, 100% of N; K as K2O at 35, 55, 100, 150, and 170% of N;
NO 3– : H 2PO 4–, NO 3– : K +, K : H 2PO 4–, NH 4+ : H 2PO 4–, and calcium+magnesium (Ca+Mg) in a 3:1 ratio at 25, 35, 50, 65,
NH4+ :  K+ were tested at about 8 different levels, and approxi- and 75% of N; and sulfur (S) at 10, 17, 30, 43, and 50% of N.
mately 50 hydroponic aerated nutrient solutions were compared While a typical factorial experiment would have resulted in 55
to quantify their effects on plant height in sunflowers (Helian- = 3125 treatments, the central composite design reduced the
thus annuus L. ‘Sunrich Orange’), marigolds (Tagetes erecta L. number to 30 fertilizer treatments. Two replications of the same
‘Vanilla’) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L. ‘Roma’). experiment were conducted where Salvia farinacea ‘Evolution
All solutions were variations of a modified Hoagland’s solution, White’ was grown in 15 cm-diameter pots (1.29 L) in a 3 peat :
which functioned as a control. Solutions were first used at an 1 perlite (v/v) substrate amended with non-residual powdered
electrical conductivity (EC) of ~1.0 mS/cm, which produced no calcium carbonate to raise the substrate pH to approximately
significant differences in height and very few or inconsistent 5.6–5.8. Two harvests occurred for each experiment after three
differences in plant biomass. Solutions were then evaluated at and six weeks of growth. Five reps. per harvest occurred in
ECs of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mS/cm. Plant height and biomass the first experiment and three reps. per harvest in the second
were generally affected by varying EC levels but seldom by experiment. From the data a model was generated that allowed
the ratios themselves at these different levels. Results from this the prediction of substrate pH over time. Significant effects in
study suggest that nutrient management, with the exception of the model included the four main effects of N form, PO43–, K,
EC modifications, may not be useful in plant height control. and Ca+Mg; nutrient x nutrient interactions of N form x K, N
form x Ca+Mg, PO43– x Ca+Mg, and Ca+Mg x S, and time x
Specified Source(s) of Funding: COHA, OMAFRA
nutrient interactions with N form, PO43–, K, and S. The model
allows us to calculate that at 0, 2.8, and 5.6 mmol NH4+; 0.138,
3:45–4:00 PM
0.69, and 1.38 mmol PO43–; and 0.728, 2.081, and 3.538 mmol
Quantifying the Impact of Macronutrients on K the calculated pH levels were at 45 days 6.01, 5.25, and 4.95;
Substrate pH 5.07, 5.25, and 5.22; and 5.42, 5.27, and 5.18, respectively. Of
all the nutrients used in the experiment, N form had the greatest
Jared Barnes*
impact on substrate pH; higher concentrations of NH4+ decreased
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; esculentus@
substrate pH, while higher concentrations of NO3- increased
gmail.com
substrate pH.
Paul V. Nelson
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; paul_nelson@ Specified Source(s) of Funding: Fred C. Gloeckner Foundation,
ncsu.edu Rockwell Farms, and USDA–ARS

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S248 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Thursday, July 25 2013

4:00–4:15 PM 4:15–4:30 PM
University Campus Composting Programs: Incorporating Wool-waste into Compost to
Initiatives for the Future Develop Alternative Compost Products
Jennifer Sembera* Tina Waliczek Cade*
Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected] Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
John Montoya Erica Jane Meier
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected] Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
Tina Waliczek Cade Gwendolyn Hustvedt
Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected] Texas State University, San Marcos; [email protected]
The purpose of this discussion is to examine two successful at- Compost is used in many states as both a waste management
tempts at university-wide composting initiatives in the United alternative and a horticultural and agriculture-based resource.
States: Bobcat Blend at Texas State University in San Marcos, Wool has historically been used in garden beds and anecdotal
TX, and a composting program at the University of Hawaii at records from gardeners from the 1940s suggest beneficial effects
Manoa. Initially funded in 2006 through partnership with the on growth of plants. Recent research found that wool or hair
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Bobcat Blend is one incorporated into the potted plant environment can improve the
of the only student-operated composting programs in the nation water-holding capacity of the soil as well as act as a slow-release
and won awards from the Texas Commission on Environmental fertilizer. Texas is the nation’s leading wool producer. Waste
Quality (TCEQ) in both 2012 and 2013. Students manage edu- and “tag” wool is readily available, inexpensive and considered
cation of students and staff, food waste management, compost low-quality because of weed seed contamination and stains from
creation and sales of compost to university faculty and local defecation. The purpose of this research was to test the feasibil-
community gardens. The composting program at the University ity of composting waste wool to determine proper proportions
of Hawaii at Manoa was initially funded in 2012 by a University of material to develop a viable alternative compost product to
of Hawaii at Manoa Graduate Student Organization Greening market. Trial compost piles were constructed incorporating wool
Initiative Grant. The Graduate Student Organization of the Uni- waste with proportions of various other feedstock ingredients
versity of Hawaii, Manoa campus created the Campus Greening including animal manures, university dining hall food waste,
program in order to move the campus toward more sustainable invasive river plants and horticultural production plant green
environmental practices. The grant was awarded to the student waste, as well as tree-pruning waste and livestock bedding and
organization SOFT (Student Organic Farm Training) and pro- straw to determine the best mixture of materials to create a
vided stipends for the students involved. Similar to the Texas product. Samples were sent to a certified compost quality test-
State University composting program, students at the University ing lab and indicated that high quality composts were created.
of Hawaii manage education of students and staff, food waste Results also found that wool fibers can be incorporated into piles
management, compost creation and applying compost to the and that best decomposition occurs by supplying greater than
agriculture research stations and farms on campus. This discus- normal amounts of moisture and nitrogen. Additionally, results
sion will investigate the viability of similar endeavors across showed that the composting process was extended due to wool
the country and allow for enhanced discussion of how similar product being highly compacted upon receipt.
programs can be initiated and learn from one another’s successes.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Campus greening fees

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S249
An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.
S250 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Poster Abstracts
Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science
July 22–25, 2013, Palm Desert, California

Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM ovules from both self- and cross-pollinated ovaries had branched
pollen tubes at the entrance of the embryo sac.
Bioenergy
(289) Comprehensive Functional Analyses of
(288) In Vitro Pollination and Pollen Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) in Jatropha
Germination of Moringa oleifera Lam. Growing curcas L.
under Sub-optimal Growing Conditions in
Wenlan Tian*
Gauteng, South Africa University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Elsa DuToit* Jianping Wang
University of Pretoria, South Africa; [email protected]
University of Florida, Cambridge; [email protected]
P.J. Robbertse Wagner Vendrame
University of Pretoria, South Africa; hannes.robbertse@
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
up.ac.za
Jatropha (Jatrohpa curcas L.) is an economically important
T. Tshisaphungo plant with great potential for biodiesel and jet fuel production
University of Pretoria, South Africa because its seeds contain high quality oil. However, jatropha
Moringa oleifera Lam., a tree naturally grown in the tropics, remains a wild plant since it has not yet undergone a systematic
is becoming increasingly popular as an industrial crop due to selection and breeding program. The availability of genetic
its multitude of useful attributes as water purifier, nutritional and genomic information of jatropha is very limited. Genomic
supplement, and biofuel. The tree originates from tropical areas resources are important foundations for gene discovery and
(India) and tolerates sub-optimal growing conditions, but we are marker development, which can assist and accelerate jatropha
investigating the possibility of growing the crop in cooler climates breeding programs through genetic diversity analysis, marker-
with medium to low rainfall, such as the Gauteng Province. This assistant selection, and other approaches. Expressed sequence
study is therefore aimed at investigating the success of self- and tags (ESTs), providing informative transcript sequences, is a fast
cross-pollination of trees under the latter climatic conditions. Ten way for gene discovery and gene expression pattern analysis. To
trees were randomly selected in an 8-year-old Moringa oleifera date, only a small portion of about 40,000 predicted genes have
orchard at the Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria been identified. The objectives of this study were: 1) to study
(25°45’S, 28°16’E) at an altitude of 1372 m above sea level the jatropha transcriptome and the transcript sequence feature
and an average annual rainfall of 674 mm. For in vitro pollen in depth by enriching the jatropha EST database utilizing next
germination, pollen was collected from five individual flowers generation sequencing technology; 2) to identify the abundant
at three stages a) early anthesis, b) one day after anthesis, and transcripts of mature jatropha leaves; and 3) to discover the tran-
c) two days after anthesis. The hang drop method was applied, script sequence variance. The mRNA sample of mature jatropha
allowing pollen to germinate. Three slides for each stage were leaves was sequenced using 454 Roche GS FLX platform. A
prepared. Germinated and ungerminated pollen were counted total of 1,714,433 raw reads were generated. After trimming the
on each slide in five different microscopic fields. For semi- adaptors and primers, the sequences were assembled into 38,716
vivo pollen germination, flowers starting with anthesis were contigs and 58,317 singletons using a combination of Newbler
emasculated and bagged. On the second day the flowers were 2.8 and CAP3. The average length of contigs and singletons are
collected and self- and cross-pollinated and pedicels inserted in 1,147 and 399 bases, respectively. A total of 96,677 unigenes
a congealed 1% agar + 0.02% boric acid + 10% sugar substrate were obtained after removing short sequences (< 20bp). About
in plastic dishes. For each self- and cross-pollination treatment, 73.5% of unigenes were annotated using blast tools (e-value ≤
there were five replications with five flowers each. Flowers were E-06). This unigene set will be compared to the nucleotide and
incubated under a 12 h photoperiod and 60 μmol·m-2·s-1 PAR amino acid sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana, cassava (Manihot
using two cool-white fluorescent tubes per shelf. Temperatures esculenta) and castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) for similar-
ity comparison. Some sequence features and allele variance
were maintained at 24 ± 2 °C. After the second day flowers were
will be identified. This unigene set will significantly enrich
fixed in Carnoy solution. The ovaries were softened, rinsed and
the current jatropha EST database by adding a large amount of
stained. Squashed preparations were viewed under a confocal
new ESTs to Genbank. Together, this study will not only allow
microscope. Fresh, 1-day-old, and 2-day-old pollen germinated
the identification of new unigenes in jatropha, but also provide
equally well in vitro. There was no obvious difference in the
additional marker resources to be used in breeding programs.
number of ovules with penetrated pollen tubes between semi-
vivo, self-, and cross-pollinated ovaries. A high percentage Specified Source(s) of Funding: Vecenergy, Inc.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S251
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(290) Variability in Salt Tolerance of 10 Sweet sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L. Moench) is being
Sorghum Genotypes evaluated as a potential feedstock for ethanol production in
Arizona. Because it can be grown on poor soil and irrigated
Youping Sun* with reclaimed water, sweet sorghum production in the arid
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; southwestern United States would not compete directly with
[email protected] food crops. Because of the long growing season, there is the
Genhua Niu possibility of two harvests of a short-season variety. One aim
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; of this study was to determine if any available germplasm
[email protected] would fit in a double-crop model. This germplasm was also
evaluated for earlier maturity and other desirable characteris-
Pedro Osuna tics. In 2012, nine lines with variable maturities were planted
Universidad Autónoma De Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, on 8 May in a split-plot design with four replications. Plants
Mexico; [email protected] were harvested by hand at physiological maturity (30 days
Gary Peterson after half the plants were observed to be flowering) and the
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Lubbock, weight of two 3.05-m sections of the middle two rows of the
Lubbock, TX; [email protected] four-row plots was recorded. A subsample of 15 plants was
weighed, stripped of leaves and panicles, weighed again, then
Sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L. Moench) is one of most prom-
pressed through a roller mill. Juice collected was weighed and
ising bioethanol crops because it is well adapted to semi-arid
then analyzed in the laboratory by High Performance Liquid
region where soil salinity is high and groundwater with high Chromatography (HPLC) with a Refractive Index Detector
salinity is the major water source. Large variation in salt toler- for fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Theoretical biomass, juice,
ance exists among sorghum genotypes. To provide additional sugar, and ethanol yields per hectare were calculated for each
information about such variation, the relative salt tolerance of variety and the data analyzed using JMP software. For the four
10 sorghum genotypes, 1790E, BTx643, Desert Maize, Macia, calculated yield components (biomass, juice, sugar, and ethanol
Schrock, Shallu, Tx2783, Tx430, Tx7078, and Wheatland yields per hectare), Mer 74-4 and TX09055 (maturing at 178
was evaluated in a greenhouse study by irrigating plants with and 162 days, respectively) were significantly higher than the
nutrient solution at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.3 dS·m–1 short-season types that were harvested after 113 days in the
(control) or saline solution at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m–1 for 30 field. In most cases, the longer the plants were in the field, the
days. Saline solution at EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m–1 had similar higher their yields. The predicted ethanol yield of the short-
influences on shoot dry weight (DW) of all sorghum genotypes season lines was about half of that of Mer 74-4 and TX09055.
except for Tx2783. Compared to the control, the saline solu- This indicates that as planted, a second crop would bring the
tion at EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m-1 reduced shoot DW by 38% total for the short-season types up to approximately the same
and 47%, respectively; and increased the number of tillers by as the top performers. However, if planted at a tighter spacing
112.8% and 116.0%. Foliar salt damage was observed on all than this study, there would be more biomass per area, which is
salt-treated sorghum genotypes except for Shallu, which had one of the components contributing to ethanol yield. The growth
the lowest shoot DW reduction and best visual score. In con- habit is very tall and these varieties do not produce tillers, so
clusion, Shallu was the most tolerant genotype, Desert Maize, another strategy to increase yields would be to breed for early
BTx643, 1790E, Tx2783, Wheatland, Tx430, and Tx7078 had maturity and tillering.
intermediate tolerance, and Macia and Schrock were the least
tolerant genotypes. (292) Lesquerella Yield and Oil Quality
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Texas A&M AgriLife Research Response to N Fertilizer Rate and Irrigation
Bioenergy Initiatives Program Guangyao (Sam) Wang*
University of Arizona, Maricopa; [email protected]
(291) Evaluating Sweet Sorghum Germplasm
for Maturity in Arizona William B. McCloskey
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
Valerie H. Teetor
Kevin Bronson
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa,
Daniel Johnson* AZ; [email protected]
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
Kelly Thorp
Carl L. Schmalzel U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa,
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] AZ; [email protected]
Dennis T. Ray Dennis T. Ray
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S252 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Water and nitrogen are the first and second limiting factors for and inhibit seedling germination. Pine wood chips (PWC) are
crop production in the arid and semiarid Southwestern United one such new component being evaluated as a replacement for
States. We studied the response of lesquerella (Lesquerella perlite in greenhouse substrates. To screen for phytotoxicity,
Fendleri L.) to six nitrogen rates (0, 56, 1112, 168, 224, and seedling germination tests and plant growth trials were con-
336 kg·ha–1) and two irrigation levels (well-watered and water- ducted on fresh (pine trees freshly harvested) and aged (pine tree
stressed) at University of Arizona’s Maricopa Agricultural Center harvested, chipped and stored for 5 months) PWC. Both fresh
in the 2011–12 and 2012–13 growing seasons. Lesquerella is a and aged PWC were produced by chipping freshly harvested
member of the mustard family and the oil in lesquerella seeds, loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) and hammer milling the wood
as a component of engine oil at concentrations as low as 0.25%, chips through a 6.35-mm screen. Fresh and aged PWC were
has superior performance compared to many other vegetable oils both amended to peat moss at 20% and 30% ratios. An 80:20
in reducing wear and damage in fuel injected diesel engines. peat:perlite control was also used in this study. Separate con-
The hydroxylated oil in lesquerella is similar to castor oil but tainers of each substrate were sown with five radish (Raphanus
does not contain the deadly poison ricin. Therefore, lesquerella sativus) or cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds. At 14 d after
is a safer alternative to castor in the United States and can be sowing, germination percentage and germinated seedling dry
handled both at the farm level and the oilseed processing level weights were determined. Additional containers of each of the
with industry standard equipment and technology. Nitrogen five substrates were planted with celosia (Celosia plumosa) or
fertilizer and irrigation response was significant in both growing impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plugs and grown for 4 weeks
seasons. The optimal N rate for seed yield was 224 kg·ha–1 of in a greenhouse. Radish germination was highest in both the
urea-N at both water levels. The highest lesquerella seed yield 20% and 30% aged PWC compared to the fresh PWC or perlite
of about 2200 kg·ha–1 despite very short plants (i.e., <25 cm). seedlings. Radish dry weights were similar in perlite and aged
Recovery efficiency of N fertilizer ranged from 31% to 47% PWC substrates and lowest in fresh PWC. Cucumber germina-
and was not affected by irrigation level. Recovery efficiency tion was similar in aged and fresh PWC at both percentages and
reached maximum at 168 kg·ha–1 of urea-N. This study provides lowest in the perlite control substrate, however dry weights of
guidelines for lesquerella N and irrigation management for germinated seedlings was highest in the perlite control. In the
growth trials, celosia plants grown in aged PWC at both rates
maximum yield and oil quality.
had higher dry weights compared to plants grown in the fresh
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Western SunGrant PWC substrates. Dry weights for impatiens were similar for
the control and in both aged and fresh PWC substrates. These
results indicate crop variability to fresh PWC phytotoxicity.
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM Overall, the use of aged PWC seems to improve plant growth
Floriculture and therefore is recommended.

(001) Storage Time of Pine Wood Chip (003) Use of Plastic Trays to Reduce Irrigation
Aggregates Affects Phytotoxicity and Plant Demand of Biocontainers
Growth Andrew Koeser*
University of Florida, GREC, Wimauma; akoeser2@illinois.
W. Garrett Owen edu
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Guihong Bi
Brian Jackson* Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@ msstate.edu
ncsu.edu
Michael R. Evans
William C. Fonteno University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu Robert L. Geneve
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
Chemical composition of organic alternative substrates and sub-
strate components may influence toxic and phytotoxic affects on Krista Jacobsen
plant growth during culture. In response to phytotoxicity reports University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
in some substrates and substrate components, investigators have Susmitha Nambuthiri
developed multiple evaluation procedures to predict a substrate’s University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
potential for affecting plant growth due to any phototoxic effect.
J. Ryan Stewart
The use of fresh pine wood (as a substrate or substrate compo-
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; [email protected]
nent) in horticultural crop production has increased in recent
years and some data suggests that when used fresh and at high Sarah T. Lovell
percentages, pine wood can decrease herbaceous plant growth University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S253
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Biocontainers have been successfully marketed as sustain- The study was conducted in the greenhouse in a completely
able alternatives to petroleum-based containers in greenhouse randomized design with four treatments (Control, VAM, Root-
production. Despite this appeal, past research has shown that Shield™, and VAM+RootShield™); two soil media (Sunshine
biocontainers, especially those constructed from more porous Mix+vermiculite and Promix Bx Mycorise Pro+ vermiculite);
plant materials (e.g., peat and wood fiber), tend to require more and two fertilizer rates (recommended and 50% of the recom-
frequent watering than conventional plastic products. However, mended rate of a slow release fertilizer), with four replications
no research to date has investigated how the use of a plastic each. Poinsettia cuttings, ‘Poi Cortez Burgundy’, were obtained
filling/carry tray (commonly used facilitate production using from Greenstreet Grower, Inc. Treatments were added at the time
small diameter containers) influences water demand in bio- of transplanting. Plant height, root length, number of bracts,
container production. This project evaluated plant growth and and shoot and root dry weight were determined. No significant
water consumption for 10 different containers (a plastic control variations were found between the two fertilizer rates. However,
and nine biocontainer alternatives) used to grow a short-term soil type and fertilizer rate influenced plant growth and develop-
greenhouse crop (Vinca minor) at three different greenhouse ment. There was a significant difference in root dry weight and
sites in Fayetteville, AR; Lexington, KY; and Crystal Springs, root length among treatments and media type when fertilizer
MS. Containers were either left exposed or surrounded by an was applied at the recommended rate. Significant differences
excised filling/carry tray pocket for the duration of the 5-week were also found in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and shoot
study. Results indicate that both container type (P < 0.0001, all height among treatments and media types when fertilizer was
sites) and the absence/presence of a tray (P < 0.0001, AR; P = applied at the 50% recommended rate. More studies will be
0.0093, KY; P = 0.0023, MS) influence total water consump- conducted to assess the effects of these beneficial microorgan-
tion. Trays generally reduced watering demand (up to 40% for isms on poinsettia’s flower growth and development.
straw pots); however, the benefit offered by the addition of a Specified Source(s) of Funding: Evans-Allen
tray was not as significant for the more impervious containers
made of plastic, bioplastic, and pressed rice hulls. In contrast (005) GA/ABA Ratio Affects Breaking
with water use, growth responses (i.e., leaf area, dry shoot Dormancy of Uncooled Herbaceous Peony
weight, and dry root weight) generally did not differ among the
treatment combinations (with the exception of leaf area at the Yong Ha Rhie
Arkansas site), indicating that water consumption was driven Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; leeyh316@
largely by the treatment combinations and was not confounded gmail.com
by differences in growth. We conclude that filling/carry trays Seung Youn Lee*
can be an effective means of managing the overall sustainability Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; mrbig99@
of greenhouse production when using more porous biocontain- hanmail.net
ers, especially if water use is a key concern. Additionally, past Ju-hyun Park
research may overestimate differences in watering demand in Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; jnjworld@naver.
production systems where plastic filling/shuttle trays are used. com
(004) Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Ki Sun Kim
Trichoderma Application Influenced Growth Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; [email protected]
and Development of Poinsettia Herbaceous peonies are common perennials that have been used
as garden or medicinal plants throughout temperate regions of the
Corrie P. Cotton* world and have been grown commercially as cut flowers for many
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] years. Because of its short flowering period from May to June,
Fawzy M. Hashem off-season culture is needed. In our previous research, peonies
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; fmhashem@umes. were forced under greenhouse conditions to hasten flowering after
edu long exposure to low temperatures. The effects of gibberellins
(GA) were also investigated to break the dormancy of peonies.
Lurline E. Marsh All uncooled peonies that were treated with GA3 sprouted, but
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
failed to flower due to shoot blind and flower bud abortion. The
Beneficial microorganisms, such as mycorrhizae and tricho- objective of the present study was therefore to examine the ef-
derma, are known for their benefits to plant growth and develop- fect of ABA biosynthesis inhibitor or additional GA treatments
ment. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and trichoderma on uncooled peonies, so that in the future we will be able to
fungi have been attributed to improve plant uptake of macro and force peony without causing blind or abortion. Uncooled plants
micronutrients and enhance water availability. The main objec- received 0 (control), 100, or 500 mg·L–1 (250 mL/plant) GA3
tive of this study was to examine the application of VAM and as a soil drench, were drenched 100 mg·L–1 GA3 + 100 mg·L–1
a commercial product, RootShield™ containing Trichoderma fluridone (FLU: ABA synthesis inhibitor), or sprayed with 10
harzianum, on the growth and development of poinsettias. mL of 100 mg·L–1 GA3 every 2 weeks following the drenching

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S254 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

with 100 mg·L–1 GA3 in the glasshouse for forcing. Control interspecific hybrid lilies. Lilium xfomolongi Raizan No. 2 variety
plants failed to emerge for 5 months, so there was no shoot or was used as the seed parent. Oriental lily (O) variety Sorbonne;
flower. However, plants emerged almost 100% following the Asiatic lily (A) variety Brunello; and a Longiflorum–Asiatic
GA or FLU application. When uncooled plants were treated (LA) hybrid lily, Royal Fantasy, were used as pollen parents.
with GA or FLU, shoots emerged within 10 days. However, For each cross-combination, 30 plants were interspecifically
shoot blind appeared in 85% or 90% of those treated with GA3 crossed. The number of recovered progeny was highest for the
at 100 or 500 mg·L–1, respectively. The drench application of FA hybrid, at 23, and 18 FLA hybrids and 11 FO hybrids were
GA showed shoot blind and flower bud abortion as in previous recovered. Seed production for the F x A cross was 76.6% and
research. Shoot blind percentage decreased to 0% or 20% by for the F x O cross was 46.6%, indicating a difference between
GA3+FLU or additional GA3 spray treatments, respectively. the crosses. We performed the following experiment to increase
Moreover, plants reached 80% or 50% anthesis without flower the development of shoots in the in vitro culture of hybrid prog-
bud abortion with GA3+FLU or additional GA3 spray treatments, eny. A MS medium was used as the base medium; cytokinins
respectively. We assumed that treatments maintaining a high BA at a concentration of 2.0, 3.0, or 5.0 mg/L and TDZ at a
GA/ABA ratio decreased shoot blind or flower bud abortion concentration of 0.2, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/L were added to the in vitro
in uncooled peony. However, chlorosis appeared on the leaves cultures. For the FO progeny, the shoot development rate was
when treated with GA+FLU because FLU additionally blocks highest with 2.0 mg/L BA, at 18%, and 3.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L
production of carotenoids. BA resulted in a lower rate of 12%. The TDZ addition tended
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Institute of Planning and to yield identical or similar results to that of the control media.
Evaluation for Technology of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and For the FA progeny, the addition of TDZ tended to lead to a
Fisheries. Project No. 109096-5. higher shoot development rate and was superior with 0.3 mg/L
treatment. However, the addition of BA to the media resulted
(006) Breeding by Interspecific Crosses and Its in a shoot development rate between 14.3% and 15.7%, similar
to that of the control.
Bulb Production in Lilium spp.
SeungDeok Kim* (007) Evaluation of Bioplastic-coated Fiber
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention Containers for Greenhouse Grown Plants
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kasdfh@
korea.kr James Schrader*
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
JuHyung Kim
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention Kenneth McCabe
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; apox9122@
korea.kr Gowrishankar Srinivasan
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
JongWon Lee
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention David Grewell
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; ljw2364@ Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
korea.kr Samy Madbouly
Ki Yeol Lee Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention Michael Kessler
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kylee8831@ Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
korea.kr
William Graves
Taejung Kim Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; orchidktj@ Biocontainers made of coconut coir, paper, peat, wood, or other
korea.kr natural fibers are considered sustainable alternatives to con-
tainers made of petroleum-based plastics. Feedstocks for fiber
Kee Yoeup Paek containers are biorenewable and biodegradable, and therefore
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 360-763; more ecofriendly than petroleum-based plastics, but growers’
[email protected] acceptance and use of fiber containers have been limited by
In this study, we surveyed the cross-compatibility between lily their comparatively high cost, low strength and durability,
varieties and the growth, development, and flowering character- and low water-use efficiency. We hypothesized that coating
istics of the hybrid lily progenies, to collect foundational data fiber containers with bioplastics would improve their strength,
for the breeding of interspecific hybrids of Lilium. Further, we durability, effectiveness, and water-use efficiency during plant
aimed to select effective growth media conditions for embryo production. We dip-coated fiber containers (11.4 cm top dia.) of
and ovule cultivation in order to develop hybrid progenies in the coir, paper, and wood with one of four bioplastics (polyamide,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S255
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

polylactic acid, polyurethane, or tung oil) and then compared the Richard L. Bell
effectiveness of coated containers, uncoated containers made USDA–ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Charles
of the same three fiber types, uncoated peat-fiber containers, Town, WV; [email protected]
and injection-molded controls made of petroleum-based plastic. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Re-
Ease of coating was assessed, along with the cost and strength search Service (ARS), National Clonal Germplasm Repository
of containers and their effectiveness and water-use efficiency (NCGR), Corvallis, OR, maintains an international collection
during greenhouse production of marigold, petunia, salvia, pep- of diverse pear (Pyrus L.) genetic resources. All Pyrus species
per, and tomato. Subsequently, the establishment of transplants are primarily diploid, with a base chromosome set of x = 17
outdoors with containers removed, crushed, and installed near (2n = 2x = 34), however, some cultivars are triploid (2n = 3x
plant roots, and the degradation of container materials in soil = 41) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 68). Flow cytometry was per-
were evaluated. Polyurethane was the least expensive bioplastic formed on 725 genebank pear accessions to assess ploidy, and
and was easy to apply as an ecofriendly, water-based dip coat. 91% were found to be diploid. Of the 62 triploid accessions,
The other bioplastics required a hazardous and costly organic two were Asian (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars, 56 were European
solvent. Coatings of polyamide, polylactic acid, and polyure- (P. communis) cultivars and four were interspecific hybrids.
thane increased container strength and durability, and improved Simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite-based profiles
water-use efficiency during plant production. Coated paper-fiber were generated for 20 triploid accessions and reference pear
containers resisted compression better than petroleum-plastic cultivars at NCGR using a standard fingerprinting set of 12 SSR
controls. Greenhouse-grown plants in containers coated with markers developed by the European Cooperative Programme
polyamide, polylactic acid, or polyurethane were larger and rated for Plant Genetic Resources. The triploid accessions included
healthier and of better quality than plants grown in uncoated pairs of same name cultivars (P. communis ‘Batjarka’ and
or tung-oil coated fiber containers. Plants grown in paper- and ‘Karamanlika’) obtained from different sources, and a sample
coir-fiber containers coated with polyamide, polylactic acid, or of P. communis ‘Obican Vodenac’ growing at the Appalachian
polyurethane were similar in health, size, and quality to plants Fruit Research Station (AFRS). SSR loci generated three alleles
grown in petroleum-plastic controls. Coated fiber containers for each of the triploid accessions, thus confirming triploidy.
degraded more slowly than uncoated containers in soil, but Cultivars with the same name had the same fingerprints and
the degradation of container pieces near roots did not affect are therefore duplicates. Cultivars Batjarka and Kajzerka were
the establishment or growth of transplants. Our results support misidentified and Obican Vodenac from AFRS did not match
the hypothesis that coating fiber containers with bioplastics can that cultivar from NCGR. SSR fingerprints of ‘Batjarka’ and
improve their effectiveness for crop production. Paper–fiber ‘Katjzerka’ matched those of two other genotypes: ‘Erabasma’
containers coated with polyurethane showed particular promise and ‘Karamanlika’, respectively. The presence of either one or
and were similar in cost and performance to containers made two alleles at each of the 12 SSR loci for ‘Obican Vodenac’
of petroleum-based plastic. from AFRS indicated that it was diploid and not true-to-name.
The use of SSR markers for genetic fingerprinting confirmed
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM triploidy in pear genebank accessions and resolved three cases
of misidentification. The NCGR genebank provides propagation
Genetics and Germplasm material for breeding and genetic research by on-line request
through the USDA ARS Germplasm Resources Information
(339) Flow Cytometry and DNA Microsatellite Network (GRIN).
Analysis Detect and Identify Triploid Pyrus
Cultivars (340) Identification of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa
L.) Cultivars using Newly Developed EST-SSR
Daeil Kim* Markers
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea;
[email protected] Jee-Hwa Hong*
Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
J. Postman
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis; [email protected]. Yong-Sham Kwon
gov Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
April Nyberg Keun-Jin Choi
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Crovallis, OR; april.nyberg@ars. Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
usda.gov Doo-Hwan Kim
Nahla Bassil Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a member of the Asteraceae and
oregonstate.edu one of the most widely cultivated vegetables. Sixty-five lettuce

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S256 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

cultivars have been registered at the Korea Seed & Variety five plants per rep. Each plant was assessed for root symptoms
Service for Plant Variety Protection. Molecular markers have (vascular discoloration) and foliar wilting. Crown sections of
many advantages for cultivar identification due to their inde- each symptomatic F2 plant were plated on semi-selective NP10
pendence from environmental influences. We developed novel media to confirm that the symptoms were due to V. dahliae. The
expressed sequence tag (EST) derived simple sequence repeat fungus was isolated from the positive plates, single-spored, and
(SSR) markers from the NCBI EST database and used them to the race determined by PCR using race-specific primers. A plant
analyze the genetic relationship of lettuce cultivars distributed in with any degree of root discoloration or foliar wilting and from
Korea. A total of 1,183 SSR primer pairs were developed from which V. dahliae was recovered was considered symptomatic
81,330 lettuce ESTs. Out of the 1,183 primer pairs, a random for Verticillium wilt. ‘Salinas’ exhibited >50% incidence of
set of 200 EST-SSR primers was selected for characterization symptomatic plants in greenhouse experiments and 80% in the
with 52 cultivars. Sixteen primer pairs among 200 EST-SSR field experiment, while no symptomatic plants were detected
primers showed polymorphisms between cultivars and repeti- in the resistant parents in the greenhouse experiments or the
tive reproducibility on capillary electrophoresis system. Totally field experiment. No symptomatic F2 plants were detected in
65 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained using 16 the greenhouse experiments from crosses of ‘La Brillante’ with
EST-SSR markers. Two to seven SSR alleles were detected for ‘Annapolis’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Little Gem’, ‘Pavane’, or ‘Eruption’. An
each locus with an average of 4.0 alleles per locus. Average insignificant percentage (0.8%) of F2 plants were symptomatic
polymorphism information content was 0.576, ranging from in the field test. The F2 families in these experiments either
0.142 to 0.754. Genetic distance of clusters ranged from 0.17 to did not segregate or segregated in an unacceptable fit to a two
0.96 by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical average independent dominant gene (15 non-symptomatic : 1 symptom-
based on Jaccard’s distance coefficients. A total of 52 cultivars atic) model. Resistance to V. dahliae race 1 in lettuce appears
were discriminated by 16 EST-SSR marker genotypes. EST-SSRs therefore to be controlled by Vr1 or a closely linked gene in
developed will be useful for identifying lettuce cultivars and for ‘Annapolis’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Little Gem’, ‘Pavane’, and ‘Eruption’.
future study, such as genetic diversity study of germplasms and
genetic mapping and molecular breeding. (342) Development of Novel Microsatellite
Markers and Construction of a Microsatellite
(341) The Verticillium Resistance 1 (Vr1) Database Containing 288 Radish (Raphanus
Gene from Cultivar La Brillante Determines sativus L.) Commercial Cultivars in Korea
Resistance in Different Lettuce Cultivars
Yong-Sham Kwon*
German Sandoya* Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; gsandoya@
ucdavis.edu Jee-Hwa Hong
Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
Krishna V. Subbarao
University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA; kvsubbarao@ Kyung-Mi Bae
Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
ucdavis.edu
Richard W. Michelmore Keun-Jin Choi
Korea Seed & Variety Service, Suwon; [email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the Brassicaceae family
Ryan J. Hayes
and is a close relative of Brassica. This species shows a wide
USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
morphological diversity and is an important vegetable in Korea.
Verticillium wilt in lettuce (Lactuca spp.) is a threatening Microsatellite is one of the most suitable markers for cultivar
disease caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. identification as it has great discrimination power for cultivars
In lettuce, two races of the pathogen are known (race 1 and 2). with narrow genetic variation. Unfortunately, there are no reports
Resistance to race 1 is controlled by a single dominant gene on the use of microsatellite markers to characterize commer-
named Verticillium resistance 1 (Vr1) located on linkage group cial radish cultivars in Korea. The microsatellite markers were
9 in ‘La Brillante’. Several other lettuce cultivars also express developed using the biotin-streptavidin enrichment procedures.
resistance to race 1; however, no genetic studies have been Seven-hundred-eight clones containing microsatellite sequences
conducted to determine if Vr1 is responsible for the resistance from GA/CT microsatellite enriched library were identified and
in them. Approximately 300 F2 plants from crosses between ‘La 237 primer pairs designed and synthesized. The polymorphism
Brillante’ and ‘Annapolis’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Little Gem’, ‘Pavane’, level between these microsatellite primer pairs and 11 commercial
and ‘Eruption’ were assessed for their resistance to race 1 V. radish cultivars was investigated. A set of 30 primer pairs showed
dahliae isolate Ls16 in the greenhouse, and 238 F2 plants of high polymorphism on the basis of allele numbers. These mark-
the cross ‘La Brillante’ x ‘Merlot’ in the field. The parents of ers were applied for constructing DNA profile data base of 288
each cross and the susceptible ‘Salinas’ were also included. commercial radish cultivars through automatic detection system.
Each test of Salinas or a parent cultivar consisted of four reps.; A total of 233 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S257
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

by using 30 microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per graphical distribution populations. The genetic differentiation
locus ranged from 2 to 18 with an average of 7.77 alleles. The among populations revealed different patterns of ISSR varia-
average polymorphism information content was 0.738 ranging tion, of which 10.77% ISSR variation among 33 populations,
from 0.491 to 0.906. The unweighted pair group method with 6.88% variation among 10 geographical distributions, 5.45%
arithmetic mean cluster analysis based on the Jaccard’s similar- variation among different seed sources, and 2.46% ISSR varia-
ity coefficient values was utilized to construct a dendrogram. tion in agronomic traits such as DBH. The above germplasm
Two-hundred-eighty-eight cultivars could be divided into eight classification was further supported from principal component
major groups corresponding to varietal types. Almost all of the and neighbor-joining analyses. The most genetically distinct
cultivars were discriminated by markers genotypes. This infor- germplasm was identified with the individuals’ dissimilarity that
mation may be useful to compare through genetic relationship ranged from 0.322 to 0.426. A mini core subset of 50 genotypes
analysis between existing cultivars and candidate cultivars in from 33 populations representing 10 geographical distribu-
distinctness tests and protection of plant breeders’ intellectual tions was thus developed for further structural inferences. The
properties rights through cultivar identification. inferred optimal clusters provided the best possible structural
description of the current Masson pine gene pool. This charac-
(343) Genetic Structure in a Core Subset of terization effort could provide a set of baseline information for
Pinus Massoniana Lamb. Germplasm the future Masson pine research associated with gene mapping
Mohua Yang and marker-assisted breeding.
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Specified Source(s) of Funding: Outstanding Youth Fund of
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] Hunan Province Department of Education(09B112);National
Zhihui Li High-tech R&D Program of China ( 2011AA100203).
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
(344) Genetic Relationships of Michelia L.
Species Revealed from ISSR Markers
Donglin Zhang
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] Yujie Yang*
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Xiaorong Tang Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan;
[email protected] Donglin Zhang
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Yujie Yang*
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Xiaoling Jin
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Changsha; [email protected]
Kun Shi
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Mohua Yang
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
Qian Wang
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Jiwu Cao
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Changsha; [email protected]
Dangquan Zhang
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Zhihui Li
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
The genetic structure of a plant species gene pool has become
increasingly important in plant association mapping research. Michelia L. is a popular genus for urban landscapes and gardens.
Many advanced molecular techniques have been applied to However, the genetic relationship among Michelia plants is un-
assess the genetic diversity in a plant gene pool. Masson pine clear, which limits the further studies of its molecular phylogeny
(Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is one of the most important native and ornamental breeding work. ISSR makers were applied to
coniferous trees for timber plantation and resin production in analyze genetic relationships among 25 Michelia taxa. Sixteen
southern China. A core subset of 121 Masson pine individuals, primers with the most polymorphic bands were selected for
representing 33 populations from two gene pools, was planted this study. A total of 239 useful markers between 250 to 2500
at Guiyang National Orchard in Hunan province and were base pairs were generated. Among them, 87.9% of bands were
screened using 11 ISSR markers. The ISSR primers detected polymorphic markers. The average number of markers for each
258 polymorphic bands with frequencies ranging from 0.053 taxon was 128.3. These polymorphic bands had frequencies
to 0.936 (mean 0.457). Population-specific ISSR variation (P) ranging from 0.06 to 0.98. The genetic distance ranged from
ranged from 68.46% to 94.23% (mean 81.04%) among 10 geo- 0.28 between M. foveolata Merr. ex Dandy and its variety M.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S258 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

foveolata var. cinerascens Y.W. Law et Y.F. Wu to 0.47 between each session to examine the improvements in language capacity
M. chapensis Dandy and M. shiluensis Chun et Y.F. Wu. Cluster of children with disabilities. In all areas of perception, activity,
analysis showed that M. maudiae Dunn was apparently an out- and acceptance, significant improvements took place based on
group to other species. M. foveolata var. cinerascens should be the result of the research. Furthermore, there were meaningful
accepted as a legitimate variety, not lumped to its species. M. improvements in acceptance and expressive language after the
platypetala Handel-Mazzetti is a legitimate species and DNA horticultural therapy program. In conclusion, the horticultural
ISSR markers did not support it as a variety. A new species, therapy program focused on interaction of children with and
Michelia nanyueshanensis Y.J. Yang et X.L. Jin, was proposed without disabilities through horticultural activities is effective in
and it should be much closer to M. floribunda Finet & Gagnepain enhancing acceptance of children with disabilities by other children
genetically. These results indicated that ISSR makers should be and improving language capability of children with disabilities.
powerful techniques for determining genetic relationships in
Michelia, which is important for future genetic improvement, (204) Hydroponics Program for Improving
identification, conservation, and breeding of Michelia. Work Adjustment Skills in Students with
Mental Retardation
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
Sin-Ae Park*
Human Issues in Horticulture Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
Byung-Sik Jyu
(203) Determining the Effects of Mutual
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
Interaction in Horticultural Activity on
Acceptance of Children toward Children with Ki-Cheol Son
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
Disabilities and Improvement of Language
Capability for Children with Disabilities The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a hor-
ticultural therapy (HT) program using hydroponics procedure for
Sin-Ae Park* lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Asia Heuk Romaine’) for improving
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] work adjustment skills in students with mental retardation. A
Kyung-Ui Lee total of 22 sessions in the HT program was developed based on
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] the critical role transitional model and Korean special education
curriculum for agriculture, especially hydroponics. Fourteen
Ju-Hee Kim students (grades 1st to 2nd) with intellectual disabilities from
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] a special education class in a high school located in Inchon,
Ki-Cheol Son South Korea, participated in the HT program for 4 months
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] (from September to Dec. 2011, twice a week, about 60 min per
The impact of horticultural therapy regarding linguistic develop- session). The McCarron assessment neuromuscular develop-
ment of children with disabilities and the acceptance attitude of ment, emotional behavioral checklist, interpersonal negotiation
children without disabilities was examined in this research. For strategies, and KEPAD picture vocational interest tests were
this research, 16 children aged either 6 or 7 participated from used by teachers and horticultural therapists before and after
City I, Northern Jeonlla Province in South Korea. Eight children the HT program. The results showed that motor performance,
with disabilities (from the M center for children with disabilities) emotional behavioral strategies, and interpersonal negotia-
and eight children without disabilities (from a child care center) tion strategies were significantly improved after finishing the
participated. The horticultural program was composed of a total 4-month HT program. There was no significant difference for
of fifteen sessions. For 10 sessions, participants were engaged in vocational interest before and after the HT program. Finally,
outdoor gardening activities (preparing a kitchen garden, sowing, the HT program using hydroponics would be applicable for the
seedling, harvesting, etc.) while for five sessions they carried out students with intellectual disabilities and it may improve work
activities indoors (panting, water cultivation, etc.) The sessions adjustment skills by improving the motor performance, emotional
were specifically geared toward engendering a positive impact behavioral strategies, and interpersonal negotiation strategies.
on children with disabilities through horticultural activities
where their linguistic development could be stimulated by the (205) Determining Metabolic Costs of
acceptance of children without disabilities. During the session, Gardening and Typical Physical Activities in
pairs composed of a child with disabilities and a child without Children
disabilities worked together in the horticultural activities. The
acceptance of children without disabilities toward children with
Sin-Ae Park*
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]
disabilities was examined using an “adjective scale-disability
acceptance attitude test.” In addition, an acceptance language & A-Young Lee
expression language development scale was used before and after Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S259
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Ho-Sang Lee Three myb-related transcription factor genes of the anthocy-

Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] anin biosynthetic pathway, VvmybA1 from Vitis vinifera, Ruby
Kwan-Suk Lee from Citrus sinensis and PAP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana were
Hongik University, Seoul; [email protected] introduced into Citrus aurantifolia ‘Mexican Lime’ under the
control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The
Ki-Cheol Son 35S: VvmybA1 construct had the highest expression levels
Konkuk University, Seoul; [email protected] with some regenerated citrus plants being completely purple.
Candice Shoemaker The 35S: Ruby plants expressed anthocyanin at a much lower
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] level than that observed in the 35S: VvmybA1 plants. We did
The objectives of this study were to determine the exercise inten- not observe any anthocyanin production in any 35S:PAP1
sities and energy expenditures of two gardening activities—such derived transgenic line. Transgenic citrus plants expressing
as planting transplants and sowing seeds in a garden plot—and the VvmybA1 or the Ruby gene gave a range of phenotypes,
four typical physical activities—such as running, jump roping, from green to slightly or intensely purple plants. Expression
walking, and passing a ball—in children aged 11 to 13 years. levels could not be correlated to the copy number in selected
Eighteen children volunteered in this study at a high tunnel in transgenic lines. The intensely purple plants lacked vigor and
Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea, and performed randomly grew slowly. Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway gene transcripts
selected activities. Each child did each activity for 10 minutes were observed to be up regulated when analyzed by qRT–PCR.
and had a 5-min rest time between the each activity. During the These myb-related transcription factor genes hold potential as a
gardening and physical activities, the children wore a Cosmed simple and non-destructive visual marker for citrus transforma-
K4b2, which is a portable calorimetric monitoring system to tion when coupled with a tissue specific or inducible promoter.
measure metabolic costs such as oxygen uptake and energy These genes can also be used as a component in a marker free
expenditure for each physical activity. The heart rate during the transformation system.
each activity was also measured by radiotelemetry (Polar T 31).
The results showed that the two gardening and four physical (315) Marker Free Plants using Bxb1-Mediated
activities performed by the children were moderate- to high- Site-specific Recombination Driven by a Seed-
intensity physical activities (5.4 ± 0.7 – 9.1 ± 1.4 METs). The specific Promoter
activities with highest intensity were running (9.1 ± 1.4 METs)
and rope skipping (8.8 ± 1.1 METs). The activities with lowest Frank Y. Yau
intensity were walking (6.1 ± 0.9 METs), planting transplants Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK; yau@
(5.8 ± 1.1 METs), passing a ball (5.6 ± 1.1 METs), and sowing nsuok.edu
seeds (5.4 ± 0.7 METs). Running and rope skipping showed a Mona Easterling
higher intensity than the other activities (P < 0.0001) and sow- Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK; easterli@
ing seeds was the least intense activity performed in this study nsuok.edu
(P < 0.0001). This study showed a potential that gardening can
be a healthy physical activity for children. Kevin Y. Wang*
Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK;
[email protected]
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
An important tool for the production of GM crops is the select-
Plant Biotechnology able marker gene (SMG), which allows for the identification of a
few transformed plants from among the bulk of non-transformed
(314) Purple Citrus? Utilization of Myb-related
plants. The SMG, usually an antibiotic or herbicide-resistance
Transcription Factor Genes for Anthocyanin gene, remains in the genome of GM crops. Several strate-
Production gies have been employed in plant genetic transformation to
Manjul Dutt* remove SMGs, including site-specific recombination (SSR)
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected] systems. The mycobacteriophage Bxb1 SSR system has been
used in plant transgenesis to excise SMGs. The objective of this
Zhijian T. Li research is to use Bxb1, a uni-directional SSR system, to excise
University of Florida, MREC, Apopka; [email protected] the SMG and render it unable to reinsert into the genome of the
Dennis J. Gray tobacco plant. The Bxb1 recombinase is codon-optimized to
University of Florida, MREC, Apopka; [email protected] express in plants and is driven by a tissue-specific seed promoter.
Fred Gmitter The binary vector was designed to allow the SSR system to
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected] delete both the SMG and the recombinase-coding region from
the genome of the tobacco plant. The vector was transformed
Jude W. Grosser into tobacco, and T0 putative transgenic plants were obtained.
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred; [email protected] GUS-positive T0 lines were transferred to soil for setting T1

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S260 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

seeds and used for excision analysis. Bxb1-mediated excision (317) Gene Regulation Analysis of Alpha-
was preliminarily identified in T1 seeds, and T1 plants through linolenic Acid Metabolism in Fatty Acid
junction PCR analysis. Sequencing has confirmed successful
Development of Camellia oleifera Seeds
excision results.
Jiang Nan
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Northeastern State University
Central-South University of Forestry & Technology
Faculty Research Committee Grant P120000
Hunan,Changsha 410004, Hunan University of
(316) Clustering of Differentially Expressed Technology, Hunan Zhuzhou 412008, Hunan Changsha;
[email protected]
Genes from Transcriptome of Vitis flexuosa
Xiao-Feng Tan
Soon Young Ahn Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
Seon Ae Kim University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan 410004;
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] [email protected]
Seung Heui Kim Donglin Zhang*
National Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Suwon; University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
[email protected] In an effort to better understand the factors that control alpha-
Hae Keun Yun* linolenic acid metabolism in Camellia oleifera seeds, we had
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] constructed the transcriptome library and expression profile of
Transcriptome analysis is one of powerful tools to select valu- developing C. oleifera seeds with the initial stage and the peak
able genes and genetic information in grape breeding program. stage, and had annotated detailedly the non-redundant unigenes
In the present study, transcriptome of flower (full blooming in the transcriptome library. Comprehensive analysis of alpha-
and 7 days before flowering), leaf, fruit (young green, and linolenic acid metabolism was carried out according to KEGG
ripe fruit), and root from Vitis flexuosa was analyzed to select database. There were 112 non-redundant gene unigenes, which
useful genes, to elucidate their function, and to compare their involved 14 key enzyme genes related to alpha-linolenic acid
differential expression through assembly, selection of DEGs, metabolism of C. oleifera seeds. The result of expression profile
clustering, and annotation (GO and KEGG) of data from se- analysis concluded that there were four types of gene expression
quencing short reads on Solexa platform. We have assessed the differences in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism under different
effect of sequence quality, various assembly parameters and developmental stage of C. oleifera seeds. Three of 14 success-
assembly programs on the final assembly output. We assembled fully expressed in peak stage but not in initial stage. Seven of
~132 million high-quality trimmed reads using Velvet followed 14 expressed regardless of developmental stages. Two of 14
by Oases with optimal parameters into a non-redundant set of expressed in early peak stage and two of 14 expressed in late
188,058 transcripts (≥100 bp in length), representing about 41 peak stage. In conclusion, the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism
Mb of unique transcriptome sequence. The average length of regulational pathway in C. oleifera seeds was proposed, which
transcripts was 1,722 bp and N50 length of 2,182 bp with larg- revealed the regularity of the synthetic process of alpha-linolenic
est contig length of 12,228 bp. Among assembles transcripts, a acid and the conversion process to other unsaturated fatty acid
total of 31,834 V. flexuosa transcripts were selected as unigenes/ in developing C. oleifera seeds. The findings should provide the
predicted proteins from sequenced V. vinifera or other plant basic scientific support for further conventional and molecular-
genomes at the protein level. From them, 143 unique loci were aided C. oleifera breeding.
selected sfecifically from V. flexuosa based on similarity with Specified Source(s) of Funding: Scientific Research Fund
V. vinifera and other plant genomes. Functional categorization of Hunan Provincial Science & Technology Department
revealed the conservation of genes involved in various biologi- (2012NK3065)
cal processes like primary metabolic process (33.3%), cellular
metabolic process (32.3%), and cellular metabolic process (318) Characterization of Ferric Reductase
(33.3%) in V. flexuosa. The V. flexuosa transcripts set generated Oxidase (FRO) Genes in Populus tremula L.
here will provide a resource for gene discovery and development
of functional molecular markers. In addition, the strategy for Danqiong Huang
assembly of transcriptome data presented here will be helpful North Dakota State University, Fargo; danqiong.huang@
in other similar transcriptome studies. ndsu.edu

Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by Wenhao Dai*

a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 program (No. North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]
PJ008213), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Many plant species suffer from iron chlorosis, causing millions
Korea of dollars loss yearly. Meanwhile, iron is an essential nutrient

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S261
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

for human beings and iron deficiency leads to the major hu- factor genes to control iron uptake and transport by regulating
man nutritional disorder of anemia, particularly in populations the expression of FRO2 and IRT1 genes that are key genes
of children and women. Iron uptake and transport in plants regulating ferric reduction and iron transport in plants. In this
are controlled by a group of genes mainly in Ferric Reductase research, expression of PtFIT gene in Populus tremula ‘Erecta’
Oxidase (FRO) and Iron-Regulated Transporter (IRT) families. was determined in response to iron deficient using quantita-
Genes in the FRO family encode the plasma membrane-bound Fe tive real-time PCR (qPCR). Primers for qPCR were designed
(III)-chelate reductase that reduces insoluble Fe (III) to soluble based on the putative PtFIT gene sequence that was annotated
Fe (II), making Fe available for plant absorption. The function according to the whole genome sequence of Populus tricho-
of FRO in Fe metabolism in plants has been verified in many carpa. The putative amino acid sequence analysis suggested
herbaceous species including Arabidopsis, rice, tobacco, and that PtFIT gene contains a bHLH domain that shows 91.4%
soybean. In this research, the activity of FRO was compared similarity to AtFIT gene. Sequence analysis showed that PtFIT
between an iron-deficiency tolerant (PtG) and an iron-deficiency of P. tremula is identical to the FIT gene in P. trichocarpa and
susceptible (PtY) trees of Populus tremula. In PtY, FRO activ- contains partial bHLH domain. PtFIT highly expressed in roots;
ity in both leaf and root tissues was higher than in PtG under however, its expression was rarely detected in leaves. Expression
iron-deficient conditions. When Fe (III)-EDTA was applied to of PtFIT in leaves was inhibited by iron deficiency (no iron or
PtY, FRO activity increased in root tissues, but decreased in leaf presence of Fe (III)-EDTA) in the first 3 days and then gradually
tissues. In PtG, the activity of FRO was not notably changed increased after 3 days of iron deficiency treatment. Expression
regardless of iron status. Expression of PtFRO genes cloned of PtFRO2 and PtIRT1 will be determined to confirm that
from P. tremula in response to iron deficiency in PtG and PtY PtFIT is a regulator of PtFRO2 and PtIRT1 in P. tremula. The
was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). research will help interpret the mechanism of gene regulation
Primers for qPCR were designed based on three putative FRO in response to iron deficiency and address iron chlorosis in
genes annotated in the genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa. woody species.
The putative amino acid analysis revealed that the three genes
contain three signature domains of ferric chelate reductase gene (320) Cloning and Characterization of a
(Ferric_reduct, FAD_binding_8, and NAD_binding_6 domains). Stearoyl–Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Gene
The three genes were named as PtFRO3, PtFRO4, and PtFRO7 from Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii)
according to the similarity to FRO genes in Arabidopsis. Se-
quence analysis showed that PtFRO3, PtFRO4, and PtFRO7 Lin Zhang
are 96%–99% similar to the corresponding gene sequences in P. Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
trichocarpa. Expression of PtFRO3 gradually increased under Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
iron deficiency in leaves and decreased after Fe was resupplied. University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
In PtY, expression of PtFRO4 and PtFRO7 decreased under iron [email protected]
deficiency followed by a progressive increase. In PtG, expression Min Liu
of PtFRO4 first increased then decreased, while expression of Central South University of Forestry & Technology,
PtFRO7 gradually increased under iron deficiency. Similar to Changsha,410004; [email protected]
PtFRO3, resupply of Fe also decreased the expression of both
PtFRO4 and PtFRO7. The research will help understand the role Xiao-Feng Tan
of FRO genes in iron metabolisms and address iron chlorosis Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
in woody species. Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan 410004;
(319) Expression of FER-like Iron Deficiency- [email protected]
induced Transcription Factor (FIT) in Populus Hongxu Long*
tremula L. Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
Danqiong Huang University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004;
North Dakota State University, Fargo; danqiong.huang@ [email protected]
ndsu.edu
Donglin Zhang
Wenhao Dai* University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
North Dakota State University, Fargo; wenhao.dai@ndsu.
edu Qirui Wang
Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450008;
FER-like iron deficiency-induced transcription factor (FIT), [email protected]
an ortholog of FER (also known as bHLH29, FRU, or FIT1)
regulates various iron deficiency inducible genes with known Zhibo Song
or putative functions in iron homeostasis. Research indicated Central South University of Forestry & Technology,
that FIT interacts with the subgroup Ib of bHLH transcription Changsha,410004; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S262 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Baoguang Jia collected from different locations in Rajasthan namely Ajmer,

Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Pushkar, Mangaliyawas, Jodhpur, Udaipur, and other locations
Changsha,410004; [email protected] where C. wightii grows in natural conditions. Genomic DNA
The stearoyl–acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD), a key was isolated from 3-g leaf tissues from all accessions with the
enzyme, determines the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty modified CTAB method. The DNA was treated with RNase for
acids in higher plants. Using the methods of reverse transcriptase eradication of RNA. The DNA concentration was estimated using
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification the spectrophotometric method. Absorbance of the solution was
of cDNA ends (RACE), a full-length cDNA encoding SAD measured at wavelengths 260 nm and 280 nm. The DNA was
was obtained from developing seeds of Tung Tree (Vernicia diluted to 30 ng/μL for RAPD analysis. Sixty 10-base primers
fordii) that was named VfSAD and deposited under GenBank were used for polymerase chain reaction for screening of genetic
(Accession no. GU363502). The VfSAD contained an open diversity to ascertain their potential of clear amplification in
reading frame of 1179 nucleotides encoding 392 amino acid polymorphism and reproducibility. The RAPD and ISSR profiles
residues. At the deduced amino acid level, the VfSAD showed were produced through PCR amplification and polymorphism
76% to 96% similarities with other other reported SADs. The was recorded among the population of C. wightii in Rajasthan.
predicted isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (Mw) of The results of the research will help in determination of gender
VfSAD is 5.99, 45217.7 Da, respectively. The VfSAD is pre- in early stages of development and establishment of the rela-
dicted to be a kind of hydrophilic and non-secreted proteins. tionship of genetic variability with geographical distribution
The predicted VfSAD contained several functional domains in Rajasthan and also, offer genetic resource information for
including N-glycosylation sites, cAMP and cGMP dependent future meaningful implementation of conservation programs
protein kinase phosphorylation sites, and a FA_desaturase_2 applicable for C. wightii.
motif. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the VfSAD
was expressed at all of the stages of V. fordii seeds, but displayed
(322) Screening for Avocado Resistance to
an irregular expression profile. These results would prºovide a Laurel Wilt using Shoot Cuttings
base for understanding the mechanism of fatty acid composition Cristina Pisani*
and modifying the fatty acid composition in V. fordii. University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by the Mark A. Ritenour
projects of state forestry research and public service industry University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
(200904023), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of
China (10JJ4022), Scientific Research Foundation of Central Gloria A. Moore
South University of Forestry & Technology University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Ed Stover
(321) Assessment of Genetic Diversity of USDA–ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
Commiphora wightii (Guggal) Germplasm in Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a high-value specialty
Rajasthan using RAPD and ISSR Markers crop commercially grown in California and Florida. The Florida
Priyanka Vyas avocado industry contributes ~$13 million to the economy, with
Government College, Ajmer, Jodhpur; lumossolem1@ ~6,800 production acres in Miami–Dade County. However, the
gmail.com avocado industry is newly threatened by the fungal disease
laurel wilt (LW; Raffaelea lauricola) vectored by an Asian
Ramesh Joshi* ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus), which has devastated
Government College, Ajmer, Ajmer; drrameshjoshi10@ native avocado relatives. Injections of trees with propiconazole
gmail.com slow infection, but are not practical for commercial avocado
M.L. Agarwal production. Vector management strategies have so far been
Government College, Ajmer, Ajmer; mlagarwal27@gmail. unsuccessful. However, there are preliminary indications that
com some avocado genotypes from more freeze-tolerant Mexican
(M) and Guatemalan (G) races are more LW-resistant than the
Dilip Nandwani West Indian (WI) material that is the foundation of South Florida
University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill; dilipnandwani@ production. Most effective assessment of LW resistance report-
yahoo.com edly requires inoculation of trees > 25 mm in diameter. Screening
The aim of the present study is to evaluate genetic diversity germplasm using this method requires laborious development of
within and among populations of Commiphora wightii (Guggal) clonally propagated trees or use of heterogeneous own-rooted
in different regions of Rajasthan using RAPD and ISSRs markers. seedlings; trees are being grown for such field assessments
An extensive survey was conducted to identify the plant gender now. However, to facilitate higher throughput screening, use
in each population. All the plants from Mangaliyawas, Pushkar, of cuttings for LW resistance screening is being assessed. In
and Ajmer were found to be hermaphrodite. Plant materials were preliminary experiments, 20 cm cuttings were placed in test

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S263
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

tubes with the lower third immersed in water, inoculated with and reduce growth. Both biomarkers can be implemented in
the LW pathogen, and monitored for disease development and the breeding program, where one can select for the beneficial
aspects of resistance response. Internal disease symptoms of over the damaging ones. Thereafter, the beneficial biomarkers
affected avocado are indicated by reddish brown to bluish grey can be combined in one line by crossing and further selection.
sapwood. Disease severity as indicated by sapwood discoloration Specified Source(s) of Funding: The National Plan for Sci-
was recorded from 0.4 up to 13.8 mm from the inoculation ence and Technology at King Saud University for this project
point. When tissue was plated onto the semi-selective media (number 10-BIO970-02)
CSMA+, the pathogen was recovered from both inoculation
point and apex of some cuttings. Lula cuttings started showing
external symptoms 12 days post inoculation while Hass x Bacon Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
showed no external symptoms over 6 weeks post infection.
Lula is a cultivar with G x WI background recommended for Postharvest
Florida production and has been shown to be more susceptible (383) Use of Gamma Radiation as an Alternative
to LW compared to Hass (G x M) and Bacon (G). The potential Method for Mite Control in Postharvest Storage
application of resistance screening using cuttings to the overall
goal of developing excellent avocado selections for east–central
of Garlic Bulbs (Allium sativum) cv. Perla
Florida will be discussed. Ana Devi Saavedra-Arriaga
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro;
(323) Tomato Genotype-specific Biomarkers [email protected]
under Salinity Stress Ana Luisa Ríos-Hernández
Monther Sadder* Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; ablack_
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected] [email protected]
Abdulla A. Alsadon Miguel David Dufoo-Hurtado
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451; [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro;
Mahmouad Wahb-Allah [email protected]
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected] Dalia Vázquez-Celestino
Salinity stress is increasing becoming an important research Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; dalia_
domain. The development of improved salt tolerant crops is [email protected]
urgently needed to face limitation in water resources, salinity Teresita Guevara-Figueroa
accumulation in irrigated soils, and agricultural expansion Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; ibq.tgf@
to marginal areas. In this study, the expression profiles were gmail.com
investigated for three advanced tomato lines (salinity suscep-
tible genotype L46, salinity tolerant genotype L56, and salinity Humberto Ramos
intermediate genotype L66) and one salinity tolerant genotype Universidad Autónoma de Queretaro, Santiago de
as reference (BL 1076). The generated data were analyzed in Querétaro; [email protected]
a way to pinpoint genotype-specific biomarkers. Genotype Gisela K. Rodríguez-Lerma
L56 revealed prominent over-expression of major unique Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro;
gene cluster over other genotypes under salinity stress, which [email protected]
include AP2 erf domain-containing transcription factor (Pti5),
Hostilio Torres-Robles
NAC domain protein, calmodulin binding, and osmotin-like
Consejo de Ajo de Aguascalientes, Rincón de Romos,
protein with 422.6, 59.7, 45.8, and 45.1 fold, respectively. The
Aguascalientes; [email protected]
LesAffx.70722.1.S1 (type-a response regulator) was found to be
expressed mainly in root and hypocotyl, while Les.4483.1.S1 Santiago Vergara-Pineda
(NAC domain protein) was found to be expressed mainly in Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; vpinedas@
cotyledon and fruit. Two tomato responsive genes were found yahoo.com.mx
to be unique based on phylogenetic analysis. The tomato genes Ma Estela Vázquez-Barrios
encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase XTH3 Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; tita_evb@
and salt responsive protein 1 did not cluster with any formed yahoo.com
clade of related plant homologs. The revealed salinity stress
biomarkers can be either beneficial or damaging to the stressed Edmundo Mercado-Silva*
plant. Beneficial biomarkers are desired as they are part of Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76150;
[email protected]
tolerance mechanism against the salinity stress. The damag-
ing biomarkers are undesired as they accelerate plant senesces Rhizoglyphus echinopus is the most important mite species in

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S264 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

garlic crop in Mexico and its effect during the postharvest stor- Rosalía Reynoso-Camacho
age of bulbs can generate total product loss. The procedures for Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro;
control of this pest include applying acaricides compounds in [email protected]
planting and crop development, which can generate resistance
Rámon Álvar Martínez-Peniche
and difficulties in the controlling of this pest. The application
Universidad Autónoma de Queretaro, Santiago de
of low-dose gamma rays can be a clean alternative that could
Querétaro; [email protected]
control the mite population in bulbs stored by sterilizing indi-
viduals, thus preventing its reproduction. The aim of this work In Mexico, mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Manila’) is widely
was to study the effect of two doses of irradiation (150 and accepted either for fresh consumption or industrial use. Among
300 Gy) in the mite population and in the overall quality of the varieties, it has the second place of the total national production
bulbs. Two sets of 12 boxes of ‘Perla’ garlic bulbs produced with 19.8%. Although this variety possess similar or superior
and harvested at Aguascalientes, Mexico, were irradiated at sensory qualities compared to the other exported mango varieties
150 and 300 Gy in a commercial irradiator of Co60 gamma rays (such as ‘Ataulfo’, ‘Kent’, and ‘Tommy Atkins’), ‘Manila’ has
(Benebion Co.) and a third group was the control group (0 Gy). not yet reached foreign markets, because its metabolic activity
The bulbs were stored at room temperature (RT) and 0 °C for 83 is three times higher than the others, causing a rapid loss of
and 200 days. Every 15 days, different samples of bulbs were firmness and weight. Furthermore, mango is quite susceptible
taken to analyze the bulb firmness, weight loss, sprouting index to anthracnose, a disease that produces a high loss postharvest.
or IB (100* length sprout / clove length), and the count of adult The present work studies the application of nitric oxide (NO)
mite population per bulb. After 83 days of storage at RT, the and microperforated packages (MP) in order to inhibit fruit
application of 300 Gy controlled the mite population (2–150 softening and weight loss, and the use of ionizing gamma
adult individuals per bulb) compared to non-irradiated bulbs radiation as a quarantine treatment at cool storage (13 °C) and
that reached counts of 150–1300 adult individuals per bulb. The the transference to ambient temperature for 4 days. About 832
bulbs irradiated at 300 Gy maintained a better firmness both RT mangos at ¾ maturity were separated in two groups, irradi-
and at 0 °C. This treatment did not affect the internal quality ated (0.3 kGy) and non-irradiated (control). Both groups were
of the cloves or its weight loss (4% to 6.5 %) and decreased treated against anthracnose (hydrothermal treatment; 53 °C,
the IB (33% at RT and 0 Gy and 27 % at 300 Gy). Storage at 6 minutes). Half of irradiated and non-irradiated groups were
0 °C for 200 days was a synergistic factor that helped control submerged in 1 mM nitroprusside of sodium solution (a NO
the incidence of this pest during postharvest storage (6 adult donor). Control group was treated with distilled water. Man-
individual per bulb) in comparison with the control group (198 goes were stored at 13 °C for 22 days in carton boxes with and
adult individual per bulb). The application of 300 Gy in ‘Perla’ without MP. Analyses were made every 4 days, three replicates
garlic bulbs can be recommended for the control of this pest in of three fruits per treatment were analyzed for visual quality,
stored bulbs. It is possible that other varieties of white garlic, anthracnose damage, loss of weight, internal and external color,
such as as ‘California Early’ or ‘California Late’, could also firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. The NO
usethis treatment for pest control. treatments did not influenced significantly any parameters. The
use of MP reduced by half the loss of weight, 7.54% compared
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Consejo de Ajo de Aguascalientes
to 15.21% at 22 days of storage. Ionizing radiation was the
best treatment, significantly delayed fruit softening the first 10
(384) Effect of Nitric Oxide, Microperforated
days and retarded color development in storage at 13 °C. The
Packages, and Ionizing Radiation on irradiated group presented 77.7% anthracnose free damaged
Postharvest Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica fruits compared to 54.1% from the non-irradiated. Moreover,
L.) cv. Manila non-irradiated fruits had 22% damage in level moderate to se-
vere compared to 1% for the irradiated ones. In conclusion, the
Humberto Ramos
use of MP reduce in 50% the loss of weight. Ionizing radiation
Universidad Autónoma de Queretaro, Santiago de
treatment (0.3 kGy) of mango ‘Manila’ delayed fruit color and
Querétaro; [email protected]
softening as well as maintained fruit quality and reduced the
Edmundo Mercado-Silva* decay incidence.
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76150;
[email protected] (385) Storage Life and Eating Quality of
Ma Estela Vázquez-Barrios ‘Bartlett’, ‘Comice’, ‘Bosc’, ‘Forelle’, and
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; tita_evb@ ‘Anjou’, But Not ‘Starkrimson’, Could Be
yahoo.com Improved by Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Eduardo Castaño-Tostado Yan Wang*
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; ecastano@ Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; yan.wang@
uaq.mx oregonstate.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S265
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

David Sugar Oxygen depletion and CO2 formation of ‘Bing’ cherry fruit were
Oregon State University, Medford, OR; david.sugar@ measured using a closed system method. While respiration rate
oregonstate.edu was inhibited linearly by reduced O2 concentration from 21%
There is considerable interest in the use of modified atmosphere to ~3% to 4% at 20 °C, at 0 °C it was affected very little from
packaging (MAP) for maintaining pear (Pyrus communis L.) 21% to ~10% but significantly from ~10% to ~1%. Elevated
quality similar to controlled atmosphere storage without the concentration of CO2 (0% to 16%) did not affect fruit respiration
extensive investment in infrastructure and instrumentation. The rate in the closed system at 20 or 0 °C. ‘Bing’ cherry fruit were
objectives of this research were to study respiration physiology packaged (~8 kg/box) in 5 different commercial MAP bags and a
of the major pear varieties (‘Starkrimson’, ‘Bartlett’, ‘Bosc’, standard perforated polyethylene liner (as control) and stored at 0
‘Comice’, ‘Forelle’, and ‘Anjou’) grown in U.S. Pacific North- °C for 6 weeks. MAP bags that equilibrated with atmospheres of
west and their responses to MAP during storage at –1.1 °C. 1.8% to 7.4% O2 + 8.8% to 10.3% CO2 reduced fruit respiration
Results indicate that varieties vary significantly in respiration rate, maintained higher titratable acidity (TA) and flavor, and
rate, ethylene production rate, and internal CO2 concentration reduced stem browning incidence compared to control after 4
at –1.1 or 20 °C after satisfying the chill requirement of each and 6 weeks of cold storage. In contrast, MAP bags that equili-
variety, which in turn affects MAP response. The storage life brated with atmospheres of 9.9% to 13.0% O2 + 7.3% to 12.9%
with marketable quality of fruit packed in standard perforated CO2 had little effect on inhibiting TA loss, maintaining flavor,
polyethylene liners were 3 months for ‘Bartlett’, 4–5 months and reducing stem browning during cold storage. Higher CO2
for ‘Comice’, ‘Bosc’, and ‘Forelle’, and 5–6 months for ‘An- concentration in MAP retarded anthocyanin accumulation and
jou’. The commercial MAP equilibrated with atmospheres of fruit skin color darkening. All five MAP bags maintained higher
10% to 16% O2 + 3–6% CO2 , depending on variety, inhib- fruit firmness (FF) and reduced decay compared to control after
ited ethylene production, and respiration rates and extended 6 weeks of cold storage. In conclusion, the atmospheres of 1.8%
storage life up to 4–5 months for ‘Bartlett’ and 6 months for to 13.0% O2 + 7.3% to 12.9% CO2 generated by the commercial
‘Comice’, ‘Bosc’, ‘Forelle’, and 6–7 months for ‘Anjou’ with MAP, controlled decay and maintained higher FF, but only the
maintenance of fruit flesh firmness and skin color without MAP with lower O2 permeability (e.g., equilibrated with 1.8%
physiological disorders. After extended cold storage, MAP to 7.4% O2) could maintain flavor and stem quality of sweet
packaged fruit could be ripened to their characteristic texture cherry compared to the standard perforated liners.
and flavor. However, ‘Starkrimson’ developed internal brown- Specified Source(s) of Funding: Oregon Sweet Cherry Com-
ing (IB) after 2 months of storage in MAP with atmospheres of mission
either 9.5% O2 + 6.0% CO2 or 18.0% O2 + 2.5% CO2 . ‘Starkrim-
son’ was highly susceptible to CO2 injury, possibly related to (387) Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging
its high respiration rate and internal CO2 concentration. In and Irradiation on the Quality of Blueberries
conclusion, the storage life of ‘Bartlett’, ‘Bosc’, ‘Comice’, ‘For- under Simulated Commercial Transportation
relle’, and ‘Anjou’ with high quality could be increased by up
and Retail Conditions
to 2 months when packed in MAP compared with fruit packed
in standard perforated polyethylene liners. Jonathan Tong*
Chapman University, Orange; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Columbia Gorge Fruit Growers
Association The phase-out of methyl bromide as a phytosanitary
treatment for fresh fruit poses a challenge to the United States
(386) Respiration and Quality Responses of export commodity market. Irradiation has the potential to re-
‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry to Different Atmospheres place methyl bromide by controlling pests while maintaining
during Cold Storage and Shipping fruit quality. Modified atmosphere packaging has been shown
to enhance the shelf-life of various fruits, including blueber-
Yan Wang* ries. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of the
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; yan.wang@ combination of irradiation treatment and modified atmosphere
oregonstate.edu packaging on the shelf-life, overall quality, and consumer ac-
Lynn E. Long ceptance of southern highbush blueberries under simulated
Oregon State University Extension, The Dalles, OR; lynn. shipment and retail display conditions. Blueberry varieties Star,
[email protected] Jewel, and Snowchaser in 6-oz clamshells, 12 clamshells in a
tray, were packaged in nylon film designed to create modified
Most sweet cherries produced in the U.S. Pacific Northwest atmosphere conditions and subjected to irradiation at a target
that are shipped to distant markets, are often in storage and dose of 400 Gy. The treatments included blueberries packaged
transit for over 3 weeks. The objectives of this research in modified atmosphere film (MAP), treated with irradiation (I),
were to study the effects of O2 and CO2 concentrations on res- combination of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging
piration physiology and the efficacy of modified atmosphere (IMAP), and control. After treatment, blueberries were stored for
packaging (MAP) on extending shelf life of sweet cherry. 1, 8, and 21 days at 0 to 4 °C to simulate refrigerated air, ground,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S266 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

and sea transportation, respectively, followed by a 3-day retail the fruit quality attributes in cold stored ‘Gamhong’ apple
display simulation at 20 °C. Quality factors such as titratable [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.].
acidity (TA), °Brix, texture, weight loss, gas concentration, and Fruit with bagging and non-bagging were harvested at the
percentage of damage were evaluated periodically. Blueberries experimental orchard of Apple Research Station, treated
were also evaluated by 80–100 untrained consumers for ap- with 1 μL·L–1 1-MCP for 20 h at 20 °C, and stored in air at
pearance, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability and texture 0 °C for 6 months. At harvest, preharvest bagging treatment
appropriateness. The attributes most significantly affected by reduced respiration rate and ethylene production, compared to
treatment were texture, weight loss, and damage. After 3 weeks non-bagging fruit. 1-MCP treatment reduced ethylene production
of storage, all three treatments retained firmness as compared in both bagging and non-bagging during cold storage. Ethylene
to the control. Weight loss and percentage of damage were production between bagging and non-bagging was not affected
lower in MAP and IMAP compared to control and irradiated by 1-MCP treatment. Ethylene production tended to increase
samples across all three varieties. There were significant vari- after 3 months storage in the control fruit with non-bagging.
etal differences in response to treatment. Texture, TA and °Brix In contrast, respiration rate was not different between bag-
were impacted for ‘Star’ and ‘Jewel’ but not ‘Snowchaser’. In ging and non-bagging during cold storage. Flesh firmness and
‘Jewel’ , MAP and IMAP had significantly (P < 0.05) higher titratable acidity (TA) in 1-MCP treated fruit were not changed
values for liking of appearance, flavor, texture as well as overall over the cold storage while flesh firmness in control fruit was
liking during the 3-week sea shipment simulation as compared rapidly decreased irrespective of bagging treatment. Flesh
to the untreated and irradiated blueberries. In ‘Star’, MAP firmness was likely to be effectively maintained in fruit with
also increased all sensory scores over time. In ‘Snowchaser’, bagging than in fruit with non-bagging. Soluble solids concentra-
however, average sensory scores for all three treatments tion (SSC) at harvest was higher in fruit with non-bagging than
were not significantly different. Overall, MAP and IMAP are in fruit with bagging and the response of SSC was not changed
suitable treatments in maintaining blueberry quality but it is throughout the storage. Fruit weight loss was significantly de-
important to test each variety for its tolerance to irradiation, creased by 1-MCP treatment during storage. Overall, the results
modified atmosphere, and combination treatments. suggest that 1-MCP treatment would be highly effective on
retarding the alteration of fruit quality attributes in ‘Gamhong’
(388) Effect of Preharvest Bagging and apple, regardless of the preharvest bagging.
Postharvest 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)
Treatment on the Fruit Quality Attributes in (389) An Objective Method to Measure the
Cold Stored ‘Gamhong’ Apple Peelability of Citrus Fruit
Mark A. Ritenour*
Hun-Joong Kweon*
University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA,
Gunwi; [email protected] Cassie Young
University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
Moo-Yong Park
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Macselynia Hossain
Gunwi; [email protected] University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
Yang-Yik Song Cuifeng Hu
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL; [email protected]
Gunwi; [email protected] Ease of peeling is an important trait to consider in the develop-
Mok-Jong Kim ment of new citrus cultivars. To objectively measure this trait,
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, we used a Texture Analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, model TA-
Gunwi; [email protected] XT2, Godalming, England) equipped with a TA-265A platform
and pulley system, and attached the cable to a cut section of the
In-Kyu Kang fruit peel. The analyzer was set to measure tension. A cutting
Kyungpook National University, Daegu; [email protected] system was developed by bonding together two adjustable utility
Jinwook Lee knives (Husky SP304-HD) so that the hook blades were 16 mm
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, apart. The cutting depth of the blades was adjusted depending
WA; [email protected] on peel thicknesses so that the blades cut mostly the peel. The
fruit peel was cut into strips of varying length depending on the
Jinsu Lee part of the fruit being evaluated. Early experiments evaluated
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of strips of peel from the equator to the stem-end or blossom-end
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] of the fruit, or around the equator of the fruit. No consistent
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of preharvest differences were found between these three regions. Therefore,
bagging and postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on subsequent tests measured peelability around the fruit equator.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S267
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

For this, a continuous strip was cut around the equator, with southeastern United States. The objectives were to determine
cross cuts on opposite sides of the fruit, and up to 30 mm of the effects of controlled atmosphere storage on physical and
the peel pulled away from the segments to allow attachment of chemical properties of pomegranate fruit of different cultivars
the cable clamp. The fruit itself was held using an adjustable grown under Georgia conditions. Pomegranate fruit from Ponder
clamp taken from a Homeland Goods Orange Citrus Peeler that Farm (PF), Ty Ty, GA, in 2010 and 2011 and Alma Farm (AF),
allowed the fruit to rotate as the peel was pulled. The Texture Alma, GA, in 2011 were stored in controlled atmosphere (CA)
Analyzer was set to begin data collection after cable slack was storage (5% CO2 + 3% O2; 5 °C, 90% to 95% RH) and regular ir
taken up (100 g trigger force) and then tension force measured (RA) storage (5 °C, 90% to 95% RH) for 3 months. Pomegranate
for the next 75 mm, or until the peel broke. A computer macro whole fruit and juice were evaluated for various physical and
was used to report the length of peel before breakage (if it oc- physiochemical attributes at end of storage. Skin shriveling,
curred), average tension force (strength of peel adherence to fruit cracking, husk scald, chilling injury, and cercospora
the segments), peak force, and area under the curve. The macro decay severity were reduced in fruit under CA than in RA stor-
detected if and when the peel broke and automatically excluded age. Fruit husk color was better maintained and and juice total
data after peel breakage. Tests comparing grapefruit and orange soluble solids were higher in fruit under CA than in those under
found, as expected, that ‘Valencia’ oranges required greater RA. Fruit quality deteriorated rapidly after fruit were removed
force (both peak and average) for peel removal, and that the from storage and kept at room temperature (20 °C, 50% RH)
peel would break after shorter distances than the grapefruit. showing marked skin shriveling and hardening due to high
Additional tests with ‘Marsh’ grapefruit, ‘Murcott’ tangerines, rates of fruit water loss. Fruit shelf life at room temperature was
and navel oranges found that colder (5 °C) fruit required greater less than 7 days. In conclusion, controlled atmosphere storage
force for peel removal and resulted in easier peel breakage than was more effective in maintaining the quality of pomegranate
warmer (22 or 35 °C) fruit. In these tests, ‘Murcott’ tangerines fruit compared to regular air storage.
peeled easiest, followed by navel oranges, and then ‘Marsh’
grapefruit. Specified Source(s) of Funding: ISE-NIFA-USDA

Specified Source(s) of Funding: New Varieties Development &

(391) A Link between Water Quality and
Management Corporation
Bacterial Growth in Christmas Tree Stands
(390) Controlled Atmosphere Storage Reduces with Postharvest Needle Abscission in
Deterioration Rate of Pomegranate (Punica Balsam Fir
granatum L.) Fruit Mason MacDonald
Harwinder S. Sidhu Dalhousie University - Faculty of Agriculture, Christmas
University of Georgia, Tifton Tree Research Centre, Bible Hill, NS; mason.macdonald@
dal.ca
Dan MacLean
University of Georgia, Tifton; [email protected] Rajasekaran Lada*
Dalhousie University - Faculty of Agriculture, Christmas
Smiljana Goreta Ban Tree Research Centre, Bible Hill, NS; [email protected]
Institute of Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split;
[email protected] Postharvest needle loss in Christmas trees is a complex phe-
nomenon regulated by genetic, environmental, management and
Mira Radunic postharvest factors affecting physiological processes. Typically,
Institute of Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split; the initial water consumption of a freshly cut Christmas tree is
[email protected]
0.20 mL·g–1 per day, but follows an exponential decline until a
Erick Smith steady state of approximately 0.05 mL·g–1 per day is reached.
University of Georgia, Tifton; [email protected] It is hypothesized that bacteria growing in standing water
Anthony Bateman of Christmas tree stands inhibits water flux and, ultimately,
University of Georgia, Tifton; [email protected] contributes to poor needle retention. A total of 100 branches
were collected and placed in water. Each week 10 branches were
Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez* randomly selected and assessed for percentage of needle loss,
University of Georgia, Tifton; [email protected] water use, xylem pressure potential (XPP), and relative water
Pomegranate is a non-climacteric fruit consumed fresh as content (RWC). In addition, the stand water was collected and
whole fruit or as arils and used for production of wine and analyzed for bacterial count and percentage of transmittance
syrup. Pomegranate production has been growing world- at 600 nm wavelength. In general, it was found that water use,
wide in response to increased popularity due to pomegranate RWC, XPP, and transmittance all decreased over time; and the
health benefits. In the United States, the largest pomegranate percentage of needle loss and bacterial count increased over
production is in California. Pomegranate is a new crop in the time. Bacterial counts were only able to be monitored over

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S268 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

the first three weeks, which followed an exponential growth Tucson AZ to Columbus OH, and back again, using overnight
and a logarithmic transformation of this data had a significant air freight, resulting in approximately 48 hours in shipping
(P < 0.001) linear negative relationship with transmittance (R2 conditions. Plants were packed in various orientations and the
= 86.0%). Over the duration of the experiment, transmittance temperature inside the package was recorded using a self-logging
had a significant (P < 0.001) positive linear relationship with thermometer. A small number of grafted cuttings were kept im-
water use (R2 = 62.5%) and XPP (R2 = 62.1%). None of the fac- mobile in a dark chamber maintained at a constant temperature
tors studied was directly related to percentage of needle loss, of 12 °C as a control comparison. For the trials conducted on
but that was likely due to the fact that no needle loss occurred 27–29 Nov. and 11–13 Feb., plant temperature during the ship-
in the first few weeks. A comparison of the number of days until ment was in a range of 9 to 28 °C and 12.5 to 23 °C, respec-
needle loss commencement and the number of days for water tively. Upon receipt after 2-day shipping, the cuttings showed
use to reach the steady state of 0.05 mL·g–1 per day revealed a minor signs of chilling injury and/or physical deformation (bend-
strong positive linear relationship (R2 = 87%). It is suggested ing) but all cuttings were successfully rooted in greenhouse.
that the overall water quality, as indicated by transmittance, is Compared with control cuttings stored at 12 °C, all visual
strongly linked to water use. A quick decline in daily water use, quality parameters were significantly reduced for the shipped
due either to poor water quality or other reasons, can promote plants. Differences in some, but not all visual quality parameters
needle abscission. There is evidence to suggest that bacterial between control and shipped plants became insignificant after
growth in standing water may perhaps be a contributor to the rooting and grow-out (a total of 12 days). However, control plants
poor water quality and needle retention, postharvest. maintained greater fresh and dry weight even after rooting and
Specified Source(s) of Funding: ACOA, NSERC-CRD grow-out. Further studies are needed to test shipments using
various container designs (e.g., inserts to reduce the mechanical
stress and insulation methods to reduce the temperature fluctua-
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM tion) to minimize the impact of long-distance transportation.
Propagation (325) Artificial Seeds in Asiatic Lily
(324) Use of Unrooted Grafted Vegetable Kedong Da*
Cuttings: II. Shipping Trials Report The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
Danville, VA; [email protected]
Mark A. Kroggel*
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] Hannah Farish-Williford
The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
Chieri Kubota Danville, VA; [email protected]
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
Samantha Smith
Among many challenges associated with introduction of The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research,
vegetable grafting to U.S. propagation nurseries, the seasonal Danville, VA; [email protected]
nature of vegetable plant propagation is crucial to address. U.S.
vegetable production inherently has various cropping systems Barry Flinn
with different transplanting seasons, yet the limitations of Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville,
perishable seedling transportation (refrigeration requirement, VA; [email protected]
weight and volume of soil and trays) forces the propagators to Lily is a monocotyledonous species belonging to the Liliaceae,
only serve producers within limited distances (< ~500 miles and one of the most important cut-flower species, mainly because
radius). To be able to ship a grafted, healed plant, but with of its large, attractive flowers. The Asiatic lilies are the hardiest
the roots and soil removed (unrooted grafted cuttings) would of all the lily hybrids, they grow very well in USDA Zones 3
theoretically allow large numbers of plants to be packed into to 10, are easiest for the beginner to grow, and are the first to
insulated shipping boxes. This could make feasible overnight, flower each season. In an effort to establish an Asiatic lily in
long distance shipping of large numbers of plants used by vitro breeding system, we developed a highly efficient plant
larger commercial growers, who would then root the cut- regeneration system for an elite Asiatic lily hybrid ‘Jocelyn’s
tings and grow them on to transplant stage. Additionally, the Bouquet’. In vitro bulb scales were used as explants, and so-
shipping of unrooted grafted cuttings would overcome some matic embryos developed following embryonic cell induction
quarantine issues and allow shipping to locations where soil and somatic embryo induction. Regenerated somatic embryos
importation is restricted. Together with our preceding growth- were matured on artificial seed strength medium after 40 days.
chamber based study to find the environmental factors affect- The well-developed artificial seeds were directly transplanted to
ing the quality and growth of unrooted grafted cuttings, we peat moss:perlite:vermiculite (1:1:1) soil and kept under moisture
conducted shipping trials in winter season of 2012–13. We in a growth chamber for acclimatization, and a 100% survival
shipped healed, unrooted watermelon (‘Tri-X-313’ scion on rate was obtained after 25 days of acclimatization. Greenhouse
‘Strongtosa’ hybrid squash rootstock) grafted cuttings from acclimatization is now in progress.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S269
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(326) Plant Regeneration and Somatic embryogenesis was observed during subcultures and developed
Embryogenesis in Amaryllis, Hippeastrum into plants. By modifying the medium composition and culture
conditions, we have more than 20 genotypes of H. xhybridus
Hybrids, and H. papilio
in tissue culture, including various flower colors, double petal
Song Zhang* layers, and special color combinations. The H. xballardiae, H.
Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, xnigercors and H. niger are commercially micropropagated
VA; [email protected] by Dan River Plants, LLC, using our tissue culture systems.
Barry Flinn Five genotypes of H. xhybridus are currently micropropagated
Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, for commercialization, with additional genotypes planned for
VA; [email protected] large-scale production annually.
Five Hippeastrum hybrid genotypes, Christmas Gift (CG), Royal (328) Micropropagation of Corymbia
Velvet (RV), Lemon Sorbet (LS), Orange Sovereign (OS), Red
ptychocarpa
Lion (RL), and one genotype of H. papilio, Papilio Butterfly
(PB) were tested in tissue culture for micropropagation. Flower Yan Yang*
buds and the basal and upper parts of bulb scales were used as Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
explants for in vitro culture. Organogenesis and somatic em- Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
bryogenesis were observed with all six genotypes. Direct shoot
Lijuan Jiang
regeneration was induced from the basal parts of bulb scales of
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
all genotypes. Shoot regeneration was induced from the upper
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
part of scales with five genotypes (CG, RV, OS, RV, and LS)
and from the flower buds of three genotypes (OS, CG and LS). Ruihui Wang
Therefore, basal and upper parts of bulb scales and flower buds Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
are all ideal explants to regenerate shoots or somatic embryos Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
for micropropagation. Calli were induced from all three explants Mingliang Luo
and embryogenic calli were carefully selected for further somatic Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
embryogenesis and shoot multiplication. Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
(327) Micropropagation of Four Species Qiang Liu
of Hellebore (Helleborus) and Their Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
Commercialization Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]

Song Zhang* Xiang Yin

Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
VA; [email protected] Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
Barry Flinn Youping Sun
Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
VA; [email protected] [email protected]
Being one of the earliest spring flowering perennial plants in Corymbia ptychocarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. John-
nature, Helleborus is attracting increasing interest and market in son (swamp bloodwood), a member of Myrtaceae, is native
North America and Europe in recent years. There are more than to northwestern Australia. Swamp bloodwood was introduced
20 species in the genus Helleborus, among which H. xballardiae into China for ornamental landscape use because of its unique
and H. niger dominate the market nowadays, with H. xhybridus leaves and beautiful terminal inflorescences. An efficient mi-
cultivars in great demand and with the highest market values. cropropagation protocol is needed for the mass propagation of
The slow natural propagation limits the commercialization of an swamp bloodwood. Disinfested shoot tips with one axillary
elite breeding line. Although tissue culture techniques are widely bud (1–1.5 cm) were cultured on modified Murashige and
applied to propagate many horticultural plants, Helleborus is still Skoog (mMS) medium containing with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, or
considered as one of the most recalcitrant plants, especially the 0.6 mg·L–1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.1 or 0.2 mg·L–1
species H. xhybridus. In collaboration with Pine Knot Farms 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Thirty days after culture, the
(http://www.pineknotfarms.com/), we have established an ef- highest induction rate, 93.3%, was observed on the mMS me-
ficient tissue culture system for four species of Helleborus, H. dium plus 0.5 mg·L–1 BAP and 0.1 mg·L–1 NAA. The induced
xhybridus, H. xballardiae, H. xnigercors, and H. niger. In the shoots were cultured on mMS medium supplemented with 1,
high value H. xhybridus, we have collected 132 elite breeding 1.5, or 2 mg·L–1 BAP and 0.1 or 0.2 mg·L–1 NAA. A total of
lines, with 82 growing in vitro. The tissue culture response rate 5.2 shoots per explant were induced on mMS medium plus 1.5
is 62.1% (82/132). Calli and shoot regeneration were induced mg·L–1 BAP and 0.2 mg·L–1 NAA. Shoots (~2 cm) were sub-
on young leaf segments, meristems and flower buds. Somatic cultured on 1/2 strength mMS medium containing 1.0, 1.5, or

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S270 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

2.0 mg·L–1 Indole-3-butytric acid (IBA) or 0.1 mg·L–1 NAA to axillary shoot initiation and higher concentrations of cytokinin
form roots. The highest induction rate, 96.3%, was observed on (4.4 μM BA) for proliferation. Further results show a reduced
the 1/2 strength mMS medium with 1.5 mg·L–1 IBA. The rooted concentration of sucrose (0.1%) shortens initial bud-break time
plantlets were then acclimatized and transplanted into a mix of and increased shoot induction. However, explants lose vigor
coconut chaff and red soil (3:1, v/v), and the final survival rate after 4 weeks compared to 0.3% sucrose and should thus be
was 81.2%. This micropropagation procedure would be suitable transferred immediately after initiation.
for commercial production of swamp bloodwood.
(330) Somatic Embryogenesis of Symplocos
(329) Micropropagation of the Relict Genus paniculata
Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) Yan Yang*
Craig Carlson* Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
North Dakota State University, Fargo; craig.h.carlson@ Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
ndsu.edu Changzhu Li
Todd P. West Hunan Forestry Academy, Changsha, Hunan;
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] [email protected]
The genus Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae) is endemic to Zhihui Li
Japan and China, consisting of two dioecious tree species, Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
common katsura (C. japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.) and the broad- Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
leaved hiro-ha-katsura (C. magnificum Nakai). Cercidiphyllum Youping Sun
grows 5 to 10 m in height and similar width in riparian forests, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
forest margins, and streams. Prized as specimen trees, all [email protected]
genotypes of the genus have potential for commercial nursery Lijuan Jiang
development. The micropropagation of woody ornamentals Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
provide a stepping-stone to biotechnological approaches in Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
plant improvement programs, aid in nursery production, and
Peiwang Li
conservation efforts. To date, there exists no literature on the
Hunan Forestry Academy, Changsha, Hunan; 17184655@
micropropagation of C. magnificum, C. japonicum (Weeping
qq.com
Group), and limited information on C. japonicum. This study
focuses on many aspects of micropropagation, in respect to Jingzhen Chen
well represented genotypes within Cercidiphyllum. Factorials Hunan Forestry Academy, Changsha, Hunan; 68759753@
of nutrient salt and plant growth regulator concentrations were qq.com
used for in vitro establishment, proliferation, and root initiation Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. (sapphire berry) is a decidu-
of Cercidiphyllum. Four nutrient salt formulations (MS, DKW, ous shrub with showy white flowers and blueberry-like fruits.
LP, or WPM) ranging from high to low salt formulations were The fruit oil is used both as an edible oil and in the biodiesel
studied to determine a suitable nutrient salt formulations for the industry. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis is needed
establishment and proliferation of axillary explants. Factorial to provide source tissue for genetic transformation. Disinfested
combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations (0, 0.05, mature zygotic embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog
0.10, 1.0 μM), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) concentrations (0, (MS), modified MS (mMS), or woody plant medium (WPM)
1.1, 2.2, 4.4 μM), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations containing with 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, or 0.3 mg·L–1 6-Benzylamino-
(0, 0.05 μM), and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentra- purine (BAP) and 0.1 mg·L–1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
tions (0, 0.05, 0.10, 1.0 μM) were used for micropropagation Both medium and BAP significantly affected the callus induc-
stages. Reduction of phenolic exudation of explants during the tion. Twenty days after culture, calluses were induced on 64.6%,
initiation phase may improve vigor and can be prevented by 85.1%, and 32.4% of explants that cultured on MS, mMS, and
carbon source treatments. Nodal explants 2 cm in length were WPM, respectively. As BAP concentration increased, the callus
used to initiate cultures and maintained on various media with induction rate quadratically increased. The highest induction
0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% sucrose; correlating sucrose concentra- rate, 92.5%, was observed on mMS plus 0.2 mg·L–1 BAP and 0.1
tion with phenolic exudates. All micropropagation experiments mg·L–1 NAA. To induce somatic embryos, calluses were cultured
included 0.07% agar and a pH 5.8. Explants were incubated on mMS containing 0.2 or 0.25 mg·L–1 BAP and 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2
approximately 30 cm beneath cool-white fluorescent lamps that mg·L–1 NAA. Thirty days after culture, somatic embryos formed
provide a photon flux of approximately 40 μmol·m–2·s–1 for a on 72.4% of calluses that cultured on mMS plus 0.25 mg·L–1
16-h photoperiod at 25 ± 3 °C. Preliminary results indicate lower BAP and 0.15 mg·L–1 NAA. Somatic embryos were subcultured
nutrient salt formulations (WPM, LP, and MS, respectively) in the dark on the 1/2 mMS without plant growth regulator. Ten
combined with low concentrations of auxin (0.5 μM IBA) and days after culture, 65% of somatic embryos formed shoots,
moderate cytokinin levels (2.2 μM BA) performed better at which were still under test to develop roots.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S271
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(331) Micropropagation of Lycium barbarum and long life. The objective of this study was to determine the
through Single Nodal Explants and Seeds from effects of different light sources on the growth of miniature
‘Little Gem’ romaine lettuce in a noncirculating hydroponic
Mature Plants
system. Lettuce seedlings were started in Oasis cubes, which were
Ronald R. Muse* transferred to net pots and put in 1.9-L containers containing a
Delaware Valley College, Doylestown; Ronald.Muse@ hydroponic nutrient solution. The solution was Hydro-Gardens’
delval.edu Hobby Formula 10–8–22 hydroponic fertilizer with added
Barbara D. Muse magnesium sulfate (9.8% Mg). The lettuce was grown in a lab
Delaware Valley College, Doylestown; barbara.muse@ under different light treatments—red+blue+white LEDs, light
delval.edu emitting plasma (LEP), and high output T-5 fluorescent lights.
Studies were conducted to develop protocols for in vitro re- The light level was 253.7 μmol·m–2·s–1 with an air temperature
generation of Lycium barbarum, also known as wolfberry or 20.9 °C. At the end of the study, the fluorescent lights resulted
goji. Wolfberry, which has received rapidly growing attention in significantly greater plant height than the LED and LEP
because of its antioxidant and nutrient values, has been termed treatments. There was no significant difference in plant height
a superfruit. Cultures were established from 3-cm single nodal between the LED and LEP treatments. Percent partitioning of
explants and seeds extracted from mature fruits. Cuttings and dry weight to roots was greater with the LEP treatment than the
fruit were rinsed for 5 minutes in sterile distilled water plus fluorescent lights treatment. There was no significant difference
Tween 20. Agitation in 10% Clorox for 30 minutes was fol- in percent partitioning of dry weight to roots between the LEP
lowed by three rinses in sterile distilled water. Seeds were then and the LED treatments and between the LED and the fluores-
removed from the fruit using aseptic technique. Explants were cent lights treatments. There were no significant differences in
cultured on MS medium which was supplemented with each of shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, and percent
five concentrations of cytokinins and auxins: 1) kinetin 2.0 mg/L partitioning of dry weight to shoots among the treatments. In
plus IAA 2.0 mg/L; 2) kinetin 1.0 mg/L plus IAA 0.1 mg/L; 3) conclusion, LEDs and LEP may provide alternative lighting
2iP 30 mg/L plus IAA 0.3 mg/L; 4) BA 2.0 mg/L plus NAA 0.5 sources for miniature lettuce.
mg/L; and 5) BA 0.1 mg/L plus NAA 0.5 mg/L. There were 8 Specified Source(s) of Funding: Hatch
replications of each of the treatments. Explants were incubated
in a 16-h light photoperiod from cool-white fluorescent lamps (134) Weed Control in Okra [Abelmoschus
at 25 °C. For both the singal nodal explants and seeds, all media esculentus (L). Moench] in the U.S. Virgin
variants gave efficient callus formation after 39 days. Shoot
proliferation was achieved at 100% using the BA 2.0 mg/L plus
Islands
0.5 mg/L supplement. Thirty-five days later, root regeneration Dilip Nandwani*
occurred at 100% after shoots were transferred to BA 0.1 mg/L University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill; dilipnandwani@
plus NAA 0.5 mg/L. Results show that in vitro regeneration yahoo.com
protocols can be used for clonal multiplication and possible
Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench] is a highly valued
genetic transformation studies.
vegetable and grown for fresh market in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Weed competition is an important factor affecting vegetable
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM production. A study was conducted to evaluate preemergence
application of two herbicides Preen Plus (Trifluralin) and Scythe
Vegetable Crops Management (pelargonic acid) on weed control in okra. Two cultivars of
okra, ‘Clemsen Spineless’, and ‘Red Burgundy’, were grown
(133) Light Source Effects on Hydroponically- in conventional management system at the Agricultural Experi-
grown Miniature ‘Little Gem’ Lettuce ment Station University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill. The
experimental design was complete randomized block and three
Kent D. Kobayashi*
replication (treated) and a control (weedy) for each cultivar.
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
Preen Plus applied at a rate of (2 oz/10 sq ft, granular) a day
Teresita D. Amore prior to transplanting okra plants into the field and Scythe
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected] sprayed at the rate of 5% volume with water. No emergence
There is growing concern about food safety, environmental of weeds was observed in treated plots within the first 2 to 3
impact, and efficient energy usage in agricultural production weeks after application. Plants recovered from initial injury a
systems. Producing lettuce under artificial lighting can be a few weeks after transplanting. Marketable yields were higher
solution addressing these concerns. Light-emitting diodes in ‘Clemsen Spineless’ (10,615 lb/acre) and ‘Red Burgundy’
(LEDs) offer the advantage of a narrow light spectrum, low (12,641 lb/acre) plots sprayed with Preen Plus in than in plots
power consumption, and little heat production. Light emit- sprayed with Scythe where lower yield in ‘Clemsen Spineless’
ting plasma offer high light intensity, sun-like full spectrum, (10,582 lb/acre) and ‘Red Burgundy’ (9,167 lb/acre) recorded.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S272 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Significant difference in yield of ‘Clemsen Spineless’ recorded An insect sampling network has been in operation in the Co-
in Preen Plus sprayed and non-treated plots (control). Results on lumbia Basin of Washington since 2009 to monitor important
marketable fruit weight, marketable yield, pod size, and weed potato pest populations in the region and to report timely in-
composition are presented. Two herbicides controlled a range formation about their location and size to the potato industry
of broadleaf and grasses in okra field. via weekly alerts. It functions as an early warning system that
Specified Source(s) of Funding: WRRI (USGS) encourages growers to increase scouting in their own potato
fields when pests are detected in nearby fields. The sampling
(135) Root-knot Nematode Damage to Low network targets four key insects: aphids, beet leafhoppers,
Desert Bell Pepper potato tuberworms, and potato psyllids. Each of these pests
should be observed carefully and managed as needed to limit
Oli G. Bachie* significant yield and quality losses that can result from the
UCCE Imperial, Holtville, CA; [email protected] insects feeding, and in the case of aphids, leafhoppers, and
Antoon Ploegg psyllids from the plant pathogens they vector. As well as
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] providing current information about the whereabouts of these
insects, the sampling network contributes to a better understand-
Jose Luis Aguiar ing of how they migrate to potato fields, establish populations,
University of California, Indio, CA; [email protected]
transmit pathogens, and damage potato crops in the region.
Nematodes have not been reported as a problem in bell pepper Each year, 35–40 potato fields are monitored weekly from April
production in California. However, in the Coachella Valley to October using sampling methods previously established
in Riverside County, CA, bell pepper growers are suspecting for each of the targeted pests. Results are reported in “potato
nematodes of causing widespread damage. In this low desert pest alerts” sent via email to 340 subscribers who are mostly
region approximately 5,000 acres are cropped with bell pepper farm owners and managers, crop consultants, and process-
with an estimated gross crop value of $90,000,000. The general ing company representatives. Each alert is a summary of the
consensus among Coachella Valley growers is that root-knot week’s findings with pest management recommendations and
nematodes can result in major crop damage if not controlled, hyperlinks connecting readers to the project website for addi-
research data on damage thresholds and tolerance limits for tional information. The website includes maps showing insect
desert growing conditions are not available. This research counts across the region, graphs showing insect population
project assessed the damage potential of the nematodes to bell trends, and guidelines about managing the pests. In addition
pepper in the Coachella Valley, characterized root-knot nema- to information about insects, the alerts often include updates
tode populations occurring in bell pepper fields, and evaluated regarding potato late blight and other diseases that are pres-
damage thresholds and tolerance limits of bell pepper for a ent in the region. Subscribers were asked to provide feedback
locally occurring root-knot nematode population compared to about “potato pest alerts” in an online survey sent Feb. 2013
the resistant varieties. Under field conditions, nematode infested (response rate was 24%). It was found that 87% of subscrib-
bell pepper plants appeared to show typical nematode damage ers have recommended or forwarded the alert emails to col-
and heavy chlorosis of leaves. Soil samples from the grower’s leagues. Most subscribe to get the regional monitoring results
fields confirmed obvious symptoms (root galling) and plant (93%), and many also indicated that they like to get informa-
damage. Morphological analysis of perineal patterns and a dif-
tion about new pests and diseases (82%), to get late blight
ferential host range test revealed that the problem was caused by
information (72%), to get pest management recommendations
Meloidogyne incognita (Southern root-knot nematode) race 3.
(50%), and to get guidance on insect scouting methods (49%).
In a greenhouse trial, the nematodes did not significantly affect
They responded that services such as the “potato pest
total fruit yield (grams per plant) in the two resistant cultivars
alerts” and the “late blight hotline” are important (29%) or
‘Carolina Wonder’ and ‘Charleston Belle’, while that of the
very important (67%) for minimizing pest outbreaks across the
‘MiniBells’ (variety grown by Coachella Valley growers) was
region.
severely affected. The yields from ‘MiniBells’ inoculated with
nematodes were reduced by approximately 50% compared to Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Washington State Potato
the no-nematode control. Commission
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pepper Commission
(137) Field Chili and Sweet Pepper Cultivar
(136) A Sampling Network for Insect Pests of Evaluation in Central Missouri
Potato in the Columbia Basin of Washington Steven Kirk
and “Potato Pest Alerts” Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; [email protected]
Carrie H. Wohleb* Catherine Bohnert*
Washington State University, Ephrata, WA; cwohleb@wsu. Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; bohnertc@lincolnu.
edu edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S273
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Sanjun Gu seedless watermelon varieties and update variety recommenda-

Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; sanjun.gu@ tions. Twenty-four triploid watermelon varieties were chosen for
lincolnu.edu this study, but due to limited seed availability not all varieties
were planted in the three testing locations. Seeds were started
The demand for chili and sweet peppers has been steadily grow-
in a greenhouse three weeks before transplanting in early May
ing in central Missouri. Information on varieties for the region,
for the southwest and southeast regions of Missouri and late
however, is scarce. The objectives of this trial were to evaluate
May for central Missouri. Seedlings were planted into raised
and select new pepper cultivars that perform well when grown
beds covered with black plastic mulch at Lincoln University’s
in the Midwest and to supply farmers with variety recommenda-
Carver Farm in Jefferson City (central Missouri), the Southwest
tions. Based on the results of non-replicated initial trials in 2011,
Research and Education Center of University of Missouri at Mount
58 chili pepper cultivars (10 big chilies, 27 jalapenos, 9 poblanos
Vernon (southwestern Missouri), and a private farm near Malden
and 12 cayennes) and 11 sweet pepper cultivars (mostly bell
(southeastern Missouri). Vines of the diploid varieties ‘Accom-
peppers) were chosen for the replicated studies in 2012. Pepper
plice’, ‘Gladiator’ and ‘Estrella’ were used as pollenizers. The
seeds were sown in the greenhouse and were grown to transplants
experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design at
with 3–4 true leaves. They were then planted into raised beds
each site, with four replications per cultivar and four plants per
covered with black plastic mulch at Lincoln University’s Carver replication. Harvests were conducted as fruit ripened at the Mt.
Farm in Jefferson City, MO. For each pepper type, a completely Vernon site, 3–12 July 2012. Single-day harvests were conducted
randomized bock design with four replications per variety and four on 6 Aug. 2012, at the Jefferson City site, and on 17 July 2012,
plants per replication was applied. Because of the large number at the Malden site. Data collection consisted of yield and num-
of cultivars involved, harvesting was done on a limited basis ber of fruit/vine at all three sites. One fully ripe medium-sized
during the season. Jalapeno and sweet peppers were harvested fruit from each replication plot was selected to determine fruit
three times while big chili, poblano and cayenne peppers were characteristics including fruit diameter, fruit length, rind width
harvested twice. For each cultivar, 10 randomly selected fruit and soluble solids concentration. Marketable yield ranged from
were chosen and fruit characteristics were measured including 3.3 to 9.9 tons/acre, lower than typical yields due to extended
fruit length, width and weight. The 2012 growing season was periods of extreme heat and drought. Fruit weights were low in
characterized by extreme heat and drought. As a result, most sweet the southwest region (7.5–12.4 lb) where it was noted that plants
peppers experienced some degree of blossom-end rot disorder. seemed to lack vigor compared to previous years, whereas average
Cultivars that performed well overall were ‘Flavorburst’, ‘Large fruit weights in the central region ranged from 8 to 15.5 lb. The
Red Snack’, and ‘Carmen’ for sweet peppers; ‘Rayo’, ‘Jalafuego’, red-fleshed varieties ‘Sweet Delight’, ‘Palomar’, ‘Millionaire’,
and ‘El Jefe’ for jalapenos; ‘Anaheim’, ‘Joe E. Parker’, and and ‘Crispy Red’ as well as the yellow-fleshed variety ‘Buttercup’
‘Sahuaro’ for big chilies; ‘Huizache’, ‘Abedul’, ‘San Ardo’, and performed well in terms of yield during the challenging growing
‘Masivo’ for poblanos; and ‘Super Chili’, ‘Andy’, ‘Long Slim’, season. When comparing fruit characteristics among sites, few
and ‘Red Devil’ for cayennes. differences were detected except that °Brix was higher overall
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Lincoln University Coopera- at the central Missouri site with a mean of 12. These varieties
tive Extension should be tested again to determine if performance improves
during a typical Missouri growing season.
(138) Watermelon Variety Evaluations in Specified Source(s) of Funding: 1890 Lincoln University Co-
Central, Southeast, and Southwest Missouri operative Extension
Catherine Bohnert* (139) Multisite Evaluation of Pumpkin Cultivars
Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; bohnertc@lincolnu.
edu
in Missouri
Nahshon Bishop Sanjun Gu*
Lincoln University, Mount Vernon, MO; bishopn@lincolnu. North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; sgu@
edu ncat.edu

Steven Kirk Catherine Bohnert

Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; bohnertc@lincolnu.
Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; [email protected]
edu
Sanjun Gu
Steven Kirk
Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; [email protected]
Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; [email protected]
In 2010, Missouri ranked nineth nationally in watermelon pro-
duction. There were 3,200 acres of watermelons harvested with Tim Reinbott
University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO;
a total value of $857,600. The seedless watermelon industry
[email protected]
demands high-yielding varieties that demonstrate high °Brix
values. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the most recent The 2012 pumpkin variety trials were conducted at three sites

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S274 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

including Carver Farm of Lincoln University in Missouri Heesun Noh

(Jefferson City), Bradford Research and Extension Center of Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
University of Missouri–Columbia (Columbia), and the David Gangwon-do; [email protected]
M. Barton Agriculture Research Center of Southeast Missouri
State University (Cape Girardeau). At each site, eighteen pump- Dae-Ki Hong
kin cultivars were evaluated for yield and fruit characteristics. Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
The varieties selected were Gold Gem, Solid Gold, Bus Stop, chuncheon; [email protected]
Goose Bumps II, Knuckle Head, New England Cheddar, Red Sun-Bai Bang
Warty Thing, Magician, Warlock, Magic Wand, Mrs. Wrinkles, Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
Gladiator, Lumina, Charmed, Dependable, Harvest Time, Magi- chuncheon; [email protected]
cal, and Pro Gold. At the Jefferson City and Columbia sites,
transplants were raised in a greenhouse in May and transplanted This study was carried out to select sweet pepper varieties
into raised beds covered with black plastic in mid-June. Plant suitable for summer cropping among 12 varieties(red and
spacing was 2.5 ft within a row and nine feet between rows. A yellow 6 varieties, respectively) cultivated in South Korea.
cover crop of buckwheat was broadcast between the rows prior We investigated their characteristics of growth and yield in
to planting. Pumpkins were harvested once in late August. Data Cheorwon, Gangwondo from March to Oct. 2012. The plant
from Southeast Missouri State University was not available so heights of tested varieties appeared to be 270~307 cm, and stem
results presented are based on data from the other two locations. diameter appeared to be 15.7~18.8mm. The stem appeared to
There were no interactions between cultivars and locations for have nodes of 34~37 per plant. The averaged fruit weights of
yield and average fruit weight. Pumpkins grown at the Brad- several varieties were more than 300g, expecially ‘Nagano’
ford Center had significantly higher yield and larger fruit than showed the highest, 312 g. On the other side, ‘Dandan’ showed
those grown at Carver Farm, probably due to soil type. ‘Goose the lowest, 221 g. In red-type Paprika, the ranges of pericarp
Bumps II’ yielded the highest (20.3 tons/acre) while ‘Lumina’ thickness and soluble solid content revealed 6.0~7.3 mm and
8.3~9.0 °Brix. The storage life in M.A. packaging was evaluated
had the lowest yield (2.2 tons/acre). Varieties that yielded more
to be 20 to 30 days. The contents of Vitamin C showed 130~213
than 10 tons/acre were Goose Bumps II, Warlock, New England
mg/100 g. Of 6 varieties, ‘Davos’ and ‘Nagano’ showed the
Cheddar, Gladiator, Solid Gold, and Harvest Time. ‘Harvest
highest yields, 10.4 and 10.6 kg/m2, respectively. In yellow-
Time’ produced the largest (heaviest) fruit (16.7 lb.), followed
type Paprika, the ranges of pericarp thickness and soluble solid
by ‘Gladiator’ (11.8 lb.) and ‘Warlock’ (11.2 lb.). ‘Lumina’ had
content revealed 6.3~7.1 mm and 7.7~8.4 °Brix. The storage
the smallest (lightest) fruit, about 4.4 lb. There was an interac-
life in M.A. packaging was evaluated to be 17 to 26 days. The
tion between varieties and locations in terms of the number of
contents of Vitamin C showed 139~216 mg/100 g. Of 6 variet-
fruit. Most varieties had a similar number of fruit at both sites,
ies, ‘Yorit’ and ‘Yellow mountain’ showed the highest yields,
except ‘Goose Bumps II’, ‘Knuckle Head’, and ‘New England
10.0 and 10.6 kg/m2, respectively. On the base of yield, we
Cheddar’, which produced much more fruit at the Bradford
selected ‘Davos’ and ‘Nagano’ of red-type varieties, and ‘Jor-
location. At Carver Farm, ‘Goose Bumps II’, ‘Gladiator’, ‘Bus
rit’ and ‘Yellow mountain’ in yellow-type varieties as suitable
Stop’, and ‘Magician ‘produced more than four fruit per block.
varieties for summer cropping in Gangwondo, South Korea.
At the Bradford Center, ‘Bus Stop’, ‘Goose Bumps II’, ‘Knuckle
Head’, ‘New England Cheddar’, ‘Warlock’, ‘Magic Wand’, and Specified Source(s) of Funding: This study was supported by the
‘Charmed’ produced more than five fruit per block. Similar region agriculture research activity project(number : PJ008833)
varieties will be tested again in 2013 and will be analyzed for funded by the Rural Development Administration, Korea
variety recommendations.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIFA AFRI (141) Muskmelon Production in Southern New
England
(140) Growth and Yield Comparisons among
Sweet Pepper Cultivars in South Korea Rebecca N. Brown*
University of Rhode Island, Kingston; [email protected]
Jae-Keun Choi*
Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Mina Vescera
chuncheon; [email protected] University of Rhode Island, Kingston; mina.vescera@gmail.
com
Hyun-Taek Seo
Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, As the demand for local food grows, and farmers increasingly
chuncheon; [email protected] rely on direct-to-consumer marketing, there is a renewed inter-
est in crops that may be marginally adapted to a particular area.
Young-Jin Kim In southern New England melons (Cucumis melo L.) are one
Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, such crop. Melons do best with a mean temperature of 18 to 24
chuncheon; [email protected] °C and low humidity; growing season temperatures in southern

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S275
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

New England range from 13 to 23 °C and humidity is often high. available herbicides and flumioxazin that is scheduled to receive
Use of transplants and black plastic mulch have been shown to registration for celery in 2014.
greatly improve melon production in areas such as New England
where the period of high temperatures is shorter than optimum. (143) Influence of Exogenous Uniconazole
Recent research at the University of Rhode Island has focused Application on Grafted Tomato Transplant
on determining whether yields, quality, and earliness can be Production
further enhanced by use of tunnels for season extension, and
on identification of the best hybrid varieties for our production Shuan Hao Teo
region. Low tunnels of slitted or perforated plastic consistently University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
resulted in higher yields and quality than either high tunnels Xin Zhao*
or open field production. Five varieties were trialed in all University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
three production systems in both years. ‘Athena’ and ‘Sarah’s
Choice’ yielded the greatest weight of marketable fruit in the Craig A. Campbell
low tunnel production system. Twenty-seven varieties were Valent BioSciences Corp., Ocoee, FL; craig.campbell@
trialed in the open field in 2011, and 33 in 2012. Years were valent.com
analyzed seperately due to significant interactions between year Stephen M. Olson
and variety. The varieties ‘Electra’, ‘Maverick’, and ‘Halona’ North Florida REC, Quincy; [email protected]
had the best combination of pest resistance and fruit quality in
Limited research information is available on the practical
2011; ‘Electra’ and ‘Maverick’ also did well in 2012 but were
application of plant growth regulators in vegetable grafting.
surpassed by ‘Sarah’s Choice’, ‘Sugar Cube’, and ‘Wrangler’.
Uniconazole, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, was reported
‘Maverick’ yielded the most marketable fruit per plot in 2011
to competitively inhibit abscisic acid (ABA) 8’-hydroxylase,
while ‘Halona’ yielded the most in 2012. Striped cucumber
a key enzyme regulating ABA catabolism in Arabidopsis
beetle (Acalymma vittatum) feeding on roots, crowns, and fruit
thaliana. Exogenous application of uniconazole may result in
impacted yield and quality in both years, with gummy stem
accumulation of endogenous ABA, leading to stomatal closure.
blight causing additional damage in 2011.
The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Rhode Island Agricultural uniconazole application on the efficiency of grafted tomato
Experiment Station transplant production, especially without facilitation of a heal-
ing chamber. In the first fall study (Fall 1), 4-week-old tomato
(142) Herbicide Activation with Drip Irrigation scion (‘Florida 47’) plants were sprayed with uniconazole at
in Celery 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L at least 24 h prior to grafting, after
which stomatal conductance was measured before grafting
Oleg Daugovish*
onto tomato rootstock, ‘Maxifort’. Newly grafted plants with
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
water treated scions were placed inside a healing chamber,
[email protected]
while grafted plants with scions treated with uniconazole
Cameron Chandler were healed outside the chamber in the greenhouse. Plants
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura; were either floated or misted daily during the healing period.
[email protected] Number of non-wilted plants was counted daily until 10 days
In nearly $0.5 billion California fresh market celery herbicides after grafting, after which scion length, chlorophyll content,
have been commonly applied with or activated with overhead scion fresh and dry weight, and leaf area were measured on
irrigation, causing significant runoff, which contains nutrient day 11. Plants were transplanted into 0.4-L plastic pots, and
and pesticide contaminants. Drip-line irrigation is already being the growth parameters were determined after 3 weeks. In the
used as precise irrigation alternative, which made the testing second fall study (Fall 2), uniconazole concentrations of 0,
of herbicide safety and efficacy in drip-only systems neces- 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1 mg/L were utilized. Uniconazole application
sary. Goaltender (oxyfluorfen) at 0.25 a.i./acre and Chateau reduced stomatal conductance prior to grafting, and delayed
(flumioxazin) at 0.063 lb a.i./acre were applied 1 day prior to the onset of wilting in plants healed outside of the healing
planting to either drip pre-irrigated and dry beds. The lack of chamber. However, recovery from wilting and graft survival
crop injury and 83% to 87% weed control in both dry and drip were not improved with uniconazole application. Scion length
pre-irrigated beds were similar to sprinkler activation of these was reduced when 2.1 mg/L uniconazole was sprayed, which
herbicides conducted previously. Lorox (linuron) at 1.85 lb/acre may be beneficial in helping grafted seedlings withstand wind
and Caparol (prometryn) at 1.48 lb/acre applied 3 weeks after damage following field transplanting. In Fall 1, application of 1.5
transplanting, were also evaluated in drip-only irrigated celery. mg/L uniconazole resulted in higher plant chlorophyll content
Both herbicides provided >90% control of five broadleaf weeds compared to the 1.0 mg/L uniconazole treatment. However,
without significant injury to the crop. These studies showed that uniconazole application did not significantly affect chlorophyll
drip line irrigation was effective in its activation of currently content in the second fall study. In Fall 2, plants kept outside

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S276 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

of the healing chamber with uniconazole application at 1.4 mow-down timing was similar with May mow date producing
mg/L did not differ significantly from plants kept inside the later with lower yields at both Watsonville and Santa Maria. At
chamber in terms of scion fresh and dry weight and leaf area. Watsonville and Santa Maria, 0.45 tipping height produced more
Post-transplant growth of grafted tomato seedlings was not fruit than the other treatments at all harvest times and harvest
significantly affected by uniconazole application. Application periods were similar among tipping treatments. At Ventura, the
of uniconazole in combination with other plant growth regula- May tipping produced higher yields and earlier harvest than
tors may yield synergistic effects that further improve grafted earlier or later dates. Ventura plants were in the establishment
tomato transplant production efficiency. year however, so the results may also represent plant size effects.
Results suggest that at more northern coastal sites, mowing may
be delayed until March whereas in Santa Maria, January pruning
Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM is better. Responses to mowing time and tipping were different at
Viticulture and Small Fruits the different locations and warmer temperatures at more southern
locations likely advance the optimum mowing time, response to
(108) Mow-down and Tip Pruning Management tipping, and fresh fruit production period.
of Primocane Blackberries in Coastal California Specified Source(s) of Funding: Hansen Trust
Mark Gaskell*
University of California Cooperative Extension, San Luis
(109) Nutrient Dynamic in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Obispo; [email protected] (Vaccinium ashei Reade)
Mark Bolda Ana Maria Castillo*
University of California Cooperative Extension, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo CP 56230;
Watsonville; [email protected] [email protected]
Oleg Daugovish Edilberto Avitia
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura; Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco
[email protected] Joel Pineda
Anna D. Howell Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco; pinedapjoel@
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura; yahoo.com.mx
[email protected] Luis Alonso Valdez
Randy Long Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo;
University of California Cooperative Extension, San Luis [email protected]
Obispo; [email protected] This work was done in Zacatlán, Puebla, Mexico, in a blueberry
Fresh market blackberry (Rubus spp.) production is increasing in rabbiteye orchard in full production; the objectives were to know
California largely in response to growing market demand. Newer the nutrient dynamic during the different fruit development stages,
primocane fruiting cultivars (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) to identify the critical stages of different elements, and to know
enable annual mowing and may permit better targeting of mar- the nutrient diagnostic of the plants. For this, samples of leaf and
ket windows. California coastal production areas surrounding fruit in five different fruit development stages were collected:
Watsonville, Santa Maria, and Ventura are important centers for green fruit, change of color in fruit (green–pink), beginning of
blackberry production running north to south, but these areas have ripe (red–pink fruit), during maturation (blue–red fruit), and ripe
different temperature regimes that affect how plants respond to (blue fruit). The concentrations of macronutrients and micronu-
timing of off-season mow-down and subsequent pruning. Varying trients were determined. The order of nutrient concentration in
mow-down and tip pruning treatments were imposed on 2-year- leaves was: N>Ca>K>Mg>P>Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu. The critical
old PrimeArk 45® blackberry plantings in Watsonville (2011 stages in the cultivation of fruit were at change of color in fruit
season) and Santa Maria (2012 season) and varying tip pruning (green–pink) and fruits at the beginning of ripe (red–pink fruit).
on establishment year plants in Ventura, CA (2012 season). The culture presented deficiency of N and K, and soil fertility
Mow-down periods for Watsonville and Santa Maria were the was medium to low in K, Ca, Cu, Fe, and N available to plants.
first week in January, March, or May and tip pruning was done Concentration in the fruits of all evaluated elements except Cu,
at 0.45, 1.5, 0.45, and 1.50 m, and no pruning. Tipping (to 0.60 had a decrease with advancing fruit development. In the leaves
m) in Ventura was done 23 Apr., 31 May, or 25 July. In Santa the concentration of all elements showed two major peaks, one in
Maria, highest yield and the best timing of production resulted the green fruit stage and another at the end of fruit development
from January mowing whereas in the more northern Watsonville, (ripe fruit). These results will allow to establish an appropriately
harvest began 1 month later and highest yields were from March fertilization program to obtain optimum yields.
mown plants. The January and March mow-down plots were not Specified Source(s) of Funding: Universidad Autonoma Chap-
markedly different at Watsonville however, and the response to ingo

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S277
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(110) Developing a Genotyping by Sequencing (111) Friend or Foe? Bacterial Nitrate and
Protocol for Linkage Map Construction in Iron Reduction in the Roots and Rhizosphere
Black Raspberry of Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium
Jill M. Bushakra* arboreum
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; jill.bushakra@ars. Gerardo H. Nunez*
usda.gov University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Nahla Bassil Carrie L. Harmon
USDA–ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Michael Dossett Anne Vitoreli
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC; Michael. University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
[email protected] Rebecca L. Darnell
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Todd Mockler
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO; James W. Olmstead
[email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Douglas Bryant The rhizosphere surrounding roots is a dynamic ecosystem
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO; where plants and microorganisms can be partners or competi-
[email protected] tors for nutrient acquisition. Microbial partners can enrich the
rhizosphere, enhance plant nutrient uptake or form mutualistic
Mary Peterson associations with plants. Conversely, microbial competitors limit
USDA–ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR; mary.peterson@ars. the amount of nutrients available for plant uptake by taking them
usda.gov up in the same form and concentration ranges as plants. Vac-
Chad E. Finn cinium corymbosum L. hybrids (VC) and V. arboreum Marsh.
USDA–ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR; [email protected] (VA) differ in their soil adaptation responses and their ability to
take up nitrate and iron. To determine the bacterial communi-
Since the early 1900s, the black raspberry (Rubus occidenta- ties’ contribution to these differences in iron and nitrate uptake,
lis L.) industry in the United States has steadily declined due we isolated and cultured bacterial colonies from the roots and
to lack of adapted and disease resistant cultivars. Renewed rhizosphere of hydroponically grown clonal plants. Rooted cut-
interest in production and breeding new cultivars has been tings of VA and VC were grown in a hydroponic system with
fueled by research into the use of black raspberry bioactive a complete nutrient solution for 5 weeks. Representative root
compounds as potential chemopreventive agents for certain samples and nutrient solutions were then used to inoculate nutri-
cancers. We are building the genomic infrastructure for black ent agar plates. All unique colony types were subcultured for
raspberry by developing, and making available, genomic enzymatic activity analysis. Seventy-two isolates were obtained,
tools including molecular markers for construction of linkage 23 from VA roots, 21 from VC roots, 17 from VA nutrient solu-
and physical maps, and a draft genome assembly that will tion and 11 from VC nutrient solution. Ferric chelate reductase
benefit both black and red raspberry U.S. breeding programs. (FCR) activity and nitrate reductase (NR) activity assays were
A genotyping by sequencing (GBS) library was constructed for adapted for measuring the activity of these enzymes in bacterial
92 progeny of one mapping population. The library fragment suspensions. Bacteria exhibited extremely low FCR activity. FCR
sizes ranged from 191–551 base pairs (bp) with enrichment activity was significantly different from zero in only 20 of the
for fragments of 191–276 bp. Single-end sequencing of 101 isolates (13 from VA and 7 from VC), where it ranged between
cycles of the 96-plex library on a single flowcell channel was 0.29 and 3.81 nmol Fe2+ per million cells per hour. A ferrozine
performed on a Hi-Seq 2000 platform. Initial variant calling gel-based visual assay for FRC activity indicated minimal color
analysis through a custom data pipeline identified over 23,000 change for bacterial suspensions compared with Vaccinium
SNP/indel loci. Preliminary results indicate that GBS is roots. NR activity was low as well, ranging between 0.007 and
an appropriate approach for SNP detection in this highly- 0.905 nmol NO2– per million cells per hour. Direct comparison
homozygous species. Validation of these SNP followed by with root NR activity was not possible. These results indicate
genetic linkage mapping coupled with anchored SSR loci will that bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Vaccinium spp.
be used to improve the assembly of the draft genome, which is are unlikely to enrich the rhizosphere with plant-available Fe2+
currently at 300 Mbp and 2,226 scaffolds. The construction of and NO2–. Additionally, bacterial communities in the roots and
a densely populated genetic linkage map will be used for QTL rhizosphere are unlikely to be the source of the uptake differ-
mapping of economically important traits and for comparative ences between VA and VC.
genomic studies with other members of Rosaceae. Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop
Research Initiative Award No. 2009-51181-06021

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S278 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(112) Vaccinium arboreum: A Rootstock for (113) Fertigation with Micronized Sulfur
Southern Highbush Blueberry? Rapidly Reduces Soil pH in Highbush Blueberry
Bruno Casamali* Khalid Almutairi*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected]
Rebecca L. Darnell David R. Bryla
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] USDA–ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; [email protected]
Jeffrey G. Williamson Rui M.A. Machado
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Universidade de Évora, Évora; [email protected]
Commercial blueberry production typically requires soil Blueberry is adapted to low soil pH in the range of 4–5.5. At
amendments to increase organic matter and decrease pH, higher pH, soil is often modified with elemental sulfur (So)
increasing production costs. Further, most fresh market blue- prior to planting. A 2-year study was conducted to determine
berries are hand-harvested, since the multi-caned architecture the potential of applying micronized wettable elemental sulfur
makes mechanical harvesting difficult. Hand harvesting is (So) by fertigation through the drip system to reduce soil pH in
costly and labor intensive, and the supply of labor is likely highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Duke’). The
to decrease in the future. V. arboreum is a wild blueberry field was planted in Oct. 2010. The So was mixed with water
species native to the southeastern United States that tolerates and injected weekly for 2 months prior to planting and each fall
soils with pH up to ~6.5 and low organic matter, and exhibits after planting (2011 and 2012), at rates of 0, 50, 100, and 150
a tree-like growth habit with a single trunk. These character- kg·ha–1 per year, and was compared to the standard practice of
istics could potentially be exploited in commercial blueberry incorporating granular So into the soil prior to planting (two ap-
production by using V. arboreum as a rootstock to increase soil plications of 800 kg·ha–1 each). Sulfur fertigation quickly reduced
adaptation and mechanical harvest ability. The objective of soil pH (0–10 cm) within a month from 6.6 with no So to 5.8
this study is to evaluate canopy growth, bloom period and fruit with 100–150 kg·ha–1. So, but the change was short-term and
yield in grafted vs. own-rooted southern highbush blueberry by December averaged 6.2 and 6.0, respectively. Conventional
under two soil management systems—non-amended soil and granular So, in comparison, averaged 6.4 on the first date and
pine-bark amended soil. Two cultivars were evaluated in two 6.1 on the second. In July the following year, soil pH ranged
experiments at different sites. At both sites, treatments were from 6.5 with no So to 6.1 with 150 kg·ha–1 and averaged 6.0
arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial (“genotype” x soil treatment), with with granular So. Soil pH remained relatively constant thereafter
“genotypes” comprising 1) own-rooted ‘Farthing’; 2) ‘Far- with So fertigation but continued to decline to levels as low as
thing’ grafted onto V. arboreum; 3) own-rooted ‘Meadowlark’; 4.7 with granular So. The treatments had no effect on winter
and 4) ‘Meadowlark’ grafted onto V. arboreum. Fruit yield pruning weight in year 1 or on total plant dry weight, yield, or
the first season after planting was not different for ‘Farthing’, average individual berry weight in year 2. Leaf P, K, Ca, Mg,
however, own-rooted ‘Meadowlark’ plants had greater S, and Mn concentrations, on the other hand, were lower with
fruit yield than ‘Meadowlark’ grafted plants, averaging So fertigation than with granular So during the first year after
148.7 g and 78.5 g per plant, respectively. In both years and for planting, while leaf N, P, and S were lower with So fertigation
both cultivars, own-rooted plants grown in pine-bark amended the second year. The findings indicate that So fertigation can
soil had the greatest canopy volume. ‘Farthing’ grafted plants, be used to reduce soil pH following planting in blueberry and
regardless of the soil system, had the smallest canopy volume. therefore may be a useful practice and safer than acids to correct
‘Meadowlark’ grafted plants in both soil systems, and own- problems with high pH. However, it was less effective and more
rooted plants in non-amended soil had similar canopy volumes, time consuming than applying granular So prior to planting.
which were smaller than own-rooted plants in pine-bark. In
2012, bloom period was shorter for grafted ‘Farthing’ vs. own-
rooted ‘Farthing’, but not different for ‘Meadowlark’. In 2013, Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
‘Farthing’ and ‘Meadowlark’ grafted plants had shorter bloom
periods than own-rooted plants. Soil management systems also
Waste Utilization in Horticulture
affected bloom period. ‘Meadowlark’ plants on non-amended
soils had a shorter bloom period than plants on amended
(293) Survival and Persistence of Non-
soils, while this effect was not observed for ‘Farthing’. Vegetative pathogenic Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli
growth on own-rooted plants was always greater in amended O157:H7
compared with non-amended soils. However, vegetative Celia D. Whyte*
growth of grafted plants was not affected by soil management University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
systems.
Corrie P. Cotton
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S279
 Monday, July 22, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Fawzy M. Hashem Chang-Ho Hong

University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; fmhashem@umes. Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
edu Jumsoon Kang
Manan Sharma Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected] Kyung-Ho Jin
Patricia Millner Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Princess Anne, MD; [email protected] Shin-Mook Kang
Land application of raw animal manure to enhance soil productiv- Dongeui Institute of Technology, Busan; [email protected]
ity may pose a food safety risk from pathogenic microorganisms Coal bottom ash is generally considered to be a ferro-aluminosil-
that survive and contact fresh produce. Two studies, conducted at icate mineral and has a higher pH. In acidic and cadmium (Cd)
the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, evaluated the survival contaminated soil, the coal bottom ash can be a good amendment
and persistence of non-pathogenic E. coli (Ec) and attenuated for increasing Cd immobilization and for decreasing Cd uptake
E. coli O157:H7 (attO157) as influenced by the application of of crop plants. In addition compost having very high indigenous
poultry litter (PL) or dairy manure (DM) on field plots in the negativity can contribute on increasing Cd holding capacity of
Delmarva peninsula and in the greenhouse where two soil types, soil and then on decreasing Cd uptake of plant. The objectives
sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL), were used. Field plots of this study are to evaluate the effect of coal bottom ash on
were individually amended with or without PL or DM in late Cd phytoextractbility in a gold mine tailing affected soil. Bot-
fall and received spray inoculum at either low 5 x 106 CFU/m2, tom ash was applied at four levels of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg·ha–1
or high, 5 x 108 CFU/m2, cell densities; inocula contained three and compost at 2 levels of 0 and 30 Mg·ha–1. A radish cultivar
rifampicin-resistant (RifR) strains of Ec and two RifR strains of (Raphanus sativa L.) was sown by hand in the experimental
attO157 grown in dairy manure extract. Greenhouse pots (8.89 field on 27 Aug. 2005, and harvested on 29 Oct. 2005. Radish
cm), filled each with 350 g of SL or CL soil were amended with yield was increased slightly with increasing application of bot-
or without PL or dairy manure liquid (DML) and received either tom ash. It was maximized at level of BA 40 Mg·ha–1. Radish
a low, 1.15 x 104 CFU/m2, or high, 2.07 x 105 CFU/m2, dose of a yield was more effectively increased by compost addition. Cd
multi-strain inoculum. Soil samples were collected periodically uptake by radish was significantly reduced with increasing ap-
over 150 days post-inoculation from the field and 56 days post- plication of bottom ash. Addition of bottom ash and compost
inoculation from the greenhouse. All samples were analyzed for more significantly decreased exchangeable Cd concentration
viable E. coli by direct plating and/or mini-MPN. Greenhouse than addition of bottom ash. The water soluble + exchangeable
results show that by day 28 at high inoculum densities, Ec Cd fraction was significantly decreased with increasing appli-
counts on DML in SL and CL soil declined to 2.94 and 3.01 cation of bottom ash, but residual fraction was increased. Soil
log10 CFU/g, respectively, and attO157 counts declined to 2.88 pH and negativity were highly increased by addition of bottom
and 3.01 log10 CFU/g, respectively. By day 56 at high inoculum ash. Reducing Cd phytoavailability can be attributed primarily
densities, Ec and attO157 counts on PL in both soils declined to to immobilization of Cd by enhanced pH-induced increases
3.32 and 2.62 log10 CFU/g, respectively. In comparison, by day in negative charge. Conclusively, bottom ash could be good
30, Ec counts in high inoculum dosed PL and DM field plots amendment to reduce Cd phytoavailability and extractability
declined to 4.6 and 2.43 log10 CFU/g, respectively, and attO157 in Cd contaminated arable soil.
counts declined to 3.83 and 0.46 log10 CFU/g, respectively. In
both studies the survival of Ec and attO157 populations declined Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Rural Development
more rapidly in soil amended with DML and DM when compared Administration
to soil amended with PL. E. coli survived for longer durations
in field plots compared to pots in the greenhouse. Manure type (295) Relationship of Soil Organic Matter and
influenced the survival of E. coli in soil, and these findings the Stability of Soil Carbon
should be considered when setting guidelines for produce safety Hyun-Moo Shin*
relative to PL, DM and DML application to soil. Greenhouse Kyungsung University, Busan; [email protected]
studies may underestimate survival of Ec in manure-amended
soils compared to field studies. Jeongmin Suh
Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
(294) Reducing Cadmium Phytoextactability by Jae-Hwan Cho
Coal Bottom Ash Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
Hyun-Moo Shin* Chang-Ho Hong
Kyungsung University, Busan; [email protected] Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
Jeongmin Suh Jumsoon Kang
Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected] Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S280 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Shin-Mook Kang made by nursery managers, are then, no different than those made
Dongeui Institute of Technology, Busan; [email protected] in a traditional manufacturing environment. Decisions to make
The formation and decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) process changes in order to achieve a positive result in either
is important due to the impact on atmospheric CO2 concentration. cycle time or throughput are historically made based on trial
The functions of SOC depend on both its quantity and stabil- and error or expert judgment. An ability to model these changes
ity of soil organic matter (SOM). The stability of SOM can be and simulate their impact over time without actually making a
defined by how easily SOC can be mineralized to CO2 . Humic physical change to the operation should, theoretically, result in
substances in soil can be regarded as stabilized SOM, i.e., low- better decisions. A discrete event simulation program was used
quality resistant, hardly biodegradable SOM and not capable of to evaluate its effectiveness in predicting system performance
producing CO2 . Various estimation techniques have been used resulting from various process changes to production conditions
to characterize SOM stability. In this study, total organic carbon found at container nurseries in the Gulf South. The simulation
(TOC) for humic substance extracted from soil, the fraction of tool used in this study was specifically designed for manufactur-
hot-water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC), and the soil ing environments, but has the flexibility to model virtually any
itself were analyzed and results were compared to determine process. For this study, a limited number of container nursery
the relationships among them. Results between SOM and SOC processes were investigated. Changes in process cycle time and
showed that both have strong linear relationships with the slope throughput were determined after comparing various “what-if”
of 0.580 and high correlation over 0.99, which indicated that scenarios run over many replications simulating days, weeks and
58% of SOM is SOC. In the comparison between SOM and months of time. Decisions including relocation of processes,
HWEOC, the values of HWEOC/SOM were lied in 5~6%, changes in number of workers, changes in transport/movement
which means that that much of the percentage of SOM fraction parameters and additions/changes in equipment were evaluated
can be extracted by hot water—about 8.6~10.3% of SOC might to demonstrate the feasibility of using this modeling tool in a
be labile fraction. Results on the HWEOC and humic substance nursery environment. Continued use of this tool will be evaluated
showed relationship that HWEOC = 0.536 OC in humic substance to determine the possibility of adding custom operating param-
– 0.0042, with somewhat scattered data distribution, which has eters to allow model use with minimal programming knowledge.
correlation coefficient of 0.6938.
(182) eBooks: A New Platform for Extension
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Rural Development and
Administration
Outreach
Sarah A. White*
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Amy Fulcher
Computer Applications in University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Horticulture Anthony LeBude
North Carolina State University, Fletcher; anthony_
(181) Use of Simulation Modeling Software [email protected]
in Support of Container Nursery Process Steven Frank
Improvement in the Gulf South North Carolina State University, Raleigh; steven_frank@
Scott Langlois* ncsu.edu
Mississippi State Uniiversity, Poplarville; slanglois@ Frank Hale
ra.msstate.edu University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
For many years, decision makers have been using process mod- William E. Klingeman
eling tools to influence design and improvement of complex University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
systems. Typically, these efforts are associated with environments
such as manufacturing or transportation systems. Conditions Craig Adkins
found in these systems are well suited to simulation modeling North Carolina State University, Lenoir; craig_adkins@
due to their inherent complexity, variability, and inter-connec- ncsu.edu
tivity of system components. If we consider the components Kris Braman
of a nursery production system, we see a close relationship to University of Georgia, Griffin; [email protected]
a typical manufacturing system characterized by multiple raw
materials coming together with the aid of a labor component to
Matthew Chappell
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
form a finished product. This product must be transported, re-
configured, inspected, and tracked multiple times during its life Juang-Horng (JC) Chong
while at the nursery. To this end, many process design decisions Clemson University, Florence, SC; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S281
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Jeffrey F. Derr author editing tools. Translating your concept into an eBook is
Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach; [email protected] a relatively simple process, but the time spent to develop your
concept, write the content, edit copy within iBooks Author,
Winston C. Dunwell
select images, and coordinate multi-author books is extensive.
University of Kentucky Research & Education Center,
eBooks and printed books have a similar audience base, both
Princeton, KY; [email protected]
using the internet to access information, yet eBook readership
Gary W. Knox is exclusive to those who possess an E-reader or tablet device.
North Florida Research & Education Center, Quincy; Therefore, consideration of alternative distribution mechanisms
[email protected] is also important to maximize resource availability to a wider
Mathews L. Paret audience. Thus, we also released individual files using the
University of Florida, Quincy; [email protected] portable document format (pdf) for each book chapter, along
with a limited number of printed book copies. To effectively
Joseph C. Neal reach our target audience of stakeholders with eReaders or
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] tablets, consideration of technical savvy and mobile device
Nicole A. Ward preference is necessary.
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: Southern Region IPM Enhance-
Jean Williams-Woodward ment Grant
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
(183) iPhone/iPad Apps for Extension
Alan S. Windham
University of Tennessee, Nashville; [email protected] Kent D. Kobayashi*
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
Printed books are the traditional method of delivering
topic-focused information to a broad audience. In this Smartphones and tablets are increasingly being used to
increasingly digital world, mobile devices are ubiquitous in the supplement or replace laptops and desktop computers.
United States and create a portable, lightweight platform for Horticulture-related apps for extension are becoming more
personal libraries. E-readers, Kindle, and Nook, and tablets, available. These apps deal with such topics as food safety,
serve as effective platforms for displaying e-book content. geographic information systems, image enhancement, hydro-
eBooks can be an effective resource in the Extension toolbox; ponics, insect scouting, turfgrass management and weeds, plant
facilitating delivery of verbiage and pictorial content, while growth regulator calculations, creating and scanning QR (quick
video content integrated within an eBook can only be displayed response) codes, house plants, landscape design, plant and tree
on mobile devices using the Apple iOS platform. An added identification, whiteboard, agricultural retailers, crop protection
benefit of eBooks is that of extended, color rich, pictorial product information, and industry trade publications. Finding
content that supplements and enhances information presenta- apps can be done in several ways. Search for apps on a speci-
tion, especially when aiding identification of pest or abiotic/ fied subject in the iTunes App Store. Do Internet searches for
biotic symptomology is one of the intended outcomes of the apps. Use apps, such as AppAdvice, Appsfire, apps: Free!, Free
Extension information. Developing an eBook is an intensive App Tracker, FREE AppZ, and Apps Gone Free, to find apps.
process. Co-authors from Clemson University, the University To get apps, downloaded them to a smartphone or tablet, or
of Tennessee, NC State University, University of Florida, to a computer and then transfer them to mobile devices. Apps
University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, and Virginia can be downloaded from Apple’s App Store using the app
Polytechnic Institute and State University, partnered together called App Store. Or, use the Mac App Store on a Macintosh
in 2012 to write and publish the eBook “IPM for Select De- computer. For my extension work, I have used the app Zapd
ciduous Trees in Southeastern US Nursery Production” using to create mobile websites. Mobile websites can also be cre-
iBooks Author. The iBooks Author program was selected ated using Google Sites. e-Books are easily created with the
because it enabled inclusion of video content and because it app Book Creator. I have given extension talks on QR code
simplified layout and organizational considerations for eBooks. generator apps to produce QR codes and using QR code reader
Yet various quirks and efficiencies are innate to iBooks Au- apps. News aggregator apps and RSS Feed apps are used to help
thor and should be examined before its use for authoring and find articles, websites, and videos about cutting edge tech-
publishing Extension-based information. These considerations nological developments in horticulture, which are then
include: platform requirements for inclusion of video content distributed to clientele. In conclusions, apps for mobile devices
(e.g., Android, iOS, or RIM), template and layout preferences, provide horticulturists with useful tools for their work.
chapter designations, the iTunes connect account, and multi-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S282 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM Kohei Matsusita

Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected]
Environmental Stress Physiology Takashi Ikeda
Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected]
(225) Analysis of the Purslane (Portulaca
oleracea L.) Transcriptome under Drought We investigated the effect of high temperature on anthocyanin
content of pot-grown strawberry plants. Recently, Japanese
Stress strawberry growers have problems about fruit quality because
Sarah Weeda* of global warming. We had reported that strawberry ‘Sachi-
Virginia State University, Petersburg; [email protected] noka’ fruit grown at high temperature conditions had decreased
anthocyanin content, especially inside of the fruit (Ikeda et al.
Shuxin Ren
Virginia State University, Petersburg; [email protected] ASHS Conference 2011). In this research, we focused on the
genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in order to clarify
Purslane (Portulaca spp.) is a xerophyte that can survive severe the mechanisms to control it at high temperatures. To obtain
drought conditions and is found in many arid regions around the plant samples, the air temperature was set to either 30/15
the world. In addition to its extreme drought tolerance, some °C (day/night, 14/10h) (high temperature regime) or 20/15 °C
purslane accessions have displayed tolerance to high salinity, (control) in growth chamber. The mature fruits were divided
heavy metals, and other toxins in soil. Purslane shoots and into three parts [skin, flesh, and center (pith)]. Total RNA was
leaves also contain an abundance of phytochemicals with well extracted from divided fruits. After reverse transcription, tar-
known human health benefits, including phytosterols, omega-3 get genes were amplified and analyzed using real-time PCR.
fatty acids, and antioxidants, thus purslane consumption is We investigated three anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, MYB,
gaining popularity. Limited genomic information is available anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and UDP glucose-flavonoid
for purslane, although information behind its novel adaptations 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). In skin, RNA levels of three
to stress and biosynthesis of phytochemicals would prove ex- genes were not different in both temperature regimes. Also, in
tremely valuable. Therefore, this study was conducted as a first center, RNA levels were not different. In flesh, RNA levels of
step in characterizing the purslane transcriptome in response to MYB and UFGT in high temperature were lower than those
drought. Our previous studies characterized drought tolerance of in control—especially UFGT—decreased by 40%. But RNA
9 different purslane accessions during germination and seedling levels of ANS were not different. As a result, Color degrada-
development. The accession Tokombiya showed exceptional tion of flesh in high temperature may be caused by inhibition
drought tolerance and recovery and was thus selected for tran- of the expressions of MYB and UFGT. We found that high
scriptome analysis using 454-sequencing. Water was withheld temperature had negative effects on expressions of MYB and
from 20-day-old seedlings, while untreated control seedlings UFGT in flesh part of strawberry ‘Sachinoka’ fruit.
were regularly watered. After approximately 30 days without
water, seedlings began to wilt and were subsequently collected (227) Temperature Effects on Sweetpotato
for analysis every 2 days for two weeks. cDNAs derived from
RNA extracted from entire seedlings were pooled into early
Growth and Development
(week 1) and late (week 2) responses and untreated control K.R. Reddy*
(weeks 1 and 2) and were analyzed using 454-sequencing. Mississippi State University, Starkville; krreddy@pss.
Approximately 8,000 contigs were assembled per library and msstate.edu
compared to sequences in public databases; around 60% of
Bandara Gajanayake
contigs showed significant similarity to known proteins. Genes
Mississippi State University, Starkville; kcg79@msstate.
involved in stress responses constituted around 4% of the as-
edu
signed genes in well-watered control seedlings and 5% in both
early and late responses to drought. Interestingly, 70% of the Mark Shankle
stress related genes were related to heat or drought stress in all Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods
libraries. Several genes involved in pathways and processes of Branch, Pontotoc; [email protected]
interest, including melatonin biosynthesis and arsenic transport,
were identified and analyzed using qRT-PCR. Ramon A. Arancibia
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods
(226) High Temperature Inhibits the Branch, Pontotoc; [email protected]
Expressions of Some Genes Involved in Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)] storage root
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Strawberry initiation and subsequent growth are sensitive to temperature
‘Sachinoka’ Fruit conditions. Little specific information is available on sweetpotato
growth and physiological responses to wide range of tempera-
Takumi Sakayori* ture levels, both at early and late seasons. Two experiments
Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected] were conducted to quantify the effects of temperature using

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S283
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

the cultivar Beauregard. In experiment I, slips were transplanted at four harvest dates and assessed for LT50 (the temperature at
in pots at five day/night temperatures of 20/12, 25/17, 30/22, which 50% of crowns die), carbohydrates, proline, protein, and
35/27 and 40/32 °C for 55 days. In experiment II, same tem- percentage of water content. As soil temperatures increased in
perature treatments except 20/12 °C were imposed after initia- the spring, GM maintained higher levels of freezing tolerance
tion of storage roots, 18 days after transplanting at 30/22 °C, than JG and UC157. With a period of decreasing temperatures
for 74 days. In Experiment I, plants were harvested on regular during the sampling period, JG appeared to reacclimate and
intervals and growth and development including storage root UC157 did not respond. Freezing tolerance was associated with
formation were monitored. In both the experiments final de- carbohydares (reducing sugars and fructans), total protein and
structive harvest was carried to record number of storage and percentage of water content. Of the three cultivars tested, GM
non-storage roots, and total and plant-component dry weights. is best for maintaining freezing tolerance in the spring, and
Gas exchange and other physiological measurements were likely resists damage during freeze-thaw cycle, explaining, in
recorded during the last three weeks of the experiments. Tem- part, its superior longevity compared to the other cultivars. A
perature did not affect total number of roots formed. However, replicate experiment is in progress (Spring 2013).
the number of storage roots formed changed significantly,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: OMAFRA, the Ontario
when treatments imposed at the beginning of planting. Stor-
Asparagus Growers’ Marketing Board, and the Agricultural
age root number increased linearly up to 20 °C and declined
Adaptation Council
linearly with increasing temperature. The time to reach 50%
of storage roots formed, and size and quality of the storage (229) Changes in Cold Hardiness, Carbohydrate
roots, however were significantly affected by temperature.
Total biomass produced increased up to 30/22 and 35/27 °C and
Content, and βß-Amylase Gene Expression of
declined slightly at the 40/32°C. Storage root biomass increased Prunus persica during Cold Acclimation and
with increase in temperature up to 30/22 °C, and declined by Deacclimation
11% and 90% at 35/27 and 40/32 °C, respectively. When tem- Hyunsuk Shin*
perature treatments were imposed after the storage roots are Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; joker0117@
formed, the number of total and storage roots produced was naver.com
not affected by temperature, but the size and quality of storage
roots were significantly affected. The optimum temperature for Keum-Sun Kim
total biomass production was 30/22 °C and declined by 9% Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; saranghaesk@
at 35/27 °C and 27% at 40/32 °C. The optimum temperature nate.com
for storage root growth was 25/17 °C and declined linearly by Youngjae Oh
31 g per 1 °C increase in temperature. The data obtained and Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; grus82@gmail.
functional algorithms developed using these studies will be com
useful in assisting management decisions on field planting to
optimize yield. Sung-Il Oh
Korea Forest Service, Suwon; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-AFRI, Specialty Crops
Block Grant Project Seok Kyu Yun
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science,
(228) Physiological and Biochemical Evaluation Suwon; [email protected]
of Freezing Tolerance in Three Asparagus Daeil Kim
Cultivars in Early Spring Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; dkpomo@cbnu.
ac.kr
Mahmoud Panjtandoust*
The present study was performed to confirm differences in cold
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected]
hardiness, carbohydrate content and βß-amylase gene expres-
David Wolyn sion during cold acclimation and deacclimation in the shoots
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected] of four peach cultivars (cvs. Daewol, Aikawanakajima, Fu-
Asparagus cultivars grown in Southern Ontario must be winter- kuyokabijin, and Kiraranokiwami). During cold acclimation,
hardy, establishing dormancy in the fall before freezing, and from September to Nov. 2011, cold hardiness of four cultivars
maintaining dormancy during the freeze-thaw cycles of the determined by electrolyte leakage analysis dramatically in-
spring. A field experiment was conducted at the Simcoe research creased. Maximum cold hardiness of four cultivars reached at the
station, Simcoe, ON, to assess freezing tolerance and associ- end of Dec. 2011; LT50 values were –61.1, –58.9, –55.2, and
ated physiological parameters in three cultivars, with varying –55.1 °C, respectively. During deacclimation, from the end of
adaptation to southern Ontario, during dormancy release in the January to Apr. 2012, cold hardiness of four cultivars gradu-
spring. In 2012, crowns of three cultivars [‘Guelph Millen- ally decreased. The LT50 values in April, suggesting that cold-
nium’ (GM), ‘Jersey Giant’ (JG), and UC157] were harvested acclimated hardiness was lost, were –7.3, –7.7, –8.0, and –7.7

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S284 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

°C, respectively. According to LT50 values, the difference in cold climation. Interestingly, in our study both cultivars indicated the
hardiness between ‘Daewol’ and ‘Kiraranokiwami’ was the most distinguished patterns in the contents of different carbohydrates
obvious throughout the whole period. The seasonal changes each other. ‘Daewol’ showed more sensitive changes in the car-
of cold hardiness representing with LT50 values were closely bohydrates in response to warm and low temperatures compared
related to those of total soluble sugars and sucrose in all the to ‘Kiraranokiwami’. ‘Daewol’ indicated almost similar repeated
cultivars (P ≤ 0.001). Glucose content in ‘Fukuyokabijin’ down- and up- patterns in the contents of soluble sugars in re-
(P ≤ 0.001) and fructose content in ‘Daewol’ (P ≤ 0.01) and sponse to repeated deacclimation and reacclimation, whereas
‘Aikawanakajima’ (P ≤ 0.001) were strongly related to cold indicated repeated up- and down- patterns in the contents of
hardiness. No correlation between cold hardiness and sorbitol starch. However, ‘Kiraranokiwami’ showed a consistent increase
content was shown in all the cultivars. Relative gene expres- in the contents of soluble sugars and a consistent decrease in
sion level of βß-amylase, confirmed by a quantitative real- the contents of starch. Relative gene expression of βß-amylase
time RT-PCR, in four peach cultivars significantly increased confirmed by the quantitative real-time RT-PCR during the
during cold acclimation, showed a transient decrease in mid- deacclimation decreased significantly and increased sharply
winter, and decreased during deacclimation. Expression of during the reacclimation in both cultivars. Relative expression
βß-amylase was highly correlated with cold hardiness in all the of βß-amylase gene in ‘Daewol’ decreased in approximately half
cultivars (P ≤ 0.01). during deacclimation compared to before treatment (BT), whereas
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out with during the reacclimation relative expression of βß-amylase gene
the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural in ‘Daewol’ increased approximately 3- to 4-fold compared to
Science & Technology Development (Project No. 907129)” Rural BT. Relative expression of βß-amylase gene in ‘Kiraranokiwami’
Development Administration, Republic of Korea. also showed pattern similar to that in ‘Daewol’. However, the
levels of βß-amylase gene expression in ‘Kiraranokiwami’ were
(230) The Effect of Deacclimation and much lower than in ‘Daewol’ in all the treatments.
Reacclimation on Cold Tolerance, Carbohydrate Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out with
Levels, and βß-Amylase Gene Expression in the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural
Science & Technology Development (Project No. 907129)” Rural
Prunus persica
Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
Hyunsuk Shin*
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; joker0117@ (231) Diurnal Root Zone Temperature
naver.com Fluctuations Affect Strawberry Water
Youngjae Oh Relations, Growth, and Fruit Quality
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; grus82@gmail. Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Fuentes*
com University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Keum-Sun Kim Richard Y. Evans
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; saranghaesk@ University of California, Davis; [email protected]
nate.com
Kenneth Shackel
Sung-Il Oh University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Korea Forest Service, Suwon; [email protected]
Heiner Lieth
Seok Kyu Yun University of California, Davis, Davis; jhlieth@ucdavis.
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, edu
Suwon; [email protected]
Root zone temperature (RTZ) variation in soilless production
Daeil Kim of strawberries has the potential to cause changes in growth,
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; dkpomo@cbnu. nutrient uptake, gas exchange, stem water potential (SWP),
ac.kr and yield, particularly for strawberries in solution culture. Root
To boost our understanding of recent outbreak of freezing in- systems of control plants were kept at 20 °C, while plants in
jury, distinct factors between relatively cold-tolerant ‘Daewol’ other treatments were exposed to diurnal temperature swings of
and cold-susceptible ‘Kiraranokiwami’ were confirmed by 5 °C (mild), 10 °C (moderate), or 15 °C (severe), each with a
mimicking unseasonable changes of temperatures that occur daily mean of 20 °C. After 12 weeks, maximum carboxylation
in spring through repeated deacclimation and reacclimation rate, photosynthetic electron transport rate, maximum CO2
treatments. Patterns of cold hardiness declined dramatically assimilation rate, and fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and
during the deacclimation and rose during the reacclimation in were unaffected by temperature regime. Likewise, there was
both cultivars. Our result indicated that ‘Daewol’ possessed no effect on chlorophyll content, number of leaves, or fruit
higher capacity in response to repeated deacclimation and reac- yield. There was little effect of RZT on predawn or midday

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S285
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

SWP, but the severe treatment had substantially lower (–0.5 incidences were indexed 0~9. The incidences of water core on
MPa) SWP compared to all other treatments at mid-morning, the control orchards ranged 1.35~2.20 and those on CaCl2 treated
when RZT was ~5 °C and air vapor pressure deficit was at its orchards ranged 0.95~1.75. Fruit weights between treatments in
daily maximum. Shoot concentrations of N, Mg, Fe, B, Zn each orchard were not different. The CaCl2 treated orchards had
were similar across treatments, but, in the moderate treatment, 1~5 times reduced water core by 28.6%, 13.0%, 19.2%, 35.5%,
P, Ca, and Mn concentrations were lower. Shoot K concentra- and 54.8%, respectively. In the highest orchard, the one-time
tion was significantly higher in the severe treatment. Fruit in treatment of CaCl2 was effective, however in lower orchards
the moderate and severe treatments were significantly smaller four treatments were more significant for water core decrease.
than in the mild treatment, which had the largest fruits. Fruit The results showed the possibility that foliage spray of CaCl2
soluble sugar content was elevated slightly by RZT fluctuation. solution over four times reduces water core by improving the
Leaf area and shoot dry weight of plants in the severe treatment physicochemical properties in the trees.
were over 30% lower than controls. Root dry weight in the Specified Source(s) of Funding: Cooperative research program
severe and moderate treatments was 30% less than in the mild for agriculture science and technology development(Project
treatment. The reduced shoot and root growth may be explained No. PJ008796042013) of Rural Development Administration,
by the transient reduction in SWP when RZT was ~5 °C. The South Korea
consequences of diurnal RZT fluctuations for strawberry produc-
tion appear to be small if the minimum temperature is above 5 °C. (233) Identification and Characterization of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Strawberry Com- the Causal Agent of Gummy Stem Blight from
mission Melon in East China
Pingfang Li*
(232) Establishment on the Application Times Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Scienecs, Nanjing;
of Foliage Spray with CaCl2 for Water Core [email protected]
Reduction in Apple Xingping Yang
Sung-Hee Lee* Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing;
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension [email protected]
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; darkhorses@ Runsheng Ren
korea.kr Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing;
Ikjei Kim [email protected]
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Jinghua Xu
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kimij@ Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing;
korea.kr [email protected]
Yeu Seok Kwon Guang Liu
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing;
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; demian09@ [email protected]
korea.kr
Xiefeng Yao
Ki Youl Lee Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing;
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension [email protected]
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kylee8831@ Melon (Cucumis melo) is one of the most important fruits for
korea.kr summer season in the world. With the dramatic increasing
The objective of this study was to clear up the application planting area of melon in protected facilities in China, gummy
times of CaCl2 solution for reduction of water core, one of the stem blight is now becoming the most serious disease in melon
physiological fruit disorders found in ‘Hongro’ apples. Recently, production. To understand the pathogen which causes this disease,
abnormally high temperatures in summer have induced more morphological characteristics and rDNA internal transcribed
water core in fruit. Therefore, we introduced foliage spray with spacer (ITS) sequences as well as their pathogenicity were
CaCl2 to improve physicochemical properties that can decrease analyzed. 43 isolates were identified from the sample stem col-
water core incidence. We performed field experiments at nine lected from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces of
orchards in Chungcheongbukdo from the end of June to July in the East China. The mycelia from the PDA culture were white
2012. We tested 6-year-old+ ‘Hongro’ trees at orchard elevations to dark gray on top and black on the bottom. After 2 days, the
ranging from 126~306 m. The pH levels of soil ranged from colonies on the PDA varied in diameter from 2.5 to 3 cm and
4.1~7.7 and Ca2+ soil content ranges were 0.9~9.5 (standard extended to the edge of the petri dish. The rDNA-ITS sequences
contents of Ca2+ are 5~6). The CaCl2 solution diluted by 0.3% were amplified from 43 isolates and sequenced. Based on the
was sprayed one to five times on orchard foliage. Water core blast search and alignment analysis, the pathogen of melon

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S286 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

gummy stem blight was Didymella bryoniae. The similarity of Abdulla A. Alsadon
these 43 isolates and other D. bryoniae from BLAST searches King Saud University, Riyadh 11451; [email protected]
of GenBank was 100% or 99%. Phylogenetic analysis, based
Monther Sadder
on rDNA ITS sequence, clearly distinguished D. bryoniae and
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected]
Didymella spp. from the 10 other species studied. A pathoge-
nicity test was conducted in a greenhouse on watermelon cvs. Water salinity greatly affects growth and production of agricul-
Sugar Baby, Sugarlee and Charleston Grey and melon cvs. tural crops. Thus, yield enhancement under salinity conditions
Tongtian and Zhengzhu per isolate. Eighteen isolates showed is a major goal of plant breeders. Six advanced tomato lines
highly pathogenic to both watermelons and melons. Together, along with their original populations and two salinity tolerant
according to the morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS lines were used to evaluate their response to salt stress using
sequence analysis as well as pathogenic test, we concluded that five water salinity levels of NaCl (0.5 control treatment, 2.4, 4.8,
the pathogen of melon gummy stem blight in East China was 7.2, and 9.6 dS·m–1). The phenotypic correlation coefficients (r)
D. bryoniae. Further studies are undertaking to distinguish the were calculated for all possible pairs of the studied traits, over all
physiological races of D. bryoniae which have not been reported the five salinity levels and the 14 genotypes at the two seasons
yet. This project was supported by National Industrial Technol- The results showed significant and desirable positive correla-
ogy System for Watermelon & Melon (CARS-NO.8). tion between total yield and nine traits; plant height (0.83**),
stem diameter (0.76**), leaf area (0.67**), average fruit weight
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Industrial Technology (0.84**), average fruit number (0.95**), Ca++ content (0.45*),
System for Watermelon & Melon (CARS-NO.8) K+ content (0.80*), fruit flesh thickness (0.88**) and WUE
(0.99**). Significant negative correlations were detected between
(234) Observation with a Laser and Optical total yield trait and both Na+ content (–0.53*) and total soluble
Microscope for Emarginated Fruits Surface of solids (–0.82). These results indicated the importance of these
Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) traits in yield improvement and in selection program. Based on
Takashi Ikeda the performance of the tomato genotypes at different salinity
Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected] levels, four genotypes were selected to represent salt susceptible,
moderately salt tolerant, salt tolerant, and reference salt toler-
Masaya Miyanaga* ant. The phenotypic correlation coefficients values between the
Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected] total yield trait and 50 genes for the selected tomato genotypes
Yamanaka Kumi under high salinity level were determined. The results showed
Meiji University, Kawasaki; [email protected] significant and desirable positive correlation between total
yield trait and eight of the 50 genes; JAZ8, LesAffx.30832.1.S1
Takuya Kawamura (0.97*), Polcalcin jun (Les.5056.1.S1_x_) (0.99**), Polcalcin
Meiji University, Kawasaki; amigo.system.jam.obs@gmail. jun (Les.5056.1.S1_a_) (0.98*), ER5 (Les.3766.1.S1_) (0.96*).
com
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The National Plan for Sci-
Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Japan has re-
ence and Technology at King Saud University for this project
cently experienced a huge incidence of emarginated fruit and
(number 10-BIO970-02).
decreased product quality. Aging spot fruits often suddenly
occur when air temperature becomes higher, but its mechanism
has not been researched. We demonstrated the differences of Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
aging spot and non-aging spot fruit surfaces using a laser and
optical microscope, and we discussed it. The fruit surfaces Floriculture
were observed with a laser microscope to confirm whether the
fruit is really emarginated. After a fruit surface was sliced as (009) The Effects of Tree Harvest Season and
thinly as possible, it was observed with an optical microscope Storage Method on Plant Growth in a Pine Tree
to analyze the structure of the cell below the pericarp. The non- Substrate
aging spot fruits had a flat surface and regularly-structured cells
below the pericarp, however, aging spot fruits had emarginated Brian Jackson*
surfaces and broken-structured cells below the pericarp and North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
spoiled. ncsu.edu
Robert D. Wright
(235) Phenotypic Correlation between Yield Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
Components and Responsive Genes under Recent interest in pine tree substrates (PTS) in horticultural
Salinity Stress for Tomato Lines crop production has generated many possibilities as well as
Mahmouad Wahb-Allah* unanswered questions about its use. While much research has
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected] been conducted on plant growth in PTS, wood manufacturing,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S287
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

wood toxicity, etc., there remains limited information available The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis,
on plant growth during production as it relates to: 1) pine tree are known as a pests on leaves, buds, and petals of horticultural
harvest date; 2) changes to manufactured PTS during storage; crops and flowering plants, including chrysanthemum. The WFT
or 3) changes to harvested pine tree logs (before being manu- lays its eggs in plant tissue. After egg hatch, there are two larvae
factured into PTS) during storage. Therefore, this research was stages and two pupa stages that both occur in the soil. It makes so
conducted to determine the influence of harvest season and difficult to chemical control. New integrated biological control
the effects of storage time of PTS following manufacturing technique is being developed to improve biological control of
and the effect of log storage following harvest on plant growth WFT on chrysanthemums. Combinations of biological control
in PTS. In Apr. 2007 and every 3 months through Oct. 2008, agents could be made more cost-effective if used selectively on
coarse pine chips produced from freshly harvested 15-year-old “trap plants” attractive to WFT. WFT was attracted to White
loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) were ground in a hammer and yellow than pink flower chrysanthemum. In olfactometer
mill fitted with a 2.38-mm screen. At each harvest date some of studies, of the four color patterns plants for WFT, compared to
the manufactured PTS was stored in 1.5-m3 perforated plastic yellow flowers, white flowers were attractive to WFT adults. The
bags and some of the whole unchipped logs were stored outdoors toxicities of nine commercial pesticides (five insecticides and
with bark intact. Also at each harvest date, some of the PTS four fungicides) which have been used in the domestic market
from a freshly harvested tree and a peat lite substrate (80:20 were evaluated to WFT at the recommended concentration. The
peat:perlite; PL) was used to grow ‘Inca Gold’ marigold (Tagetes tests were performed according to the standard test method of
erecta) in 1-L plastic pots to determine if harvest date affected the IOBC/WPRS working group “Pesticides and Beneficial
growth in comparison to plant growth in PL. In July 2008 and Organisms”. Among nine pesticides tested with adults of Orius
Oct. 2008, PTS manufactured from freshly harvested pine trees laevigatus, Machine oil 5.0%, Acetamiprid 28.9%, Clothianiclin
and PTS that had been stored since each of the four previous 20.1%, Mancozeb 29.4%, Benomyl 17.5%, Defenoconazole
harvest dates (July 2007, Oct. 2007, Jan. 2008, April 2008; 12, 26.5%, Bitertanol 9.0% were very low toxicity except Methi-
9, 6, 3 months, respectively) and PTS prepared by grinding dathion 41.5% and Deltamethrin 53.7%, with eggs of Orius
logs that had been stored since the four previous harvest dates laevigatus were very low toxicity except Machine oil 97.2% as
were filled in to individual containers. Seedling marigolds were well. It may be suggested from these results that 7 pesticides
grown in these substrates to determine the effect of tree harvest could be incorporated into the integrated WFT management
season and storage time on plant growth. Results showed that system with “trap plants” on chrysanthemum.
PTS quality in terms of affecting plant growth is not affected
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Rural Development Admin-
by the season of year in which trees are harvested. Storage of
istration
manufactured PTS in bags and stored whole pine logs (before
grinding) resulted in a drop in pH (6.1 to 3.5) after 12 months. (011) Optimal Postharvest Handling Procedures
A reduction in plant growth was observed in the 12 mo aged
PTS when lime was not incorporated to increase substrate pH
of Eremurus ‘Line Dance’ and ‘Tap Dance’
compared to PTS manufactured from freshly harvested trees Iftikhar Ahmad*
which had an acceptable pH for marigolds. North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
John M. Dole
(010) Development of New Integrated Biological North Carolina State University, Raleigh; john_dole@ncsu.
Control Technique against Western Flower edu
Thrips Infesting Chrysanthemum in Korea
Flavia Schiappacasse
Eunhye Ham* Universidad de Talca, Talca; [email protected]
Kyungpook National University, Sangju; hameunhye@
Muhammad Saleem
hotmail.com
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; saleem1593@gmail.
Jeung Sul Han com
Kyungpook National University, Sangju; peterpan@knu. Eremurus is a striking specialty cut flower with high com-
ac.kr mercial potential, but postharvest handling procedures need to
Jun Seok Lee be optimized for longest vase life. Cut stems of ‘Line Dance’
Osangkinsect Co., Ltd., Cheon-an; [email protected] and ‘Tap Dance’ eremurus were evaluated for optimal harvest
stage, harvest procedures, ethylene sensitivity and effects of
Yong Seok Choi
anti-ethylene agents, and storage methods and duration. Also,
Chungnam Agricultual Research & Extension Services,
the effects of commercial hydrators, hydrators along with hold-
Cheon-an; [email protected]
ing preservatives, or continuous use of floral foam saturated
Jong Kyun Park with or without commercial preservatives were investigated.
Kyungpook National University, Sangju; entopark@knu. Stems of both cultivars harvested when no floret opened, had
ac.kr longer vase life than stems harvested with three or more flo-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S288 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

rets open at harvest. Harvest procedures, exogenous ethylene isolated from bulblets and cultured in MS media containing
and anti-ethylene agents had no significant effect on eremurus 0.5 mg/L IAA and the following growth regulators: 2, 3, or 5
longevity. Stems of both cultivars stored for one week had mg/L BA and 0.2, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/L TDZ. We observed that 0.2
similar vase life as of unstored stems irrespective of storage mg/L TDZ was effective in increasing the number of shoots to
methods. Storage longer than one week greatly shortened the 10.6, but shoot length trended toward decrease with the addi-
vase life of both cultivars. Stems of ‘Tap Dance’ eremurus hy- tion of growth regulators, regardless of type or concentration.
drated in tap water with silver thiosulfate or Floralife Hydraflor Fresh weight was greater with 5.0 mg/L BA or 0.3 mg/L TDZ
100 for 4 hours had longer vase life than stems hydrated with treatment. For the FO and FLA progeny, treatment with BA and
just tap water, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), or Chrysal TDZ led to similar effects on the number and length of shoots
Professional 1, while stems of ‘Line Dance’ were unaffected and fresh weight, according to the type and concentration of
by commercial hydrators. Use of both hydrator and holding the growth regulator, although the degree of changes was dif-
preservatives did not result in significant differences in vase ferent. To grow proliferate bulblets from seedlings obtained
life for both cultivars, while pulsing with 5% or 10% sucrose through apical meristem culture, each hybrid progeny bulblets
supplemented with the antimicrobial agent, Kathon at 7 mg·L–1, was cultivated on MS medium with 5.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L
for 24 hours extended vase life by 1.2 or 2.2 for ‘Line Dance’ and NAA. Medium containing 5.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA
1.4 or 1.9 days for ‘Tap Dance’ stems, respectively, compared was effective for shoot growth in the FLA progeny.
with tap water. Stems of ‘Line Dance’ kept continuously in
Specified Source(s) of Funding: lily apical meristem culture bulb
commercial preservatives had longest vase life compared with
tap water and use of floral foam reduced vase life. However,
(013) Harvest Time and Cold Storage Duration
stems of ‘Tap Dance’ kept continuously in floral foam saturated
with tap water or just Floralife Clear Professional flower food of Lilium Oriental Hybrid Bulbs Affects Their
had longest vase life. Morphological Characteristics and Sugar
Contents
(012) The Effect of Growth Regulator Addition
Jiseon Kim*
on Bulb Cultivation in Interspecific Hybrid Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Lilies
In Sook Park
SeungDeok Kim* Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kasdfh@ Kyung Jin Cho
korea.kr Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]

JuHyung Kim Wook Oh

Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; apox9122@ Morphological characteristics and constituents in Lilium bulbs
korea.kr change depending on the harvest time and storage duration,
and these changes affect bulb quality. This study was carried
JongWon Lee
out to examine the impacts of different harvesting times and
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention
storage duration on the nose size and carbohydrate content of
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; ljw2364@
Lilium Oriental ‘Siberia’ and ‘Sorbonne’ bulbs. For the harvest
korea.kr
time study, bulbs were harvested weekly from September to
Ki Yeol Lee November in a field farm in Taean, Korea. For the cold storage
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention duration study, bulbs were harvested late November in the farm
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kylee8831@ and stored at 0 °C. Bulbs were measured for morphological
korea.kr characteristics and total sugar and free sugar contents. As a
Taejung Kim result, bulb weight increased as time passed up to mid-October
Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extention and then decreased due to a reduction of moisture content in
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; orchidktj@ bulbs. Regardless of cultivar, nose size increased with delaying
korea.kr the harvest time. Total sugar and sucrose contents increased as
time passed to early November due to continuous translocation
Kee Yoeup Paek and accumulation of photosynthate. In the relation of cold stor-
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 360-763;
age duration with bulb characteristics, nose size increased with
[email protected]
extending cold storage in both cultivars. During the storage
To obtain virus-free bulbs in hybrid lily progenies, scale propa- period, monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) decreased until
gation of apical meristem culture was performed in vitro for the end of March and then increased, whereas, sucrose showed
each cross combination. Meristems sized 0.5 mm or less were a reverse trend. Total sugar was maintained at a certain level

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S289
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

during the cold storage. Changes in carbohydrates content are Dayton Wilde
considered to be related to the activity of enzymes involving University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
carbohydrate metabolism and to affect nose growth in lily To develop genetic resistance to powdery mildew in Petunia
bulbs. This study was partially published in Flower Research hybrida, the mildew locus O gene (Mlo) was identified and char-
Journal in 2012. acterized. The genomic sequence of petunia Mlo was determined
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out using petunia EST sequences with homology to tomato SlMlo1. A
with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for single copy of PhMlo was identified and its expression pattern in
Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project petunia was established by RT-PCR. Two approaches were taken
No. PJ008238062011)”, Rural Development Administration, to examine whether eliminating PhMlo expression can confer
Republic of Korea. powdery mildew resistance. First, an EMS-mutagenized popu-
lation of P. hybrida ‘Mitchell’ was developed after optimizing
(014) Evaluation of Two Different Irrigation EMS exposure levels. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis
and Fertilizer Applications on Dianthus was used to screen DNA from M2 plants for PhMlo variation.
‘Telstar™ White’ and ‘Telstar™ Red’ Two SNPs were identified that resulted in the missense mutations
S130L and G176E. The G176E substitution was predicted by
Bruce L. Dunn* Provean software analysis to be deleterious to PhMlo function.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; bruce.dunn@ Plants with the S130L substitution may have originated from
okstate.edu seed stock contamination. The second approach involves the
Fertilization and irrigation are important components of reduction of PhMlo expression through RNA interference. A
greenhouse container crop production. Application method of PhMlo RNAi construct was developed and is being introduced
controlled release fertilizer by topdressing or incorporating as into petunia by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
well as hand watering vs. drip irrigation can affect plant growth
and visual quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate (016) Field Performance of Transplants Grown
the effect of application method on plant quality of Dianthus using Light-emitting Diodes
‘Telstar™ White’ and ‘Telstar™ Red’ grown in the greenhouse. Meriam Karlsson*
Fertilizer treatments of either 0, 10, or 20 g of 16–9–12 (N– University of Alaska, Fairbanks; [email protected]
P–K) Osmocote® Plus were applied as a topdress application
or were incorporated into the media, and tap water was then Cameron Willingham
used during irrigations. Pots were drip or hand watered at a University of Alaska, Fairbanks; [email protected]
rate that allowed media saturation and some leaching. Seven Transplants grown using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were
weeks after planting, data was collected on plant height, width, evaluated during subsequent field development to determine if
fresh weight, number of flowers, and plant survival rates. For monochromatic spectral light distributions may affect morphol-
all fertilizer treatments except the control, higher values were ogy, flower formation or yield. Sunflowers and snap beans were
seen for drip irrigated plants for height, width, and fresh weight. seeded in a greenhouse and allowed to develop under LEDs or
For the measured variables mentioned above, higher fertilizer natural light supplemented with high-pressure sodium irradiance.
treatments (20 g and 30 g) did not lead to significantly higher The snap beans were grown using LED panels with red (peak
values except for the number of flowers under hand irrigation emission at 665 nm) supplemented with 20% blue LEDs (peak
using topdressed fertilizer, and fresh weight using drip irrigation emission at 455 nm). In addition to red/blue LEDs, sunflowers
for either topdressed or incorporated fertilizer for either cultivar. were also grown under white LEDs (3700 K), or a combination
For plant survival, the interactions of irrigation x treatment (P of LEDs (multi-LEDs) using 50% red (660 nm), 10% orange-
=0.037) and irrigation x cultivar (P = 0.013) were significant. red (635 nm), 10% orange (600 nm), 10% white (3700 K) and
Plant survival was highest for both irrigation treatments using 20% blue (450 nm). Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, 400 to
10 g of fertilizer incorporated, however, for drip irrigation 20 700 nm) under the red/blue LEDs used for the snap beans was
g and 30 g of incorporated fertilizer were also not significantly between 350 to 400 μmol·m–2·s–1 at plant height. The PPF for the
different. ‘Telstar™ Red’ plants had significantly fewer plants sunflower transplants was approximately 150 to 180 μmol·m–2·s–1.
(20%) survive under hand irrigation compared to drip irrigation or The day length was 16 h except a short day (8 h) was provided
‘Telstar™ White’ under either irrigation averaging 53% survival. to one set of sunflowers in the greenhouse. Following germina-
tion, the seedlings were grown for 7 d under the various light
(015) Induction of Variation in the Petunia Mlo sources. Preliminary results suggest the various types of LEDs
Gene for Resistance to Powdery Mildew support similar growth, morphology and development as natural
greenhouse conditions, without significant carry-over effects
Peng Jiang* on field performance. Two selections of sunflowers (‘ProCut
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
Bicolor’, ‘Sunbright Supreme’) were evaluated. Days to flower
Yihua Chen from transplanting were 50 ± 1.6 d for ‘ProCut Bicolor’ inde-
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] pendent of treatment. For ‘Sunbright Supreme’, transplants

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S290 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

receiving short days during the propagation stage flowered 8 content (SPAD value) of blue LED was significantly lower than
± 2.3 d earlier than the 78 ± 1.3 d for the sunflowers under 16 the other LED treatments. In contrast, blue LED stimulated the
daily h using LEDs or a greenhouse environment. Three French biosynthesis of antioxidants in the tomato seedlings. Antioxidant
filet type green beans (‘Concador’, ‘Stayton’, ‘Velour’) and the capacity of blue LED was 2.1 times higher than that of green
traditional ‘Provider’ were included in the study. The transplants LED. Thus, this study suggested that the manipulation of light
were planted in double rows on 60 cm wide raised beds cov- quality using LEDs is a critical factor for growth and antioxidants
ered with black plastic. Despite producing the least number of of cherry tomato seedlings.
bean pods, the largest yield was recorded for ‘Provider’. The
weight of picked beans for one meter length of the raised bed 279) The Effects of Duty Ratio and Intensity
was 8.85 ± 0.78 kg for ‘Provider’ followed by ‘Stayton’ (7.80 of Pulsed LED Light on Growth and
± 0.76 kg), ‘Velour’ (5.42 ± 0.38 kg), and ‘Concador’ (4.18 Photosynthetic Rate of Lettuce Grown in a Plant
± 0.54 kg). Although the yield varied among cultivars, there
Factory System
was no significant difference between snap beans started under
greenhouse conditions or the red/blue LEDs. Kyung Jin Cho*
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM Ji Yoon Cho
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Growth Chambers and In Sook Park
Controlled Environments Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]

(002) Growth and Antioxidants of Cherry Jiseon Kim

Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Tomato Seedlings Grown under Monochromatic
Light-emitting Diodes Tae Jo Lim
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Eun-Young Kim*
Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Wook Oh
Cheongju, South Korea; [email protected] Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]

Bong-Ju Park This study was carried out to examine the effect of duty ratio and
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea intensity of pulsed LED light on growth and photosynthetic rate
of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Cheongchima’ and ’Jeokchima’)
Myung-Min Oh grown in a plant factory system. The 21-day-old seedlings were
Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, grown for 4 weeks under the bar type LEDs (5 red:2 blue:1 white)
Cheongju, South Korea with different LED pulse (on/off) of 400/0 (continuous), 300/100,
Individual light spectrum within visible light spectra plays an 200/200, 133/266, and 100/300 μs by using oscilloscope during
important role in plant growth and development. Light-emitting 16 h photoperiod. These indicated to duty ratio (DR, percentage
diodes (LEDs) of a short wavelength range can be used in closed- of on time from one cycle) of 100%, 75%, 50%, 33, and 25%,
type transplants production systems as an artificial light source. respectively. Light intensities were two levels (high and low,
This study aimed to determine the effects of monochromatic HL and LL) at DR 100%, 75%, and 50%. Air temperature and
LED on growth and antioxidants of cherry tomato seedlings relative humidity in the system were maintained at 20 ± 2 °C
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Cuty’). Two-week-old and 70% ± 10%, respectively. Nutrient solution (initial pH 5.8
cherry tomato seedlings germinated under normal growing con- ± 0.2, EC 1.2 dS·m–1, 20 ± 2 °C) was supplied by nutrient film
ditions (24 °C, fluorescent lamp + high pressure sodium lamp, technique (NFT) methods. After 2 weeks of treatment, fresh
a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 112.9 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1, and dry weights per plant in ‘Cheongchima’ lettuce were no
12 hours photoperiod) were transplanted in a growth cham- significant difference in DR 100% HL, 75% HL, 50% HL, and
ber equipped with various monochromatic LEDs (blue LED, 33%. The number of leaves of ‘Cheongchima’ was no significant
456 nm; green LED, 518 nm; red LED, 654 nm; white LED, 456 difference in DR 100% LL, 33% HI. Fresh and dry weights of
nm + 558 nm) and fluorescent lamp (control) and cultivated at ‘Jeokchima’ were no significant difference in DR 100% HL and
27/18°C (day/night) with a PPF of 205 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 12 75% HL. The Hunter’s “a” values were significant difference
hours photoperiod for 4 weeks. The plant height, stem length, among treatments. After 4 weeks of treatment, fresh weight
and internode length of tomato seedlings subjected to blue LED of ‘Cheongchima’ was no significant difference in DR 100%
were the highest among treatments during whole growth stage. HL and LL, 75% HL, and 50% HL. The dry weight per plant
Blue LED induced about 1.5–2.2 times higher stem length than of ‘Cheongchima’ was no significant difference in DR 100%
red and white LED. The fresh weights of shoots and roots in red HL and LL, 75% HL and LL, and 50% HL. These results will
and green LEDs were higher than the other treatments includ- be utilized for energy saving in the plant factory system using
ing control after 4 weeks of LED treatment. The chlorophyll LED as a light source.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S291
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Specified Source(s) of Funding: Cooperative Research Program Alexander Dragotakes

for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
No. PJ9070222011), Rural Development Administration, Re-
Chieri Kubota
public of Korea.
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
(280) Growth of Lettuce Plants Exposed to Air Emerging high intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs) are cur-
Anion in a Plant Factory rently been studied for their potential as a supplemental lighting
technology in greenhouses. In addition to the long durability, low
Min-Jeong Song* diode operational temperatures, and spectral selectivity, LEDs
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; hi_kate@nate. unique features include the capability to turn ON and OFF at a
com rapid frequency (pulsed lighting). Previous research under sole
Chung-Su Han source artificial light conditions has demonstrated that the use of
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; hansu@cbnu. pulsed lighting with optimal frequency and duty ratio could save
ac.kr energy consumption by increasing plant growth, while others
demonstrated that there were rather reduction in photosynthe-
Myung-Min Oh
sis observed under pulsed lighting with certain combinations
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; moh@chungbuk.
of duty ratio and frequencies. However, to our knowledge,
ac.kr
pulsed lighting has not been studied as supplemental lighting
Air anion is known to be beneficial for plant growth because in greenhouses. In this study, greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis
it may improve photosynthesis and respiration of plants. The sativus cv. Cumlaude) was grown until the second true leaf stage
objective of this study was to determine the effect of air anion on under red supplemental LED light (661 nm peak wavelength,
lettuce growth in a plant factory where environmental conditions FWHM: 15 nm) for 18 hours (2:00–20:00) with an average
for growth and development can be controlled. Red leaf lettuce intensity of 60 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPF. The treatments consisted of
(Lactuca sativa L. ‘Jeokchima’) seedlings grown under normal 1) no supplemental lighting (control), 2) continuous red-LED
growth conditions (20 °C, fluorescent lamp, 150 ± 3 μmol·m–2·s–1, lighing, and (3) pulsed red-LED lighting at 50% duty ratio and
12 hours photoperiod) for 18 days were transplanted to NFT 2500 Hz frequency. The solar PPF contribution for this experi-
systems in a plant factory equipped with LEDs (Red:Blue = 78 ment was 7.6 ± 0.7 mol·m–2 per day. Plant height, hypocotyl
: 22, 184 ± 2 μmol·m–2·s–1, 12-hour photoperiod). Three levels length, epicotyl length, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot
of air anion (low 1 x 104 – 5 x 104, middle 7 x 105 – 12 x 105, fresh mass, shoot dry mass, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentra-
and high 15 x 105 – 20 x 105 ION/cc) produced by high voltage tion were evaluated. Supplemental lighting increased shoot dry
air anion generators were applied to lettuce plants for 4 weeks.
mass (32%) and plant height (55%) compared to the control. No
Lettuce plants exposed to air anion showed vigorous growth 2
significant differences were observed in the growth parameters
and 4 weeks after the treatment. Both middle and high levels
such as number of leaves, fresh mass, shoot dry mass, and leaf
of air anion improved growth characteristics such as leaf area
area between continues lighting and pulsed lighting treatments.
and the fresh weight of shoots and roots although there was no
However plant height and hypocotyl length were 6.2% and 7.5%
significant difference between air anion and control in leaf shape
respectively, greater in the pulsed light treatments. This study
index, number of leaf, and chlorophyll content (SPAD value).
showed that supplemental pulsed lighting at 2500 Hz and 50%
As the concentration of air anion increased, leaf area gradually
duty ratio did not increase cucumber plant growth and did in-
increased at 2 weeks after the onset of anion treatment. Middle
crease seedling’s plant height, which is undesirable for cucumber
level of air anion led to 54% and 45% higher shoot fresh weight
propagators. Optimal pulsed lighting could be species specific,
than control 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment, respectively. In
and in order to potentially increase growth and save energy,
addition, root fresh weight significantly increased in middle and
researchers have to develop recipes on the ideal frequency and
high levels of air anion at 4 weeks after the onset of anion treat-
duty ratio for greenhouse crops.
ment. In conclusion, this study suggested that the application of
air anion in a plant factory has a positive effect on lettuce growth.
(282) Blue Light-emitting Diode Treatments
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Agenda Research Develop- Act to Decrease Kale Leaf Tissue Zeaxanthin
ment Program, Rural Development Administration, Republic of
Concentrations and Non-photochemical
Korea (PJ 008473).
Quenching, Thereby Demonstrating a Less
(281) Cucumber Seedlings Growth and Stressful Light Environment
Morphology under Supplemental Pulsed T. Casey Barickman*
Lighting using Light-emitting Diodes The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Ricardo Hernández* Dean A. Kopsell
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S292 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Carl E. Sams Richard Carpenter

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] BioWish Technologies, Chicago, IL; rcarpenter@
Previous research in our group demonstrated that narrow-band biowishtech.com
wavelengths from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) improved con- Soilless controlled environment vegetable production is designed
centrations of mineral nutrients and health promoting glucosino- to tailor growing environments and nutrient delivery to enhance
lates and carotenoids in broccoli (Brassica oleracea) microgreens. both crop yield and quality. Typically crop nutrients are provided
The objectives of this study were to: 1) measure the impact of through a nutrient solution, which for leafy crop production is
light quality on the concentrations of nutritionally important either flowing in channels or contained within ponds or deep
pigments in baby ‘Dwarf Siberian’ kale (Brassica oleracea cv. water systems. To achieve accurate and consistent supply of
Acephala group); 2) measure the impacts on non-photochemical plant nutrients, the majority of hydroponic nutrient solutions
quenching (NPQ); and 3) correlate NPQ with kale xanthophyll are formulated with inorganic fertilizers. This method of nutri-
cycle pigments. Non-photochemical quenching is a mechanism ent delivery is less reliant on the biological activity critical in
employed by plants to protect light-harvesting complexes from nutrient cycles in soil systems. While much is known about crop
the adverse effects of high light intensity, and indicates plant nutrition in hydroponic production, the potential managed incor-
stress. Therefore, we compared the LEDs with incandescent/ poration of microorganisms and their products is incompletely
fluorescent light to understand how the treatments differ from understood. Soilless production of vegetables stands to benefit
regular growth chamber light conditions. Seeds were sown in 10 from increased utilization of biological materials, if applied
cm pots in soilless media and upon emergence of the first true and managed correctly. Therefore, this work was carried out to
leaf were fertilized with 80 mg N/L solution of 20–20–20 soluble evaluate the performance of a microbial product (BiOWiSHTM)
fertilizer (100 mL per pot). Furthermore, light treatments of: 1) in hydroponic lettuce production during Summer and Fall 2012
fluorescent/incandescent light; 2) 5% blue (455–470 nm)/95% in Wooster, OH. Three commercial cultivars (‘Fidel’, ‘Multy’,
red (627–630 nm); and 3) 20% blue/80% red were applied in and ‘Ferrari’) were grown using nutrient film technique (NFT)
controlled growth chamber environments. The light intensity with solutions maintained at 1.8 mS/cm EC and 5.8 pH. Green-
was set at 250 μmol·m–2·s–1 for all light treatments with a 16-h house aerial temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation
photoperiod and air temperature of 24 °C. After 30 days under in addition to nutrient solution pH, EC, and temperature were
the light treatments, whole kale plants were assessed for NPQ continuously monitored. Seeds were germinated in rockwool
with a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorimeter. Consequently, cubes (2.5 x 2.5 x 3.8 cm), transplanted to NFT channels after
kale plants were harvested and shoot tissues were freeze dried 2 weeks, and harvested after about an additional 4 weeks. Shoot
and measured for chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Ex- weight was measured on all plants and elemental composition
posure to blue light LED treatments significantly increased was evaluated on a subset of plants. Experiments one (13 June–20
shoot tissue violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, total July) and two (22 Aug.–3 Oct.) compared a control solution
xanthophylls, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll with three experimental treatments incorporating BiOWiSHTM
when compared to the incandescent/fluorescent light treatment.
formulations at either 10.0 or 3.3 ppm. Significant cultivar dif-
Results also revealed a significant positive correlation among
ferences were present in both experiments (P ≤ 0.0001). ‘Fidel’
NPQ and leaf tissue zeaxanthin concentrations, which indicated
consistently yielded highest. In experiment one, completed
LEDs provided a less stressful light environment.
under summer conditions, biomass was significantly different
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA SBRI; University of among the control and BiOWiSHTM treatments (P = 0.0046).
Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture BiOWiSHTM treatments one and two were both significantly
higher than the control. Experiment two, conducted in the early
(283) Investigating the Incorporation of fall, showed similar trends but differences were not significant
Microbial Probiotics in Hydroponic Lettuce between the control and BiOWiSHTM treatments (P = 0.83).
Production in Ohio These two experiments indicate opportunities for microbiologi-
cal products to impact crop yield in leafy hydroponic systems
Natalie R. Bumgarner* in northern U.S. climates, but also indicates that environmental
CropKing, Inc., Lodi, OH; [email protected]
conditions and management will likely be important in incor-
Robert C. Hansen porating biological or microbial products in soilless leafy crop
The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH; [email protected] production systems.
Robert W. McMahon
The Ohio State University, ATI, Wooster, OH; mcmahon.2@
(284) Cold Acclimation Attributes among
osu.edu Three Asparagus Cultivars under Controlled
Conditions
Michael S. Showell
BioWish Technologies, Chicago, IL; mshowell@ JaeJoon Kim*
biowishtech.com University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S293
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

David Wolyn (Mentha citrata Ehrh.), plants were grown at different shading
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; [email protected] rates (0%, 50%, 75%, 95%) in greenhouse for 7 weeks and
two indoor light intensities (9 and 50 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPFD) for
Southern Ontario is one of the coldest asparagus production areas
16 weeks. Stem elongation tended to increase with increasing
in the world. Cultivars must demonstrate adequate cold acclima-
shading rate. Plant height under low indoor PPFD was higher
tion before the first killing frost and continue to demonstrate
than that under high PPFD. Internode elongation was similar
freezing-tolerance throughout the freeze-thaw cycles in the early
in all treatments. Chlorophyll content was higher under low
spring. In the field, cultivar Guelph Millennium (GM) senesces
PPFD than high PPFD, regardless of shading rate. And there
in mid-October while fern of Jersey Giant (JG) and UC157
was no significant difference in chlorophyll content after 23
often remain green until a killing frost. Superior longevity of
weeks among shading rates under each indoor PPFDs. Hunter’s
GM compared to the other cultivars could be related to proper
a value of leaves grown under low PPFD was lower than that
cold acclimation in the fall and improved freezing tolerance. A
under high PPFD. Plants under low PPFD had similar values
seedling experiment was conducted in growth chambers to as-
irrespective of shading rate in greenhouse. Whereas, Hunter’s a
sess the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the induction
value under high PPFD was highest at 95% shading. Leaf shape
of senescence, freezing tolerance, and biochemical parameters index was highest under low indoor PPFD after 50% shading
related to cold acclimation. Ten-week-old seedlings of the and lowest under high PPFD after 95% shading. Runners were
three cultivars were acclimated in a factorial combination of formed in all treatments and the length was ≈60 cm in whole
two temperatures (23 °C, 8 °C) and two photoperiods (16 hour, treatments excepting 95% shading under low PPFD. Axillary
8 hour) or acclimated followed by sub-freezing (3 °C/–3 °C, shoots were formed in all treatments and number and length of
day/night). Low temperature acclimation induced the greatest axillary shoots were different among treatments. Fresh and dry
loss of chlorophyll in GM compared to the other two cultivars. weights of plant grown under high indoor PPFD were greater
Median lethal temperature (LT50), the temperature at which than those under low PPFD, irrespective of shading rate. In
50% of the population dies, decreased for all cultivars when conclusion, introduction of lemon mint for green interior needs
acclimated at low temperature; GM showed the lowest LT50 ≤ 50% outdoor shading and high indoor light intensity.
(highest freezing tolerance) followed by JG and UC157. After
Specified Source(s) of Funding: “Cooperative Research Program
subsequent subfreezing acclimation GM maintained its LT50,
for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project
whereas values for the other two cultivars increased (decreased
No. PJ907184032011)”, Rural Development Administration,
freezing tolerance). Biochemical analyses indicated low crown
Republic of Korea.
percentage water, and high concentrations of sucrose, raffinose
and proline are associated with freezing tolerance. Results also
suggest a seedling screen may be useful to select for freezing
(286) The Effects of Several Light Sources
tolerant germplasm in a breeding program. on Growth and Development in Petunia and
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Agricultural Adaptation Council
Torenia
NSERC CRSNG Asparagus Growers of Ontario In Sook Park*
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
(285) Shading Rate in Greenhouse Affects Tae Jo Lim
Indoor Performance under Different Light Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Intensity in Mentha citrata Kyung Jin Cho
In Sook Park* Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] Jiseon Kim
Tae Jo Lim Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] Ji Yoon Cho
Kyung Jin Cho Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] Wook Oh
Jiseon Kim Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected]
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] This study was carried out to investigate the indoor performance
Ji Yoon Cho of two flowering bedding plants, Petunia xhybrida ‘Double Wave’
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] and Torenia fournieri ‘Clown Blue’, under different artificial
light sources. Three tube-type (tube) fluorescent lamps (FL) and
Wook Oh four LED bulbs were installed at small frame structures (W80 x
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan; [email protected] D100 x H75 cm), and high pressure sodium lamp (HPS), metal
To investigate the effect of shading rate in greenhouse and halide lamp (MH), and mercury lamp (MC) were equipped in
indoor light intensity on indoor performance of lemon mint large frame structures (W80 x D100 x H145 cm). Petunia and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S294 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

torenia seedlings were transplanted into plastic pots filled with diluted in water was attached to the cladding according to the
soilless mixture, acclimated for one week in a greenhouse, and shading rate of 0%, 30%, 45%. The cultivating of tomato was
then placed under the frame structures lighted by the artificial performed in two layer vinyl greenhouse, in order to prevent
light sources for 10 weeks. Cultural conditions were comprised loss of dust by rain or wind. Tomato was planted in September
of 22 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPFD (exceptionally, MC and harvested from November. As a results, the dry weight of
treatment: about 17 μmol·m–2·s–1), 16-h photoperiod. Plant height tomatoes decreased 15%, 23 % compared with non-treated due
of petunia was respectively high under MH, HPS, and MC, and to the 30%, 40% reduction of sunlight and sugar content 0.4
low under FL tube. Chlorophyll content was high under LED to 0.6 °Brix low results are shown. The calculated reduction in
bulb and MH. Number of branches was about five, regardless of the harvest of tomatoes due to the shading rate equation is Y =
light source. Fresh weight was great under MH and LED bulb, 0.9248x – 0.5857. As this appears to mean the lack of sunlight
and dry weight was most under MH. Flowering percentage was in winter, a technology is needed sunshine damage due to dust,
100% under MH, the others were ≥ 50%, especially 0% under such as development of a film not attached to dust and supple-
FL tube. Under MH, days to flowering were smallest and the mentary lighting technology.
cumulative number of open flowers was much more than the
others. Plant height of torenia was highest under MH, that was
a little effect of blue light. Chlorophyll content and fresh and Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
dry weights were also high under MH. Flowering percentage
was 100% regardless of all treatments. Days to flowering were
Local Food Systems
23 days under MH and LED bulb, faster than the other sources. (059) Lead Uptake in Radish Cultivars Grown
Cumulative number of open flowers was ≈10 under LED bulb,
MH, and FL tube. As a result, when these flowering bedding in Lead Contaminated Urban Soils
plants were introduced interior, proper light source for good A. James Downer
performance was MH or LED instead of FL. University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
Specified Source(s) of Funding: “Cooperative Research Program [email protected]
for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project Tracey Emmerick Takeuchi*
No. PJ907184032011)”, Rural Development Administration, California Polytechnic University, Pomona; tntinsol@aol.
Republic of Korea. com

(287) The Effect of Low Light Intensity by Dust Terrance Fugimoto

California Polytechnic University, Pomona; tbhfugimoto@
of Greenhouses on Tomato Productivity csupomona.edu
Sun Yi Lee* Bonny Burns Whitmore
Rural Development Administration, Busan; sylee2@korea. California Polytechnic University, Pomona;
kr [email protected]
Joon-Kook Kwon Arable land is diminishing worldwide as desertification and
Rural Development Administration, Busan; kjk0412@ urbanization restrict highly productive agricultural lands.
korea.kr Escalating cost and availability of fossil fuels has renewed
Kyoung-Sub Park concern for global resource conservation. Rising food costs,
Rural Development Administration, Busan; unicos75@ resource allocation, and food security have increased interest
korea.kr in local, sustainably produced food. Escalating concerns over
the risk of food borne illness, such as E. coli, associated with
Hyo-Gil Choi larger agricultural operations has diminished consumer trust.
Rural Development Administration, Busan; hg1208@korea. In an effort to address these concerns, alternative commodities
kr sources have become progressively important for consumers.
The light of the sun have influence on the plant growth and pest Consumer Supported Agricultural (CSA) Farms, community
occurrence and also the productivity and quality of greenhouse gardens, and home gardens have renewed interest from con-
crops is reduced according to the light condition in the green- sumers. Urban farms may inadvertently increase the total body
house. The light saturation point of tomato is 70,000 lux and the burden of heavy metals through the ingestion of food products
production of tomatoes is directly related to solar radiation. In grown in contaminated soils. Lead ingestion, particularly by
Korea, most tomato crop is produced in a greenhouse. In recently, children, has been identified by the EPA, WHO, and FAO, as
shading damage on tomato cultivated main producing areas is of significant health concern affecting cognitive development,
increasing due to the civil engineering and construction dust. as well as a plethora of associated health risks. The full comple-
In this study, the dust of the construction site was performed to ment of health impacts from lead ingestion remains incomplete.
determine the impact of the growth and productivity of tomatoes Many plants have been identified as hyper-accumulators of lead.
cultivated greenhouse. The clay powder 0 g/‡u, 15 g/‡u, 25 g/‡u Brassica juncea has been found to consistently absorb and ac-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S295
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

cumulate lead at rates above bulk soil levels. Little is known (061) Permaculture Solutions for an Urban
about the lead absorption differences among varieties within a Community Garden
species. Raphanus sativa (radish) is a commonly grown Bras-
sica across multiple cultures and a known metal accumulator. Abbey E. Piner*
We compared various varieties of Raphanus for their uptake of North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
lead from contaminated soil collected from an urban garden. Lucy K. Bradley
Significant varietal differences of lead uptake were measured North Carolina State University, Raleigh; lucy_bradley@
in R. sativa ‘White Beauty’, ‘Rudolph’, ‘Cherry Bell’, ‘Purple ncsu.edu
Plum’, ‘French Breakfast’ and B. juncea as a comparison to a
known hyper-accumulator. Will E. Hooker
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; will_hooker@
(060) It’s a SNAP! Reaching New Farmers’ ncsu.edu
Market Patrons with Community Julieta T. Sherk
Collaboration North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]

Heather Friedrich* Many organizations have tried to establish sustainable com-

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] munity gardens and failed. Permaculture is a design framework
that promotes sustainability through the design of efficient,
Curt R. Rom regenerative systems that save resources, time, and energy.
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] An urban community garden was re-designed using perma-
Kathleen Ochoa culture with a focus on energy efficiency, water efficiency,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] perennials, compost, shade, and signage. Energy efficiency
included converting many of the annual beds to perennials;
The University of Arkansas (UA) and the four-county Northwest
establishing a crop rotation with one-half the garden in cover
Arkansas Farmers’ Market Alliance (NWAFMA) collaborated
crops throughout the year; composting weeds on site; and
on a USDA Farmers’ Market Promotion Program to increase
reorganizing the garden to maximize efficiency. Water conser-
awareness and participation of supplemental nutrition assistance
vation included more and better access to water in the garden
programs (SNAP) recipients at farmers markets by expand-
for irrigation as well as beauty. In addition the soil’s ability to
ing EBT capabilities of markets and providing educational
capture and hold water was enhanced. Strategies included: cap-
and promotional materials to organizations that support these
turing rain-water off the shed; mulching more often and more
potential customers. A supporting grant from Walmart
deeply and using living mulches on garden edges; creating wind
Foundation allowed the NWAFMA markets to develop a
breaks to reduce evaporation; and creating a beautiful water
“Local Foods Double Dollars” market match program where
feature as a small emergency water resource for surrounding
markets were able to match SNAP purchases dollar for dollar
plantings. Perennial plantings were increased as one method for
up to $20/market visit. Prior to this project only three farm-
decreasing maintenance while keeping beauty, interest, and food
ers’ markets out of 11 in Northwest Arkansas were equipped
production as well as adding shade and shelter. Fruit trees and
to accept SNAP funds. Six additional farmers markets’ were
berry bushes; living mulch perennial edging; perennial edible
equipped with electronic benefits transfer (EBT) machines,
and pollinator plants; edible perennial arbor for shade; food for-
scrip, and signage as a result of this project. A brochure and
est floor plantings; and an herb spiral were all added. Compost
posters printed in English, Spanish and Marshallese, a web-
and soil were used more efficiently by improving access to the
site, a Facebook page, TV and newspaper ads, and radio ads
compost bins and improving signage. More, smaller compost
in English and Spanish were developed to inform potential
containers were installed for faster, more efficient production.
shoppers of market locations, and dates and hours of opera-
Compost bins were placed more strategically. A separate compost
tions. Approximately 15,000 brochures and 150 posters were
pile was created for grasses and weeds to minimize weed seeds
distributed to Head Start, DHS, food pantries, Extension
in the main compost system. Living mulches decrease the need
offices, WIC offices, libraries, and community centers. SNAP
for additional compost during the season. A perennial food for-
customers were surveyed at two of the larger markets in 2012.
est floor plantings will build soil in an existing empty quadrant.
Surveys results indicate that word of mouth was the most
Signage enhancements included artistic, educational, welcoming,
important method for SNAP recipients to learn that SNAP
and directive signs including more street signage to welcome
was accepted at the farmers’ markets. Survey results indicated
neighbors and direct traffic through the garden. Shade involved
that 65% of SNAP recipients shop at the farmers’ market 3 to 4
increasing shaded gathering spaces; increasing vertical growing
times per month and if SNAP was not accepted at the markets
spaces to create microclimates; replacing existing ornamental
they would continue to shop there although less often and would
trees with fruit and nut trees that also provide shade; adding
spend less money. SNAP recipients infused approximately
seating and gathering spaces; creating a visual and educational
$41,000 into the local economy with purchases of locally
model for organizing a garden to connect with nature. A before
grown and raised products at farmers’ markets in 2011 to 2012.
and after comparison of permaculture elements showed 42%

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S296 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

prior to the redesign and 73% after. A similar comparison of there was no regular classroom education on local foods; willing
permaculture systems found 10 before and 44 after. cafeteria staff was critical to success. As a result of this project
and previous farm to school activities, FPS has expanded farm
(062) Community Building: Growing a Model to school programming with a recently received USDA Farm
Farm to School Program with Community to School grant.
Partnerships Specified Source(s) of Funding: SARE
Heather Friedrich (063) Good Agricultural and Good Handling
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Practices: Compliance By Everyone?
Curt R. Rom*
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Kurt D. Nolte*
University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
Samantha E. Jones
Fayetteville Public Schools, Fayetteville, AR; Channah M. Rock
[email protected] University of Arizona, Maricopa; [email protected]
Recent contamination outbreaks in specialty crops have raised
Dana Smith
concerns about the safety of how these crops are grown, har-
Fayetteville Public Schools, Fayetteville, AR; dana.smith@
vested, processed, stored, and shipped. To this end, there is
fayar.net
an increased awareness by buyers and consumers of specialty
Adam Simmons crop products for independent verification and certification that
Fayetteville Public Schools, Fayetteville, AR; adam. growers and other fresh produce handlers are following Good
[email protected] Handling Practices (GHP) and Good Agricultural Practices
Elizabeth Ashbaugh (GAP) to improve food safety. The University of Arizona, Yuma
Apple Seeds, Inc., Fayetteville, AR; [email protected] County Cooperative Extension and the Arizona Department
of Agriculture, Agricultural Consultation and Training (ACT)
Christina Thomas Program have collaborated to implement a USDA GHP/GAP
KUAF Public Radio, Fayetteville, AR; [email protected] Training Program for Arizona specialty crop producers. The
Fayetteville Public Schools (FPS), the University of Arkan- in-class training program has been very successful in attract-
sas, Apple Seeds Inc. (a local non-profit focused on nutrition ing interest with the total number of small farm participants
education), Feed Fayetteville (a local non-profit dedicated equaling 488 since the program’s inception in 2010. Research
to alleviating hunger through local resources), and KUAF findings from GHP/GAP programming indicate that growers
radio (the local NPR affiliate), collaborated to develop a suc- participating in workshops are gaining a greater understanding
cessful Farm to School (F2S) model program in Fayetteville, of good growing and handling practices. Yet, this knowledge
AR. The program was funded through the Southern SARE is not necessarily leading to behavior change in the form of
Community Development Program. This initiative was imple- USDA GHP/GAP certification. Change is primarily occurring
mented through the summer lunch program at FPS middle among growers when they are required by those buying their
school which offers a free, summer noon-time meal program. produce to provide evidence of on-farm food safety practices.
Through this partnership a core group of growers was inter- To date, activities that Arizona small growers are most com-
ested in participating in a F2S program and producing for the monly pursuing are participating in GHP/GAP training, writ-
FPS. A student nutrition education program was implemented ing some form of a food safety plan, and making convenient
through signage and field trips to the participating local farms on-farm food safety modifications. Growers are not specifically
and to the Fayetteville farmers’ market. Community awareness developing a culture of food safety by keeping records that food
of farm to school was increased through a series of stories on safety plans are being acted upon, documenting potential food
KUAF’s daily news magazine, Ozarks at Large. Obstacles safety risks, or requesting on-farm site visits. Given that only
and challenges to implementation and expansion have been a marginal number of growers are applying for certification,
identified from the perspective of each of the various partners. evidence indicates that only a select number of buyers are cur-
Information on establishing a farm to school program, recruit- rently mandating third party compliance from small producers.
ing growers, incorporating nutrition education, identifying Growers reported that the primary reason they did not carry out
community partners and their challenges were shared with area any of these GAP behaviors is that they are not required to do
child nutrition directors and school administrators in regional so, indicating that the external expectations of produce buyers
workshop. Some key lessons learned included: the flexibility are currently the primary driver in generating grower behaviors.
of the summer lunch menu allowed the cafeteria staff to easily Time, money, and the technical complexity of requirements are
add local produce into the menu; lunch buddies were organized also viewed as barriers to implementation. Within the totality of
so that food and farming enthusiasts could eat lunch with kids GAP standards, change may not appear to have much signifi-
and talk to them about food production and nutrition; signage cance, but successes—even seemingly small ones—must not
in the lunch area about local foods was helpful especially if be overlooked. As comprehensive and recent as GAP standards

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S297
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

are, time is needed to address the wide range of needs of fresh Kansas, the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation (PBPN) through
produce growers. Extension’s programming must be sensitive determining the best vegetable cultivars for soils and climate of
to the different needs that diverse growers have. their reservation, mentoring, and culturally relevant gardening
education. A pre-season workshop was held in Spring 2012 with
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Arizona Specialty Crop Block
35 participants, to provide gardening advice. This paper reports
Grant Program, #SCBGP-FB10-41
the findings of the study conducted at the PBPN harvest feast
(064) Economics of Growing Microgreens for in Nov. 2012. A written questionnaire was developed to survey
the consumption of fruits and vegetables, gardening experience,
the Local Food Market health status, physical activity, and the socio-economic status
Gary R. Bachman* of the tribe. Out of 100 surveys distributed, 95 were returned
Mississippi State University, Biloxi; gbachman@ext. composed of 15 pre-season workshop participants (WP) and
msstate.edu 80 non-workshop participants (NWP). The mean numbers
of servings of fruits and vegetables consumed were 1.68 and
Christine Coker
1.92, respectively. Nearly 50% met the recommendation for
Coastal Research & Extension Center, Biloxi, MS; ccoker@
fruit consumption (2+ servings/day) and 22% for vegetable
ra.msstate.edu
consumption (3+ servings/day), but only 19% met both levels
The hardest aspect of growing fresh produce for the local food together. This is far below the targets set by the Healthy People
market is establishing appropriate selling prices. New crops 2010 objectives and needs to be increased. A major portion of
are put into the production rotation based on customer recom- the WP group (60%) were experienced gardeners with at least 5
mendations and seed catalog promotions. Many fresh market years of experience compared to only 19% in the NWP group.
growers do not take the time to consider, let alone calculate, The proportion with no previous experience in gardening in the
the ultimate costs to produce these new crops. One crop that NWP group was 46% and the major reasons for not gardening
is getting a lot of attention from both the restaurant market were “no land” (55%) and “no knowledge” (12%). By encour-
and consumers are microgreens. A case study was performed aging these groups to garden at the community garden and to
with a local grower producing microgreens. Production costs attend gardening workshops, gardening activity and fruit and
and inputs were evaluated to calculate and establish selling vegetable consumption in the reservation could be increased.
prices. Input costs are approximately $2.46/ft2 and is fairly In the tribe, 30% of the respondents were below the poverty
consistent across the microgreen varieties grown. Harvestable threshold, compared to 14.3% for the entire nation and 27%
yield varies from 1.5 oz/ft2 to more than 4 oz/ft2 depending for the American Indians and Alaska Natives, nationwide. The
on variety. Market prices depend on variety and production percentage of retired people in the tribe (27%) was also higher
management. Market prices range from $2.00 to $6.00 per compared to the rates for the State of Kansas and the nation.
ounce with a resulting margin ranging from 35% to 75%. Ul- These indices stress the importance and the potential of engaging
timate customer preferences for microgreen variety are based these groups of people into gardening activities in the reservation.
on the end use. Specified Source(s) of Funding: Partial support for this project
was provided by the USDA-NIFA Tribal Colleges Research
(066) Evaluation of the Consumption of Fruits Grants Program
and Vegetables and Socio-economic Status on a
Native American Reservation in Kansas
Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Pabodha G. Galgamuwe Arachchige*
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] Nursery Crops
Candice Shoemaker (039) Evaporative and Transpirational Loss
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
from Three Nursery Container Types
Charles Barden
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] Alison Stoven O’Connor*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; [email protected]
Spencer D. Wood
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] Anthony J. Koski
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; tony.koski@
Relocation from their native lands made drastic changes to the colostate.edu
cultures and traditions of Native Americans, which ultimately
changed their dietary habits and physical activity, is the leading James E. Klett
cause of the high prevalence of obesity and obesity related dis- Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@
eases among these populations. To promote a healthy lifestyle, colostate.edu
the objective of this project is to increase fresh fruit and vegetable There is growing interest in the use of fabric containers for
availability through gardening for an Indian tribe in northeast nursery-grown plants. Potential benefits of their use include

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S298 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

reductions in circling or girdling roots, maintaining more favor- composted algae (TC-CA), Egret Marsh-CA (EM-CA), a peat-
able root zone temperatures and the potential to use recycled or based substrate control (PB), and three controlled-release fertil-
biodegradable materials for the container. While there is little izer (CRF) rates: 0%, 50%, and 100% of the label recommended
published work comparing evaporative and transpirational loss rate (0, 50, or 100 CRF). The experiment was a completely
from plants grown in fabric and black plastic containers, it is randomized design with six replications per substrate x CRF
believed that plants grown in fabric types have greater water use combination. In the 0 CRF treatment, plants growing in TC-CA
requirements until established. Our research focused on three or EM-CA when compared to the PB control were significantly
container types, all #5 in size: black plastic (BP), Root Pouch® greener by as much as 10 SPAD units (52 PB and 62 EM-CA
(RP), and Smart Pot® (SP). In a greenhouse study conducted SPAD), had a larger trunk diameter by 8 cm (17 cm PB and
from January to Mar. 2013, we examined evaporative loss from 25 cm TC-CA), and a greater growth index by 27 cm (37 cm
containers containing only substrate. One set of each fabric type PB and 64 cm EM-CA). For all CRF rates, plants growing in
was wrapped in plastic to examine if the container sidewall had either of the composted algae substrates when compared to the
an effect on evaporative loss. Containers were watered to field PB substrate had significantly greater biomass removed from
capacity and allowed to drain for 24 hours. They were weighed shearing by an average of 57% (436 g FW for PB and 780 g
and volumetric water content was measured daily for 26 days. FW for CA). This research demonstrates that composted algae
We found that non-plastic wrapped fabric containers lost water is a suitable, if not superior, substrate for growing Ligustrum
more rapidly than BP and plastic-wrapped fabric containers. japonicum compared to the PB control substrate. Using com-
A field study was also conducted to examine evaporative and posted algae, based on the 0 CRF treatment, may require fewer
transpirational loss when growing a common shrub in the same nutrient inputs to produce a marketable plant.
three containers. Bareroot plants were potted in April 2013,
grown outdoors, and watered and fertilized until established. (041) Influence of Time on Measuring Container
Plants were then watered to field capacity and allowed to drain Fertility by the Pour-through Extraction
for 24 hours to begin dry down. Daily weight and volumetric
water content measurements were taken until plants reached Winston C. Dunwell*
permanent wilt. In a second field study, plants were watered to University of Kentucky Research & Education Center,
field capacity, allowed to drain for 24 hours, and then watered Princeton; [email protected]
daily at 100% or 75% of ET. Plant growth index (GI) was Dwight Wolfe
calculated every three weeks during the study. Leachate was University of Kentucky Research & Education Center,
collected to determine plant water use efficiency. Princeton; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Colorado Nursery Research and Carey Grable
Education Foundation, CSU Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky Research & Education Center,
CSU Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Princeton; [email protected]
Research was conducted to compare the traditional pour-through
(040) Production of Ligustrum japonicum in (PT) extraction procedure of waiting 2 hours following irriga-
Composted Algae tion to that of waiting only thirty minutes following irrigation
Joseph P. Albano* to make electrical conductivity (EC) and pH measurements. It is
U.S. Horticultural Research Lab., Ft. Pierce, FL; joseph. believed that the time following irrigation, if consistent through-
[email protected] out the soluble salts reading for a given crop, will represent the
available nutrient levels. This has not been previously verified.
James Altland Recommendations for the time from irrigation to sampling vary
USDA–ARS, MWA ATRU, Wooster, OH; James.Altland@ greatly. Thirty to 60 minutes has been recommended for green-
ars.usda.gov house crops. Two hours and more is the standard delay following
Due to several environmental and economic factors, the use of irrigation for woody species. Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume were
the main physical components in common substrates utilized potted into straight pine bark media in 7-gal containers and fertil-
for growing horticultural crops—peat and bark—have either ized with medium recommendation for 7-gal containers of 214
become of limited supply, costly to use, or both. This research g of Osmocote® Plus 15–9–12, 12–14 month. The plants were
looks at composted algae as an alternative substrate for grow- placed in Top Hat™ Stabilizer Baskets on a gravel bed. Irriga-
ing the woody nursery crop Ligustrum japonicum. Plants were tion was provided via a single Tavlit 4463 sprayer delivering
purchased as liners and stepped-up to 11.4-L containers over a 15 lph per container by cyclic irrigation three applications per
12-month period with the experiment continuing for another year. day for 10 minutes each application. The two treatments (the
At 24 months after transplant, data on physical parameters were 30-minute delay, and the 2-hour delay) were allocated to three
collected: growth index, SPAD, trunk diameter, and shearing rows (blocks) of containers in a randomized complete-block
biomass (to 20 cm from side of pot to 40 cm tall from substrate design. Each treatment within each block consisted of seven
surface). Treatments consisted of three substrates: Taylor Creek containers. SAS was used for statistical analysis. Pour-through

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S299
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

extraction data was collected every 2 weeks from 26 Apr. 2013 with 6 reps. There were no interactions between substrate
to 24 Sept. 2013. The EC and pH readings for the 30-minute and irrigation for any data. Black-eyed susan had the greatest
delay and 2-hour delay after irrigation were statistically the same. growth index and shoot dry weight when grown in 80%
The pour-through results 30 minutes and 2 hours following ir- PB:20% sand, though plants grown in the PB:ERC mix were
rigation enable a recommendation to shorten the delay between marketable. Plants grown in 80% ERC : 20% sand were smaller
irrigation and the pour-through procedure. than plants in the other two treatments and increasing irrigation
Specified Source(s) of Funding: University of Kentucky Nursery/ frequency in this substrate resulted in the smallest plants in the
Landscape Fund study. Among all substrate treatments, plants irrigated 6x had less
shoot dry weight than those irrigated 1x and 2x per day. Cyclic
(042) Cyclic Irrigation Does Not Overcome irrigation did not overcome low water holding capacity in the
80% ERC:20% sand substrate treatment for black-eyed susan.
Low Water Holding Capacity of Juniperus However, plants grown in PB:ERC grew to a marketable size.
virginiana-based Substrates for Greenhouse
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Floriculture and Nursery Re-
Production of Rudbeckia
search Initiative
Travis R. Carmichael
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] (043) Nutrient Uptake and Removal by
Cheryl R. Boyer* Christmas Tree Harvest
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] Gladis Zinati*
Stuart L. Warren Rodale Institute, Kutztown, PA; gladis.zinati@
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] rodaleinstitute.org
Catherine C. Lavis Joseph R. Heckman
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; heckman@aesop.
rutgers.edu
Jason J. Griffin
Kansas State University, Haysville; [email protected] Mark Vodak
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; vodak@aesop.
Nursery and greenhouse studies evaluating wood-based
rutgers.edu
alternative substrates have consistently cited poor physical
properties, specifically low water holding capacity and high air Writing nutrient management plans for Christmas tree produc-
space, as reasons for reduced growth in plants produced in a tion requires accurate values for nutrient removal and harvest
high percentage of wood materials. In the Great Plains region records. To obtain such data, freshly cut trees were collected
of the United States, Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana; from several commercial plantations in New Jersey. A total
ERC), is a locally available, weedy tree species. Several stud- of nine market-size trees consisted of thee trees per each of
ies have indicated that ERC is suitable as a substrate amend- Norway spruce (Picea abies), Canaan fir (Abies balsamea
ment, but not as a replacement for pine bark (PB). When ERC var. phanerolepis), and Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii).
is used up to 40% (by vol.), plant growth is often similar to Minimum, maximum, and mean cut tree size measurements
PB-based substrates, but when blended at volumes greater than were as follows for height (m): 1.98, 2.69, and 2.33, respectively;
40%, reduced growth is evident. The objective of this study was basal diameter (m): 1.30, 2.72, and 1.66, respectively; volume
to determine if cyclic irrigation (same volume of water distrib- (m3): 0.87, 4.88, and 1.83; area (m2): 1.28, 3.43, and 1.96; fresh
uted throughout the day as opposed to one irrigation event) can weight (kg/tree): 5.23, 51.29, and 21.98, respectively. Mean
help overcome low water holding capacity and improve plant tree moisture content at harvest was 53.89%. Three whole tree
growth. Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldstrum’) plants per species were cut into smaller pieces, oven-dried, and
liners were planted into three substrate treatments: 1) 80% ground for determining dry weight, nutrient concentration, and
PB:20% sand; 2) 40% ERC:40% PB:20% sand; and 3) 80% nutrient removal per given area. Nutrient contents were calcu-
ERC:20% sand (by volume) on 29 Feb. 2012. Container size lated for whole trees and there were no significant difference in
was 1-gallon (3.8 L) and substrates were pre-plant incorporated nutrient uptake values among species. Assuming a tree row
with Osmocote 18N–5P–13K + micronutrients (3–4 month spacing and within row spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m for a popula-
release, The Scotts Co., Maryville, OH). Plants were placed in tion of 4,302 trees per ha, a clear cut harvest would be projected
a glass greenhouse maintained at 70 °F (21 °C). An automated to remove on average (kg/ha) 560 N, 60.87 P, 168 K, 243.51
irrigation controller was used to apply the following cyclic ir- Ca, 37.75 Mg, 28.25 S, 0.54 B, 3.39 Fe, 4.74 Mn, 0.11 Cu, and
rigation treatments: 1x per day (0800 hr), 2x (1100, 1500 hr), 2.79 Zn, 2.92 Al, 105.85 Cl, 0.02 Mo, and 1.44 Na. Nutrient
3x (0900, 1200, 1500 hr), and 6x (0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, removal estimates for wider row spacing can be recalculated
1600, 1800 hr). Total volume of water applied was 350 mL based on the number of trees harvested from a unit land
per day. Plants were arranged in a randomized complete-block area. Cities that collect Christmas trees after the holiday and
design with a 3 x 4 factorial (substrate by irrigation frequency) shred them for mulch may also find the nutrient content values

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S300 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

useful. can significantly reduce water use compared to DWU based

irrigation methods.
(044) Comparison of Irrigation Scheduling
Based on Daily Water Use or Plant Water (045) Impact of Container Material on
Demand of Container-grown Woody Plants Substrate Heat Buildup in an Outdoor Nursery
Susmitha Nambuthiri Susmitha Nambuthiri
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
Robert L. Geneve* Robert L. Geneve*
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
Amy Fulcher Genhua Niu
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@
ag.tamu.edu
Nursery irrigation scheduling based on two methods were
compared (1) daily water use (DWU) and (2) a recently pro- Youping Sun
posed plant demand-based irrigation system that assumes that Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
growth would not be compromised when basing the irrigation [email protected]
set point on the substrate water content where photosynthesis Guihong Bi
begins to decline due to water stress. Buxus microphylla ‘Box- Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@
wood’ 4-inch liners were potted into 1-gal containers with 85% msstate.edu
pine bark : 15% peatmoss (vol:vol). Each irrigation zone was
controlled by a 13DE04K solenoid valve (Rain Bird Corp.). Rodney Thomas Fernandez
Irrigation was applied through four overlapping Toro 570 Shrub Michigan State University, East Lansing; fernan15@msu.
edu
Spray Sprinklers (The Toro Co., Riverside, CA) per irrigation
zone. Emitters were mounted on 1.3-cm diameter risers at a Xueni Wang
height of 66 cm. DWU was calculated based on the average Michigan State University, East Lansing; wangxuen@msu.
soil moisture readings of ECHO-5 probes (Decagon Devices, edu
Pullman, WA) inserted into two containers per irrigation zone The current study was conducted at the University of Kentucky
and irrigation was applied daily at 9 am. The demand-based Horticulture Research Farm in Lexington in conjunction with lo-
irrigation system was designed to apply irrigation to return cations at Mississippi, Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia under
the moisture to container capacity (0.53 cm3) after substrate the USDA–SCRI program. Buxus x Green Velvet ‘Boxwood’
moisture set point (0.28 cm3) has been reached. Acquisition were planted in four types of #1 (~3.8 L) containers (treatments):
and control were monitored using a data logger (CR 1000, 1) polyethylene PF400-SM (control) (Nursery Supplies Inc., PA);
Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT). Gas exchange and pH and and alternative containers 2) Western Pulp 7X7RD (Western Pulp
electrical conductivity of leachate were monitored during the Products Co.,TX); 3) Keratin (Horticultural Research Institute,
experiment. Plant biomass metrics were measured at the ter- Washington, DC); and 4) Root PouchTM (Root Pouch Inc.,
mination of the experiment. Plant water use efficiency (WUE) OR). This one-factor completely randomized design experiment
was estimated by dividing total dry weight at the time of harvest was conducted in Kentucky, Texas, Mississippi, Michigan, and
by total water volume applied (irrigation plus precipitation; West Virginia from June to Oct. 2012. All plants were irrigated
liters per container). Plant physiological parameters such as at 7 am and 7 pm to replace 100% daily water use. Two thermo-
leaf water potential, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and couples (Type T copper-constantan thermocouple wires; Omega
stomatal conductance were not different among plants in both Engineering, CT) in each plot measuring substrate temperature
the treatments. The average growth index and average plant were placed in the container of central growing beds at one inch
dry weight at the end of study were not different among plants below the substrate surface at 1 inch away from container wall
grown in DWU and demand-based irrigation treatments. Total facing south and at the center of container. Data were recorded
irrigation water applied was greater (35%) for the DWU-based using a datalogger (CR1000; Campbell Scientific) programmed
treatment than the on-demand irrigation treatment. Plants under to scan every 30 s and determined maxima, minima, and aver-
on-demand treatment had greater WUE (31%) than plants in ages hourly. Average substrate temperature showed around 6
the DWU treatment. In general, the DWU treatments were ir- °C to 9 °C increase in black plastic containers as compared to
rigated when the volumetric water content was about 23% above alternative containers at one inch away from container wall
the plant demand treatment’s set point. The pH and electrical and an increase of about 2 °C to 4 °C at the center of container
conductivity of leachate were similar between the treatments during August in Kentucky. Substrate temperature was exposed
and were within the acceptable range. These results suggest to critical temperature (>37.8°C) for more than 3 hours on 15
that for woody plants with low water requirement, such as different days in black plastic containers and about 9 days
boxwood, irrigation based on plant physiological parameters in keratin containers and none was observed for wood pulp

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S301
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
and fabric containers during the study in Kentucky. Substrate 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Although the area received
temperature was increased by about 16 °C (plastic), 14 °C supplemental irrigation in all 4 years, irrigation amounts were
(keratin), 10 °C (wood pulp), and 7 °C (root pouch) from sun not measured until the 2012 growing season. Plants growing
rise to midafternoon and substrate started cooling down from the in Minimal Water Zone received only about 4,542 mL of
late afternoon with root pouch and plastic cooling the fastest, supplemental water the 2012 growing season. Seventy percent
followed by keratin and wood pulp containers. Other locations of the Penstemon wilcoxii planted in 2009 were still alive as
observed similar trend in thermodynamics among the contain- of 16 Aug. 2012. One hundred percent of the Allium altaicum,
ers. Plastic containers exposed plant roots to rapid changes in Globularia punctata, and Sanguisorba tenuifolia; and 90% of
substrate temperature than alternative containers types causing the Penstemon fruticosus and Salvia multicaulis planted in
decreased plant root dry weight at harvest compared to plants 2010 were still alive as of 16 Aug. 2012. One hundred percent
grown in wood pulp. Highest substrate temperature observed in of the Centaurea bella, and 80% Tetraneuris scaposa (formerly
plastic was attributed to its black, non-porous and thin container Hymenoxys scaposa) planted in 2011 were still alive as of 16
walls. Porous walls of wood pulp and root pouch containers Aug. 2012. These plant taxa that can survive with little or no
improved heat exchange and also allowed increased evaporative supplemental irrigation should be considered for planting in
cooling resulting in reduced heat buildup. semi-arid areas and especially in areas where supplemental
irrigation may not exist.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Plant Select® (plantselect.org)
Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Ornamentals/Landscape and (023) Turf Fertilization Effects on Seasonal
Turf Nitrogen Levels of Autumn Blaze™ Maple
and Kentucky Bluegrass in a Mixed Urban
(022) Attractive Plants for Minimally Irrigated Landscape
Landscapes in Colorado Alison Stoven O’Connor
Ronda Koski* Colorado State University, Fort Collins; astoven@larimer.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; ronda.koski@ org
colostate.edu Anthony J. Koski*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; tony.koski@
James E. Klett
colostate.edu
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@
colostate.edu Daniel K. Struve
Ohio State University, Columbus; [email protected]
Pat Hayward
Plant Select®, Fort Collins, CO; [email protected] James E. Klett
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@
In a plant taxa evaluation program conducted in conjunction with
colostate.edu
Plant Select® (http://plantselect.org/), almost 100 plant taxa have
been evaluated over a 2- to 4-year growing period at Colorado It is commonly assumed that trees growing in a lawn receive
State University’s W.D. Holley Plant Environmental Research sufficient nitrogen (N) from lawn fertilization. However, few
Center. The evaluation area was designed with two irrigation researchers have examined the effect of N lawn fertilization on
zones so that each taxa could be evaluated for its response to N levels of trees growing in urban landscapes. In this study,
limited amounts of irrigation. So that meaningful information we applied nitrogen at a rate of 0 or 293 kg N per hectare (0
pertaining to plant growth and survival could be obtained for or 6 pounds N per 1000 square feet) to separate medians con-
each taxa, 10 plants of each taxa were planted in each of the two taining Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; KBG) turf and
irrigation zones. In order for a plant taxa to gain access into the monostands of 15-year-old Autumn BlazeTM maples (Acer
Plant Select® program, it must meet specified criteria, including: xfreemanii ‘Jeffersred’; ABM). The purpose of this study was
ability to grow in a broad range of garden situations in the Cen- to determine the relative amounts of N assimilated by KBG
tral Rocky Mountain Region, possess resistance to pests, thrive and ABM throughout the growing season following spring
when grown under low water conditions, provide a long season and summer N applications. Nitrogen was applied in April and
of beauty in the garden, be non-invasiveness, possess capability June 2013 [sic] using a 35N–0P–8.3K fertilizer (28.35% urea
of being mass produced, possess longevity in containers, and nitrogen from polymer-coated urea) at a rate of 146 kg N per ha
be fairly easy to propagate using basic propagation techniques. (3 lb N per 1000 sq ft) at each application. Grass clipping and
Not all plant taxa that are in the evaluation program possess tree leaf samples were collected bi-weekly (June–September),
all the necessary requirements for acceptance into the Plant dried, ground, and analyzed for total N. Leaves were collected
Select® program. However, several taxa exhibited remarkable on a monthly basis from single branches and used (via the pipe
ability to not only survive, but to thrive when receiving only stem model) to estimate total tree dry leaf weight.
39.1, 31.2, 41.9, and 23.1 cm of precipitation annually for 2009,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S302 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Colorado State Agricultural Cheryl Cooley
Experiment Station, Rocky Mountain Regional Turfgrass As- Colorado State University, Fort Collins; clcooley@rams.
sociation colostate.edu
Although there are many preemergent herbicides currently mar-
(024) Green Roofs from Locally-available keted for use in large-scale production of agronomic crops, the
Materials use of these products on horticultural crops may be prohibited
Marietta Loehrlein* if the name of the crop does not appear on the product label.
Western Illinois University, Macomb; mm-loehrlein@wiu. An objective of the IR-4 Project’s Ornamental Horticulture
ed Program (http://ir4.rutgers.edu/ornamentals.html) has been
to determine the effects of selected pest control products on
The primary purpose of green roofs is to reduce stormwater run-
ornamental crops. For many years, researchers at Colorado
off. Studies have shown that an ideal media for extensive green
State University have evaluated the effects of selected weed
roofs consists of 80% to 90% inorganic material combined with
control products on container-grown ornamentals. During
a maximum of 10% to 20% organic material, such as sphagnum
2012, Biathlon 2.75G, Echelon 4SC, Freehand 1.75G, and
peat moss. Sedum species tolerate the harsh growing conditions
–Indaziflam G were evaluated at 1x, 2x, and 4x the label rate;
on rooftops better than most of plant species that have been stud-
Gallery 75DF was evaluated only at the 4x rate. Control containers
ied. Green roofs are more common in metropolitan areas where
received no herbicide product. Delosperma nubigenum, Delo-
ordinances and incentives have been implemented, whereas small
sperma cooperi, Helianthus salicifolius ‘Low Down’, Petunia
municipalities and rural areas typically have fewer green roofs.
hybrida ‘Cascadias Blue Dream’, Sedum spurium ‘Dragon’s
Therefore, supplies of green roof materials are often more difficult
Blood’, and S. spurium ‘Red Carpet’ were the plant taxa used
to obtain without incurring huge shipping costs. To encourage
in the study. Each herbicide product was not evaluated on every
building owners in rural areas and smaller municipalities to
plant taxa. Each plant taxa and herbicide product interaction
implement green roofs, locally available materials were trialed
constituted an experiment; each experiment was comprised
on a demonstration site for efficacy in a green roof system. Two
of three blocks, and each block contained five replications of
media substrates were trialed: one using locally available trap
each treatment plus controls. Blocks were randomly arranged
rock [(hadite) 80%], sand (12.5%), peat moss (5%), and compost
within the study area, and treatments were randomly arranged
(2.5%); and the other using reclaimed lava rock (red) in place
within each block. Plants were grown in an organic growing
of the trap rock. Two species of sedum (S. reflexum, S. spurium)
medium in number 1 black plastic containers, and irrigated
were planted after the bags and flats were in place on the roof. To
daily. Herbicide products were applied two times during the
further simplify the installation process, plants were installed on
10-week evaluation period; the first application occurred a few
the roof in one of two containers: 1) specially-designed landscape
days after plants were transplanted into the containers, and the
fabric bags or 2) plastic flats such as those used for bedding plant
second occurred 6 weeks later. Plants were measured at the
production. Media substrates and containers were combined in
beginning and end of the evaluation period. At the end of the
four possible combinations. They were arranged in a completely
evaluation period, plants were harvested, oven dried, and then
randomized design on a rubber-membrane covered roof having
weighed. Echelon 4SC at all three rates caused distorted and
a 2/12 pitch (16.67% slope). Plant growth was evaluated a year
necrotic tips on young leaves and significantly reduced the size
after plants were established on the roof, and at the end of the
of D. nubigenum, at the 2x and 4x rates significantly reduced
second growing season. Results indicated that plants grew better
the size of P. hybrida ‘Cascadias Blue Dream’, and at the 4x
in lava rock based media as compared to trap rock. Plants also
rate significantly reduced the size of S. spurium ‘Red Carpet’.
grew better in flats than landscape fabric bags. Whereas some
Freehand 1.75G at the 4x rate caused chlorosis of young leaves
treatments had a score of zero, indicating no plants had survived,
and significantly reduced the size of H. salicifolius ‘Low Down’.
others had scores as high as ten, on a scale of 1–10. In spite of
Gallery 75DF at the 4x rate significantly reduced the size of D.
severe drought and above-normal temperatures, plants looked
nubigenum and S. spurium ‘Red Carpet’. Indaziflam G at the
better overall in September than they had in March.
4x rate caused chlorosis of young leaves of D. cooperi and S.
spurium ‘Dragon’s Blood’.
(025) Effects of Pre-emergent Weed Control
Products on Container-grown Herbaceous Specified Source(s) of Funding: United States Department of
Ornamentals Agriculture, IR-4 Project

Ronda Koski* (026) Green Roof Substrate Durability: Particle

Colorado State University, Fort Collins; ronda.koski@ Size Distribution of Five Mature Mid-Atlantic
colostate.edu Green Roofs
James E. Klett
Whitney Gaches*
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
colostate.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S303
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

John D. Lea-Cox Dennis Rowe

University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] Mississippi State University; [email protected]
Steven Cohan The concept of using low maintenance landscape roses has
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] become very popular, and cultivars that can handle general
landscape maintenance conditions are being developed by rose
Andrew Ristvey breeders. Kordes was an early proponent of trialing their roses
University of Maryland, Queen Anne; [email protected]
under no-spray conditions. A group of 11 Kordes rose cultivars
Joe Sullivan were field grown under low maintenance conditions which
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected] was limited to fertilization, mulching and weed control. Drip
irrigation was provided only for establishment. The roses were
Allen Davis
not deadheaded or pruned, nor were they sprayed. Data were
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
collected monthly for 2 years beginning in Apr. 2009. Height
Green roofs are gaining popularity as stormwater manage- and width were measured from which was derived volume.
ment tools in densely urban areas across the country. German Blackspot infection was estimated using the Horsfall–Barratt
standards have been adopted across North America; however, scale. Visual quality ratings were determined for flower quantity
these are applied to materials prior to and at the time of instal- and quality, foliage quantity and quality, and plant habit and
lation with no guarantee of roof performance. The purpose of vigor. The cultivars were Cerise Flower Circus, Cream Flower
this study was to collect substrate samples from mature green Circus, Coffee Fruitilia, Cosmos, Escimo, Fortuna Vigorosa,
roofs in the Mid-Atlantic region to compare current particle size Lions Fairy Tale, Pink Flower Circus, Red Ribbons, Sunrise
to the widely adopted German FLL particle size distribution Vigorosa, and Sweet Vigorosa. The cultivars were genetically
curve limits. Particle size distribution is pivotal to green roof diverse and results were highly variable. The strongest growing
performance because it dictates important characteristics such roses were ‘Lions Fairy Tale’ and ‘Escimo’. No clear differ-
as substrate water holding capacity, air space, total porosity, ences among cultivars were seen for blackspot resistance and
and green roof live load. A secondary objective was to con- there was no strong correlation between blackspot resistance
duct freeze-thaw analyses on popular commercially available and any growth or quality measurement. ‘Lions Fairy Tale’,
green roof substrates to determine their durability in the Mid- ‘Escimo’, and ‘Cosmos’ maintained vigor better through the
Atlantic region. Five mature green roofs (3–7 years old) were seasons than the other cultivars. Over time, these three cultivars
sampled in Maryland and 15 replicates per roof were dried prior appear to have more potential than the other cultivars in a low
to sieving. Analyses showed the substrates no longer met FLL maintenance environment of a subtropical climate, such as
standards for particle size distribution, with particle diameters found in east central Mississippi.
much smaller than recommended. The authors hypothesized the Specified Source(s) of Funding: Mississippi Agricultural and
cause to be weathering due to freeze/thaw cycles, so a labora- Forestry Experiment Station
tory experiment was conducted using traditional expanded
mineral green roof substrates. After 30 freeze/thaw cycles, (028) National Ornamental Grass Trials 2013
particle size distribution was determined and compared to initial
distribution of samples from the same batch of material. Signifi- Jane Rozum*
cant weathering was identified through loss of larger particles and Colorado State University, Ft. Collins; jane.rozum@
an increase in small particles. Decreased particle size distribution colostate.edu
will increase water holding capacity and decrease air space in Mary Hockenberry Meyer
the root zone that could lead to decreased stormwater mitigation University of Minnesota, Chaska; [email protected]
potential or plant disease. In conclusion, performance-based James E. Klett
standards for green roof materials should be developed based Colorado State University, Fort Collins; jim.klett@
on rigorous scientific study to expand the green roof industry’s colostate.edu
knowledge and accountability of total system performance and
reliability. Many ornamental grasses require low water and fertilizer in-
puts and minimal maintenance, making them complementary
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Maryland Industrial Partnerships plants in landscape settings. The National Ornamental Grass
Trial, coordinated through the University of Minnesota, began
(027) A Trial Study of 11 Kordes Rose Cultivars in 2012. Collaborators are conducting trials on native cultivars
Grown under Low Maintenance Conditions of ornamental grasses evaluating landscape characteristics and
Pamela Collins* sustainability features in varied growing conditions throughout
the United States. Seventeen regional sites in 11 states includ-
Mississippi State University; [email protected]
ing Vermont, North Carolina, Florida (4 sites), Minnesota,
Ekaterina Jeliazkova Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nebraska, Texas (5 sites), Colorado,
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected] and Oregon are evaluating 22 cultivars of Panicum amarum,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S304 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Panicum virgatum, and Schizachyrium scoparium. Four plants be classified into three distinct groups by the cluster analysis
of each cultivar were established in Summer 2012 at all col- based on volatile flavor compounds. The first group included
laborator sites. Data collection will include plant size, overall C. zawadskii ssp. acutilobum, C. zawadskii ssp. acutilobum
growth habit rating, floral impact, foliage color, fall color, self- var. tenuisectum, C. zawadskii ssp. acutilobum var. alpinum,
seeding, winter survivability, and pest problems. Trial plants C. zawadskii ssp. lucidum, and C. zawadskii ssp. coreanum.
will be evaluated for the next 3 years, 2013–15. Based on the The second group included C. zawadskii ssp. naktongense,
information obtained, it will be determined which cultivars are C. zawadskii ssp. yezoense, C. zawadskii ssp. latilobum, C.
best suited for each of the research sites as well which have zawadskii ssp. latilobum var. leiophyllum, and C. makinoi. The
superior landscape features. This preliminary report will high- third group included C. indicum, C. indicum var. albescens, C.
light some of the first year results at various locations across indicum var. acuta, C. boreale, and C. lineare. The first group
the United States. The trial collaborators will continue to post showed low contents of aldehydes and acids while the second
information on a national website (www.grasstrials.com) adding group showed high amounts of in aldehydes and ketones. The
pertinent and timely information in order that growers, retail- third group showed higher hydrocarbons, alcohols, and acids,
ers and consumers may make more informed decisions when but lower aldehydes and ketones. This result suggested that
choosing grasses for sustainable landscape settings. chrysanthemum flavors can be used as key compounds for the
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Ornamental Grass Trials classification of Korean native chrysanthemum.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Rural Development Adminis-
(029) Comparison of Volatile Flavor Compounds tration, Korea
in Korean Native Chrysanthemum Leaves
Su Jeong Kim* Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA,
Pyeongchang; [email protected] Produce Quality, Safety, and
Tae Joung Ha Health Properties
Research Policy Bureau R&D Evaluation Division, RDA,
Suwon; [email protected] (067) The Track and Scat Fresh Produce Safety
Jung-Hwan Nam Handbook for Southwest, Arizona
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA, Kurt D. Nolte*
Pyeongchang; [email protected] University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
Dong Lim Yoo Kaylee Renick
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA, University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
Pyeongchang; [email protected]
Channah M. Rock
Jong Taek Suh University of Arizona, Maricopa; [email protected]
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA,
Pyeongchang; [email protected] Produce is perceived to be healthy and nutritious due to docu-
mented health benefits derived from consumption. Moreover,
Ki Sun Kim consumers also demand quality produce that has minimal risk
Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; [email protected] of foodborne pathogens. However, over the years the number
This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor com- of outbreaks arising from the consumption of fresh vegetables
pounds in leaves of Korean native chrysanthemums. The volatile has increased exponentially. Vegetables commonly associated
flavor compounds from 15 Korean native chrysanthemums with outbreaks include leafy greens where sources of contami-
were collected using a simultaneous steam distillation and nation can be variable and amplified due to open environment
extraction technique, and analyzed using gas chromatography/ growing conditions. Microbial contaminations in fresh veg-
mass spectrometry with mass selective detector. The peak etables can occur at any stage of crop growth, harvest, or in
area results were obtained by SAS system and evaluated by transport to facilities; therefore the key to any effective food
principal component analysis and cluster analysis. A total of safety program is prevention of such contamination. Specifi-
45 volatile-flavor compounds distilled from chrysanthemum cally in Arizona, vegetable growers, wholesalers, and food-
were identified as nineteen hydrocarbons, fifteen alcohols, service buyers want to ensure that their fresh vegetables are
two acids, one aldehyde, four ketones, and four esters by their being grown free of harmful pathogens and bacteria. Yuma,
function. There was difference in qualitative and quantitative AZ, is considered a major player in the United States sup-
composition among chrysanthemum species. The volatile fla- ply of winter grown vegetables, including leafy greens. As
vor compounds such as camphor, borneol, phytol, α-pinene, a fertile valley surrounded in a desert environment, a specific
camphene, 1.8-cineol, and germacrene-D were detected in all challenge for growers is wildlife intrusion within production
tested chrysanthemums. The tested chrysanthemums could acreage. Wildlife, such as birds, rodents, pigs, and deer, can

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S305
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

be vectors for transmitting fecal pathogens to produce fields (069) Antioxidant Potentials and Inhibitory
without growers’ knowledge of intrusion. The ultimate goal Activity of Orange & Purple Color
for vegetable producers is to maximize food safety for the
Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) toward
public while minimizing negative impacts on wildlife popula-
tions and habitats. Working in collaboration with the Arizona Rat Intestinal alpha-Glucosidase using
Game and Fish Department, Arizona Leafy Green Marketing p-Nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
Agreement, Arizona Department of Agriculture, and the Western (PNP-G) as a Substrate
Growers Association, the University of Arizona Yuma County
Shahidul Islam*
Cooperative Extension developed a scat and track field guide-
University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff; [email protected]
book to help identify signs of wildlife and domestic animal
intrusion within production areas. Development of the field Md. Maksud M. Hossain
guidebook and contents will be discussed. University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff; [email protected]
Antioxidant compounds in food play an important role as a
health promoting factor. Scientific evidence suggests that anti-
(068) Phytosanitary Irradiation Maintains oxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer
Grape Quality under Simulated Transportation and heart disease. The trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity
and Distribution Conditions (TEAC), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Folin-
Patty Kraikittikun* Ciocalteu are just a few electron transfer antioxidant capacity
Chapman University, Orange, CA; pkraikittikun@yahoo. assays widely used today. Polyphenols and other naturally oc-
com curring compounds has become the target of investigation for
the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes in recent years.
Anuradha Prakash Specifically, naturally occurring compounds and plant extracts
Chapman University, Orange, CA; [email protected] have been tested for inhibition of the enzyme αα-glucosidase
Table grapes are an important export crop, with California (AGH). The antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the orange
accounting for 98% of production within the United States and purple fleshed sweetpotato genotypes were examined. The
and exporting more than 328,000 tons to over 60 different anti-diabetic activities were tested for inhibitory activity using
countries. Currently, the most widely used phytosanitary treat- the enzyme α-glucosidase obtained from rat intestine using
ment for grapes is methyl bromide fumigation. Irradiation can the substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-G).
serve as an alternative to methyl bromide and is gaining use The antioxidant activity was investigated with three different
all over the world as a phytosanitary treatment for various fruit screening methods: the 2,2’-azinobis (ABTS), DPPH, and
due to its efficacy on insects and maintenance of fruit qual- oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). It was observed
ity. The objective of this study was to monitor the effects of that the antioxidant activities of sweetpotato extracts in the
low-dose irradiation on the quality of ‘Sugraone’ and ‘Crimson’ hydrophilic fraction have a significant antioxidant effect using
seedless grapes treated at phytosanitary dose levels. Grapes each method. The results showed a relationship between the total
were irradiated at 400 Gy and stored at temperatures and polyphenol content and antioxidant function in case of ABTS and
times, simulating transport to Asia by sea and to Australia by ORAC. The hydrophilic ABTS values correlated significantly
air. Texture was the primary attribute affected by irradiation with the hydrophilic DPPH values and the hydrophilic ORAC
for both varieties of grapes, causing a loss of firmness. With values correlated reasonably well with the hydrophilic ABTS
respect to other attributes such as color, berry shatter, weight values. The hydrophilic DPPH values and hydrophilic ORAC
loss, and SSC/TA, there were significant differences in varietal values also showed a strong correlation. However, antioxidant
response. Sensory testing showed that consumers did not notice activities with the lipophilic extracts were not significantly cor-
a difference in color, flavor, and texture on both days of sensory related. Among the methods examined, ABTS proved to be the
testing of ‘Sugraone’ or ‘Crimson’ berries, nor was there a best method for antioxidant determination in orange- fleshed
preference in overall liking. Though analytical testing detected sweetpotatoes followed by the ORAC method. The sweet potato
significant differences of some quality attributes, sensory test- extracts demonstrated similar activity in the ABTS, DPPH and
ing revealed that consumers did not have a preference between the Folin assays. Further, previous studies have shown a rela-
treated and non-treated berries. Our results show that irradia- tionship between color intensity and antioxidant activity. This
tion is an acceptable phytosanitary treatment for table grapes relationship is seen here as well with the purple sweetpotatoes
and presents a viable option for export to Asia and Australia. having higher total phenols and antioxidant activity than the
The differences among grape varieties point to the importance lighter colored orange varieties. However, there is no direct
of evaluating each variety for its response to irradiation relationship observed between antioxidant activity and AGH
treatment. inhibition. The information of this research will facilitate the
genetic and chemical breeding study for improvement of the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S306 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

desired quality of orange and purple fleshed sweetpotatoes, as during IR heating was considerably lower than the lethal level
well as other produces. of R. mucilaginosa cells.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA/CSREES
(071) Characterization of Anti-proliferative
(070) Decontamination of Fruit Surfaces by and Antibacterial Properties of Sulforaphene
Combining Treatment of Infrared Radiation Obtained from Radish Seeds
Heating and Ultraviolet Irradiation Sooyeon Lim*
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Daisuke Hamanaka*
Kyushu University, Fukuoka; [email protected]. Byung-Ho Hwang
ac.jp Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Naoko Norimura Sang-Wook Han
Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, Fukuoka; n-nori@ Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
farc.pref.fukuoka.jp Jongkee Kim
Noriko Baba Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, Fukuoka; Many isothiocyanates (ITCs), are a mainly hydrolysis product in
[email protected] glucosinolates (GSLs), have been demonstrated the noteworthy
Morihiro Tsukazaki overcoming impact against the survival and proliferation of
Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, Fukuoka; mtsukaz@ cancer cells and their modulation of apoptosis and cell cycle
farc.pref.fukuoka.jp progression by numerous molecular basis studies (Zang et al.,
2006), such as sulforaphane (SFA) isolated from broccoli seed
Fumihiko Tanaka
and sprouts. By the way, sulforaphene (SFE), is a major ITCs
Kyushu University, Fukuoka; [email protected]
in radish seed, have been reported the potency of biological
Toshitaka Uchino activity, a little bit recently. On the other hands, while much
Kyushu University, Fukuoka; [email protected] researches were known that SFA in broccoli has the excellent
The application of single and sequential treatments of infrared anticancer effects such as induction of apoptosis and detoxifica-
radiation (IR) heating and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to surface tion enzymes in vitro and in vivo (Fahey et al., 2002), SFE in
decontamination was investigated in relation to extending the radish was hardly the biological study in spite of their similar
shelf life of fig and peach fruits. The inactivation effects of IR chemical structure in comparison with SFA. In the present
heating or UV irradiation, and their sequential treatments on study, I demonstrated the broadly biological activity of SFE
fig fruit related yeast were also investigated. The sequential against cancer cells, Helicobacter pylori and multi-drug resis-
treatment of IR heating and UV irradiation was effective in tance pathogens. In four cancer cells isolated from each four
the surface decontamination of both fruits. The fungal counts organisms were notably inhibited the proliferation treated with
detected after sequential treatments were lower than those purified SFE (IC50 = 10.0 – 23 μg/mL). I also characterized
obtained after a single treatment or in control samples. The that SFE modulated an induction of apoptosis pathway against
number of fig fruits damaged by the growth of mold and yeast A549 cancer cell through the proteins expressions related with
was also reduced after 30 seconds IR heating followed by 30 apoptosis pathway. In addition, the highly bacteriocidal potency
seconds UV irradiation. The sequential treatment was found (MIC90 = 0.6 – 5.0 μg/mL) of SFE was exhibited against H.
to be highly suitable for decontamination of fig fruit surface, pylori, particularly antibiotic resistant strain (212 strain, MIC90
since few unfavorable effects were observed with regard to the = 0.6 μg/mL). MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
surface color, hardness score, and respiration of fruits during aureus), is known as super bacteria, also were inhibited by SFE
storage. Peach fruits treated with IR heating and UV irradia- (MIC90 = 10–20 μg/mL), whereas the MIC90 value of MSSA
tion for further duration resulted in the surface discoloration of (Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus) by SFE had
yellowing and browning, respectively. Single treatment with little significant. These results suggested that the antibiotic
IR heating or UV irradiation had little effect on the inactivation potency of SFE in radish seeds would be associated with the
of fig-isolated Rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells. However, R. potency in a broad range of cancer cells and antibiotic resistant
mucilaginosa cells were successfully inactivated by sequential pathogens.
treatment with IR and UV. The killing efficiencies appeared
to be independent of the order in which IR heating and UV ir- (072) Watermelon Juice Supports Recovery
radiation were applied to the samples. It was hypothesized that from Strenuous Exercise
the DNA damage caused by UV irradiation and the inhibition R. Andrew Shanley
of its repair might be enhanced by the thermal energy of IR Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC; shanelyra@
heating to a sub-lethal level, since the temperature monitored appstate.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S307
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Penelope Perkins-Veazie* Yuichi Uno*

North Carolina State University, Kannapolis; penelope_ Kobe University, Japan; [email protected]
[email protected] Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is usually caused by an allergy to
David C. Nieman fresh fruits. It is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immedi-
Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC; niemanda@ ate allergy localized in the oral mucosa, and the characteristics
appstate.edu depend on the lability of the antigen (Kondo and Urisu, 2009).
Consumption of strawberries (Fragaria xananassa) can cause
Amy M. Knab OAS, primarily because of the presence of proteins, such as Fra
Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC; knabam@ a 1–4, which cross-react to the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. To
appstate.edu produce strawberries with low allergen content, the expression
Strenuous exercise, such as marathons, induces inflammation patterns of proteins with high IgE binding activity should be
and oxidative stress in humans. Addition of a carbohydrate demonstrated. In this study, we compared the allergenicity of
(CHO) source to liquid intake during exercise helps prevent Fra a proteins, estimated their stress inducibility, and investi-
inflammation. Watermelon contains large amounts of free water gated their expression during fruit (receptacles and achenes)
as well as sugars, some electrolytes and vitamins, lycopene, and ripening. His-tagged proteins were purified and their reactivity
amino acids. Watermelon juice, consisting of the puree from the to IgE from six birch pollen-allergic patients was analyzed by
flesh, was tested against a popular carbohydrate beverage to western blotting. Homology searches were carried out on EST
determine ability to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and libraries of Fragaria vesca produced under several stress condi-
arterial stiffness in older male athletes (48 ± 2 years). Subjects tions. Fruits of F. xananassa were harvested at seven different
consumed watermelon or no watermelon for 2 weeks prior to a ripening stages. For salt-stress treatments, fruits were soaked
75 km bicycling trial. During exercise, subjects consumed either in 150 mM NaCl for 1–24 h. Real-time PCR was carried out
watermelon (0.2 g CHO/kg weight) or 6% CHO drink every 15 using primers to detect Fra a 1. The IgE binding capacity of
minutes. The study was designed as a crossover, so drink intake Fra a 1 was higher than those of the other Fra a isoforms. In F.
was switched following the first exercise trial. Indirect effects vesca, the expression of Fra v 1, which has the same sequence
on arterial stiffness were determined using augmentation index as Fra a 1, seemed to be higher than the other paralogs and
(radial artery waveforms) and brachial blood pressure. Both was especially induced by salt stress. In F. xananassa, Fra a 1
watermelon and CHO drink fully supported energy demands expression in fruits was highest at the early stage of ripening
of exercise. Intake of watermelon increased total nitrate and and decreased to 1/70th this level as maturation progressed to
antioxidant capacity but not other biomarkers. Post-exercise the red-colored stage, but increased beginning 5 hours after
augmentation index was reduced in both groups, but less so in salt-stress treatment, suggesting that fruit allergenicity can be
subjects receiving watermelon. Our results indicate that wa- increased by environmental stimuli. These results indicated
termelon juice can be used as a carbohydrate source to offset that Fra a 1 plays an important role in determining the aller-
exercise inflammation. genicity of strawberry fruit, and its expression is affected by
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Watermelon Promo- environmental conditions such as salt stress.
tion Board This work was supported by the Hyogo Alliance of Universities
and Colleges for Innovation and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant
Number 24658030.
(073) Comparison of IgE Binding Capacity
and Expression Analysis of Strawberry Allergen (074) Varietal Differences in Transcript and
Fra a 1 Protein Levels of Strawberry Allergen Fra a 1
Daisuke Futsuki Manabu Narukami
Kobe University, japan; [email protected] Kobe University, Kobe; [email protected]
Takeshi Nabe Daisuke Futsuki
Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan Kobe University, Kobe; [email protected]
Yoko Nitta Takeshi Nabe
Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto; N/A
Hiroki Tsuruta Yoko Nitta
Kobe University, Japan Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama; N/A
Kiyoshi Yamazaki Hiroki Tsuruta
Kobe University, Japan Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Miho Iduhara Kiyoshi Yamazaki
Biostir, Inc., Kobe, Japan Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S308 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Miho Iduhara Public horticulture sites included such venues as Disney World,
Biostir, Inc., Kobe, Japan Sea World, shopping mall, an airport garden, college campus,
Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay, and hotel grounds. Public gar-
Yuji Noguchi
dens included the San Francisco Botanical Garden, Longwood
NARO Institute of Vegetables and Tea Science, Tsu, Japan
Gardens, and Fairchild Gardens. Turf sites included baseball
Yuichi Uno* and football fields, parks, a golf course, and the sports fields
Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; [email protected] at ESPN–Disney’s Wide World of Sports in Orlando, Florida.
Fruit allergies are serious health problems that limit quality of Examples of careers in these kinds of settings were listed.
life. In patients with a fruit allergy, the symptoms are gener-
(207) Southern Nevada’s Outdoor Education
ally mild and mostly limited to the oral cavity, hence the term
oral allergy syndrome. To minimize these allergies, a method
Center
for screening hypoallergenic genotypes in strawberry is es- Angela M. O’Callaghan*
sential. A major strawberry allergen is Fra a 1, an orthologous University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, Las Vegas,;
protein to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. In this study, [email protected]
gene transcript and protein levels of Fra a 1 were compared M.L. Robinson
among strawberry fruits (receptacles and achenes) of eleven University of Nevada, Las Vegas; [email protected]
different cultivars. Nine cultivars were purchased from local
The Southern Area office of University of Nevada Cooperative
markets, one was harvested directly from a working farm, and
Extension (UNCE) is located on 7 acres in Clark County, NV,
one was sampled from an experimental farm. Each cultivar was
the location of Las Vegas. Because this property was not large
screened and ranked by its relative gene expression ratio of Fra
enough for commercial development, and its proximity to a
a 1 to EF1α, the internal control. Protein accumulation was
highway made it undesirable for new homes, the U.S. Bureau of
analyzed by immunoblot using guinea pig polyclonal antibody
Land Management offered it to UNCE. The Outdoor Education
raised against His-tagged recombinant Fra a 1. The cultivars
Center (OEC) is composed of three acres dedicated to offering
‘Tochiotome’ and ‘Akihime’ were selected for further analysis
programs in the subject areas where southern Nevada Extension
because they showed significantly different expressions of Fra
concentrates its efforts: Horticulture, Children and Families, and
a 1. Fruits of these two cultivars were gathered from different
Nutrition. Many local residents have had little or no success in
areas to examine Fra a 1 expression in response to local environ-
Mojave Desert gardening. To meet this need and the educational
ments. The Fra a 1 transcript levels differed among fruits grown
needs of commercial landscapers, horticulture faculty members
in different areas. However, average expression levels of the two
(the authors) have created several outdoor classrooms on 1.5 acres.
cultivars showed the same rank order. The two cultivars were
We developed an irrigation demonstration area, where the push
also grown under the same conditions in a glass greenhouse to of a button activates an irrigation display. Other “classrooms” are
compare the accumulation of Fra a 1 in their fruits, and again, demonstration areas where students and members of the public
the cultivars had the same rank order of both Fra a 1 transcripts learn about growing fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals in the
and protein levels. These findings suggest that the profile of Fra challenging desert climate. Produce grown in the test vegetable
a 1 gene transcription is similar to that of the protein expression and orchard areas is donated to local food pantries. In 2012, over
and might be used as a basic estimate of allergenic differences 100 Master Gardener students and 150 commercial horticulture
among cultivars by removing environmental effects. students used the center for hands-on training. The children’s
This work was supported by Hyogo Alliance of Universities and garden is the site where we offer the Junior Master Gardener
Colleges for Innovation and by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number program. This is a model for schools interested in creating a
24658030. school garden. Over 120 people attended Master Gardeners’
monthly tours for the public in 2012, but on any day, visitors
can see underutilized palms and learn what kinds of raised beds
Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM are best for use under local conditions. The mulch display area
shows how and when to use different mulches: organic, colored
Public Horticulture or metallic, and rock. The native wash, where volunteer plants
are growing without irrigation, collects 450,000 gal of water
(206) Public Horticulture—Public Gardens: Is per year in an area that receives 4.25 inches of rainfall annually.
There a Career for You? Specified Source(s) of Funding: Clark County, NV
Richard A. Criley*
University of Hawaii, Honolulu; [email protected] (208) Visitation Survey for The Crosby
Arboretum in Picayune, Mississippi
The poster was prepared to advertise an experimental course on
Public Horticulture and Public Gardens. In three sections (Public Richelle A. Stafne*
horticulture sites, Public Gardens, and Turf Management), im- Mississippi State University, Picayune; [email protected].
ages of sample landscapes were represented by photographs. edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S309
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

In Fall 2012 a need was determined to survey residents of sent out to those public gardens containing children’s gardens,
Mississippi and Louisiana regarding visitation of The Crosby and data were collected from Oct. 2010 to Dec. 2012. The
Arboretum in Picayune, MS. Frequently residents of both states, survey results revealed that 17.0% (163) of the 959 public
and particularly in Pearl River County and the City of Picayune, gardens and arboreta located throughout the 50 states and
respond that they have never heard of The Crosby Arboretum, District of Columbia in America contained children’s gar-
have never been and/or have no idea what an Arboretum is. dens. In addition, a total of 16 public gardens (1.7%) were in
To better gauge how to reach the public and what the public the process of constructing children’s gardens, with 56 of them
perceptions are in order to make positive changes, particularly (5.8%) planning to open new children’s gardens by the end of
within the local Gulf Coast community, a survey instrument was June 2013. Of the public gardens and arboreta surveyed, about
designed to reach an audience with a brief online survey. Because 57.1% of children’s gardens are contained in botanical gar-
of the Arboretum’s close proximity to the state of Louisiana dens. Among the public gardens operating children’s gardens,
(about fifteen minutes) and New Orleans communities, Louisiana about 53.4% and 21.9% have less than 1% and 1% to 2%,
and Mississippi were both included in the target audience. The respectively, of the their total ground area being used for
objective was to determine possible causes for reasons affect- children’s gardens. Hence, children’s gardens are relatively
ing visitation to The Crosby Arboretum by residents in Pearl small with about 70% of the public gardens providing less
River County, MS and nearby. Survey questions, directed at than 2% of their ground areas used for children’s garden. Of
those 18 years of age and older from either state, included: 1) the four geographic regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, West)
I have visited The Crosby Arboretum in Picayune, MS (select surveyed, the southern region had the largest number of chil-
one); 2) I am currently classified as a (select all that apply); 3) dren’s gardens. Among the 50 states and District of Columbia,
my main reasons for visiting The Crosby Arboretum are (select California had the largest number of children’s gardens, while
all that apply); 4) the following are the reasons I do NOT visit Wyoming, Georgia, and Montana were ranked as top three
more often or have never visited The Crosby Arboretum (select states having one children’s garden per 3,733, 4,384, and 7,487
all that apply); and 5) I was already aware of the following children (ages 1–12), respectively. The relationship between
information about The Crosby Arboretum before this survey the growth in the number of children’s gardens and trends in
(select all that apply). Methods used to reach a diverse target the gross domestic products (GDP) and real gross domestic
population included the Arboretum website, social media, email products (real GDP) showed a positive correlation statistically.
listservs, the local newspaper and radio station. To increase There was also a positive correlation between the number of
participation, a randomly selected winner from qualified entries children’s gardens and the state’s population density and num-
of submitted email addresses was chosen to receive a 2014 ber of children (ages 1–12). The largest number of respondents
Crosby Arboretum Family Membership. Challenges included (38.5%) indicated “to provide environmental experience with
lack of funding to subscribe to an online survey service level plants and nature through the gardens as the main purpose of
that would offer unlimited survey responses. Results will be establishing children’s gardens.
used to improve the Arboretum message, image, accessibility,
interaction with the local community, and to increase visitor
attendance. In addition to helping the Arboretum staff gauge Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
the best ways to reach the public, the results will help improve
outreach since the Arboretum is owned and operated by the Small Fruit Breeding
Mississippi State University Extension Service.
(351) Parthenocarpy in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Mississippi State University
Coastal Research and Extension Center
(Vaccinium ashei)
Mark Ehlenfeldt*
(209) Distribution and Characteristics of USDA–ARS, Marucci Center for Blueberry & Cranberry
Children’s Gardens in the United States Research, Chatsworth, NJ; [email protected]
Min Hyeong Kwon* Stephen Stringer
Korea University, Seoul; [email protected] USDA–ARS, Poplarville, MS; [email protected]
Chun Ho Pak Under greenhouse conditions, some rabbiteye blueberry cul-
Korea University, Seoul; [email protected] tivars set fruit that develops to maturity without pollination.
Since self-fruitfulness (or lack of) is a critical issue for rab-
Chiwon W. Lee
biteye, we undertook a 3-year study of the propensity of 48
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]
rabbiteye cultivars to set fruit under greenhouse conditions. We
A survey was carried out to identify and characterize children’s measured fruiting interval, fruit set, ripening interval, and fruit
gardens as a component of public gardens in the United States. size, and also monitored temperature conditions during the
Based on the public gardens listed by six different organiza- study with the goal of not only documenting the performance of
tions and six other public records, survey questionnaires were different cultivars, but also understanding as much as possible

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S310 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

about the conditions leading to parthenocarpy. Several cultivars Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis;
stood out as having distinct expressions of parthenocarpy. The [email protected]
cultivars, ‘Early May’, ‘Ira’, ‘Suwanee’, and ‘Owen’ had virtu-
Ivette Guzman
ally no fruit-set without pollination. Several modern cultivars,
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural
‘Pearl River’, ‘Bonita’, ‘Alapaha’, ‘Ochlockonee’, ‘Columbus’,
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State
‘Powderblue’, and ‘Premier’ had variable set across years,
University, Kannapolis; [email protected]
but relatively large seedless fruit at maturity (10–12 mm). In
contrast, ‘Chaucer’, a modern Florida cultivar, was unique in James R. Ballington
its exceptionally high fruit-set without pollination, but it pro- Dept. of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State
duced relatively small fruit, averaging approximately 7 mm. To University, Raleigh; [email protected]
evaluate greenhouse data in relation to field performance, we Allan F. Brown
compared parameters of field-grown fruit (size, weight, seed/ Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural
pulp ratios) to determine if cultivars with stronger partheno- Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State
carpic tendencies under greenhouse conditions also exhibit a University, Kannapolis; [email protected]
lesser need for pollination under field conditions to achieve
fruit development. Blueberry, a rich source of anthocyanins with important impli-
cations for human health chronic diseases, has become a major
(352) ‘Nocturne’ Blueberry: A Winter-hardy fruit commodity in the United States. This study was designed
to assess the impact of genetic introgressions among blueberry
Hexaploid Hybrid with Ornamental Fruit and species that were introduced through interspecific hybridiza-
Superior Quality tion on anthocyanin concentration and profile. Blueberries of
Mark Ehlenfeldt* commercial cultivars, NC breeding selections/clones, and F1
USDA–ARS, Marucci Center for Blueberry & Cranberry populations with varying ploidy levels and degrees of intro-
Research, Chatsworth, NJ; [email protected] gression from multiple species were used to address this ques-
tion. The commercial cultivars included Arlen, Columbus, Ira,
Lisa J. Rowland Legacy, O’Neal, Pamlico, Sampson, Lenoir, Legacy, Ozarkblue,
USDA–ARS, Genet. Imp. of Fruit & Vegetables Lab., Montgomery, Tifblue, and Yadkin. The breeding selections
Beltsville, MD; [email protected] included NC 3961, NC4263, NC4385, and NC4900. The F1
‘Nocturne’ is a winter-hardy, black-fruited, hexaploid blueberry crosses included Arlen x Georgia Gem, NC1223 x Columbus,
selection with significant rabbiteye ancestry for use as a specialty NC 4295 x Arlen, NC4297 x Ozarkblue, NC81-10-2 x Colum-
market plant for homeowner, landscape, and ornamental use. bus, and NC4302 x Georgia Gem. Ripe fruits from blue berry
‘Nocturne’ is a cross of [V. constablaei x NJ 89-158-8 (hexaploid genotypes, grown in Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury,
mixed species hybrid)] x ‘Premier’. V. constablaei is a very NC, were evaluated for anthocyanin concentration and profile
winter-hardy hexaploid species found at high altitudes in parts in two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). Total anthocyanin
of the southeastern United States. The general characteristics of concentrations ranged from 160–464 mg/100 g fresh weight in
this selection are: an upright, slightly spreading, highbush-type the commercial cultivars while in NC selections were 173–408
plant with glossy green foliage, and vivid, red-orange, unripe mg/100 g fresh weight. For the F1 crosses, population means for
fruit that ripens to large, dark, sweet, interesting-flavored fruit total anthocyanins ranged from 227–546 mg/100 g fresh weight.
in late-midseason to late season. Evaluations have shown ‘Noc- The highest genetic introgression impact on anthocyanin accu-
turne’ to have winter hardiness comparable to northern highbush mulation was observed in the NC1223 x Columbus cross, with
blueberry cultivars, and it has cropped reliably under mid-atlantic wild Virgatum (ashei) background. Ploidy level and degree of
conditions. This selection is an offshoot of a winter-hardy rab- introgression among blueberry species were observed to affect
biteye development program. The USDA–ARS is patenting and total and certain anthocyanins species. However, the expression
licensing this cultivar. of the interspecific introgressions in blueberry species was genetic
background-dependent. The genotype stability for anthocyanin
(353) Impact of Interspecific Hybridization on accumulation over 2 years is discussed.
Anthocyanin Accumulation in Blueberry Species
(Vaccinium spp.) (354) Estimating the Chilling Requirement
of Southern Highbush Blueberry Breeding
Gad G. Yousef*
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural Selections
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State Rachel A. Itle*
University, Kannapolis; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Mary A. Lila Tatum Branaman
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Food University of Florida, Gainesville; tatumbranaman@yahoo.
Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, NC Research com.au

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S311
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Silvia R. Marino James W. Olmstead

University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
James W. Olmstead Sparkleberry (VA, Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.) is a wild
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] blueberry species that has been used in southern highbush
blueberry (SHB, Vaccinium corymbosum L. hybrids) breeding
Currently, the chilling requirements of southern highbush blue-
as a source of genetic traits for soil adaptation and amenability
berry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. hybrids) selections within the
to mechanical harvest. One of the primary limitations for trait
University of Florida (UF) blueberry breeding program are not
introgression from VA has been difference in ploidy level with
quantified prior to commercial release. Due to the primary selec-
cultivated SHB. However, chromosome duplication of several
tion location, many of the cultivars released from the program
VA genotypes by colchicine treatment has allowed direct crosses
are estimated to need approximately 300 hours of chilling (0 to
with SHB, resulting in several thousand hybrid seedlings avail-
7 °C) for normal growth and development; thus, these selections
able for evaluation. Currently, hybrid seedlings are identified by
are not well-adapted to areas that receive less chilling, such
several phenotypic characteristics. Identification of VA specific
as central and southern Florida. In low chill production areas,
alleles from microsatellite markers that amplify in both species
blueberry plants are often treated with the dormancy-breaking
would provide a rapid method of positively identifying seedlings
compound, hydrogen cyanamide, to overcome inadequate chill-
where VA genome introgression has occurred. Twelve unrelated
ing and promote uniform budbreak. However, application rate and
tetraploid VA seedlings that comprise the majority of founding
timing of this compound are cultivar specific and phytotoxicity
clones in the current VA introgression project were genotyped
can be a problem. Furthermore, this compound is not available
with a set of 13 microsatellite markers previously used to genotype
for organic production. There is a need for cultivars with a
SHB cultivars and advanced selections from the University of
lower chill requirement that do not require hydrogen cyanamide
Florida blueberry breeding program. Twelve of the 13 mark-
application, as well as cultivars that respond well to hydrogen
ers (92%) consistently amplified microsatellite loci in VA; 11
cyanamide when their chilling requirement is not met. The
markers amplified a single locus. When both SHB and VA were
purpose of this study was to estimate the chilling requirement
considered, the number of alleles per marker ranged from one
of advanced selections in the UF blueberry breeding program
to 17. Of those markers, the number of alleles per marker that
with and without treatment with hydrogen cyanamide. Breeding
were only found in VA ranged from zero to 13. Two of the 12
selections were clonally propagated in 2009 and were planted
markers amplified only unique alleles in the limited set of VA
in blocks at Citra and Windsor, FL, in 2010. Plants in Windsor
genotypes assayed and when used in combination with an ad-
were treated with hydrogen cyanamide in Dec. 2011, while plants
ditional highly polymorphic marker allowed identification of
in Citra were not. Three branches from each treatment at each
location were collected at approximately 50 chill hour incre- VA introgression in early generations of crosses.
ments. Branches were then placed in a greenhouse and floral bud Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA Specialty Crop
development was evaluated bi-weekly for 5 weeks. The floral Research Initiative Award No. 2009-51181-06021
bud chilling requirement of a genotype was estimated based on a
comparison of the rate and total percentage floral bud break for (356) A Standardized Phenotyping Protocol for
each 50 chill-hour evaluation. Of the 25 genotypes evaluated, 13
had the same chill requirement estimate both with and without Strawberry in Rosbreed
hydrogen cyanamide treatment. Of the 12 remaining genotypes, Megan M. Mathey
only four were estimated to have a lower chill requirement when Oregon State University, Corvallis; matheym@hort.
treated with the dormancy breaking compound. For treatments oregonstate.edu
both with and without hydrogen cyanamide, an estimate of 100
Chad E. Finn
chill hours requirement was the most frequently assigned (12
USDA–ARS, HCRU, Corvallis, OR; [email protected].
and 13 genotypes, respectively) followed by 150 chill hours (5
gov
and 6 genotypes, respectively.) This initial analysis suggested
that the majority of the germplasm in the breeding program Sonali Mookerjee
can successfully flower with a minimum of 150 chill hours and Michigan State University, East Lansing; sonali_
without hydrogen cyanamide application. [email protected]
Kazim Gunduz
(355) Identification of Sparkleberry (Vaccinium Michigan State University, East Lansing; kgunduz44@
arboreum) Genome Introgression with gmail.com
Microsatellite Markers Developed in Highbush James F. Hancock
Blueberry Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Hilda Patricia Rodriguez-Armenta* Amy F. Iezzoni
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S312 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Lise Mahoney that can assist breeding programs in the future. The phenotypic
University of New Hampshire, Durham; Lise.Mahoney@ data for widely used founder accessions that have contributed
unh.edu to current cultivars is available through the “Breeders Toolbox”
at the Genome Database for Rosaceae (http://www.rosaceae.
Thomas M. Davis
org/ breeders_toolbox).
University of New Hampshire, Durham; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: “RosBREED: Enabling marker-
Natalia R. Salinas*
assisted breeding in Rosaceae” is supported by the USDA–NIFA,
Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected]
Specialty Crop Research Initiative by a combination of federal
Nahla Bassil and matching funds (grant number 2009-51181-05808).
USDA–ARS, Corvallis, OR; [email protected]
Kim E. Hummer
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; Kim.Hummer@ars. Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
usda.gov
Vegetable Crops Management
Philip Stewart
Driscoll Strawberry Associates, Watsonville, CA; philip. (144) Development of an In Planta Monitoring
[email protected] System of Phosphorus Content in Tomato
Vance M. Whitaker Shu-I Lin*
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] National Taiwan University, Taipei; [email protected]
Daniel Sargent Jia-Ying Lin
Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all’Adige, S. National Taiwan University, Taipei; [email protected]
Michele all’Adige (TN); [email protected]
Mei-Lin Kuo
Beatrice Denoyes National Taiwan University, Taipei; [email protected]
INRA, Villenave d’Ornon Cedex; [email protected]
Hsiao-Feng Lo
Iraida Amaya National Taiwan University, Taipei; [email protected]
IFAPA-Centro de Churriana, Málaga; iraida.amaya@ Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), is an important vegetable
juntadeandalucia.es crop in the world for fresh and processing consumption. In
Eric van de Weg order to increase fruit yield and improve fruit quality, and
Wageningen University and Research Center, avoid injury from typhoons, torrential rain, pests, and disease,
Droevendaalsesteeg; [email protected] most farmers in Taiwan use greenhouse cultivation for grow-
ing tomato. Overfertilization and lack of leaching by rain in
In an effort to implement marker-assisted breeding in Rosaceae,
greenhouse cultivation often leads to increased cost and an
many traits need to be characterized in diverse germplasm.
accumulation of salt in the soil. Reasonable fertilization is
The USDA–NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative-funded
one of important approach for solving the above problems. To
RosBREED project includes breeding programs of four Ro-
achieve the purpose of reasonable fertilization, it is essential to
saceae crops, apple, peach, cherry, and strawberry. Among
measure the nutritional status in plants. However, the commonly
them, strawberry is the only perennial herbaceous species.
used methods for analysis of soil and plant material to assess
Phenotyping strawberry for specific horticultural and commer-
fertilizer requirement is time-consuming, requires expensive
cial traits is an important process needed to identify genotypic
equipment, and high techniques. Furthermore, in the case of
marker(s) associated with specific traits. This process is the first
phosphorus, a high amount of phosphorus detected in the soil is
step in translating genomic knowledge into enhanced breed-
usually unavailable for plants, resulting in deficiency. Phospho-
ing efficiency through marker-assisted breeding. Large-scale
rus plays an important role in the initial growth and flowering
standardized phenotyping protocols have been set up for each
stage of tomato, thus phosphorus deficiency will reduce the
crop. The standardized phenotyping protocol for strawberries,
growth rate and final yield of tomato plants. To achieve the
as agreed upon by the breeding teams in Oregon, Michigan,
goals of reasonable fertilization, decreased cost of fertilizer,
New Hampshire, California, and Florida, will be presented. The
and protection of ecological environment, we developed an in
protocol includes four trait categories: phenology, plant charac-
planta method for the convenient and quick assay of phosphate
teristics, fruit characteristics, and fruit chemistry. Phenotyping
(Pi) status in tomato.
the RosBREED strawberry of 947 individuals representing the
breadth of relevant diversity used in breeding the domesticated Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by
strawberry, took place in 2011 and 2012. These data will be used National Science Council of the Republic of China (Grant
to identify quantitative trait loci and marker trait associations 100-2313-B-002 -058 -MY2).

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S313
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(145) Prediction of Radish Growth as Affected (146) The Effects of Air Temperature on Yield
by Nitrogen Fertilization for Spring and Phytochemical Content of Red Ssamchoo
Production and Red Leaf Lettuce Grown in a Plant Factory
Sang Gyu Lee* Sang Gyu Lee*
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Kyung-Hwan Yeo Chang Sun Choi
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Yoon Ah Jang Jun Gu Lee
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Jun Gu Lee Yoon Ah Jang
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Chun Woo Nam Chun Woo Nam
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Hee-Ju Lee Hee-Ju Lee
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Chang Sun Choi Kyung-Hwan Yeo
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Young Chul Um Young Chul Um
Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected] Vegetable Research Division, Suwon; [email protected]
Chiwon W. Lee Chiwon W. Lee
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]
The average annual and winter ambient air temperatures in The consumption of leaf vegetables has been steadily increas-
Korea have risen by 0.7 and 1.4 °C, respectively, during the ing in Korea. Leafy vegetables are commonly used for “Ssam
last 30 years. Radish (Raphanus sativus), one of the most (vegetable wrap-up),” a popular way of eating fresh vegetables
important cool-season crops, may well be used as a model using fingers to wrap some cooked rice and seasoned condiments
to study the influence of climate change on plant growth, be- inside several layers of young vegetable leaves. Nutritional
cause it is more adversely affected by elevated temperatures values and health benefits of leafy vegetables are well known.
than warm season crops. This study examined the influence of Studies on the growth and quality of major leaf vegetables like
transplanting time, nitrogen fertilizer level, and climate param- lettuce and bak-choi in the plant factory are available, but little
eters, including air temperature and growing degree days (GDD), work has been done on minor vegetables. This study was con-
on the performance of a radish cultivar (Mansahyungtong) ducted to improve yield and quality of redssamchoo(Brassica
to estimate crop growth during the spring growing season. koreana Lee var. red leaf) and red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa
The radish seeds were sown from 24 Apr. to 22 May 2012, at L.) grown in a plant factory where fluorescent lamps were used
internals of 14 days and cultivated with three levels of nitro- as an artificial light source. Seeds of redssamchoo and red leaf
gen fertilization. The data from plants sown on 24 Apr. and lettuce were sown in a peat-lite germination mix. Twenty-day-old
8 May 2012, were used for the prediction of plant growth as seedlings with roots being washed were anchored on a Styro-
affected by planting date and nitrogen fertilization for spring foam board and were grown hydroponically for 25 days under
production. In our study, plant fresh weight was higher when fluorescent light. Plants were exposed to three different daytime
the radish seeds were sown on 24 Apr. than on 8 and 22 May. temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) which were being monitored
The growth model was described as a logarithmic function with a sensor at 30 cm above the plant level. In all treatments,
using GDD according to the nitrogen fertilization levels: for light intensity was maintained at 200 ± 30 μmol·m–2·s–1, day
0.5N, root dry matter = 84.66/{1+exp [–(GDD – 790.7)/122.3]} length was 12/12 hr, and relative humidity was 50% to 80%.
(r2 = 0.92), for 1.0 N, root dry matter = 100.6/{1+exp Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of nutrient solution were
[–(x – 824.8)/112.8]} (r2 = 0.92), and for 2.0 N, root dry matter 1.6 dS·m–1 and 6.8–7.0, respectively, in all treatments. Increase
= 117.7/{1+exp [–(GDD – 877.7)/148.5]} (r2 = 0.94). Although in fresh weight was observed in redssamchoo at 30 °C, but red
the model slightly tended to overestimate dry mass per plant, leaf lettuce was not significance. Photosynthetic capacity and
the estimated and observed root dry matter and top dry matter vitamin C content of redssamchoo leaves were higher at 30
data showed a reasonable good fit with 1.12 (R2 = 0.979) and °C than other temperatures. In red leaf lettuce, photosynthetic
1.05 (R2 = 0.991), respectively. Results of this study suggest that capability was higher at 20 °C, while vitamin C content was
the GDD values can be used as a good indicator in predicting higher at both 25 °C and 30 °C. Polyphenol and flavonoid
the root growth of radish. content were higher at 20 °C in red ssmchoo and red leaf let-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S314 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

tuce. Hence, the optimum temperature appears to be 20 °C for centration decreased with increasing N, indole glucosinolates
phytochemical both redssamchoo and red leaf lettuce in the were affected most by N treatment.
plant factory with fluorescent light.
(148) Tissue Elemental Content and Growth
(147) The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Response of Lettuce to Hydroponic Solution
Glucosinolate Concentration and Yield in 28 Concentration Varied with Cultivar
Cabbage Varieties Jonathan N. Egilla*
Hunter R. Barrier* Lincoln University in Missouri, Jefferson City; jegilla@
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; hrbarrie@ncsu. gmail.com
edu Rose Ogutu
Gad G. Yousef Delaware State University, Dover; [email protected]
Plants for Human Health Institute Dept. of Horticultural Isabelle Nyirakabibi
Science North Carolina State University, Kannapolis; gad_ Lincoln University in Missouri, Jefferson City; nyiirai@
[email protected] linconu.edu
Jose G. Garzon The growth and tissue mineral elemental content of lettuce
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; jose_garzon@ [Lactuca sativa L. ‘Paris Island Cos’ (PIC) and ‘Black Seeded
ncsu.edu Simpson’ (BSS)] in response to nutrient solution source and
Allan F. Brown concentration were evaluated in a Nutrient Film Technique
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural (NFT) hydroponic culture system. Thirteen-day-old seedlings
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State were grown; and harvested 27 days after transfer into NFT
University, Kannapolis; [email protected] hydroponic culture. Fertilizer sources for the two hydroponic
solutions comprised of either 100%– or 50% Steiner’s nutrient
Christopher C. Gunter
solution formulation, or a soluble fertilizer (15N–2.2P–12K) at
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; chris_gunter@
200 mg·L–1 of N, plus micronutrients (CAMG). Mean nutrient
ncsu.edu
solution pH was maintained between 6.0 and 6.7, while electrical
Cabbage, Brassica olerecea var. Capitata, is a significant veg- conductivity (EC) ranged from 1.61 to 2.83. With the exception
etable crop in North Carolina with approximately 5000 acres of copper (Cu), whole lettuce-head tissue analysis indicates no
harvested annually and an estimated market value of 15 million significant (P = 0.05) fertilizer x cultivar interaction for tissue
dollars. This is partly driven by increased interest by consumers elemental content, or growth parameters measured. Compared
in the health and phytonutrient quality of this crop. Members with 100% Steiner’s and CAMG, average leaf count (LCNT)
of the Brassicaceae family produce glucosinolates, which have decreased at 50% Steiner’s, in both BSS and PIC (P ≤ 0.002).
been shown to have anti-cancer properties. These compounds In addition, head fresh- and dry weight (HFW, HDW) of PIC
play a role in both flavor development and influence the crops were reduced at 50% Steiner’s (P ≤ 0.001), compared with the
insect susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 100% level, despite increases in tissue content of nitrogen (N,
established varieties and elite breeding germplasm in the field, 2.7–fold) and phosphorus (P, 13.4%). Similarly, 100% Steiner’s
with an emphasis on the impact of nitrogen fertilization and significantly increased the HFW and HDW of PIC, compared
growing season influence on both production and the concentra- with CAMG and 50% Steiner’s (P ≤ 0.001). With BSS, there
tion of glucosinolates present. Eleven commercially available were no differences in HFW, HW, macro- and micronutrient
cultivars and 17 elite selections from the North Carolina State content among the nutrient solution sources and concentra-
University Plants for Human Health germplasm collection were tion. Except for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al),
planted at the Piedmont Research Station in Salisbury, NC, in a which increased at 100% Steiner’s (P ≤ 0.0001) in PIC, tissue
replicated field trial. The trial was conducted over two growing concentration of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), molyb-
seasons, spring and fall, at the same location. Three nitrogen denum (Mo), and sodium (Na) were highest at 50% Steiner’s.
levels were imposed based on the recommended rate for cab- Reductions in tissue elemental content at 100% Steiner’s may
bage in North Carolina. Heads were harvested by hand based have resulted from the 43% increase in EC (2.83 mS/cm) over
on days to maturity and head firmness. Significant differences the 50% level (1.61 mS/cm). The higher EC at 100% Steiner’s
in yield across nitrogen treatment and genotype were observed. caused root tip death and root stunting in seedlings, and delayed
Top performing varieties included Checkmate, SVR5210207, plant establishment by about 2 weeks compared to the latter.
SVR05291201, C28 x C519, and Platinum Dynasty. Differences With both BSS and PIC, plants grown with CAMG had higher
among varieties exist within nitrogen treatments. Postharvest P and potassium (K) content than both levels of Steiner’s, and
phytonutrient analysis was completed at the North Carolina higher N than 100% Steiner’s nutrient solution. Similarly, with
Research Campus’s Plants for Human Health Institute in Kan- micronutrients, tissue Fe, Mn, B, and Mo content were higher
napolis, NC, using HPLC-MS. While total glucosinolate con- with CAMG than at 100%, but not 50% Steiner’s (P < 0.05).

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S315
 Monday, July 22, 2013 4:00–6:00 PM

Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work is supported by Florida. Grafting can protect plants against FCR, but the extra
USDA-NIFA Grant No. MOX-HYDROPONICS-05. Lincoln cost of grafted plants is perceived as an obstacle for adoption
University in Missouri. of this technique by growers. Therefore, the objective of the
study was to evaluate the performance of grafted vs. non-grafted
(149) Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Processing roma-type tomatoes in plant growth, yield, and postharvest qual-
Sweet Corn ity. Scions ‘Sunoma’ and ‘Mariana’ were grafted on rootstock
‘Maxifort’ (‘Maxifort’/‘Sunoma’ and ‘Maxifort’/‘Mariana’) and
Charles L. Rohwer* compared to non-grafted ‘Sunoma’ and ‘Mariana’ in a random-
University of Minnesota, Waseca; [email protected] ized complete-block design with four replications. The trial was
Vincent A. Fritz planted on 25 Sept. 2012, with 22 inches between plants and 6 ft
University of Minnesota, Waseca; [email protected] between bed centers in Immokalee, FL. Plant growth data were
collected at third harvest or 120 days after transplanting. Tomato
Carl J. Rosen
fruit were harvested three times at the mature-green stage and
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
graded into marketable size categories and unmarketable yield.
Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is a major processing crop in the A subsample of 20 breaker-stage fruit/plot was collected at first
upper midwestern United States. Our objective was to update harvest and ripened to table ripeness. Postharvest evaluation
nitrogen recommendations using modern cultivars of sweet included firmness, skin color, total soluble solids (TSS), and
corn under multiple crop management strategies. We measured pH. Plant growth, yield and postharvest data were analyzed
fresh kernel cut weight (t·ha–1) and percent usable ears for corn by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean separation by
on the cob freezing (%COC) from May and June plantings in Duncan’s multiple range tests. Although there was a history of
2010–12 to determine yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici in the field,
responses among two sweet corn cultivars (‘Magnum II’ and there was low FCR incidence in the trial (< 3%). Of the grafted
‘GSS 1477’), 6 nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 to 225 kg·ha–1), and 3 tomato plants, 21% produced rootstock suckers, which were
planting densities (54, 62, or 69 thousand plants/ha). We define removed during the production season. There were no differ-
NUE as the ability to convert N fertilizer to harvested yield ences in total plant biomass; however, grafted plants were taller
[kg yield (kg available N)]. Overall fresh kernel cut weight than non-grafted plants. The highest, large-size tomato yield
was higher in ‘GSS 1477’, but NUE fell more rapidly than in was produced by non-grafted plants at first harvest. ‘Sunoma’
‘Magnum II’ as N increased. The lowest planting density resulted produced the greatest total marketable, first harvest yields, but
in higher NUE than the highest planting density. Increased was not different from Mariana and ‘Maxifort’/‘Sunoma’. There
planting density reduced fresh kernel cut weight in ‘Magnum were no differences among the treatments for total season, large-
II’ but not in ‘GSS 1477’, and increased planting density size tomato yield, whereas ‘Sunoma’ and ‘Maxifort’/‘Sunoma’
reduced fresh kernel cut weight in every N treatment except produced the highest total marketable fruit yields (all sizes and
180 kg·ha–1. A linear increase in %COC in response to added harvests combined) of 2,745 and 2,607 boxes/acres, respectively.
N was observed in ‘GSS 1477’, but the response in ‘Magnum ‘Maxifort’/‘Mariana’ had the firmest fruit, while ‘Sunoma’ and
II’ was quadratic. Low N rates reduced %COC more at high ‘Maxifort’/‘Sunoma’ produced the softest fruit. The best color
planting density than at low planting density. Variation in the was from ‘Mariana’ and the grafted treatments. The lowest TSS
response to N and population density among the six planting was found in ‘Maxifort’/‘Mariana’ and there were no differ-
seasons studied (2 plantings per year, 3 years) was substantial ences in pH among fruit from grafted and non-grafted plants.
and might be explained by temperature and rainfall patterns With no FCR pressure there were no clear advantages to using
observed after planting and during kernel development. grafted plants in roma-type tomato production, although root-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Midwest Food Processors stock suckering might have affected fruit yields in this study.
Association
Monday, July 22, 2013 4:00–6:00 PM

(151) Effect of Grafting on Roma-type Tomato Undergraduate Poster

Production in Southwest Florida Competition
Monica Ozores-Hampton Please plan to be present for the entire poster competition
University of Florida, Immokalee; [email protected] session.
Xin Zhao*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] (193) The Inheritance of Plant and Flower
Traits in Rose
Roma-type tomato varieties with acceptable horticultural char-
acteristics for Florida growers often do not have resistance to Sarah E. Jones*
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), a soil disease affecting Southwestern Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S316 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 4:00–6:00 PM

David H. Byrne harvested in 2009 and 2010 in Salisbury, NC. Tissue extracts
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] were analyzed for phylloquinone, carotenoids and tocopherols
A series of diploid rose crosses consisting of selected parents to evaluate variability among the families. Three-fold variation
from some introgression populations involving Old Blush, in phylloquinone concentration was observed in both years
Ducher and Rosa wichurana ‘Basye Thornless’ that were crossed with significant genetic and environmental effects. Genotype x
with 2 roses (Red Fairy and Sweet Chariot) released from the environment interaction was not significant. Moderate to high
program of Ralph Moore were planted in the field in College correlations were observed (r = 0.28 to 0.53) with all carotenoids
Station. About 350 seedlings from eight cross combinations and a-tocopherol (except epoxy lutein). These correlations
were evaluated for growth type, flower size, color, and form were all positive suggesting that breeding for enhanced lutein,
and the presence of prickles on the petioles and stems. The b-carotene, a-tocopherol and phylloquinone can be accom-
inheritance of the flower form, color and the presence of stem plished in the same genetic background. Two significant QTLs
prickles generally were inherited as single loci as previously were observed that impacted phylloquinone variability. A single
reported although some crosses displayed a distortion in their QTL on chromosome 7 co-segregated with the major carotenoid
segregation probably due to the interspecific background of QTL that impacts lutein and b-carotene while the second QTL
these progenies. The flower diameter was inherited in a quan- is independent of carotenoids or tocopherol accumulation. The
titative fashion. results suggest that phylloquinone concentrations in broccoli
are moderated by a relatively small number of genes that can
(194) Phylloquinone (Vitamin K) Variation, be used in developing broccoli with higher levels of vitamin K.
QTL Identification, and the Correlation with (195) Microshoot Proliferation of Geranium
Carotenoids in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. magniflorum ‘La Veta Lace’
italica)
Abigail R. Debner*
Kamilla Korsvold* North Dakota State University, Winsted, MN; abigail.
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural [email protected]
Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University,
Kannapolis; [email protected] John Murgel
Denver Botanical Garden, Denver; john.murgel@
Ivette Guzman botanicgardens.org
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State Todd P. West
University, Kannapolis; [email protected] North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]

Robert Byrd Geranium magniflorum ‘La Veta Lace’ is an herbaceous peren-

Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural nial that grows within the USDA hardiness zones 4–8. La Veta
Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Lace® Geranium was originally collected from the Drakensburg
Kannapolis; [email protected] Mountains of South Africa and it is a fern leaf species that has
small purple blooms. Currently there is no published micro-
Gad G. Yousef propagation protocol for G. magniflorum ‘La Veta Lace’. The
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrient
Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, salt formulations and different plant growth regulator concen-
Kannapolis; [email protected] trations on initiation and proliferation of microshoot culture
Allan F. Brown of La Veta Lace® Geranium. A 2 x 3 factorial combination of
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentrations (0.54 and 2.68
Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, μM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) concentrations (0.44, 2.22,
Kannapolis; [email protected] and 4.44 μM) were compared to determine which plant growth
regulator combination(s) would stimulate the proliferation of
Phylloquinone (vitamin K) is important for bone metabolism,
the most viable microshoots. Also, two nutrient salt formula-
blood coagulation, and contributes to the carboxylation of vitamin
tions (MS, 1/2 MS) ranging from high to low salt formulations
K dependent proteins. This fat soluble vitamin is also associated
were studied to determine a suitable range of nutrient medium
with decreased risk of age related chronic disorders and in the
formulation for microshoot proliferation. Shoot tip explants
plant acts as a cofactor in Photosystem I. Little information is
that were 5 mm in length were used to initiate cultures and were
available concerning the genetic control of this compound in
maintained on the various factorial medium treatments plus 30 g/L
Brassica vegetables or in the related model crop, Arabidopsis.
sucrose and 7 g/L agar at a pH of 5.8. Explants were incubated
The purpose of the experiment was to quantify phylloquinone in
approximately 30 cm beneath cool-white fluorescent lamps that
the broccoli population in order to identify QTLs associated with
provide a photon flux of approximately 30 mmol·m–2·s–1 for a
variation. Florets from 125 F2:3 broccoli families derived from
16-h photoperiod at 25 ± 3 °C. Nodal explants were transferred
the cross ‘VI-158 x Brocolette Neri E. Cespuglio (BNC)’ were

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S317
 Monday, July 22, 2013 4:00–6:00 PM

every 3 weeks for a total culture period of 6 weeks. At each (197) Persistence of Urea in a Coastal Plain Soil:
transfer date, data were collected on microshoot number with a An Incubation Study
length greater than 2 mm. Developing microshoots were found
to be adventitious, originating from callus produced from initial I. Bottone*
explants. Explants cultured on MS (high) nutrient salt formula- University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
tion coupled with 0.54 μM NAA and 0.44 μM BA significantly Leonard C. Kibet
produced the greatest number of microshoots per explant with University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
an average of 12.3 shoots after 6 weeks of culturing. Further
Arthur Allen
research needs to be conducted on developing a suitable rooting
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
medium along with acclimatization protocols.
Lurline E. Marsh
(196) Stem-water Potential Reading Variability University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
in Olive (Olea europaea) Fawzy M. Hashem
Luke K. Milliron* University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
California State University, Chico; lmilliron@mail. Eric May
csuchico.edu University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
William H. Krueger Ray Bryant
University of California Cooperative Extension, Orland; USDA–ARS, University Park, PA; [email protected]
[email protected]
Urea-based nitrogen sources can possibly lead to nutrient pol-
Richard C. Rosecrance lution of various water bodies due to leaching and runoff, and
California State University, Chico; [email protected] also trigger the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. to produce shellfish
In the face of growing water insecurity, California farmers poisoning. This causes economic and human health concerns
have embraced irrigation management technologies which help in the Chesapeake Bay and other coastal regions. Urea-based
ensure a greater “crop per drop.” Stem-water potential (ψstem) fertilizer use has increased in recent years because ammonium
is a plant based irrigation management tool that measures water nitrate was banned after the Oklahoma bombing incident. Thus,
stress. Previous research has established numerous technician farmers switched to commercial urea-based fertilizers as an
measurement protocols to minimize variability in almond, economical alternative. When manures are used as a nitrogen
walnut and prune water stress readings; these protocols have source, studies have shown urea to exist in runoff several days
been adopted in olive with only anecdotal evidence of their after application. To prevent these occurrences, researchers need
to learn more about how urea behaves and pathway movement
validity. The objective of this study is to explore variability
through soils to water bodies. The objective of this study was
in ψstem readings in olive (Olea europaea ‘Arbequina’ and
to determine how urea in urea-based fertilizers and manures
‘Manzanillo’). Potential variability arising from crop load, the
persists in soil after application. Four treatments were used:
presence of olive knot, the location of the sampled shoot on the
poultry litter, broiler manure, urea prill, and a control. Our hy-
tree, shoot samples containing fruit, a 2-minute post-excision
pothesis was that soils amended with poultry litter and broiler
interval before placement in the pressure chamber, the length of
manure will have slower mineralization (hydrolysis) rates
the stem protuberant from the pressure chamber, re-pressurizing
of urea, and a longer release of inorganic nitrogen than soils
a bagged shoot, and examining differences between technicians
amended with commercial urea fertilizers. The latter process
are all investigated. Readings are principally taken from several
is thought to provide a more rapid mineralization rate of urea,
replicates on four to five trees in a single fully irrigated row.
but shorter release of inorganic nitrogen over time. This study
Data sets are analyzed using ANOVA as a single factor random-
will inform those concerned about the health of the Bay as to
ized block design (RBD – 1 factor), blocking by tree. In the
what agricultural practices may harm the Bay. It will also aid
overall analysis of all investigations, the variability tested was
farmers in choosing which urea-based fertilizers pose the least
insignificant (P > 0.05). An exception to the overall findings
risk of polluting the environment through runoff and leaching.
occurred in two of three investigations regarding the location
of the sampled shoot on the tree, as well as the first of nine tri- (198) Free Radical Scavenging Activities of
als comparing readings between two operators. These results
‘Marrs’ Sweet Oranges
suggest a robustness of ψstem readings, despite variance in tree
physiology and operator technique. The exceptions noted are also Shreyas Kommein*
consistent with literature finding bag placement and operator as A&M Consolidated High School, College Station, TX;
potentially significant sources of variation. [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: College of Agriculture, California Bhimanagouda S. Patil
State University, Chico University of California Cooperative Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Extension, Glenn County Center, College Station; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S318 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Monday, July 22, 2013 4:00–6:00 PM

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals before they can damage portions (3 x 4 cm) were obtained from the middle part of the
cellular structures, including DNA, proteins, and membrane fruits at various stages. Then these were divided into fruit skin
lipids. In humans, the consequences of low antioxidant levels and flesh. Anthocyanin (nasunin, flavonoid, and cinnamic acid
include obesity, cardiovascular disease, and poor immune func- derivative) and carotenoid (lycopene, αa-carotene, βb-carotene,
tion, but consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent certain and capsanthin) contents were analyzed by HPLC. We also
chronic diseases. Recent studies showed that people who con- identified the main anthocyanin composition. In fruit skin,
sumed more fruits and vegetables had reduced risks of cancer, anthocyanin increased within several days after setting of fruit,
stroke, and heart disease. Citrus fruits have long been valued as then decreased with ripening. Fruit flesh contained low amounts
part of a nutritious and tasty diet and contain many antioxidants. of anthocyanin at all stages. We found the primary anthocyanin
For example, Vitamin C, an essential water-soluble nutrient, is nasunin at purple color stage of the fruits for both of variet-
acts as an antioxidant by donating electrons to free radicals ies. Carotenoid content was low at green or purple color stage,
to form a stable end product. The present study examined and increased sharply during ripening in both fruit skin and
the free radical scavenging activities of citrus fruit extracts flesh. These results indicate that anthocyanin content was large
using different in vitro methods. ‘Marrs’ sweet oranges were initially, but decreased gradually up to ripening. Carotenoid
extracted with five different solvents in the Soxhlet apparatus; content increased with ripening.
extracts were dried and used to determine antioxidant activities.
Free radical diphenyl-1-picry hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging (200) Waste Wool, Cocoa Hulls, and Clover
activity was measured for five extracts. Chloroform extract as Organic Mulch Alternatives in Tomato
had the highest DPPH activity and methanol extracts had the Production
lowest activity whereas in case of 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethyl
benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay water extract Whitney Garton*
had highest activity. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was West Virginia University, Morgantown; wgarton1@mix.
also determined using the phosphomolybdenum method. An- wvu.edu
tioxidant capacity of the extracts as equivalent to ascorbic acid Sven Verlinden
(μmole/g of the extract) was in the order of water > acetone West Virginia University, Morgantown; sven.verlinden@
acetate > methanol >chloroform. Indeed, extract made with mail.wvu.edu
water had the highest antioxidant capacity and hexane extract
had the lowest capacity as measured by this assay. Further ex- Renee Conneway
periments are needed to gather more data on how antioxidants West Virginia University, Morgantown; krackerjack12@
affect our daily lives. hotmail.com
Three organic mulch alternatives for organic tomato production
(199) Changes of Anthocyanin and Carotenoid (cv. WV63) were compared to a bare soil control. A complete
Concentration in Purple Color Paprika Fruit randomized design of 16 plots measuring 2.4 x 2.4 m was estab-
during Ripening lished and each treatment was replicated 4 times for a total of 12
treatment plots and an additional four control plots. Treatments
Kumi Yamanaka* included an organic waste wool application to a depth of 5 cm,
Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan organic cocoa hulls also applied to a depth of 5 cm, and white
Masayoshi Nakayama clover living mulch. Control plots were left bare. Data were
Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and collected on surface and soil temperatures, yield (weight and
Food Research Organization, Tsukuba; [email protected] number of fruit), growth characteristics (leaf area, height, and
width), and weed suppression. Significant differences in yield
Manami Akai
were observed. The highest overall yield was observed in the
Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
cocoa hull plots followed by plots mulched with wool and the
Takashi Ikeda control plots. Plots with white clover living mulch yielded sig-
Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan; [email protected] nificantly lower than all treatments and the control. Extrapolated
We investigated the changes of anthocyanin and carotenoid seasonal yields were 306, 279, 201, and 64 metric tons/ha for
concentration during course of purple-color paprika fruit (‘Ri- cocoa, wool, control, and living mulch, respectively. Yield during
kata’ and ‘Tequila’) fruit ripening. It is known that the fruits of the first two harvests was significantly higher for wool than other
these varieties change the color in two stages. At the immature treatments or the control. In addition the average weight of 147
stage, the color shifts from green to purple, then it becomes red g of harvested tomatoes in the wool treatment was significantly
at fully ripe stage. However, the pigment content at different higher than the 129 g per fruit in the control and 132 g per fruit
color fruit has not been investigated. Furthermore, the purple in the cocoa plots. No significant differences were observed in
pigment composition is not identified. In this research, we plant height or leaf area. Average peak surface temperatures
analyzed anthocyanin and carotenoid contents at different fruit were 53, 48, 43, and 33 °C, for cocoa hulls, wool, control, and
growing stages. Plants were grown hydroponically. Sample living mulch, respectively. All treatments lowered subsurface

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S319
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

temperature when compared to the control and ranged from 21.6 Charles E. Johnson
°C in the control plots to 20.7 °C in the living mulch plots. Weed Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; cejohnson@agctr.
suppression as measured by time to remove weeds was greatest lsu.edu
in cocoa hull plots, followed by the clover, wool, and control Fungal contamination in tissue culture applications can lead to
treatments. Overall the cocoa hull treatment performed best in the loss of valuable plant material, and current in-vitro fungicides
total yield and weed suppression. However, if cost, earliness, can be costly. This experiment evaluates the fungicidal efficacy of
and/or fruit size are factored wool can be considered a viable food grade preparations of Cinnamomum spp. against four com-
alternative to cocoa hulls in organic tomato production. mon plant parasitic fungi. Ground cinnamon and cinnamon oil
purchased from a local supermarket were added to potato dextrose
(201) Secondary Shoot Proliferation in Hosta agar (PDA) with pH adjusted to 5.6 at nine concentrations (0,
‘Honeybells’ and the Isolation Plantlets Free of 0.52, 1.04, 2.09, 3.13, 4.18, 5.23, 10.46, and 20.92 g/L; and 0, 1,
Hosta Virus X 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 40 mL/L, respectively). Agar was poured
into quadraplex 150 x 10 mm petri dishes. Fourteen-day-old
Joel Z. Sehloff* cultures of Rhizoctonia spp., Phytophthora spp., Colletotrichum
University of Wisconsin, River Falls; [email protected]. spp., and Fusarium spp. were used to inoculate media by plac-
edu ing a 4-mm plug of each species in one of the four quadrants.
Ben E. Lockhart Cultures were placed in dark at 22 °C and observations were
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] made after 3 and 7 days. There were significant differences in
growth rate of cultures placed on ground cinnamon treatments
Ryan Grajkowski after 3 days. Overall, the higher concentrations of ground cin-
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; ryan.grajkowski@ namon (5.23–20.92 g/L) had inhibited mycelia growth, while
my.uwrf.edu no significant difference was observed between the control and
David C. Zlesak lower concentrations. The three highest concentrations of ground
University of Wisconsin, River Falls; [email protected] cinnamon, beginning with 5.23 g/L, showed a linear decrease
Hostas are the most popular herbaceous perennial garden plant of mycelia growth with no apparent mycelia growth observed
in the United States and are susceptible to infection by Hosta on the highest concentration (20.92 g/L), after 3 days. The
Virus X (HVX). It impacts hostas causing streaking, mottling, seventh day after inoculation, mycelia growth on control and
puckering of the leaves, and misshapen growth, eventually lower concentrations of ground cinnamon filled their respec-
tive quadrant while higher concentrations of ground cinnamon
resulting in death of the plant. Currently there are no reliable
(10.46 and 20.92 g/L) continued to have inhibited mycelia
methods of producing virus free plants, but there is preliminary
growth. Cinnamon oil treatments showed slight decreases in
evidence that periodic off-season, secondary shoots can be free
growth of Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp., and Colletotrichum
from HVX for a short duration. Such shoots can be excised at
spp., at higher concentrations (20–40 mL/L) after 3 and 7 days;
an early stage from the infected mother plant and HVX-free
however, no apparent decreases of Phytophthora spp. growth
plants recovered. The objectives of this experiment are to
were observed with any rate of cinnamon oil in this experiment.
better characterize the rate of HVX-free shoots from infected
These results indicate that ground cinnamon may be an effec-
plants of ‘Honeybells’ and compare different cultural manipu-
tive, low-cost fungicidal amendment to tissue culture media.
lations on off-season shoot production. Vernalized plants were
used to initiate all experiments. Plants have been grown at 18
and 27 °C in growth chambers, while a second group of plants Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
grown under greenhouse conditions (21 °C) were treated
with BA, florel, Fascination® and a water control in order to Consumer/Commercial
induce more secondary, off-season shoot development. Emerg- Horticulture and Master
ing secondary shoots were individually potted and grown on.
Leaf samples of such shoots were taken and tested for HVX Gardeners
with immunostrips. Rates of HVX-free plants across treatments
will be reported. (210) Citizen Scientist Master Gardeners
Conduct Landscape Plant Variety Trials
(202) Commercial Food Grade Cinnamon Kelly M. Young*
Products Inhibit Mycelia Growth of Four Fungi University of Arizona, Phoenix; [email protected]
In Vitro Karl Wyant
Shane Walsh* Arizona State University, Tempe; [email protected]
Louisiana State University College of Agriculture, Baton In 2010, Master Gardeners in Maricopa County, AZ, volunteered
Rouge; [email protected] to trial three recently introduced ornamental plant cultivars and

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S320 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

maintain performance records of those cultivars. The records were 4; North Carolina 3; Ohio 18; Pennsylvania 3; South Dakota
shared with the wholesale grower that provided the plants. Cal- 12; Texas 1; Virginia 1; West Virginia 3; Wisconsin 4) with an
liandra eriophylla x Calliandra californica (Maricopa Red™), estimated audience of 660, on the final evaluation host sites
C. californica (Sarita™) and Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Phoenix indicated 1,447 participants from 102 sites. The tomato webinar
Bird™) were distributed to 13 Master Gardener citizen scien- was free to anyone who registered on the online google.doc
tists. Of those, six Master Gardeners never submitted reports. spread sheet, up to 200 internet connections. For the shade tree
The remaining seven submitted monthly reports that included webinar, individuals were asked to register and pay $10 through
a current photo of each plant and a completed data sheet that eXtension for having a webinar line to their home or a non-
documented plant height, canopy diameter; method, frequency, host site; 39 individuals registered as individuals. There was
and duration of irrigation; pruning events; fertilization; flower- no charge for host sites who registered for shade tree webinar.
ing; and fruiting and environmental stress symptoms such as Pre- and post-test surveys for the tomato IPM webinar showed
frost damage, salt burn, and heat stress. Master Gardeners were participants self-ratings changed from high IPM knowledge
also asked to subjectively state if the plant appears healthy and levels: 3% pre-test rose to 18% post-test; medium: 54% pre-test
attractive. By the end of 2012, only four volunteers were still rose to 70% post-test; and low: 43% pre-test dropped to 12%
submitting monthly reports, either due to plant mortality or post-test. Shade tree webinar participants reported high IPM
because the volunteer moved away. knowledge levels: 1% pre-test rose to 3% post-test; medium:
36% pre-test rose to 69% post-test; and low: 63% dropped to
(211) Regional IPM Webinars Reach Large 29% post-test. Shade tree webinar participants indicated they
Extension Master Gardener Audiences learned a lot 64% (148/233); similar to the tomato webinar
participants 70% (127/181). Webinar challenges include:
Mary Hockenberry Meyer*
participant’s technical understanding; recording live webinar
University of Minnesota, Chaska; [email protected]
attendance; gathering accurate pre and post test information;
Karen Jeannette interaction between participants and presenters; and local host
eXtension, Minneapolis, MN; [email protected] site activities to improve the educational experience.
Jeff Gillman Specified Source(s) of Funding: North Central IPM Center
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
(
Michelle Grabowski
University of Minnesota, Andover; [email protected]
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Rhoda L. Burrows Crop Physiology

South Dakota State University, Rapid City; rhoda.burrows@
sdstate.edu (296) The Effects of Plant Hormones on Root
Pamela J. Bennett Growth and GmEXPB2 Expression in Soybean
Ohio State University Extension, Springfield; bennett.27@ Xinxin Li*
cfaes.osu.edu South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou;
Two webinars were held to teach Integrated Pest Management [email protected]
(IPM) Extension Educators and Extension Master Gardeners Hye-Ji Kim
(EMG). With support from the North Central IPM Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
the webinars were promoted through EMG coordinators in
the North Central region and online at the national eXtension Hong Liao
webinar site where anyone could register for the presentations. South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; hliao@
Both 90-minute webinars were hosted with umnconnect at the scau.edu.cn
University of Minnesota and included 15–20 minute content The root system of a plant performs many important functions
sections followed by questions using the chat feature online. including water uptake, nutrient acquisition and anchorage
Tomato IPM for Gardeners held on 11 Aug. 2012 used 129 of plants to the ground. Understanding the regulation of root
online connections, with a minimum attendance of 547 from development is therefore of vital importance. Previously, we
5 states: (Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) found that soybean βb-expansin gene GmEXPB2 functioned as
with 57 host sites reporting more than 1 person in attendance, an intrinsic component of root architectural changes to abiotic
usually at Extension offices with EMG. Growing Healthy Shade stress in soybean. Here we examined the effects of exogenous
Trees with IPM webinar, 20 Feb. 2013, involved 156 online plant hormones on root growth and GmEXPB2 expression to
connections, with 56 host sites signing in on the chat feature illustrate the relationship between root growth and plant cell
indicating 521 participants. Although 107 host sites in 18 states wall extension. Three-day-old soybean seedlings were grown
registered (Colorado 2; Georgia 1; Iowa 6; Illinois 12; Kansas in hydroponic solutions containing 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, or 5 μM of
2; Maine 1; Maryland 6; Michigan 1; Minnesota 25; Nebraska auxin (IAA, IBA, or NAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S321
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(ABA) or cytokinin (6-BA) and evaluated after 4 days. The development, based on an external synoptic scale where 1 =
results showed that soybean root morphology was significantly asymptomatic and 10 = entire canopy wilted or dead. At the
altered by the treatment of different levels of auxins, GA3, ABA end of the experiment, trees were harvested, rated internally
or 6-BA. Higher concentrations of IAA, IBA, and NAA inhibited for laurel wilt (percentage of sapwood symptomatic, where 1 =
the growth of primary root and lateral roots, consequently lead- asymptomatic and 10 = 100%), and assayed for the pathogen.
ing to the decrease of the total root length. Low concentrations R. lauricola was recovered from all inoculated trees but not
of IAA (0.05 μM and 0.5 μM), however, slightly increased the from the non-inoculated trees. Mean cumulative sap flow over
total root length which was associated with increased lateral 9 days prior to inoculation was significantly higher in ‘Rus-
root growth. Similarly, higher concentrations of GA3, ABA, and sell’ than in the other cultivars. Based on external and internal
6-BA inhibited primary and lateral root growth, but increased disease ratings, ‘Russell’ was significantly more susceptible to
root diameters with an exception for GA3, which induced finer laurel wilt than ‘Brogdon’ and ‘Marcus Pumpkin’, which were
root growth. Higher concentrations of 6-BA caused the root tips statistically similar. Beginning 1 week after inoculation, xylem
to curve up. Meanwhile, the expression of GmEXPB2 varied sap flow for ‘Russell’ declined rapidly until plants died. Mean
with different types of hormones. The transcription levels of sap flow per week was not significantly different between the
GmEXPB2 increased with higher concentrations of IAA and less susceptible ‘Brogdon’ and ‘Marcus Pumpkin’. The results
NAA, but increased first and then decreased by IBA. In con- indicate that susceptibility to laurel wilt in avocado is associated
trast, the accumulation of GmEXPB2 transcript was strongly with the rate of sap flow. Cultivars with a relatively high rate
associated with concentrations of 6-BA and ABA, while it was of sap flow (e.g., ‘Russell’) may be more susceptible due to
not associated with GA3. Our results indicate the complexity a corresponding higher rate of conidium transport. Additional
of plant hormone regulations on root growth, which is closely cultivars with a wide range of sap flow rates should be tested
associated with plant cell wall expansion. Nevertheless, their to examine this hypothesis.
detailed relationships need to be further elucidated.
(298) Increasing Root Zone Ca+2 Concentration
(297) Laurel Wilt Differentially Affects Xylem Will Decrease Uptake and Transport of Na+
Sap Flow of Three Avocado Cultivars and Enhance Plant Growth of Pistacia Species
Bruce Schaffer* Grown in Saline Soils
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
Morad Mortaz*
Randy C. Ploetz University of California, Davis; [email protected]
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
As surface water supplies dwindle and become more saline in
Ana I. Vargas California, the pistachio industry faces the challenge of managing
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] orchards on increasingly saline soils with less water. Currently,
Joshua L. Konkol the only approach we have for managing and alleviating the
University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected] effects of root zone salinity is leaching. Methods of managing
soil salinity that do not require more water would have great
Juanpablo Salvatierra horticultural value. Recent research with the pistachio species,
University of Florida, Homestead; juanpablo.salvatierra.m@ P. lentiscus, demonstrated that increasing the root zone Ca+2
gmail.com levels mitigated the effects of root zone salinity by reducing Na+
Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola, has deci- uptake to the leaves during salinity stress. Additional research
mated members of the Lauraceae family in the southeastern on P. lentiscus and olive, reported when osmatic stress was
United States since the early 2000s. It was detected in a Florida relieved by leaching with quality water (relief period), both
commercial avocado orchard in 2012, and poses a grave threat photosynthesis and growth rate recovered faster when previously
to the avocado industry. Affected trees wilt and usually die due treated with high Ca+2 compare to low Ca+2 treatment. These
to plugging of the vascular system. Susceptibility to laurel wilt studies motivated us to investigate the specific effects of increas-
varies among avocado cultivars. We assessed the effects of ing root zone Ca+2 on Na+ uptake, transport and plant growth
laurel wilt on xylem sap flow in three avocado cultivars that in ‘Kerman’ trees (California’s most common pistachio scion)
differed in susceptibility. ‘Russell’, ‘Brogdon’ and ‘Marcus budded on PGI, UCBI clonal, and UCBI seedling rootstocks
Pumpkin’ trees (clonal scions grafted on ‘Waldin’ seedling grown in saline soils. Based on recent reports, we hypothesized
rootstocks) were treated with either 750 conidia of R. lauricola increasing that the Ca+2 concentration in saline root zones may
at four equidistant sites above the graft union (inoculated; decrease the uptake of Na+ to ‘Kerman’ scions grown on differ-
four plants per cultivar) or water (non-inoculated; one plant ent pistachio rootstocks. Additionally, during the relief period
per cultivar). Xylem sap flow in each tree was continuously photosynthetic performance and therefore growth rate would
monitored with a Dynagage sap flow system (Dynamax, Inc.) recover faster. Our objectives for this project are to 1) rank the
until all of the inoculated trees of ‘Russell’ (most susceptible) differences in tree water status, gas exchange, and ion distri-
completely wilted. Trees were also rated daily for laurel wilt bution among ‘Kerman’ scions’ grown on different rootstocks

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S322 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

under saline conditions; 2) determine how Ca+2 treatments PpDhn2 gene, did not display discernible changes. A 16 kDa
affect these parameters; and Ι3) determine if trees respond better of polypeptide characterized as a “bark-storage protein” also
to leaching if pretreated with Ca+2. Every 2 weeks, photosyn- exhibited a similar seasonal pattern in all cultivars. Changes of
thesis and gas exchange characteristics, stomatal conductance dehydrin gene expressions by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR
(gs) and CO2 net assimilation rate (Asat) will be measured were performed to find out the relationship with cold hardiness.
using a Li-Cor 6400 under 100% solar irradiance measured by Expression patterns of PpDhn1 and PpDhn3 genes paralleled
Li-i800 spectroradiometer. Tree water status will be measured fluctuations in cold hardiness. The PpDhn2 gene did not appear
on leaves sampled at predawn using a pressure bomb. Leaf to be seasonally regulated.
osmotic potential (Ψψπ) will be measured on expressed sap of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out with
these frozen and thawed leaves with a freezing-point
the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural
Osmomat 030 osmometer (Gonotec, Berlin, Germany) equipped
Science & Technology Development (Project No. 907129)”
with a 15-μL measuring cell. Leaf turgor potential (Ψp) will
Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
be calculated as the difference between (Ψw) and (Ψψπ). Ion
distribution will be analyzed on leaves for Ca+2, Na+, and K+ at (300) Evaluating Physiological Efficiencies of
2-week intervals by samples sent to the University of California
analytical lab.
Branching Structure in Low-intensity Tart
Cherry and High-density Apple
(299) Analysis of Cold Hardiness, Dehydrins, Zachary Brym*
and Their Gene Expressions during Cold Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
Acclimation and Deacclimation in Four Peach Brent Black
Cultivars (Prunus persica) Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]
Keum-Sun Kim* Branch angle, rotation, and probability of termination have
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; saranghaesk@ been used to describe the set of all possible branching structures,
nate.com which can then be evaluated for their weight bearing capacity
Hyunsuk Shin and light interception (Nikals & Kerchner, 1984, Paleobiology).
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; joker0117@ This model has been updated and adapted to determine the range
naver.com of generalized branching structures that occur among orchard
systems. Pruning experts recommend maintaining 30° to 60°
Youngjae Oh angles at branching nodes to optimally balance vegetative and
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; grus82@gmail. reproductive growth. Often ties or weights are used to set these
com angles within the primary support branches or scaffolds. Does
Seolah Kim this “optimal angle” occur without such human manipulation
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; sulah1234@ in secondary branches? Does the “optimal angle” hold with
nate.com the increase of management intensity? What effects does this
branching angle have on light capture and biomass? Using data
In-Chang Son
from a low intensity tart cherry (Prunus cerasus, mahaleb)
National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Jeju;
and a high-density apple (Malus xdomestica) at the Kaysville
[email protected]
Experimental Orchard, Utah State University, I establish
Daeil Kim branching parameters to model the trees’ branching architecture
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; dkpomo@cbnu. and test how tree growth changes with various human manipu-
ac.kr lations (i.e., pruning). The model developed from this exercise
Changes in cold hardiness, dehydrins and their gene expressions tests the consequences of various horticultural management
were monitored in the shoots of four peach cultivars (‘Daewol’, strategies on tree fruit physiology in the context of established
‘Aikawanakajima’, ‘Fukuyokabijin’, and ‘Kiraranokiwami’). scaling theory in ecology. It appears that primary branches of
Cold hardiness of all the cultivars, determined by electrolyte low-intensity tart cherry maintain an average of 30° angles,
leakage analysis, gradually increased during the autumn, reached while terminal branches, which are pruned less, maintain
a maximum in midwinter, and then decreased by April. The somewhat narrower angles. High-density apples appear to
SDS-PAGE profiles of proteins from four cultivars were very deviate strongly from the low-intensity cherry system and are
similar during investigated period. Data indicate that a 60 kDa managed primarily with nearly horizontal lateral branches. The
protein encoded by PpDhn1 (Prunus persica dehydrin) gene model developed is instrumental in defining branching charac-
of four cultivars accumulated to high level during fall and teristics of tart cherry trees and will be used to develop high-
winter (from Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2012) followed by a complete density tart cherry systems using the high-density apple system
disappearance in spring (from March to Apr. 2012). A 30 kDa as a template. These models are being developed using
of polypeptide, assumed to be a dehydrin protein encoded by ecological scaling theory to incorporate plant physiological

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S323
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

efficiencies along with the human induced forces inherent in determining PWP more precisely in plants grown in horticultural
horticulture. substrates.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Utah State University Ecol-
ogy Center (302) The Effect of Artificial Pollination and
Growth Regulator Applications on Olive Trees
(301) Measuring Soil Water Potentials in under Mexican Desert Conditions
Horticultural Substrates at Very Low Water Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras*
Potentials INIFAP, Caborca Sonora; [email protected]
Jeb S. Fields Saul A. Grijalva-Durón
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; jsfields@ncsu. UNISON, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
edu
Arturo López-Carvajal
William C. Fonteno INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu Fabian Robles-Contreras
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
Brian Jackson*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@ Manuel de Jesús Valenzuela-Ruiz
ncsu.edu INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]

The study of water availability in substrates involves knowing Ruben Macias-Duarte

the permanent wilting percentage (PWP). This has be INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
traditionally defined as water held at soil water potentials Olive production in Mexico is about 30,000 tons annually and
between –1.0 and –2.0 MPa, with –1.5MPa as the norm. The major problems in this arid region are pollination and fruit set.
PWP has been determined with pressure plate systems set at A study was carried out to evaluate the response of the artificial
1.5 MPa without plants. However, the PWP range has not been pollination (AP) and growth regulator application on productivity
thoroughly explored for horticultural substrates. Soil water in olive trees. The trial was conducted under desertic conditions
potential measurements can now be made directly on soil/root at Caborca, Sonora, Mexico during 2007. In this experiment we
systems under various conditions. This study determined soil used a 7-year-old ‘Manzanillo’ olive orchard with 200 trees/ha
water potentials in substrates as plants dried to five levels of under a drip irrigation system. For the AP we used pollen from
wilt. Hibiscus plants were grown in 3 peat:1 vermiculite:1 perlite ‘Sevillano’ (two applications 3 and 5 Apr.) with total dose of
substrate in 3.8-L pots for 10 weeks before inducing wilt. Plant 70 g/ha. Two applications (29 Mar. and 10 Apr.) of the growth
containers were completely submerged, drained and weighed. regulator Bioforte were used. The results showed that the AP
Plants were then allowed to dry to one of five stages of wilt: increased the olive yield and decreased the shotberry incidence
1) first sign of leaf flagging; 2) leaves and stems flagging near without affecting olive quality. The yield obtained using artificial
45° angles to main stem; 3) leaves and stems fully flagged; 4) pollination was 2464 kg/ha vs. 1273 kg/ha in trees not pollinated.
24 hours after stage 3; and 5) 48 hours after stage 3. Each plant Bioforte did not affect yield or olive quality.
was allowed to reach wilt stage individually. At each stage,
pots were weighed and soil samples were taken from each pot, (303) Enlarged Olive Fruit on ‘Manzanita’
sealed and soil water potentials determined. After sampling,
under Arid Conditions
each container was watered and level of plant recovery was
noted. Because much water is generally lost from the pot surface Arturo López-Carvajal
during drying, half of all treatments had covers placed on the INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
substrate surface and half were left bare. After saturation, stage Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras*
1 was reached in approximately 7 days; stage 2 in 8–15 days; INIFAP, Caborca Sonora; [email protected]
stage 3 in 15–20 days. Plants with covered soil surfaces were
delayed about 2 days in reaching each stage. Soil water poten- Adan Fimbres-Fontes
tial varied among stages of wilt. Plants showed wilt symptoms INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
between 0.4 and 7.68 MPa. All plants recovered from stages 1, Fabian Robles-Contreras
2, and 3, with all of them beyond 1.5 MPa. All plants recovered INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
from wilt up to 2.5 MPa. However, some plants recovered
from wilt at 4.0 MPa. Covering the soil surface altered Ruben Macias-Duarte
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
the time to wilt, but did not affect the severity of wilt or af-
fect plant recovery. This work showed a range of soil water In recent years, ‘Manzanita’ olive buyers have rejected fruit
potentials much wider than 1.0 to 2.0 MPa for Hibiscus. This that does not reach sizes of at least 9/16 inches. For produc-
direct method of measuring soil water potential may aid in ers, however, achieving larger olives has been problematic for

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S324 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

economic and other reasons. Therefore, the Mexico Goverment Xiao-Feng Tan
Research Center (INIFAP) evaluated the feasibility of using Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
different treatments to increase olive fruit size. The study was Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
conducted in the Caborca coast, from June to Aug. 2012 on one University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan 410004;
commercial plantation. Foliar treatments were: 1) Celebrity (or- [email protected]
ganic amino acids more K); 2) Bayfolan (chelated multimineral
Lin Zhang
major and minor elements); 3) Benetizado fertilizer (44–0–0)
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
applied to the ground; 4) ammonium nitrate (33–0–0); 5) ol-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
ive hand thinning (10 kg/tree); 6) branch thinning; 7) branch
University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
girdling; and 8) control (nothing). All treatments were applied
[email protected]
twice—on June 4 and June 19—and harvested on August 6–7,
2012. Each treatment was replicated three times. The analysis Donglin Zhang
indicated that olive size significantly increased with Bayfolan University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
treatments, hand thinning, and girdling branches. The other Yan-Ling Zeng
treatments showed no effect on fruit size in reference to control. Central South University of Forestry & Technology,
According to the cost–benefit analysis, treatment with Bayfolan Changsha,410004; [email protected]
proved to be the best option.
Shanna Wen
(304) Heat Determination of Growth in Central South University of Forestry & Technology,
Changsha,410004; [email protected]
Pistachia vera Cultivars
Tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is an important woody-oil plant with
Cara J. Allan* long cultivation history in China. Its seed has 52% to 64% oil-
University of California, Davis; [email protected] yields content. Alpha-eleostearic acid, an unusual conjugated
With the rise in interest in systems modelling, there is an opportu- trienoic fatty acid (18:3D9cis,11trans,13trans), accounts for 80% (w/w
nity for pistachio growers to take advantage of new technologies total fatty acids) in tung oil that imparts industrially useful drying
to enhance their production. Management decisions have been qualities to the oil. It can be easily oxidized and forms a unique
made in other industries by using phenology models as tools. polymer after being exposed to air. Tung oil is also used as a
For example, the pressure of the olive fly in olive production high-quality raw material in biodiesel production. In order to
is only severe when the olive is 80 mm3 in size and, therefore, protect the tung tree resources from disappearing, we have col-
tracking fruit development in a phenology model has shown that lected more than 200 genetic resources of Vernicia fordii from 16
spraying for the pest before the crop has accumulated 1200 heat provinces of China and conserved in 20 hm2 land. We investigated
units is unnecessary. Heat unit accumulation has been shown the growth and developmental characteristics of these genetic
as a driver of fruit development, especially well documented in resources as they began to bear fruit, including morphological
peach and applied to almond production. We propose to expand characteristics (tree height, diameter at breast height, ground
the use of heat unit accumulation by characterizing nut growth diameter, crown breadth, branch angle, under branch height, and
as a function of heat units. Simultaneously, we will document yield), economic fruit traits (fruit size, weight, shape, seed yield,
stage development of the pistachio nut using biomarkers for the shelling percentage, and seed oil yield) and flower characteristics
individual stages. By tracking this process stage development (color, inflorescence number, and female flower number). Ac-
as a product of heat unit accumulation, our research will be a cording to this work we find some fine genotypes, i.e., maximum
tool in pest and disease control. number of female flowers per inflorescence (ZNL-F14, 19.5), the
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pistachio Board heaviest fruit (ZNL -F39, 97.65g), the highest yield (ZNL-F29,
33.59kg), highest seed yield (ZNL-F6, 44.17%), highest shelling
percentage (ZNL-F32, 63.90%), highest seed oil yield (ZNL-
F52, 65.32%), and maximum oil production per tree (ZNL-F17,
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM 2152.31g). The fatty acid composition was also analyzed using
Genetics and Germplasm gas chromatography. Some genotypes with beautiful flowers
and good tree structure can be used for ornamental tung tree
(345) Collection and Evaluation of Tung Tree breeding. This work provides resources for cross breeding and
selective breeding of tung tree, and provides a foundation for
(Vernicia fordii) Germplasm Resources in China molecular biology research on tung tree.
Hongxu Long* Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was supported by the
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- projects of state forestry research and public service industry
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South (200904023),Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of
University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004; China (10JJ4022), Scientific Research Foundation of Central
[email protected] South University of Forestry & Technology

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S325
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(346) The Open Source Seed Initiative Rene Salazar

Task Force Mapalad, Quezon City; [email protected]
Irwin L. Goldman*
University Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] Adrienne Shelton
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
A. Argumedo
Associacion ANDES, Cusco Michael Sligh
Rural Advancement Foundation International, Pittsboro,
Micaela Colley NC; [email protected]
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; micaela@
seedalliance.org Tom Stearns
High Mowing Seeds, Wolcott, VT; tom@highmowingseeds.
Julie Dawson com
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
William F. Tracy
Patrick Hayes University Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Oregon State University, Corvallis; patrick.m.hayes@
oregonstate.edu Jared Zystro
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend,, WA; jared@
Kristina Hubbard seedalliance.org
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; kristina@
The Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI) has been developed over
seedalliance.org
the past two years by a working group of plant breeders, farmers,
Stephen Jones non-profit agencies, seed advocates, and policy makers. OSSI is
Washington State University, Mt. Vernon; [email protected] dedicated to maintaining fair and open access to plant genetic
Jack Kloppenburg resources worldwide. OSSI supports innovative plant breeding
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] that produces resilient and productive cultivars. Enabling the
open exchange of germplasm, with no restrictions on further
Ben Lilliston breeding, is crucial to this new agriculture. The OSSI will work
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, toward achievement of: 1) a germplasm licensing framework with
MN; [email protected] no breeding restrictions on the germplasm released through its
Claire H. Luby auspices other than that derivatives must also be released with
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] the same license; 2) a robust, vibrant, and well-supported public
plant breeding sector producing germplasm and cultivars that can
Ana Micka be equitably grown, sold, changed, and distributed; 3) a plurality
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, of sources for farmers, gardeners, and breeders to obtain seed;
MN; [email protected] 4) integration of the skills and capacities of farmers with those
Thomas E. Michaels of plant scientists for enhancing and enlarging participatory
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] plant breeding; and 5) respect for the rights and sovereignty of
indigenous communities, and of farmers and farm communities,
Frank Morton to generate solutions to obtaining and improving seed for food
Wild Garden Seeds, Philomath, OR; frank@ production. Three OSSI licenses have been drafted to enact the
wildgardenseed.com core principles described above, with a planned release date of
James R. Myers these licenses in 2014. The objective of this presentation is to
Oregon State University, Corvallis; myersja@hort. engage the broader horticultural community in a discussion of
oregonstate.edu OSSI’s proposed work.
John P. Navazio (347) Collection of North American Plums
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; john@
seedalliance.org
(Prunus spp.) for Use as Germplasm and
Genetic Resources
Erin Ogden
Murphy Desmond, Madison, WI; eogden@ Dario J. Chavez*
murphydesmond.com University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Theresa Podoll Thomas G. Beckman
Organic Farming Research Foundation, Santa Cruz, CA; USDA–ARS, Byron, GA; [email protected]
[email protected] José Chaparro
Julie Ristau University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
On The Commons, Minneapolis, MN; [email protected] North America is an important center of diversity for plum

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S326 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

species. The North American plums grow in diverse climatic Zealand. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
and geographic regions. High levels of variation for plant archi- National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corval-
tecture, fruit size, flesh texture, flesh color, disease resistance, lis, OR, is responsible for preserving genetic diversity of this
chilling requirement, and other traits, have been reported. The important genus and its crop wild relatives, and maintains a
survival of several of these species is being negatively impacted national collection of 1689 accessions representing 91 species
by urban sprawl and agriculture. Similarly, climate change from 39 countries. Trueness-to type of the blueberry plants in
threatens their habitats. The objective of this research was to this collection must be ensured for scientific, commercial and
collect and identify plant specimens from the wild, create a public needs. Use of an economical genetic fingerprinting set
herbarium and living collection that could be used to preserve can assist in the reduction of clonal redundancy or elimination
the species and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the of inaccuracies for efficient conservation. The objective of this
North American plums. The University of Florida Stone Fruit study was to develop an efficient and economical fingerprinting
Breeding and Genetics Program in collaboration with the Na- set that consists of reliable primer pairs that can be multiplexed
tional Germplasm Repository and USDA–ARS (Project No. in a single PCR reaction and differentiate genetic variants.
5306-21000-018-00D) collected, identified and archived ~400 Seventeen microsatellite, or simple sequence repeat (SSR)
genotypes of approximately 30 taxa across the United States. primer pairs, flanking core tandem repeats of three nucleotides
Geographic coordinates, location descriptors, and plant char- were screened for polymorphism and ease of scoring in seven
acteristics were recorded for all these genotypes. Vouchers for diverse blueberry cultivars. Five of these 17 primer pairs were
each genotype were submitted and are available at the Florida selected to compose a single multiplex set and were evaluated
Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL (http://www.flmnh. in 287 blueberry plants preserved at the NCGR. The blueber-
ufl.edu/herbarium/). Seed collected from the germplasm acces- ries selected for evaluation were chosen based on the largest
sions were submitted to John E. Preece at the National Clonal numbers of requests mostly from the scientific community.
Germplasm Repository for Fruit and Nut Crops, Davis, CA, for Two to four replicate plants with the same name were included
future use by the scientific community. These collections will in the study and represented a total of 126 accessions. Eight
allow us to preserve and conserve these species as important accessions represented by a single plant were also included.
genetic resources of unique traits and information that could One of the individuals from a set of five accessions with the
be used for breeding plum scions and rootstocks in the future. same name had a unique genetic profile. Six pairs of accessions
Additional information about this collection will be reported. that had different names had identical SSR-based fingerprints.
Additional SSRs will determine if the identical fingerprints of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Germplasm Repository differently named cultivars is the result of low discriminating
and USDA-ARS Project No. 5306-21000-018-00D. power of the fingerprinting set or by plant misidentification.
(348) An Economical Molecular Tool for Genetic (349) Characterization of Libyan Olive (Olea
Identity Confirmation in Blueberry Europaea L.) Cultivars using Morphological
Amira Bidani Data
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; amiramarzoug@
Salem Abdul*
yahoo.fr
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; salem.elleaga@
Kim E. Hummer yahoo.com
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; Kim.Hummer@ars.
Gayle Volk
usda.gov
USDA–ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources
Lisa J. Rowland Preservation, Fort Collins, CO; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Genet. Imp. of Fruit & Vegetables Lab.,
Christopher Richards
Beltsville, MD; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, National Center for Genetic Resources
Susan McCallum Preservation, Fort Collins, CO; [email protected]
The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee; Susan.
Harrison Hughes
[email protected]
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Harrison.Hughes@
Nahla Bassil* colostate.edu
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort. Olive (Olea europaea L.) consumption and production are im-
oregonstate.edu portant socially and economically in Libya. Olive cultivars that
Cultivated blueberries (Vaccinium L. section Cyanococcus), are adapated to local conditions produce olives that have high
originally derived from native North American species during oil quality and quantity. Many of the important Libyan olive
the past century, have become a major global fruit crop. Sig- cultivars were included in this research. One goal of our project
nificant production areas now can be found in North America, was to determine the plasticity of morphological traits collected
South America, Europe, China, Japan, Australia, and New from olive cultivars that have been grown at diverse locations

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S327
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

within Libya. Another goal was to identify a set of traits that are Specified Source(s) of Funding: Clemson University Agricultural
independent and stable regardless of the environmental growth Experiment Station
conditions. This set of traits can then be used in subsequent
analyses to correlate genetic and phenotypic characteristics of
Libyan olives. We compared two different groups of olive: 45 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
local cultivars and 45 introduced cultivars of Olea europaea
sativa. Morphological data were collected for quantitative traits
Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal
such as fruit weight, volume, width and length as well as seed Plants
and leaf weight, width and length. Scanned images were ana-
lyzed to determine cross sectional area and perimeter for fruit, (168) Field Performance and Medicinal
leaf, and seed samples. Qualitative data were also collected for Constituents of Echinacea purpurea and
fruit and seed shape, symmetry, surface characteristics using Echinacea angustifolia Varieties Grown in
standardized descriptors. Large differences were observed for
many of the morphological traits across the diverse cultivars.
Eastern Washington
We plan to use these sets of data to develop methods to identify John Balles*
unique and desirable Libyan cultivars morphologically and to Amway Corporation, Lakeview, CA; john.balles@amway.
then use these data as part of our genetic analyses. com

(350) ‘CaroTiger’: A New, Late-season Peach Jat Rana

Amway Corporation, Ada, MI; [email protected]
Cultivar for the Southeastern United States
Dale J. Schipper
Desmond R. Layne* Amway Corporation, Ada, MI; [email protected]
Washington State University, Wenatchee; desmond.layne@
wsu.edu Jessica Corcorran
Amway Corporation, Ephrata, WA; jessica.corcorran@
W.C. Newall amway.com
Clemson University, Seneca, SC; [email protected]
A field experiment was initiated in 2012 at the Amway Corpora-
David W. Cain tion certified organic farm in eastern Washington state. Com-
International Fruit Genetics, Bakersfield, CA; d.w.cain@att. mercially available varieties (6 of each species) of Echinacea
net purpurea (Purple Coneflower) and Echinacea angustifolia
In June 2012, the late-season peach selection SC82035-13-48 (Narrow-Leaf Coneflower) were evaluated in a RCB, strip-split
was named and released as ‘CaroTiger’ by the South Carolina block field design, with 3 replications. Year of harvest [age of
Agricultural Experiment Station at Clemson University. The the plants at harvest] were the main blocks, with replications
original cross was made by D.W. Cain. It was selected by W.C. sub-blocked within each year, and varieties randomized within
Newall, Jr., and long-term evaluation and release preparation was years. Individual experimental units consisted of 4 rows spaced
made by D.R. Layne. The pollen parent was MSU57202-002 and 39 cm apart and 3 m long. For E. purpurea, the center two rows
the female parent was ‘Parade’. ‘CaroTiger’ requires 800–850 were harvested for aerial tops at an early bud stage, and roots
hours chilling to overcome dormancy. It has a nonshowy bloom near the end of the growing season. E. angustifolia roots were
that appears about 4 days before ‘Redhaven’ in South Carolina. also harvested near the end of the growing season. Fresh and
The fruit development period in Seneca, SC, is 152 days. It is dry weights of aerial parts and/or roots from each experimental
commercially harvested a few days after ‘Flameprinc’e and a few unit were recorded, and sub-samples collected for analytical
days before ‘Parade’ in most years. It is a suitable replacement for chemistry and elemental analysis. The project will run for 3
either cultivar or a suitable companion to them in a late-season years, and this report focuses on the year 1 results.
series. Fruit are globose with a fairly prominent suture and oc-
casional slight suture bulge. When trees are properly thinned, (169) Mint in Mississippi Nitrogen Fertilizer
the average fruit size exceeds 3 inches in diameter. At maturity, Study
fruit has a very attractive yellow/orange background with nice
red overcolor. It is not solid red. Flesh is melting with some red Thomas E. Horgan*
anthocyanin pigmentation near the pit. It is completely freestone. Mississippi State University, Verona; [email protected]
Fruit does not soften too rapidly and it is suitable for both local Crofton R. Sloan
and distant marketing. Fruit has normal acidity, excellent eating Mississippi State University, Verona; [email protected].
quality, and from 11–15 °Brix at maturity. Virus-free scionwood edu
is being multiplied at the Clean Plant Center for Fruit Trees
(WSU-Prosser). Scionwood will be propagated through South Charles Cantrell
Carolina Crop Improvement Association to licensed nurseries. USDA–ARS, University, MS; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S328 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Dennis Rowe Su Jeong Kim

Mississippi State University; [email protected] Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA,
Pyeongchang; [email protected]
Valtcho D. Jeliazkov
University of Wyoming, Sheridan; [email protected] Jung-Hwan Nam
Mint has shown a potential as an essential oil crop for the Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA,
southeastern United States. ‘Native’ spearmint and ‘Arvensis Pyeongchang; [email protected]
II’ Japanese cornmint were grown in field studies conducted Oh-Keun Kwon
in 2011 and in 2012 at two locations in Mississippi: the North Rural Development Administration, National Institute of
Mississippi Research and Extension Center at Verona and at Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected]
Westside Farms, in Friars Point, MS. The treatments were Hwang-Bae Sohn
the nitrogen rates of 150, 200, 250, and 300 lb N/acre at two Rural Development Administration, National Institute of
locations. Dry weight, plant height, essential oil yield, and Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected]
essential oil composition were analyzed. One half of the N
(0–0–46) for each treatment was applied in early spring and This study was conducted to clarify the effects of culture con-
the other half applied 7 days after the first harvest. Beds were dition and light or dark treatment to the anthocyanins of four
formed with a standard 4-row bed-roller spaced 38 inches apart. edible amaranth cultivar’s sprouts. We germinated and grew
Mint was transplanted (May 2011) in the field using a wagon the amaranth sprouts in four conditions: 1) hydroponic culture
wheel transplanter, with 1-ft in-row plant spacing. Irrigation in growth chamber (23 °C); 2) soil culture in growth chamber
was used at both locations. Harvesting was done at initial flow- (23 °C); 3) soil culture in greenhouse; and 4) grown in field.
ering, representative samples were weighed immediately and Anthocyanin content was the highest under greenhouse and
air dried 5–7 days. Dried mint samples (8.82 oz dried mate- field conditions, the lowest value was in soil culture in growth
rial), were steam distilled for 45 minutes for extraction of the chamber. The effect of low temperature treatment on the anto-
essential oil. The average oil yield of ‘Arvensis II’ (52.4 lb/ cyanin content was investigated. Amaranth sprouts grown in the
greenhouse were treated low temperature. The low temperatures
oil per acre) was significantly greater than ‘Native’ spearmint
were 8, 12, 16, and 20 °C. After 1 week, we investigated the
(39.6 lb/oil per acre) over both locations and harvest dates.
fresh weight of sprouts and sampled for analysis of anthocyanin
Nitrogen rates had no effect on dry weight and plant height.
content. Anthocyanin content was the highest at 12 °C, followed
Nitrogen had an effect on oil yields at Friars Point and on the
by 16, 8, and 20 °C in that order. We investigated the changes of
concentration of carvone in ‘Native’ spearmint oil. ‘Arvensis II’
anthocyanin content when treated light and dark at 12 °C. The
plants were taller (38.2 inches) than ‘Native’ spearmint plants
fresh weight, length, and width of sprouts were the highest in
(26.8 inches). The dry weight of the plants was greater at Ve-
the control, but the anthocyanin content in sprouts was higher
rona (4,090 lb/acre) compared to Friars Point (2,910 lb/acre),
in the dark treatment than in the light treatment. Results show
and ‘Arvensis II’ provided greater dry weight (3,926 lb/acre)
that amaranth sprouts grown to a low-temperature and dark
than ‘Native’ spearmint (3,020 lb/acre). The concentration of
treatment increased the anthocyanin content.
carvone in ‘Native’ spearmint oil was greater at Friars Point
compared to Verona. The results suggest ‘Native’ spearmint (171) Characterizing Biomass Accumulation and
and ‘Arvensis II’ Japanese cornmint can be viable crops for
Mississippi and provide essential oil with desirable composi-
Nutrient Uptake In Situ over Time in Wisconsin
tion and yield. Peppermint and Spearmint
Katie A. Bolssen*
(170) Comparison of Anthocyanin Contents in University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Amaranth Sprouts According to the Different Alvin J. Bussan
Cultivation and Low-temperature Treatment University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Su-Young Hong* Mint is a perennial crop in Wisconsin, which historically survives
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of at least 5 to 8 years per rotation. However, many Wisconsin mint
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] oil producers are currently finding it difficult to keep a healthy
stand for more than 3 years. This is especially true of Scotch
Kwang-Soo Cho
spearmint. Although many factors contribute to this change, our
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of
research focus was to observe plant growth in a holistic man-
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected]
ner since there is little understanding as to how the plant grows
Young-Ho Yoon vegetatively and reproductively. Our experiment collected data
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of on biomass accumulation and major nutrient uptake in above
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] ground (stems and leaves combined) and below ground portions

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S329
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

of the mint plant (stolons). Because stolons are characterized as P. Juarez-Lopez

the reproductive, overwintering portion of the plant, healthy and Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; porfiriojlopez@
unhealthy stolons were separated for evaluation to determine po- yahoo.com
tential overwintering effects and nutrient uptake. The experiment
Elia Cruz-Crespo
was performed on both mineral and muck soils, on peppermint
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; ccruzc2006@
and Scotch spearmint. Results included a clear shift in nutrient
yahoo.com.mx
uptake over time between the vegetative and reproductive parts of
the plant as compared between repeated procedures and soil types. The objective of this study was to compare the growth potential
and total biomass production on three varieties of basil (Ocimum
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Wisconsin Specialty Crop
sp.) under soilless culture and two protected environments. The
Block Grant
experiment was set up in a greenhouse and a shade house located
in Xalisco, Nayarit in western Mexico during Fall 2012–Winter
(172) Identification of Host Resistance to Basil
2013. Steiner solution was used at concentration level of 75%,
Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) using three commercial varieties of basil (‘Thai’, ‘Dolly’, and
Robert Pyne* ‘Medinette’). A randomized complete-block experimental design
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; rpyne97@gmail. with five replicates was used. Periodic samples of five plants per
com experimental unit were recorded: plant height, leaf number, leaf
In addition to being the most widely cultivated and economically area, and above-ground dry biomass. The leaf area index and net
important basil species, sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is also assimilation rate were recorded. The results showed significant
the most susceptible to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii). differences for plant height, leaf number, and leaf area as a result
Significant crop losses have been experienced annually since the of the production environment. Net assimilation rate depends
first reports of this disease in Europe and more recently in the on the growth and yield biomass production.
United States. Although chemical control is available, registered Specified Source(s) of Funding: PROMEP/103.5/12/3399
products remain limited and costly. Thus, there is a hastened need
for identification of host resistance. Two commercial varieties, (174) The Effect of Population Density in the
Ocimum americanum ‘Spice’ and Ocimum citriodorum ‘Sweet Yield of Two Varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus
dani’, have been previously reported as potential sources of sabdariffa) Grown in Nayarit, Mexico
resistance to basil downy mildew in a 2009 field trial. A leaf
inoculation assay was developed for detection of basil suscepti- Porfirio Juarez-Lopez*
bility to downy mildew in controlled environmental conditions. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; porfiriojlopez@
Three commercial varieties, representing three Ocimum spp., yahoo.com
were screened at the cotyledon, first true leaf set, and second true Francisco de Jesus Caro-Velarde
leaf set growth stages. All plants were evaluated for the pres- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; cave5@
ence of sporangiophores on the abaxial leaf surface daily for 15 hotmail.com
days. O. basilicum ‘DiGenova’ was completely susceptible at all
growth stages, while O. americanum ‘Spice’ displayed no signs
Eric Andrade-Martínez
or symptoms at any growth stage. O. citriodorum ‘Sweet dani’ Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; ericuan2013@
exhibited a decreased mean disease incidence (DI) with increasing hotmail.com
growth stage. Breeding and genetic implications are discussed. Ruben Bugarin-Montoya
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-SCRI grant #2011- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; drbugarin@
hotmail.com
51181-30646
Maria Luisa Machuca-Sanchez
(173) Source-demand Relations in Varieties of Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; malicha.uan@
Basil in Two Protected Environments gmail.com
In Mexico, Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a crop of increas-
C.R. Juarez-Rosete*
ing popularity for its medicinal properties. The objective was
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; cecirjr_uan@
to determine the effect of population densities 8,000, 10,000,
hotmail.com
13,333, and 20,000 plants/ha on yield (dry weight of calyces)
J.A. Aguilar-Castillo of China and UAN-6 varieties. This research was carried
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; jaguilar@ out during the spring–summer season of 2012 at northern
colpos.mx Nayarit, Mexico. ‘China’ is widely used in western Mexico
M.E. Juarez-Rosete and ‘UAN-6’ is an outstanding experimental variety from the
Universidad Tecnológica de Huejotzingo, Puebla; ma_el@ Roselle breeding program at the Universidad Autónoma
hotmail.com de Nayarit. To achieve the evaluated population densities,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S330 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

the spacing between plants was 50, 75, 100, or 125 cm and the Fruits)] had opportunity cost of between $429 to $1,717 and
distance between rows was 1 m in all treatments. The experimental $259 to $1,034, respectively, each of which were less than the
design was a randomized complete block with five replications. English version of the article. Although it presents an incomplete
For ‘China’, the highest yield (1,253 kg·ha–1) was obtained picture of the impact of the article, deriving the opportunity
at a population density of 20,000 plants/ha. For ‘UAN-6’, the cost allows authors of online articles to see how readers value
highest yield was obtained with 13,000 plants/ha (1,759 kg·ha-1). their time and the investment they are willing to make to read
online information.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACYT-Mexico
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA-SCRI

Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(057) Economic Profitability of Growing Lettuce
Marketing and Economics and Tomato in Western Washington under High
Tunnel and Open Field Production Systems
(056) Estimating Value of e-Xtension Grape
Community of Practice Spanish-translated Carol A. Miles*
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; milesc@wsu.
Articles edu
Eric Stafne* Suzette P. Galinato
Mississippi State University, Poplarville; estafne@ext. Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
msstate.edu
Debra Inglis
Matthew W. Fidelibus Washington State University, Mount Vernon; dainglis@wsu.
Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, edu
Parlier CA; [email protected]
Lettuce and tomato are popular fresh market vegetable crops.
Many vineyard workers throughout the United States do not In western Washington, there is interest in growing them in
speak English as a first language. Information translated into high tunnel production systems due to the region’s mild, ma-
Spanish can help many of those workers better understand rine climate. The objectives of this study were to contrast the
concepts that relate directly to their job performance. In 2010, economic potential of growing lettuce and tomato under high
the eXtension Grape Community of Practice began the task of tunnel and open field production systems, and identify the main
translating articles into Spanish to extend information to an factors affecting profitability within each production system.
underserved portion of their community of interest. To date, Economic data for this study were collected by interviewing
over 100 articles have been translated into Spanish. Google experienced lettuce and tomato growers in western Washington
Analytics data revealed that in some cases, the Spanish versions during focus group sessions. Costs of production varied by
receive more unique page views and have longer reading times crop and production system, and findings indicated that it was
than the English version. South American Spanish-speaking five times more costly to grow lettuce and eight times more
countries and others such as Mexico and Spain have been fre- costly to grow tomato in a high tunnel than in the open field in
quent readers of the online articles. Assessing impact of these western Washington. For lettuce, the labor cost per square foot
interactions is difficult; however, using economic models such of growing area was found to be 6 times greater in a high tun-
as estimated time allocation (investment) or opportunity cost nel than in the open field; and for tomato, the labor costs were
could help assign a monetary value to each page view. The top 10 times greater in a high tunnel than in the open field. Total
three Spanish articles were paired with their English counterparts labor cost comprised more than 50% of the total production
for analysis. Average household net-adjusted disposable income costs of lettuce and tomato in both the high tunnel and open
data was obtained from OECD.org to calculate the opportunity field systems. The percentage of total labor cost was similar
cost. We assumed in this case that the information was used for in both the high tunnel and open field production for lettuce,
work and that hours worked were flexible, allowing for use of but was higher in high tunnel tomato production than in the
hourly wage as a model input. Leisure time, valued at ¼ of work open field. Tunnel-grown lettuce and tomato had three and
time, was also used as a comparison. This data coupled with four times greater marketable yield compared to field-grown,
“unique page views” and “time spent on page” from Google respectively. Given the base crop yield and average price, it was
Analytics (Dec. 2010 to Mar. 2013) resulted in values being 43% more profitable to grow lettuce in the open field than in the
derived for all six articles. The top Spanish article [(Partes high tunnel, while in contrast, high tunnel-grown tomato was
de la planta de uva: Brotes (Parts of the Grapevine: Shoots)] three times more profitable than open field tomato production.
had an opportunity cost of between $1332 to $5,326, besting
the English version ($787 to $3,149). The other two articles Specified Source(s) of Funding: This study is funded by the
[(Injerto de las Plantas de Uva (Grafting Grape Vines); Partes NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative, USDA SCRI-SREP
de la Vid: Flores y Frutos (Parts of the Grapevine: Flowers and Grant Award No. 2009-02484

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S331
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM James H. Baird

University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
Ornamentals/Landscape and Increasing drought and landscape water use restrictions dictate
Turf water conservation strategies, such as switching from warm-
season to cool-season turf species. Field studies were conducted
(030) Green Roofs: Water Recycling Effect on in inland (Riverside) and coastal (Irvine) climates of southern
Water Quality and Soil Chemistry California to investigate three methods (scalping, glyphosate ap-
plication, no removal control) of converting an existing tall fescue
Kirk Laminack* (Festuca arundinacea) sward to either seed- or vegetatively-
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] propagated warm-season turf. Cultivars established vegetatively
Jacqueline Aitkenhead-Peterson by plugging included Tifsport hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] dactylon x C. transvaalensis) and ‘Sea Spray’ seashore paspalum
(Paspalum vaginatum). Cultivars established from seed were
Anthony Camerino
Princess 77 common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and
Texas A&M University, Houston; [email protected]
‘Sea Spray’. Establishment of warm-season turfgrasses into live
Astrid Volder tall fescue (no removal control) was not effective as evidenced
Texas A&M University, College Station; a-volder@tamu. by only 1% groundcover in the seeded plots at the end of the
edu study. Scalping was better but still ineffective as a conversion
Green roofs can improve urban environments by reducing the strategy, as none of the bermudagrasses or seashore paspalum
amount of runoff and in some cases improve the quality of runoff reached 50% groundcover within 1 year after planting. All of the
leaving urban areas. Water quality and soil chemistry of four species reached a higher percentage of groundcover at the end
green roofs in Houston that harvest and recycle rainwater and of the study when glyphosate was applied to tall fescue before
irrigation runoff were investigated. The green roofs vary in age propagation compared to the other conversion strategies. ‘Prin-
from 2.5 to 8 years. Continuous recycling of water is expected cess 77’ and ‘Sea Spray’ established from seed, and ‘Tifsport’
to decrease soil and water quality and in turn decrease plant from plugs provided the best overall establishment with 97%,
productivity. Soil cores, irrigation samples, and runoff samples 93% and 85% groundcover, respectively when glyphosate was
were collected and analyzed. Preliminary irrigation samples used prior to establishment. In comparison, ‘Sea Spray’ propa-
indicate that the sodium absorption ratios (SAR) are below 2 gated from plugs reached only 55%. Quality of seeded cultivars
which are not concerning. Electrical conductivity is relativley matched or exceeded that of cultivars established vegetatively
high (450, 450 475, 300 μS/cm respective of age) in the irrigation by plugging. Location did not have an effect on final establish-
water compared to the soil (all below 200 μS/cm). Soil organic ment suggesting that bermudagrass and seashore paspalum can
matter percentage was rather high for a green roof substrate adapt well in different environments. Our results suggest that
ranging from 15% to 18%. Other nutrient concentrations in the eradication of cool-season turf followed by establishment of
soil do not appear to be high enough to become problematic. warm-season turf from seed is the best and most cost effective
We will collect more data to accurately quantify the effects of turf conversion strategy.
the water recycling system on soil chemistry, water quality and
plant physiology of the green roof system under a wide range (033) Does Propagation Method Impact
of environmental conditions. Survival and Growth of Below Grade Planted
Trees?
(032) Conversion of Tall Fescue to Seeded or
Michael A. Arnold*
Vegetatively Propagated Bermudagrass and
Texas A&M University, College Station; ma-arnold@tamu.
Seashore Paspalum edu
Marco Schiavon* Andrew R. King
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected].
Brent Barnes edu
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] Sean T. Carver
David A. Shaw Texas A&M University, College Station; scarver@neo.
University of California Cooperative Extension, San tamu.edu
Marcos; [email protected] Donita L. Cartmill
J. Michael Henry University of Wisconsin, Platteville; cartmilld@uwplatt.
University of California Cooperative Extension, Moreno edu
Valley; [email protected] Rooted cuttings from four clonal taxa ranging from those that

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S332 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

grow in dry well drained soils, Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) R. lation of fertilizer used. A greenhouse study was conducted
Sweet ‘White Storm’, to those that tolerate wet soils, Vitex during 2011 and 2012 in Riverside, CA, to test nutrient uptake
agnus-castus L. ‘LeCompte’, and with intermediate soil re- between homogenous pellet and blended formulations of
quirements, Nerium oleander L. (unnamed large white flowered 16N–6P–8K derived from ammonium sulfate, monoammoinium
clone) and Lagerstroemia indica L. x Lagerstroemia fauriei phosphate, and muriate of potash, respectively. Perennial
B. Kohne ‘Basham’s Party Pink’, and seedlings from each of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ‘Grandslam’ was established
these same clones were propagated and growth concurrently in pots containing sand and irrigated with deionized water.
in a container nursery under the same production conditions. Two weeks after seeding, turf received 24.5 kg·ha–1 of N from
Factorial combinations of each taxa propagated as rooted cut- potassium nitrate (13N–0P–37K). At 4 weeks after seeding,
tings and as seedlings were transplanted to a landscape site at the turf received 98 kg·ha–1 of N from either the pellet or
four planting depths [7.6 cm (3 inches) above grade, at grade, blended formulations. An untreated control was also included
7.6 cm (3 inches) below grade, and 15.2 cm (6 inches) below to determine nutrient uptake contributed from KNO3 only.
grade] resulting in a 4 planting depth x 2 propagation methods x Turf (shoots and roots) in pots was harvested weekly thereafter
4 species factorial in a randomized complete-block design with for 3 weeks, washed free of sand, dried, weighed, and analyzed
four blocks containing two plants of each treatment combination for tissue nutrient content. Overall, tissue dry weight was not
per block. An unexpected rapid drop from growing temperatures affected by fertilizer formulation. In the first experiment, turf
to 18 °F (–8.8 °C) in Winter 2010–11 permitted assessment of fertilized with the pellet formulation contained higher P and
cold injury in response to the planting depth treatments. Propa- K compared to the blend and the control at one week after
gation method interacted with planting depth and taxa where application. When the experiment was repeated, significantly
Lagerstroemia responses to cold damage were different among higher P was detected in turf fertilized with the pellet formula-
propagation method and planting depth, while Vitex and Chi- tion at all three harvest dates. Potassium uptake was consistent
lopsis were not. Exposure to low temperature had only minimal with the first experiment. Our results suggest that uptake of
effects on the canopy survival of Lagerstroemia, Chilopsis, and P and, to a lesser extent, K in turf is increased by use of an
Vitex, whereas Nerium canopy tissue survival was substantially homogenous pellet formulation compared to a blended form
reduced for plants planted above grade. Planting at grade was of the same fertilizer.
the best treatment for most characteristics across species and
propagation methods, but there were significant interactions (035) Full Sun Landscape Trial of Caladiums in
involving both planting depth and propagation methods for Southeastern Louisiana
some taxa. For instance, the arid climate C. linearis improved
survival with planting above grade, but planting below grade Yan Chen
reduced the cross-sectional trunk area of C. linearis regardless LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, Hammond;
of propagation method. Growth indices of seedling propagated [email protected]
plants tended to be larger across species when planted at or Regina P. Bracy
above grade, but cutting propagated plants exhibited reduced LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, Hammond;
reduction in growth relative to seedling trees compared to those [email protected]
planted at grade. When evaluating the impacts of suboptimal
planting techniques, data from this study supports the importance Allen D. Owings*
of knowing if the plants are cutting or seedling produced if it LSU Ag Center, Hammond Research Station, Hammond;
is a species that is sensitive to this effect. [email protected]

Specified Source(s) of Funding: Tree Research and Education Caladiums are known for being shade tolerant and providing
Endowment Fund Texas A&M AgriLife Research bright colors to the long summer season in the South. Many
new varieties released by several breeding programs can tol-
(034) Granular Fertilizer Formulations Affect erant full sun. However, Louisiana landscape professionals
are reluctant to use caladiums in full sun because of a lack of
Nutrient Uptake in Perennial Ryegrass Turf
information on their performance in southeastern Louisiana.
James H. Baird Two trials were conducted at the Hammond Research Station
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] in 2012 and 2013 with 55 selected varieties. The objectives
Tyler J. Mock* were to evaluate emergence earliness, sun damage, and overall
University of California, Riverside; mocktyler@hotmail. visual quality under full sun and in comparison to partial shade.
com Plants were grouped into fancy leaf or lance leaf groups, each
having four sub-groups: red, white, pink, or multicolor. Top
Nick Hoisington performing varieties were selected for each leaf type by leaf
University of California, Riverside; [email protected] color class. Best-in-class varieties were also selected for partial
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant establishment shade. Changes in plant size, leaf size, number of leaves, and
and growth, but its uptake might be impacted by the formu- foliage color under full sun vs. shade were also documented

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S333
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

and compared. Results were communicated with the industry. B.I. Daigle
Growers and landscape professionals from southeastern Loui- Natural Resources Canada, Fredericton, NB; bdaigle@
siana are using our recommendations to choose caladiums for nrcan.gc.ca
their production or customers.
Will Neily*
(036) Urban Tree Selection in a Changing Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; [email protected]
Climate Jeffrey Norrie
Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, NS; jnorrie@acadian.
Bert Cregg*
ca
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Increased stress resistance has been reported in various crops
Dana Ellison
treated with Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis extract (ANE).
Michigan State University, East Lansing; elliso52@msu.
Forest nurseries strive for vigorous and synchronous germina-
edu
tion because it is key to producing uniform conifer seedling
Current climate projections indicate that mean global tempera- crops. Seeds of most conifer species require cool, moist strati-
tures will increase 1 to 2 °C by 2050 and an additional 1 to 3 fication to break endodormancy before sowing, and stratifica-
°C by the end of the century. Trees in urban and community tion guidelines have been developed to optimize germination
forests may be especially vulnerable to climate change since for each species. In conifer crops sown in greenhouses or
general warming will be exacerbated by urban heat island ef- outdoor compounds from early spring through early summer,
fects. The long-term goal of this project is to identify street tree controlling temperature and moisture during germination has
cultivars that show a high potential to acclimate to potential always been crucial. Now, under a changing climate, hotter,
climate change. We are conducting the project in two phases. drier weather is occurring during this period, resulting in heat
In Phase 1, we conducted a greenhouse study to determine and drought stress on germinants and reducing crop yields.
the relative ability of street tree cultivars to acclimate their We hypothesized that ANE would improve stress resistance
physiological responses to changing temperature regimes. Trees in germinants, thus providing forest nurseries with a climate-
(5- to 6-ft whips) of nine shade tree (Acer rubrum ‘Frank Jr.’, change adaptation tool. We present only the initial phase of
Acer saccharum ‘JFS-Caddo2’, Acer truncatum x platanoides the study here. The objective of this trial was to determine
‘Warrenred’, Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’, Gleditsia triacan- if, and at what rate, ANE would improve germination re-
thos ‘Skycole’, Liriodendron tulipifera ‘JFS-Oz’, Pyrus cal- sponse in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia
leryana ‘Glen’s Form’, Quercus bicolor, and Ulmus propinqua Engelm.). The trial was conducted at Natural Resources
‘JFS-Bieberich’) were grown in #10 (34 L) containers under Canada’s National Tree Seed Centre using seed collected from
three temperature regimes (ambient, ambient +5 °C, ambient two natural stands in, respectively, southern British Columbia
+10 °C) in a greenhouse trial during Summer 2012. Following and central Yukon Territory. Seed was stratified for 21 d at
2 months of temperature acclimation, we developed photosyn- 3 °C. We placed absorbent, multi-layered, cellulose wadding
thetic temperature response curves for each species or cultivar. in rectangular, transparent plastic germination boxes and wet-
Among the species and cultivars evaluated, Q. bicolor showed ted it with solution, which was commercial ANE in distilled
the greatest temperature acclimation and maintained relatively water at the following rates, listed in increasing concentra-
high net assimilation rates at elevated temperatures. In Phase 2 tions: 1:2000, 1:1500, 1:1000, and 1:500. Distilled water alone
of the project, we planted larger (#25, 104 L) container-grown served as control. We placed 25 seed of each seedlot in a box
trees of the same species and cultivars on two sites with con- before placing the closed boxes in a germination cabinet at
trasting temperature profiles (urban heat island vs. park-like 30:20 °C day:night temperature, 8-h photoperiod supplied
conditions) near downtown Detroit. Field sites were established by fluorescent tubes, and constant 85% relative humidity, in
in cooperation with the Greening of Detroit, a community based accordance with International Seed Testing Association rules.
tree planting program. We will present initial results and long- We checked boxes at the same time daily, recording the ger-
term plans for the out-planting portion of the study. mination status of each seed, scoring a seed as germinated at
Specified Source(s) of Funding: MSU Project GREEEN, J. Frank radicle length ≥ 5 mm. Germination was not evident in control
Schmidt Family Charitable Foundation, Michigan Nursery and and treated seed on day 3. By day 4, germination percentage
Landscape Association for control, 1:2000, 1:1500, 1:1000, and 1:500 was 30%,
24%, 28%, 52%, and 28%, respectively. Germination percent-
(037) Early Germination Response of age for control, 1:2000, 1:1500, 1:1000, and 1:500 was 80%,
Lodgepole Pine Seeds to Imbibition with a 88%, 84%, 92%, and 68%, respectively, on day 5. By day
Commercial Extract of Ascophyllum nodosum 6, 96% of control seed and 92% to 96% of treated seed had
germinated. There was no difference in germination percentage
Joanne E. MacDonald for control and treated seed on day 7.
Natural Resources Canada, Fredericton, NB; jomacdon@
nrcan.gc.ca

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S334 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(038) Daily Fluctuations of Chlorophyll Rickie Holness

Efficiency of Dark-adapted Rhododendron and Driscoll’s Strawberry Associates, Inc., Plant City, FL;
Kidney Beans [email protected]

Heather Hammack* Plastic mulch and drip irrigation can increase vegetable yields,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; heather.hammack@ reduce chemical input on weed control, and help limited resource
rams.colostate.edu farmers sustain their business. The Cooperative Extension
Program at North Carolina A&T State University provides plas-
Craig Ramsey ticulture program training for field staff and growers in the use
USDA, APHIS, Fort Collins, CO; craig.l.ramsey@aphis. of plastic mulch and drip irrigation. In addition, the equipment
usda.gov needed to apply these technologies is available for checkout at
Steven Earl Newman no cost to limited resource farmers in four regions of the state.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; steven.newman@ By 2010, at least 105 farmers were involved in the program and
colostate.edu more have been added since. In 2010, a multiple-format survey
Phytophthora ramorum is a major risk to interstate trade of was conducted and 31 farmers responded. Results indicated that
nursery stock. Our work focuses on chemical oxidant chemistry 20 participants had not used plastic mulch and 18 had not used
as a disinfectant on nursery-grown rhododendron. Disinfection of drip irrigation prior to the program. All of them started to use
the plant is crucial, but the impact on plant health and phytotoxic plastic mulch and/or drip irrigation after receiving the training.
responses are also important. To determine plant stress responses Among them, 29 had fully participated in the program using
to applied chemical oxidants, we are measuring chlorophyll plastic mulch as well as drip irrigation. One participant chose
activity (PSII quantum efficiency). However, to determine the to use drip irrigation but not plastic mulch. Approximately 90%
most effective time of day for replicate measurements of chlo- of respondents indicated that the provided plastic mulch and
rophyll activity, we designed this study to determine if daily drip irrigation training saved them money and/or increased their
circadian rhythm impacts chlorophyll activity as measured by farm income. Seventy-three percent of respondents reported
Fv/Fm values in dark-adapted rhododendron and kidney bean at least $1000 increased income and 46% reported at least
plants. Data were collected using a LI-COR 6400 Leaf Chamber $5000 more income. Increased crop quality and yield was re-
Fluorometer (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Chlorophyll activity for ported by 96.5% of participants. Crop yield increases ranged
rhododendron foliage resulted in no measurable differences from 10% to 300%. All respondents reported that the quality
(P < 0.05) in Fv/Fm of 0.800 at 0700 hours to 0.785 at 1930 of information they received through the training was excel-
hours. Chlorophyll activity for kidney bean decreased linearly lent or very good. At least 83.5% of farmers made changes
from Fv/Fm of 0.800 at 07300 hours to 0.780 at 1930 hours. to their farms due to the information they received, which
These results indicate that the time of day does not significantly included adding new/different vegetable species or cultivars,
influence chlorophyll activity for dark adapted rhododendron improving water and fertilizer management, applying organic
and kidney bean plants. practices, using less labor and/or buying plastic mulch equip-
ment. Additionally, this program has allowed farmers to take
advantage of a cost-share program where farmers can purchase
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM drip irrigation supplies and/or plastic mulch depending on their
Plasticulture individual farm needs.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: North Carolina Agricultural
(052) Adoption of Plastic Mulch and Drip and Technical State University Cooperative Extension Program
Irrigation by Small Limited Resource Farmers
in North Carolina (053) Effect of Biodegradable Mulches on
Grace Summers Environmental Data Collected from High
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; Tunnel and Open Field Settings
[email protected]
Carol A. Miles*
Kurt Taylor Washington State University, Mount Vernon; milesc@wsu.
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; edu
[email protected]
Xiaoci Ji
Patricia Perez University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro;
Jeffrey T. Martin
[email protected]
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Sanjun Gu*
Russell W. Wallace
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; sgu@
Texas A&M University, Lubbock; [email protected]
ncat.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S335
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Annette L. Wszelaki Jack Rabin

University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New
J. Moore-Kucera Brunswick; [email protected]
Texas Tech University, Lubbock; Jennifer.moore-kucera@ Daniel Ward
ttu.edu Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
Debra Inglis Bridgeton; [email protected]
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; dainglis@ Wesley L. Kline
wsu.edu Rutgers Cooperative Extension, Millville, NJ; wkline@
Jaehoon Lee njaes.rutgers.edu
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] There has been a large increase in the use of high tunnels for
High tunnels are used to protect crops from severe weather events vegetable production in the United States. While high tunnels
and extend the growing season while mulches are commonly offer well-defined benefits, growers have difficulty practicing
used for weed control in specialty crop production. Our USDA- crop rotation. This increases risks of soilborne disease. Past
funded trans-disciplinary research project evaluated conventional studies have shown that grafting tomatoes onto disease resis-
plastic mulch, four biodegradable mulches (BioTelo, BioAgri, tant rootstocks can protect plants from soil borne disease, and
WeedGuard, and an experimental spunbond PLA), and a no-mulch improve plant growth and yield. A 2-year study was conducted
control in high tunnel and open field production with tomato in research high tunnels at the Rutgers Agricultural Research &
(‘Celebrity’) as the test crop. The study was conducted at three Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ, to determine if grafting affected
locations, Mid-South (Knoxville, TN), High Plains (Lubbock, tomato yield and quality independent of disease pressure using
TX), and Pacific Northwest (Mount Vernon, WA), for three a bag culture system. The trial compared four tomato cultivars
growing seasons (2010, 2011, and 2012). Environmental data (BHN589, Primo Red, Red Deuce, and Scarlet Red) grafted onto
collection by mulch treatment included soil and air temperatures ‘Multifort’ rootstock in 2011 and ‘Maxifort’ rootstock in 2012
(5 cm depth, and top of crop canopy, respectively), relative with ungrafted plants. Plant height and total yield was greater
humidity (RH), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). for all four cultivars from grafted plants than ungrafted plants in
Data were collected using a Hobo U30-NRC weather station both years. There was a significant interaction between cultivar
installed in the center of one high tunnel and one open field plot and grafting treatment for total yield in 2012 (P = 0.0022) but
at each location. Results showed distinct environmental differ- not in 2011 (P = 0.1202). Average fruit size was significantly
ences among the three locations. The average soil temperature increased by grafting in 2012 but not in 2011. Grafting tomato
at Mount Vernon was 10 to 12 °C lower than at Knoxville and plants is a useful tool for high tunnel growers when unable
Lubbock throughout the three growing seasons. Soil temperature to rotate crops subject to disease pressure, and for increased
in the high tunnel was 1 to 2 °C higher than in the open field productivity in the absence of disease pressure.
for all three location to -3 °C higher than under paper mulch. At
Lubbock, soil temperature under conventional plastic mulch was (055) Leafy Vegetable and Herb Production and
3 to 6 °C higher than under spunbond PLA and the no-mulch Costs in High Tunnels in the Arid Southwest
treatment. The average RH at Lubbock was 40% lower than
at the other two locations. RH in the open field was 2% to 5% Ursula K. Schuch
higher than in the high tunnel at Knoxville and Mount Vernon, University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
but at Lubbock RH did not differ between the high tunnel and Kristen Hanson*
open field. As expected, the monthly average PAR was 200–300 University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
μE higher in the open field than in the high tunnels at all three
Tilak Mahato
locations. The greatest difference in PAR between the high tunnel
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
and open field was at Lubbock, followed by Knoxville and Mount
Vernon. These environmental data provide useful information for Low cost high tunnels are unheated, structures built from PVC
interpreting findings from concurrent studies on crop production or metal pipe and polyethylene glazing or shade cloth. They
(e.g., yield, disease incidence, and weed control) and degradation provide protection from adverse weather conditions such as
of different mulch treatments. rain, snow, wind, and hail and buffer plants from temperatures
below freezing. These tunnels are an alternative controlled en-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-SCRI
vironmental agriculture structure for growers interested in crop
(054) Grafting Influences on Fruit Yield of production but without the need for high initial capital investment
in greenhouses which contain full automation of their production
Tomatoes Grown in a High Tunnel
systems. Currently, there is much interest in small scale, local
Peter Nitzsche* food production, but many beginning farmers are not aware of
Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Morris County, the costs of production, which include initial investments for
Morristown, NJ; [email protected] infrastructure, supplies, and labor. The objective of this study

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S336 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

is to document the cost of production of leafy vegetables and rootstock was significantly lower for trees on G.16 than on
herbs in low cost high tunnels in the arid Southwest. Two high M.9 or M.26. After the subsequent applications (13 May and 26
tunnels with the dimensions of 4.2 m by 12.8 m (14 x 42 ft) June) there was a significant rootstock x treatment interaction.
were constructed with raised beds at the University of Arizona G.16 trees receiving the 125 ppm treatment had significantly
Campus Agriculture Center in Tucson. Kale (Brassica napus less growth than the control while those receiving the 188 ppm
var. pabularia cv. Red Russian), spinach (Spinacia oleraceae were not significantly different from the control. For the other
cv. Bloomsdale), arugula (Diplotaxis tenuifolia cv. Sylvetta), and two rootstocks the increase in growth was inversely related to
cilantro (Coriandrum sativum cv. Santo) were direct seeded in the PC rate. Chlorophyll level as measured by SPAD meter was
Dec. 2012 in replicated plots in the two high tunnels. Tunnel re- significantly lower for trees on G.16 rootstock. Rootstock also
mained closed for passive heating from solar radiation during seed influenced total shoot growth at the end of the season.
germination and crop establishment. Air and soil temperatures
Specified Source(s) of Funding: State Horticultural Association
in the tunnels were recorded and minimum temperatures were
of Pennsylvania
–7 °C and 4.5 °C, respectively, while maximum air temperature
briefly exceeded 38 °C and soil temperatures reached 17 °C.
Mild injury on heat tolerant kale was detected, none of the other (090) Changes of Cold Hardiness, Dehydrins,
crops sustained freeze damage. Harvesting of mature leaves from and Their Gene Expressions in Response to
each crop began 59 days after planting and was repeated when Deacclimation and Reacclimation in Peach
sufficient new leaf material was produced. Average harvested (Prunus persica)
fresh and dry weight per square meter of production area for
the different species were as follows: spinach 580 g and 55 g; Daeil Kim*
kale 758 g and 72 g; arugula 442 g and 49 g; and cilantro 927 g Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; dkpomo@cbnu.
and 118 g. Material costs and time for construction of the high ac.kr
tunnels, preparation of the raised beds, and sowing, maintaining Keum-Sun Kim
and harvesting crops were documented to estimate construction Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; saranghaesk@
and labor costs for this type of business. This information will nate.com
assist beginning farmers in making sound financial decisions
Youngjae Oh
when investing in high tunnels.
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; grus82@gmail.
com
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM Seolah Kim
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; sulah1234@nate.
Pomology com

(089) Apple Rootstock Response to Prohexadion In-Chang Son

National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Jeju;
Calcium and SPAD Readings in a Non-cropping
[email protected]
Year
Hyunsuk Shin
Robert M. Crassweller* Chungbuk National University, Cheongju; joker0117@
Pennsylvania State University, University Park; rmc7@psu. naver.com
edu
Changes of cold hardiness were estimated in the shoots of
Donald E. Smith two peach seedlings (Prunus perisica cvs. Daewol and Kira-
Pennsylvania State University, University Park; des110@ ranokiwami) during repeated experimental deacclimation and
psu.edu reacclimation. In addition, changes of dehydrins by SDS-PAGE
Application of prohexacione calcium (PC) beginning shortly and their related gene expressions by a quantitative real-time
after petal fall can prevent excessive vegetative growth. Recom- RT-PCR were examined to find out the relationship with cold
mended application timing is 2.5 to 7.5 cm shoot length. There hardiness. During the first deacclimation, relative electrolyte
is little information about application at later stages The study leakage (REL) values of two cultivars increased more than
block consisted of 10th leaf ‘Golden Delicious’ trees grafted onto each control, indicating that their cold hardiness declined.
M.9 T337, M.26 EMLA, and G.16. Applications of PC were When deacclimated two cultivars were reacclimated first,
made on 30 May, 13 June, and 26 June at rates of 125 ppm and REL values, indicating that their cold hardiness was regained,
188 ppm with a handgun to drip. At the time of first application decreased. And then, REL values of two cultivars reexposed to
average shoot growth was 21, 20, and 18 cm for M.26, M.9, warm temperature by the second deacclimation increased more
and G.16, respectively. Two weeks after the first application than those of the first deacclimation, and ‘Kiraranokiwami’ was
shoot growth was significantly reduced for all rootstocks for entirely deacclimated. After that, when ‘Daewol’ was reexposed
both rates of PC compared to the control. Shoot growth by to low temperature by the second reacclimation, REL values

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S337
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

of ‘Daewol’ increased more than those of the first reacclima- hedonic scale. Consumers perceived the irradiated pears to be
tion. Finally, ‘Daewol’ was entirely deacclimated by the third less sweet than the control, which correlated with total soluble
deacclimation treatment. Changes of dehydrins and their gene solids of 12.1% for irradiated pears vs. 13.7% for the control
expressions (PpDhn1, PpDhn2, and PpDhn3), also positively (P ≤ 0.05). The weight loss of irradiated pears was significantly
correlated with changes of cold hardiness throughout the experi- greater (P ≤ 0.05) than the control, but the difference was 0.05%.
ments. Our results indicate that recent repeated warm spells may Our results show that there were significant differences between
cause premature deacclimation in late winter and early spring, the early and late harvest pears in their responses to irradiation.
and ‘Daewol’ may be more flexible to freezing injury caused Given that the late harvest pears were sensitive to irradiation, a
by unstable temperature conditions. lower irradiation dose level might be warranted for maintaining
pear quality.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out with
the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA
Science & Technology Development (Project No. 907129)” Rural
Development Administration, Republic of Korea. (092) Differential Effects of Deficit Irrigation
and Reflective Mulch Application on Two
(091) Quality of Bartlett Pears Subjected to Clingstone Peach Cultivars
Phytosanitary Irradiation Treatment Followed Eleni D. Pliakoni*
by Commercial Distribution and Simulated Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
Retail Display
George D. Nanos
Sokrith Sea* University of Thessaly, Volos; [email protected]
Chapman University, Orange, CA; [email protected] The effect of deficit irrigation and reflective mulch on fruit
Anuradha Prakash quality of clingstone peach cultivars ‘Loadel’ and ‘Fortuna’,
Chapman University, Orange, CA; [email protected] which ripen during the second half of July, was studied during
2007. Four treatments were applied for each cultivar: 1) control
California exports about 36,000 tons of Bartlett pears (Pyrus com-
(C), irrigation applied at 160% of evapotranspiration (ETc); 2)
munis L.) each year. Methyl bromide is used as a phytosanitary
deficit irrigation, irrigation at 75% of ETc in the last 3 weeks
treatment on pears, but with its imminent phase out, alternative
before harvest; 3) reflective mulch Extenday® underneath the
treatments are being sought. Irradiation is used as a phytosanitary
tree canopy on the tree row applied three weeks before harvest;
treatment for various tropical fruit but little is known about its
and 4) the combined treatment of reflective mulch and deficit
effect on the quality of ‘Bartlett’ pears. The objective of this
irrigation. Quality was assessed with fruit harvested at commer-
study was to determine the effect of X-ray irradiation on the
cial maturity from throughout the canopy of the experimental
physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of early and
trees. The fruit quality parameters measured included: skin
late harvest Bartlett pears. Following harvest, the size 135 pears
color; firmness, specific conductivity and percent dry mass in
were stored at 30 to 32 °F for approximately 2 weeks. The pears
the flesh; and acidity, soluble solids content, and total pheno-
contained in 36-lb tight fill cartons were treated at a target dose
lic content in fruit juice. In addition, solar radiation (UV and
of 0.4 kGy and stored at 39 to 41 °F for another 2 weeks. The
PAR) underneath the tree canopy was measured. The reflective
pears were removed and stacked in layers to simulate retail
mulch significantly increased reflected UV and PAR to the lower
market display and allowed to ripen at ambient temperature. canopy of peach trees compared to the reflected light from the
During ripening, the pears were tested daily for respiration rate, soil underneath the control trees. Deficit irrigation of ‘Fortuna’
ethylene production, firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble peaches delayed ripening with overall reduction in fruit quality
solids, color, visual damage, and weight loss. When the pears compared to control peaches. In the same cultivar, reflective
were at peak ripeness, acceptability testing was conducted with mulch combined with excessive or deficit irrigation did not af-
100 consumers to determine their liking of appearance, flavor, fect fruit quality compared to control, but had improved quality
texture, and overall liking of control and irradiated pears. There compared to fruit from deficit irrigated trees. In contrast, ‘Loadel’
were significant differences in the responses of the early and late peaches of deficit irrigated or reflective mulched trees and their
harvest pears to irradiation treatment. The early harvest pears combination treatment had better quality (or advanced maturity)
showed little difference from the control for firmness, weight compared to fruit from control trees.
loss, and TSS. Ethylene production was lower for early and late
harvest pears, and respiration rate was significantly higher (P ≤ (093) Morphological Characterization of Early
0.05) in late harvest irradiated pears. Appearance of the pears Floral Development in Apple, Pear, and Cherry
was rated lower by consumers but there were little differences
in the Midwestern United States
in rest of the attributes: texture, flavor, sweetness perception,
and overall liking. However, consumers rated the late harvest P. Francescatto
irradiated pears 0.5–0.6 points lower than the irradiated pears Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis;
for overall liking, appearance, texture, and flavor on a 9-point [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S338 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Jozsef Racsko Lailiang Cheng*

Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; Jozsef.Racsko@ Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
valentbiosciences.com It was previously demonstrated in tobacco that introducing
Diane Doud Miller* sorbitol synthesis even at a very low capacity enables the
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster; miller.87@ plants to transport boron in the phloem via the formation of
osu.edu sorbitol-boron-sorbitol complexes in the phloem, but the ef-
fect of reducing sorbitol synthesis in species where sorbitol is
A comprehensive evaluation of floral morphogenesis was a major end product of photosynthesis and translocated form of
undertaken in order to characterize the early floral develop- carbohydrates remained unclear. In this study, we used transgenic
ment of apple, pear and cherry flower buds in Ohio. Changes apple trees with approximately one-half or two-thirds of the
in flower bud morphology were studied during a whole season sorbitol biosynthetic capacity of the untransformed control to
using apple, pear and cherry cultivars of ‘Fuji’, ‘Bartlett’, and determine the effect of decreased sorbitol synthesis and transport
‘Regina’, respectively, located in a commercial orchard in Berlin on phloem mobility of boron and boron levels in leaves and fruit.
Heights, OH. Collection of samples was performed from 40 days Five-year-old trees of the two transgenic lines along with the
after full bloom (DAFB) in all species with a sampling interval untransformed control were grown in pots and provided with
of 15 days during spring and summer and 30 days thereafter. complete nutrient solution via fertigation. Compared with the
Buds were dissected under a stereomicroscope, classified into untransformed control, the transgenic lines accumulated only
different stages, prepared and imaged by a scanning electron 36% to 40% of the control boron levels in fruit, but about 2.8
microscope. In apples, significant broadening of the meristems times higher boron levels in leaves by fruit harvest. When 10B
occurred by 40 DAFB. Four to six lateral floral meristems per was applied to bourse shoot leaves in mid-season, more 10B
flower were consistently seen from 55 to 110 DAFB. Terminal was retained in the leaves and less 10B was translocated to the
floral meristem initiation took place around 110 DAFB. Up to fruit on the same fruiting spur in the two transgenic lines than in
160 DAFB, terminal and lateral flowers had developed in most the untransformed control by the end of a 12-day period. These
samples with the final sepal number (5) completed. Stamens results indicate that decreasing sorbitol synthesis (and its cor-
slowly started to differentiate first in the terminal flower 155 responding translocation in the phloem) reduces boron phloem
DAFB, and by 230 DAFB most flower meristems had initiated all mobility, leading to lower boron levels in fruit but higher boron
flower organs. Pears followed the same sequence of flower organ levels in leaves of apple trees.
differentiation but with shorter periods of times between stages.
A pronounced domed inflorescence meristem was observed 60 (095) Turning the Shaded Side of Apple Fruit
DAFB. Lateral flower meristems were rapidly initiated in the to Sunlight Exposure Increases Favonoids and
bract axils in 10 days after doming. Apex transformed into a
Total Phenolics in Both the Original Shaded
terminal flower meristem from 85 to 100 DAFB. By 135 DAFB,
the inflorescence is formed and flower organs in the flower Peel and the Original Sun-exposed Peel of
meristems started to differentiate. No dominance phenomenon ‘Fortune’ and ‘Mutsu’
was found between flowers in cherry buds; all flowers developed Fengjuan Feng
simultaneously in each stage. At the first collection a prominent Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
broadening of the apex was observed in 95% of the samples,
marking the change from vegetative to a reproductive phase. Mingjun Li
Floral primordia started initially to differentiate from 50 to 75 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
DAFB and sepal were visible 30 days after this period. Follow- Lailiang Cheng*
ing this stage, the development of petals, stamens, and carpel Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
was evident in this order from 135 DAFB. Flowers enlarged The shaded peel of ‘Fortune’ (a red cultivar) and ‘Mutsu’ (a
and organs continued to form after 180 DAFB. yellow/green cultivar) apple was exposed to full sun by turn-
ing fruit 180° at about 1 week before harvest to determine the
(094) Boron Phloem Mobility and Boron Levels expression of key genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in
in Leaves and Fruit Are Altered in Transgenic response to sunlight exposure and their relationships with the
levels of anthocyanins and other phenolics. For the unturned
Apple Trees with Decreased Sorbitol Synthesis
(control) fruit, the shaded peel had lower expression levels
Ting Wu of MdMYB10 (a transcriptional factor) and seven structural
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis (MdPAL, MdCHS, MdCHI,
MdF3H, MdDFR1, MdLDOX, and MdUFGT), and lower lev-
Michael Rutzke
els of anthocyanins and favonols than the sun-exposed peel in
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
both cultivars. Exposure of the shaded peel to full sun caused
Abhaya M. Dandekar marked up-regulation of the expression of MYB10 and all seven
University of California, Davis; [email protected] structural genes, which peaked between 6 h and 30 h after fruit

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S339
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

turning, consequently leading to higher levels of anthocyanins, development, then decreased to 0.59 ± 0.09 μmol·mg–1 H2O2
flavonols, and total phenolics than in the shaded peel and even protein/min by 8 d, as watersoaking became more severe. ROS
in the sun-exposed peel of control fruit. Interestingly, the levels production in ethylene-treated mature fruit increased gradually
of flavonols were higher in the shaded peel of turned fruit (the through 8 d and reached 44% of the maximum value in ethylene-
original sun-exposed peel) than in the sun-exposed peel of both treated immature fruit. Ascorbate content and total antioxidant
control and turned fruit in both cultivars. These results indicate capacity (ORAC) were higher in mature fruit compared with
that sunlight exposure promotes the synthesis of anthocyanins immature fruit. ORAC in ethylene-treated immature fruit
and other phenolic compounds by up-regulating the expression significantly increased concomitantly with enhanced ROS
of MYB10 and the structural genes involved in anthocyanin production through 4 d and maintained afterward. Ethylene-
biosynthesis. Turning shaded fruit peel to sun exposure increases treated mature fruit exhibited a gradual increase in ORAC,
not only the levels of anthocyanins, flavonols and total phenolics comparable to the trend of ROS-generating capacity. Activities of
in the original shaded peel, but also the levels of flavonols and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)
total phenolics in the original sun-exposed peel of both red and decreased 60.9% and 54.9%, respectively, and activity of
yellow/green apple cultivars. guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) increased about 15-fold in ethyl-
ene-treated immature fruit by 8 d. However, APX activity in
ethylene-treated mature fruit remained high and unchanged
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM through storage. Activities of SOD and GPX in ethylene-treated
Postharvest mature fruit exhibited trends similar to those of ethylene-treated
immature fruit but were present at higher levels. These results
(392) Developmental-dependent Responses of suggest that enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and anti-
oxidant levels are associated with suppression of ROS produc-
Beit-Alpha Cucumber Fruit to Ethylene Are
tion and watersoaking development in ethylene-treated mature
Associated with Re-Dox Homeostasis cucumber fruit. We conclude that developmental increases in
Jinsu Lee homeostatic re-dox responses explain the decline in expres-
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of sion of watersoaking responses in ethylene-treated cucumber
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] fruit.
Donald J. Huber* Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA NIFA Award (SCRI)
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of #2009-51181-05783 and Federal formula funds NE1036.
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Eduardo C. Vallejos (393) Leucine Catabolism Affects Acetate Ester
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of Production in Bananas (cv. Senorita)
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Sumithra K. Wendakoon*
Continuous ethylene exposure induces severe watersoaking of Toyo College of Food Technology, Kawanishi;
beit-alpha cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Manar). Our [email protected]
previous studies have shown that ethylene-induced watersoaking
is a programmed cell death (PCD) associated with increases Hajime Furukawa
in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Responses of beit-alpha Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai; melon3carrot3@
cucumber fruit to ethylene are developmentally dependent, bioinfo.osakafu-u.ac.jp
occurring more rapidly in immature compared with mature The aroma of fresh fruits is an important factor in determining
fruit. The present study examined ethylene responses of the quality and consumer satisfaction. Esters are the major com-
re-dox system in immature and mature beit-alpha cucumber pounds responsible for aroma in most ripened fruits. Isobutyl
fruit by evaluating ROS production, antioxidant capacity, and acetate and isoamyl acetate are the predominant esters, which
antioxidant enzymes. Immature (69.4 ± 0.8 g) and mature are bio-synthesized by enzymatic combination of alcohols,
cucumber fruit (400.1 ± 5.5 g) were exposed to continuous air derived from amino acids and acyl CoAs, catalyzed by alcohol
or 10 μL·L–1 of ethylene for up to 8 d at 15 °C. As anticipated, acyltransferase in bananas. However, ripened ‘Senorita’ banana
watersoaking in ethylene-treated immature fruit was observed has a very poor banana-like aroma production compared to other
at 6 d (35.5 ± 2.1% of cross-sectional area), concomitant with banana types. In order to elucidate the low level of isoamyl acetate
decreased firmness and increased electrolyte leakage. Ethylene- production in ‘Senorita’ bananas, effect of leucine catabolism
treated mature fruit, however, exhibited significantly delayed on the ester production was investigated in ‘Senorita’ bananas.
and attenuated watersoaking (18.8 ± 1.1% at 8 d) including Concentration of isoamyl alcohol in ‘Senorita’ and ‘Cavendish’
suppressed changes in firmness and electrolyte leakage. ROS bananas was determined by gas chromatography (GC). Senorita
production (H2O2-generating capacity) in ethylene-treated im- banana pulp was incubated with different precursor compounds;
mature fruit increased significantly from 0.29 ± 0.02 to 2.23 ± isoamyl alcohol (4 mM), isovaleraldehyde (5 mM), alpha-keto
0.22 μmol·mg–1 H2O2 protein/min by 4 d, prior to watersoaking isocaproic acid (10 mM) or leucine (7, 14, 50 mM) separately.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S340 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

After incubation, formation of isoamyl acetate was determined Bart Nicolaï

by GC. The levels of amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Bart.Nicolai@
valine) present in ‘Senorita’ and ‘Cavendish’ bananas were biw.kuleuven.be
also identified and quantified by capillary electrophoresis.
James Giovannoni
The results indicated that isoamyl alcohol concentration of
USDA–ARS, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY;
‘Senorita’ was lower than that of ‘Cavendish’, which has a rich
[email protected]
banana-like aroma. Addition of any of the precursor compounds
to the pulp, increased the production of isoamyl acetate. However, Assessing and monitoring superficial scald risk at the beginning
only a slight increase in ester production was detected by the of and during storage will help fruit producers better manage
addition of 50 mM leucine to the pulp, which was incubated for inventory. Current techniques and tools do not provide an accurate
5 h. When the pulp was incubated with lower concentration of assessment of whether apples will develop this costly disorder.
leucine (7 mM) for 19h, isoamyl acetate production was higher By screening 30,000 potential metabolite and gene expression
than that of incubated for 5 h with 50 mM leucine. In both biomarkers for those whose concentrations change in ways that
banana types, approximately similar amounts of amino acids indicate that scald risk is high. Candidates are validated using
were detected. In spite of the presence of adequate amount of multiple storage and crop protectant conditions. We have found
amino acids in the pulp, the ester forming capacity was rather biomarkers that indicate that fruit has been exposed to condi-
low in ‘Senorita’, most probably due to lack of isoamyl alcohol. tions that are conducive to scald and thereby, are at a higher
The data obtained from this study indicate that the production risk for developing it later in storage. Employing this system
of isoamyl acetate ester is considerably low in ripened ‘Seno- has allowed for the adjustment of controlled atmosphere storage
rita’, possibly due to limitations in the conversion of leucine conditions when scald risk was high, effectively improving the
to alpha-keto isocaproic acid by amino acid transaminase and storage outcome in relation to scald incidence and severity. Our
then to isoamyl alcohol. project continues to find and validate additional candidates for
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Toyo College of Food Tech- superficial scald as well as other economically significant apple
nology disorders—soft/scald soggy breakdown, CO2 peel injury, and
firm flesh browning.
(394) Assessing Superficial Scald Risk in
(395) Evidences from Individual Studies of
‘Granny Smith’ Apples during Controlled
Atmosphere Storage using Biomarker-based Ethylene and 1-MCP Treatment Prove that
Technology Volatile Biosynthesis Is Regulated by Ethylene
in Apple (cv. ‘Golden Delicious’)
David R. Rudell*
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, XiaoTang Yang
WA; [email protected] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville; Yangxi@agr.
gc.ca
Jinwook Lee
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, Jun Song*
WA; [email protected] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; jun.
[email protected]
James Mattheis
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, Leslie Campbell-Palmer
WA; [email protected] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; leslie.
[email protected]
Rachel Leisso
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, Sherry Fillmore
WA; [email protected] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; sherry.
[email protected]
David Buchanan
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, ZhaoQi Zhang
WA; [email protected] South China Agriculture University, GuangZhou; zqzhang@
scau.edu.cn
Christopher B. Watkins
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Ethylene plays an important role in regulating fruit ripening
and senescence and directly influences the development of the
Maarten Hertog eating quality of fresh apples, including appearance, color, tex-
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Maarten. ture, and flavor. To better understand the regulation of volatile
[email protected]
biosynthesis during fruit ripening and to examine the influence
Nigel Gapper of ethylene on expression of volatile biosynthesis genes in fruit,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] apples harvested at the pre-climacteric stage were allowed to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S341
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

ripen naturally; or ripening was either stimulated by treat- Main reasons for loss of ornamental value are: flower senescence,
ment with 36 μL·L–1 ethylene for 24 or inhibited with 1-MCP deterioration of petals due to microbial caused diseases, loss turgor
treatment (1 μL·L–1 for 24 h). Real-time qPCR was used to of petals, stem and leaves by microbial diseases in stalk solution,
investigate gene expression in relation to volatile biosynthesis intolerance of flowers to low temperature and poor postharvest
up to 21 days after ethylene treatment and up to 43 days after handlings from production to distribution. This project is focusing
1-MCP treatment. Twenty-two genes proposed to be involved on pre-and postharvest treatments such as 1-methylcyclopropene
in volatile biosynthesis in relation to branched amino acids (1 -MCP) to extend the shelf life of cut flowers. Vase life of four
and fatty acids biosynthesis and metabolisms were selected to types of cut flowers was evaluated by measuring color, water
monitor gene expression. Through statistical analysis, including uptake, chlorophyll fluorescence and other quality parameters.
ANOVA and principle component analysis (PCA), among the Both ethylene sensitivity and microbial contamination play im-
22 volatile biosynthesis genes, 17 genes changed significantly. portant roles in determining the vase life of cut flowers. Treatment
Genes encoding BCAT, ArAT and AADC, which may involve of 1-MCP significantly delayed the senescence of cut flowers,
in the initial steps in the catabolism of amino acids into aroma especially for carnation, rose and gerbera. Antimicrobial agents
volatiles, are up-regulated during ripening process and enhanced were also investigated and showed the potential to reduce the
after ethylene treatment. Genes related to fatty acid synthesis microbial population (bacteria, yeast and molds) in stalk solution
(ACPs, MCAT, ACPD), the LOX pathway (LOX, HPL, ADH3), and to extend the shelflife of the flowers. The optimal condition
the pyruvate pathways (PDC2), β-oxidation (ACAS, CAT, APX, for application of microbial agents was established for optimal
ECH, ACAD), and the final step of volatile ester biosynthesis treatment regime for postharvest management of cut flowers. In
(AATs) also showed similar increasing patterns during ripen- order to gain molecular insight into flower senescence, quantitative
ing and in response to ethylene treatment. AOS, ADH1, KAT, proteomic studies on cut roses were also conducted and provided
and BCAT2 decreased with ethylene treatment. Treatment with insight on molecular basis of flower senescence and effect of
1-MCP and ethylene generally produced opposite effects, which 1-MCP treatment. Among the 249 proteins identified and quan-
provides additional evidence that regulation of these genes is tified. Five cluster can be created and significant up- and down
ethylene dependent. Analysis and identification of significant regulated proteins were identified in response to senescence and
gene expression revealed that volatile biosynthesis, especially 1-MCP treatment. Both applied and fundamental knowledge
fatty acids biosynthesis and metabolism in apple fruit is associ- will be beneficial for industry operation and long term breeding
ated with fruit ripening and responsive to ethylene treatment. program.
The understanding of significant changes of these genes and
their function may help to explore mechanisms that control (397) Fishing for Biomarkers: A Multivariate
apple fruit ripening and their response to exogenous ethylene Approach to Scrutinize the Combined
during ripening and senescence. Metabolome–Transcriptome Profiles on Our
(396) Postharvest Treatments to Maintain Quest toward Biomarkers for Postharvest Apple
Quality and Control Diseases of Cut Flowers Disorders
Lihua Fan David R. Rudell
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; lihua. USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
[email protected] WA; [email protected]

Jun Song* Maarten Hertog

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; jun. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee; Maarten.
[email protected] [email protected]

Li Li Nigel Gapper
Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
[email protected] Christopher B. Watkins*
Tim Hughes Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected]
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; tim. James Giovannoni
[email protected] USDA–ARS, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY;
Leslie Campbell-Palmer [email protected]
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS; leslie. James Mattheis
[email protected] USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
XiHong Li WA; [email protected]
Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin; Jinwook Lee
[email protected] USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
WA; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S342 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Rachel Leisso patterns. Our results show that petals treated with ethylene for
USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, 12 h exhibited sustained inrolling, while the petals treated with
WA; [email protected] ethylene for 10 h exhibited inrolling followed by recovery from
Timely assessment of the risk for postharvest apple disorders, inrolling. We will describe the expression levels of specific gene
such as superficial scald, will help fruit producers better man- family members in ethylene signaling and ethylene biosynthesis
age and optimize their postharvest revenues. As the industry that were altered at the transition point from preclimacteric to
currently is not able to predict if and to what extent apple fruit climacteric phases.
will develop postharvest disorders, there is an urgent need for Specified Source(s) of Funding: AgroFresh, University of
biomarker-based tools that can. By screening changes at the Wisconsin-Madison
various omic-levels preceeding, and in relation to the progressive
disorder development, potential biomarkers can be identified. (399) Storability and Phenolic Compounds
The main challenges are to find the proverbial needle in the Profile of Organically Grown Blackberries
haystack of candidates and to properly balance the contributions
from the different sized omic-pools. We are applying a combined Moo Jung Kim*
transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, monitoring over North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
30,000 genes and 600 metabolites as measured in apples stored Penelope Perkins-Veazie
under more or less stringent conditions triggering the disorders North Carolina State University, Kannapolis; penelope_
of interest to various extents. Multivariate analyses techniques [email protected]
have been applied to analyze the omic-datasets either in isola-
Guoying Ma
tion, or together, to find the most relevant candidates. Using
North Carolina State University, Kannapolis; guoying_ma@
appropriate visualization techniques, changes in selected genes
ncsu.edu
and metabolites were interpreted in their wider context. Start-
ing by identifying genes and metabolites characteristic for the Gina Elizabeth Fernandez
disorders studied, we moved toward differentiating among the North Carolina State University, Raleigh; gina_fernandez@
effects of the various experimental factors. Beyond that, we ncsu.edu
focused on identifying markers that allow for segregation of Fresh market blackberries grown organically in North Carolina
treatments long before the disorders appear. were used to determine storage life and phenolic compounds
profiles. ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ freshly harvested
(398) Reversal of the Petal Senescence Process berries were sorted into shiny black (SB) and dull black (DB)
and Ethylene Responses in Carnations ripeness stages and stored at a constant 1 °C for 15 days or at 1
Byung-Chun In* °C for 13 days plus 2 days at 20 °C. Subjective ratings of leak-
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] age and decay incidence were lower and overall ratings were
higher in SB fruit or berries stored constantly at 1 °C. Freeze
Brad M. Binder dried fruit tissue was extracted with acidified methanol and
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with
Tanya G. Falbel photodiode array detector, Synergi 4μ Hydro-RP 80A column
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] (250 x 4.6 mm) and formic acid-methanol gradients. Cyanidin
3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in blackberries,
Sara E. Patterson representing 87% to 96% of the total anthocyanin content, and
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] tended to increase after storage. Other anthocyanins found
During senescence, carnation flowers show a typical response were pelargonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and
characterized by petal inrolling, and autocatalytic ethylene cyanidin 3-xyloside. Cyanidin 3-xyloside content was the low-
production. It has been generally thought that the senescence est in ‘Natchez’ (< 0.2%) compared to ‘Ouachita’ or ‘Navaho’
process in carnation flowers is irreversible once the tissues have (4% to 7%). Gallic acid (7–25 mg/100 g DW in ‘Natchez’ and
entered the climacteric phase. While petal tissues have a lower ‘Navaho’) and quercetin 3-galactose or quercetin-3-glucoside
sensitivity to ethylene in the preclimacteric phase, these tissues contents (6–42 mg/100 g DW in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Navaho’) were
are converted to the climacteric phase at a critical point during generally lower in ‘Ouachita’ (6–10 and 5–20 mg/100 g DW
flower development. The conversion of preclimacteric petals to for gallic acid and quercetins, respectively), and vanillic acid
climacteric phase also can be induced by exposure of the pet- content was the lowest in ‘Natchez’ (18–24 and 72–87 mg/100
als to exogenous ethylene. Here, we show that the senescence g DW in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Ouachita’/’Navaho’, respectively).
initiated by exogenous ethylene is a reversible process in carna- Phenolic contents were generally higher in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Na-
tion petals. We took a molecular approach to explore the genes vaho’ than in ‘Ouachita’, and tended to increase during storage.
involved in the conversion of the petals to climacteric phase. We Our results show that organically grown ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’,
also characterized the relationship between ethylene sensitivity and ‘Navaho’ blackberries had excellent storage life after 15
and petal senescence by monitoring petal inrolling and recovery days at 1 °C, especially when they were at SB ripeness stage.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S343
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Organically grown blackberry cultivars used in this study are was plotted against root dry weight. Chrysanthemums grown in
a rich source of cyanidin 3-glucoside compared to other ber- all substrates exhibited a positive correlation between increasing
ries, and phenolic contents did not decrease significantly after root dry mass and increasing root conductance. Plants grown in
storage. Among cultivars, phenolic profile of ‘Natchez’ was the 30% SW substrate had the strongest correlation with a lin-
slightly different from that of ‘Navaho’ or ‘Ouachita’ in cyanidin ear increase in root conductance and root dry weight. Plants in
3-xyloside and vanillic acid, but all three cultivars predominate the other substrates exhibited non-linear relationships but were
in cyanidin 3-glucoside. still positively correlated. These data indicate that measuring
root conductivities of container-grown plants can be a possible
tool in assessing root development, productivity and mass in
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM horticultural crops. Assessing root conductance could be a new
parameter in studying plant productivity and root vigor during
Root Growth and Rhizosphere crop production.
Dynamics
(250) Mini-Horhizotron: A Non-destructive
(249) Determining Root Hydraulic Conductance Technique for Observing and Measuring
of Container-grown Plants as an Assessment of Growth of Developing Root Systems during
Root Mass Production
Lesley A. Judd* Lesley A. Judd*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
Brian Jackson Brian Jackson
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@ North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
ncsu.edu ncsu.edu
William C. Fonteno William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@ North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@
ncsu.edu
ncsu.edu
Jean-Christopher Domec There are several techniques used to measure/assess plant root
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
growth and development, however most current methods are
Measuring hydraulic conductance and resistance of plant roots has destructive and may not accurately quantify root systems. Two
been an effective way to quantify root system development and common practices often used include subjective root ratings and
productivity of field-grown trees. Root hydraulic properties can root washing to determine root dry mass, both of which alter the
vary with species, drought, temperature, soils, etc. With advancing natural position/architecture of root systems. Subjective ratings
technologies, new devices have been developed to quantify root are highly variable and are only qualitative while root washing
hydraulic properties with rapid-flow measurements. The hydraulic often looses large amounts of fine roots and root hairs. The
conductance flow meter (HCFM) is one such device that was mini-Horhizotron is a new non-destructive technique developed
developed to measure hydraulic properties of undisturbed root to study root growth of small plant material (e.g., seeds, liners
systems of woody plants in soils but never on herbaceous plants and plugs) during crop production. The mini-Horhizotron is
in containers. The objectives of this study were to determine if 1) designed with three quadrants extending away from the center of
the HCFM can measure root conductivities of herbaceous plants the box, allowing for lateral root growth to occur. Shade panels
grown in containers and; 2) root conductivities can be correlated cover the quadrants to exclude light from the root zone. Each of
to root dry mass as a technique to assess undisturbed root system the three quadrants have two clear sides which allows visible
development of container-grown plants. Chrysanthemum ‘Garden measurements to be taken from a plant growing in the center.
Alcala Red’ were grown in peat-based substrates amended with Measurements include root length, speed of root growth, pres-
either 20% perlite or 20%, 30%, or 40% shredded pine wood (SW). ence and quantity of root hairs, and root architecture/branching.
SW was produced by hammer milling freshly shredded loblolly The objective of this study was to use the mini-Horhizotron to
pine trees (Pinus taeda) through a 6.35 mm screen. Six containers quantify root growth patterns and observe the effects of different
were filled with each individual substrate and one chrysanthemum substrates on root growth development of Rudbeckia. Rudbeckia
plug was planted into the center of each container. Plants were hirta ‘Becky Yellow’ plugs were grown in peat-based substrates
grown for 4 weeks before the HCFM was used to measure root amended with either 20%, 30%, or 40% pine-wood-chip (PWC)
conductance followed by the roots being washed for dry weight aggregates. The PWC was produced by hammermilling freshly
determinations. Hydraulic conductance of all plants in all sub- chipped loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) through a 6.35 mm
strates was effectively determined using the HCFM, illustrating screen. Three mini-Horhizotrons were filled with each individual
the potential for this technique to be used on container-grown substrate resulting in nine mini-Horhizotrons used. The three
plants. For each substrate and plant replication, root conductance longest Rudbeckia roots were measured on each quadrant face

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S344 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

for each substrate, every 4 days from 15 to 67 days after planting had a linear decrease in substrate TP, AS and CC over 4 weeks.
(DAP). From 15 to 39 DAP root growth of Rudbeckia was not There was a linear increase in root dry weight (mass) observed
different among the three substrates. At 43 DAP root length of during that time. Substrates containing Rudbeckia plants had a
Rudbeckia in 40% PWC substrate was longer compared to plants linear increase in root dry weight over time; however, there was
grown in 30 or 20% PWC substrates. At 51 DAP plants grown no change in TP, AS or CC as a result of the fine nature of the
in both 30% and 40% PWC had longer root lengths compared root system. These data show how substrate physical properties
to plants in the 20% PWC substrate. The general increase in in a container can be influenced differently depending on the
root growth of Rudbeckia with increasing rates of PWC is likely crop being grown.
attributed to the increase in air space of the substrates as the
percent aggregate (PWC) increased. (252) Root Traits of Twelve Pecan Accessions of
Varying Origin
(251) Rhizometer: A Technique for Observing
Astrid Volder*
and Measuring Root Growth and Their Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
Influence on Substrate Physical Properties In
Situ Larry J. Grauke
USDA Pecan Research, Somerville, TX; lj.grauke@ars.
Lesley A. Judd* usda.gov
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] Fine root morphology is strongly affected by genotype, environ-
Brian Jackson ment, and the interaction between genotype and environment.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@ In surveys of herbaceous plants it has been shown that plants
ncsu.edu from competitive resource rich habitats generally produce fine
roots with greater length per unit root dry mass (specific root
William C. Fonteno length, SRL). Few studies have explored a similar relationship
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@ between habitat of origin and root traits within ecotypes of a
ncsu.edu woody species. We explored differences in a range of seedling
Root growth of greenhouse crops is both influenced by, and fine root traits such as mean and median fine root diameter, di-
influences, the substrate in containers. Current methods of ameter distribution, and SRL for 12 pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
measuring root growth of crops during/after production do not accessions of origins that are widely divergent in environmental
include undisturbed assessment of whole root systems, root characteristics but grown under standard conditions in a common
growth over time, or the influence of root growth on substrate location. Preliminary analysis showed that fine roots of these
physical properties. The Rhizometer is a new technique devel- accessions had a mean SRL that range from 37 to 58 m·g–1. The
oped to observe root growth of small plant material (e.g. seeds two most southern accessions (87MX1-2.2 and 87MX5-1.7)
and plugs) and also measure substrate physical properties and exhibited the lowest SRL, while ‘Moore’, ‘Riverside’, ‘Giles’,
the effect of root growth (in situ) on those properties over time. and ‘Elliot’ exhibited the highest SRL. With the exception of
Rhizometers were constructed from clear cylindrical plexiglass ‘Riverside’, which originates from a site with intermediate
tubes (7.6 cm tall x 7.6 cm inside diameter) which allowed for precipitation (710 mm per year), accessions with the highest
visible observations of root systems. Rhizometers were purpose- SRL originated from sites that receive 1000 mm or precipita-
fully constructed to fit the base plates of the North Carolina tion per year. Our data suggest that there is a link between root
State University (NCSU) Porometer, a method of determining traits and environment, which we will explore further using
substrate physical properties including total porosity (TP), air principal components analysis where we will include longitude,
space (AS), and container capacity (CC). The objective of this latitude, precipitation, elevation, mean annual temperature, and
study was to use the Rhizometer apparatus to measure changes soil type at origin.
in substrate physical properties over time as influenced by two
plant species with differing root fineness/structure. Rhizometers (253) Assessing Root Characteristics of Cucurbit
were filled with a moistened 60:20:20 (peat:perlite:vermiculite) Rootstocks using a Simple Germination Test
substrate and tapped five times to achieve similar bulk densities
prior to planting. Rudbeckia hirta ‘Becky Yellow’ was selected
Nhi Nguyen
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
for its fine (small) roots and Begonia xhybrida ‘Dragon Wing
Red’ was selected for its larger/tuberous roots. For each species, Xin Zhao*
40 Rhizometers were planted. Every 7 days after planting 10 University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Rhizometers of each species were harvested. Of those 10, five Wenjing Guan
were used in the NCSU Porometer method, and the remaining University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
five were washed for root dry weight determination (the substrate
was rinsed from the root balls). The study was conducted for Richard L. Hassell
four weeks, resulting in a total of 80 Rhizomters used. Begonia Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S345
Vegetable grafting has many benefits including disease resis- duce the fungi in pure culture without a plant host. This aspect
tance, stress tolerance, and vigorous growth. The most com- proposes the ease and feasibility of becoming a commercially
monly used rootstocks in melon (Cucumis melo) production are produced product. The objectives of this study were to determine:
interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks, which have Fusarium wilt 1) the effect of temperature, light, and sugar concentration on
resistance and vigorous root systems. Different rootstocks may radial mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA); and 2)
vary greatly in their influence on growth vigor of grafted melon the effect of shaker speed (RPM), sugar concentration, and
plants. In this study, a simple germination test was conducted to temperature on mycelial mass and chlamydospore production
compare the initial growth of the root system among the differ- in potato dextrose broth (PDB). In PDA experiments, tempera-
ent rootstocks that may be used for grafted melon production. tures between 5 °C and 40 °C at 5° intervals were tested. The
‘Athena’ muskmelon was used as the scion control, and seven temperature producing the fastest radial growth was 25 °C.
commercial cucurbit rootstocks were evaluated, including PDA concentrations of 12 g/L, 24 g/L, and 48 g/L were evalu-
‘Strong Tosa’, ‘Shintosa Camel’, ‘Carnivor’, ‘Kazako’, ‘No.1’, ated. There was no significant difference between the growth
‘53009’, and ‘Dinero’. Seeds were germinated in an incubator rates for 12 g/L and 24 g/L, however, at 48 g/L growth was
at 27 °C for 3 days, until their emergence. Root growth was retarded. Light had significant effects on mycelial growth. Full
assessed daily between germination and full emergence of the spectrum light retarded growth as opposed to P. indica grown in
cotyledons. Total root length, total root surface area, total root the dark. During liquid culture experiments, the optimal spore
volume, and average root diameter were determined using a production speed was 150 RPM. At 0 and 100 RPM few spores
root scanner. However, at day 1, only root length was mea- developed. The P. indica was tested to see if sugar concentra-
sured, since the root systems were too small for root scanner tion had an effect on growth while shaken at 150 RPM. Again,
measurements. At day 1, ‘Athena’ scion and ‘No.1’ rootstock 48 g/L retarded growth and there was no significant difference
had significantly greater root length than the other rootstocks. between the growth rates for 12 g/L and 24 g/L. Finally P.
Most rootstocks tested did not demonstrate more rapid increase indica was grown at 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C, at 150 RPM, and
in total root length compared to the ‘Athena’ scion; however, in 24 g/L PDB concentration. Significant mycelial mass and
‘No.1’ at day 2 and ‘No.1’ and ‘Carnivor’ at day 3 had greater chlamydospores count occurred at 24 g/L PDB.
root length than ‘Athena’. In contrast, ‘Shintosa Camel’ showed
consistently the smallest root length during the germination test.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
For total root surface area, at day 2, ‘No.1’ and ‘Carnivor’ had
significantly higher values than ‘Athena’ and by day 3, ‘53009’ Vegetable Crops Management
also had significantly higher root surface area than ‘Athena’.
Except for ‘Dinero’ and ‘Shintosa Camel’, five out of the seven (152) Black Oat Cover Crop Management in
rootstocks evaluated showed significantly higher root volume Watermelon Production Systems
than ‘Athena’. ‘Dinero’ showed similar average root diameters
as ‘Athena’ at day 2 and day 3, whereas all other rootstocks
Donald J. Makus*
USDA–ARS, Parlier, CA; [email protected]
demonstrated larger root diameters than ‘Athena’. Overall, the
‘No.1’ rootstock showed the most vigorous root system in this Larry M. Zibilske
germination test. Although this study will not reflect the growth ARS, Retired, Weslaco, TX; [email protected]
and yield performance of grafted ‘Athena’ in field production, Black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) were sown as a cover crop
assessing root characteristics using germinated seeds may be a near Weslaco, TX (lat. 26°N), in Fall 2010. The cover crop was
promising tool in the future for initial screening of rootstocks allowed to senesce naturally and planted to watermelons in
with vigorous root systems. both the Spring and in Fall 2011. Spring-planted watermelons
transplanted into mowed black oats (either bedded or non-
(254) Axenic Culture Growth Optimization bedded) suffered retarded early season development in vine and
of Adventitious Root Promoting Endophyte, root weight, reduced root:shoot ratio, delayed fruit maturation,
Piriformospora indica reduced yield, and average fruit weight compared to bedded
watermelons transplanted on beds with or without black plastic.
Allison Hope Justice* Fall-planted watermelons transplanted into completely senes-
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected] cent black oats performed differently. Early season growth of
Biological solutions to common production problems are wel- bedded melons was delayed in the conventionally planted beds
comed by growers and consumers as our society continues to compared to strip-tilled and chisel-planted watermelons which
raise its expectations for sustainability and reduced chemical had higher leaf SPAD values, more leaves per plant, greater
inputs. A relatively new mycorrhizal-like fungi, Piriformospora vine length, more blooms, and greater tendril attachment to oat
indica, has shown promise to improve adventitious root forma- residue compared to conventionally bedded plants. Marketable
tion, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance of various plant season yield, marketable number, average weight (Chisel only),
species. One benefit of P. indica over other currently produced and soluble solids were higher in fruit from the conservation
mycorrhizal products is the characteristic of being able to pro- tillage systems. Water replacement (70% vs. 90% ETo) had no

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S346 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
effect on marketable yield attributes or late season leaf stomatal Mark E. Uchanski
resistance, but the higher replacement rate increased seasonal New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; uchanski@nmsu.
soil water profile content at 25, 50, and 0–100 cm depths. edu
Biofumigants are biologically active cover crops that can be
(153) Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Pigment used as an alternative to chemical fumigation for agricultural
Content, Photosynthesis, Growth, and Yield of soil management and pathogen control. When incorporated as
Cabbage a green manure, biofumigants have the potential to increase
soil organic matter and alter soil pH. Both of these changes are
Chenping Xu*
desirable in southwestern United States soils. Biofumigants
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Uvalde; cxu@
also contain naturally occurring biocidal compounds, called
ag.tamu.edu
isothiocyanates (derived from glucosinolates), that can suppress
Daniel Leskovar soilborne pathogens. In the present study, a field project was
Texas A&M University, Uvalde; [email protected] conducted over 2 years to evaluate the biofumigant performance
Water is an increasingly scarce resource in the northwestern of three Brassica juncea cultivars (‘Caliente 61’, ‘Caliente 199’,
U.S. agricultural region. Deficit irrigation strategy, a practice ‘Pacific Gold’) and one broccoli cultivar (Brassica oleracea var.
that deliberately allow crops to sustain some degree of water botrytis ‘Arcadia’). Brassica crops were seeded in the fall, flail
deficit with no or marginal yield loss, has the potential to in- mowed and incorporated into the soil in the winter. Green chile
crease water use efficiency and save water. Field experiments pepper ‘AZ-20’ (Capsicum annuum) was direct seeded in the
were conducted in the Wintergarden of Texas to investigate spring into drip irrigated plots. Biofumigant performance was
the responses of leaf pigments, gas exchange, plant growth, evaluated based on soil changes including organic matter, pH,
and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Pennant) to E.C., biomass production, and glucosinolate concentrations in
deficit irrigation. Each fall, cabbage was seeded and thinned Brassica crop tissues. Chile pepper crop yield and stand estab-
in the field at 0.90 m between rows with two lines per row and lishment in biofumigant plots were also measured and evaluated.
0.30 m between plants. Irrigation was applied with subsurface In both years, all mustard treatments produced significantly
drip at 100%, 75% and 50% of evapotranspiration (ETc) in the higher biomass than broccoli, but were not significantly dif-
first season and 100% and 70% of ETc in the second season. ferent from one another. In year one (2011), biofumigant plots
Although chlorophyll index were marginally and temporally produced an average of 104.6 metric t·ha–1 of fresh biomass.
increased under deficit irrigation, the pigment (chlorophyll a, Biofumigant biomass in year two was less than year one (49.6
b, a+b, and carotenoids) contents were not affected by deficit metric t·ha–1 of fresh weight) due to delayed planting. In 2011,
irrigation based on either leaf area or dry weight. Deficit ir- after incorporation of the biofumigants and before seeding the
rigation at 50% ETc reduced leaf area per plant, and during chile pepper, soil organic matter showed a temporary increase
late development it marginally reduced leaf fresh weight and of more than 24% (‘Pacific Gold’) to 9% (mean of all other
increased leaf relative water content and specific leaf area. The treatments). After incorporation, the pH of the three mustard
plant height and width were temporarily reduced while the treatment plots was significantly lower (‘Caliente 61’, pH 7.54;
photosynthetic rate and transpiration decreased under 50% ETc ‘Caliente 199’, pH 7.5; ‘Pacific Gold’, pH 7.5) than the pH of
irrigation. Deficit irrigation reduced both head size (height and the control (bare soil, pH 7.7). ‘Caliente 199’ and ‘Pacific Gold’
width) and fresh weight, resulting in decreases in marketable treatments had significantly higher glucosinolate levels than all
and total yield. However, the difference in head dry weight other treatments. Chile pepper plants growing in the ‘Caliente
among the three irrigation rates was not significant, suggesting 199’ and ‘Pacific Gold’ treatment plots produced significantly
most of the increases in yield under 100% ETc irrigation are higher red pod yield than the other two biofumigant treatments
just water content. These results suggest that deficit irrigation and the control. Biofumigants have potential to improve the
(75% ETc) could save water though moderate decreases in yield characteristics of southwestern soils. These effects may be
and head size is expected. cumulative and have a greater positive impact on chile pepper
growth and yield in the second season.
(154) Biofumigant Performance of Four Specified Source(s) of Funding: New Mexico Chile Association,
Brassica Crops in an Irrigated Chile Pepper NMSU Ag Experiment Station
Rotation System
(155) Modeling Environmental Parameters
Rachel Rudolph* Affecting Processing Pea Yield in Minnesota
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; rrudolph@nmsu.
edu Charles L. Rohwer*
University of Minnesota, Waseca; [email protected]
Stephanie Walker
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; swalker@nmsu. Vincent A. Fritz
edu University of Minnesota, Waseca; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S347
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Green peas (Pisum sativum L.) are a major processing crop in soil characteristics were not observed in 2010, possibly due to
southern Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Southern previous long term no-till soybean and corn rotations. In 2011,
Research and Outreach Center (SROC), located centrally in this modifications including a sub-soiling shank were made to a
pea processing region, has performed pea variety trials and has mechanical transplanter to facilitate planting into the stale bed
records of average yield from these trials dating to 2004. From and stand was improved significantly. Nitrate nitrogen ranged
2004 to 2012, a total of 385 tenderometer-adjusted yield averages, from 27 to 128 ppm for fallow and crimson clover treatments,
planting dates, and harvest dates from 2 to 3 plantings per year respectively. Total sweetpotato marketable yield for stale bed
of commercial varieties and advanced selections from vegetable planting on hairy vetch and wheat ranged from 308 to 553 bu/
breeding companies are available. The effects of multiple weather acre, respectively. In 2012, soil organic matter tended to be
parameters (observed at the SROC) on pea yield was modeled higher with the stale seedbed when cover crops were compared
using these data. Six environmental parameters explained 46% with their conventional tillage counterparts. There were no dif-
of the variation in yield, irrespective of plant genetics: average ferences in total marketable yield in 2012 when compared to the
wind speed (m·s–1) 17 to 21 days before harvest (AWS), time conventional tillage plots. In 2011 and 2012, sweetpotato yields
to accumulate half of the total heat units (HU) and precipitation were comparable between stale beds and conventional tillage.
(cm) from planting to harvest (percentage of days to harvest), Therefore, with modifications to currently used machinery, stale
average soil temperature (°C) for 1 week after planting, average bed production in connection with winter cover crops can have
air temperature (°C) for 1 week before harvest, and season-long positive impact on sweetpotato production by reducing erosion
photothermal ratio (MJ m2/°C). A linear decrease in yield as and allowing earlier planting.
AWS increased was the most substantial relationship (R2 = 0.29), Specified Source(s) of Funding: SSARE
suggesting that poor pollination or damage to flowers occurred
under windy conditions. A simplified model could be used by (157) Cover Crops in Conventional Tillage
processors to partially estimate yield prior to harvest. Using only System: Three Years of Impacts on Soil
AWS, day of the year at planting (1 Jan. = 1), and estimated HU Characteristics and Sweetpotato Yield in North
to maturity for each variety (available from breeding companies
or past observations), 33% of the variation in observed yield
Mississippi
was accounted for. The simplified model supports earlier plant- Jeffrey L. Main
ing for selections with low HU requirements, which is standard Mississippi State University, Pontotoc; [email protected]
practice in the processing industry.
Ramon A. Arancibia*
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods
(156) Cover Crops and Tillage Systems: Three
Branch,; [email protected]
Years of Impacts on Soil Characteristics and
Sweetpotato Yield in North Mississippi William B. Evans
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; wbe1@
Jeffrey L. Main ra.msstate.edu
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc; [email protected]. Mississippi production of sweetpotato has increased from 13,000
edu acres, in 2000 to 24,000 acres, in 2012. Sweetpotato fields are
Ramon A. Arancibia* generally left bare after mechanical harvest, allowing soil erosion
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods and overwintering sites for insect and rodent pests in culled roots.
Branch; [email protected] In 2009, studies of cover crops were begun at Mississippi State
University’s Pontotoc Branch Experiment Station (Pontotoc,
William B. Evans
MS) and a grower field in Chickasaw County, MS. Cover crops
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; wbe1@
included brassica, legume, and grass species. At the Pontotoc
ra.msstate.edu
location each species was planted individually in 2010, while
Sweetpotato is a high value, high input crop, with an estimated some species were mixed for 2011 and 2012 based on 2010 data.
production value of over 500 million dollars in 2012 (USDA, In all years and locations cover crops were destroyed by mowing
National Agricultural Statistics Service). Sweetpotato fields then disk incorporated prior to bed formation. Interactions with
are generally left bare after mechanical harvest, allowing for year and treatment were observed in soil organic matter at the
soil erosion. In 2009, studies of cover crops and conservational Pontotoc site ranging from 1.2% to 2.0% for rape and fallow
tillage systems were begun at Mississippi State University’s treatments, respectively. Soil nitrate nitrogen levels varied among
Pontotoc Branch Experiment Station (Pontotoc, MS). Each treatments in all years. Nitrate nitrogen ranged from 5 to 91 ppm
cover crop species was planted individually in 2010, while for the Daikon radish and the mustard treatments, respectively.
some species were mixed for 2011 and 2012 based on 2010 Total marketable sweetpotato yield ranged from 214 to 741 bu/
data. Due to poor plant stand in the no-till planting, yield was acre for fallow and Dwarf Essex rape cover crops, respectively.
very low in 2010. Total marketable yield ranged from 99 to 133 In all years, sweetpotato yields were comparable between cover
bu/acre for crimson clover and wheat, respectively. Changes in crops and fallow treatments at the Pontotoc location. In 2010,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S348 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

the grower location was limited to brassica cover crops in order recorded. Drought conditions in 2012 likely impacted cover
to determine their effect on natural reniform nematode levels, crop mulch and weed growth with implications for vegetable
however, nematode populations were too low to be meaning- crop yield. The study will be repeated in 2013.
ful. In 2011 and 2012, legume and grass species were added to
Specified Source(s) of Funding: United States Department of
complement the trial at the Pontotoc location. In 2010, at the
Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture USDA
Chickasaw location organic matter was low ranging from 1% to
Award 2011-68004-30044
1.3% for fallow and Daikon radish, respectively. Total marketable
yield for all three treatments ranged from 613 to 707 bu/acre (159) Comparing Minirhizotron and Soil Core
for Daikon radish and fallow, respectively. In 2011 and 2012,
Methods for Measuring Root Growth of Melons
organic matter ranged from 1.85% to 2.08% for Daikon radish
and ryegrass, respectively. Total marketable yield was influenced under Deficit Irrigation
by year. The fallow treatment ranged from 609 to 421 bu/acre Sat Pal Sharma*
in 2011 and 2012 respectively. It appears that certain cover Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde; sps145@yahoo.
crops and mixtures can be beneficial for sweetpotato plantings co.in
in North Mississippi.
Daniel Leskovar
Specified Source(s) of Funding: SSARE Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Uvalde; d-leskovar@tamu.
edu
(158) Living Mulch Cover Crops on Small
Kevin M. Crosby
Parcels for Urban and Small-scale Applications Texas A&M University, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement
Anne Pfeiffer* Center, College Station, TX; [email protected]
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] Astrid Volder
Jed Colquhoun Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] Amir Ibrahim
Erin Silva Texas A&M University, College Station; aibrahim@
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] ag.tamu.edu
One of the production aspects that most distinguishes small-scale Water stress alters biomass allocation strategies of crop plants,
and urban farmers from their rural counterparts is extremely resulting in changes in root growth patterns in time and space.
limited land availability in urban and peri-urban areas. Soil Understanding these changes will assist in screening cultivars
quality is critical to any farming operation but poses a special for drought tolerance traits in melons. This study was conducted
challenge to small-scale growers who commonly use intensive to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation (50% vs. 100% crop
production systems. Given limited ability to effectively rotate evapotranspiration, ETc) on root growth of three melon (Cucumis
crops or use typical soil building techniques, growers have identi- melo L.) cultivars (‘Mission’ and ‘Da Vinci’, reticulatus type
fied maintaining and building soil quality as one of the primary and Super Nectar, inodorus type). Root length intensity (RL;
challenges of extremely small acreage production. A multitude mm·cm–2) was measured using the minirhizotron method 6 times
of studies have established the ability of cover crops to reduce at bi-weekly intervals during 2012 growing season, and at final
erosion, build soil organic matter, improve water filtration, and harvest with the soil core method. Minirhizotron data showed that
provide weed control. Non-conventional tillage systems, includ- RL increased significantly up to 70 days after planting (DAP),
ing living mulches and strip tillage, offer alternatives that allow with no significant differences among 70, 84, 98, and 112 DAP.
growers to gain the benefit of cover crops while simultaneously Both minirhizotron and soil core methods showed similar root
producing crops for food and income. To investigate alternative growth trends at final harvest, concluding that deficit irrigation
production systems that allow small-acreage growers to integrate significantly enhanced root growth in ‘Mission’, but had no
cover cropping techniques into their production systems while effect in ‘Super Nectar’. However, the two methods differed in
maintaining cash crop production, a cover crop trial was designed ‘Da Vinci’, which showed 17% higher root growth under deficit
with the goal of identifying effective living mulch systems ap- irrigation with minirhizotron; whereas, soil core method showed
plicable to small scale organic vegetable production. Four cover no significant effect of deficit irrigation on root growth. As in
crops (buckwheat, field peas, crimson clover, and medium red previous studies, the minirhizotron method underestimated root
clover) and a control of no cover were planted in early spring. growth in the upper soil layer (10–30 cm) as compared to the
Covers were mowed in early June immediately prior to planting soil core method. Conversely, the minirhizotron estimates were
vegetables (snap beans, bell pepper, and broccoli) directly into higher than the soil core method at deeper soil layers (50–70
living mulch. Mulches were mowed throughout the season and cm). Further, spearman’s correlation coefficient, showed poor
biomass samples of weeds and living mulches were collected. In association (r = 0.1043) between minirhizotron and soil core
addition to vegetable yield, biomass of weeds and living mulches, root growth estimates. These results indicate disagreements
mulch height, weed species, and labor/management time were between the two methods for root growth measurements. This

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S349
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

disparity may be due to the poor soil-tube interface contact in tree health and yield. The impact of these programs on HLB-
the upper soil layers in the minirhizotron method. However, infected fruit flavor and aroma is unknown. This study looked
better estimates under deeper layers indicate that minirhizotron at the effects of 3 different foliar nutritional spray treat-
is a more suitable method for root growth measurement under ments applied to healthy and HLB-infected trees for effects
deficit irrigation. on flavor chemical composition and sensory quality of the fruit,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: TDA-SCBP and compared them with the fruit treated with a conventional
spray program. Three types of fruit samples were selected:
healthy fruit from non-infected trees (healthy), asymptomatic
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM fruit from HLB-infected trees (HLBa), and symptomatic fruit
from HLB infected trees (HLBs). Two varieties (Hamlin and
Citrus Crops Valencia) were investigated over multiple harvest dates and
several seasons. Differences in general between healthy and
(103) The Effects of Huanglongbing and Foliar HLB fruit juice were greater for HLBs fruit, for ‘Hamlin’
Nutritional Treatments on Orange Flavor variety, and earlier in the season. Sensory differences in taste
Elizabeth Baldwin* and sometimes smell between nutritionally-treated HLB fruit
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, and healthy controls were greater in the first few years than the
FL; [email protected] last years, with descriptors including more bitter, grapefruit
like, sour, astringent, and metallic. The sugar/acid ratio was
Anne Plotto generally lower in HLB fruit and content of bitter limonoids
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, higher, regardless of the nutritional treatment. However, dif-
FL; [email protected] ferences were minimal or not significant for ‘Hamlin’ in Jan.
Jinhe Bai 2012, ‘Valencia’ in Apr. 2011, and ‘Valencia’ in Apr. 2012, with
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, descriptors sometimes including more sweet and more flavor-
FL; [email protected] ful for HLB fruit juice. More seasons of study are warranted
to determine if foliar nutritional treatments have any positive
John A. Manthey effect on flavor, but finding healthy trees for comparison is
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, becoming more difficult.
FL; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Florida Department of Agricul-
Sharon Dea ture and Consumer Services (FDACS)
Montreal, Canada; [email protected]
Smita Raithore (104) Evaluating the Effects of Controlled
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, Release Fertilizer Application Rate and
FL; [email protected] Watering Regime on Photosynthesis and
Michael Irey Growth of Potted Grapefruit Foliage
U.S. Sugar, Clewiston, FL; [email protected] Barrett Gruber*
Cecilia Nunes University of Florida, IFAS-IRREC, Ft. Pierce; bgruber@
University of South Florida, Lakeland; [email protected] ufl.edu
Randall Cameron Prem Kumar
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, University of Florida, IFAS-IRREC, Ft. Pierce; pkumar18@
FL; [email protected] ufl.edu
Gary Luzio Few previous studies have focused on the effects that horticul-
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, tural practices have on the vegetative growth of young, non-
FL; [email protected] bearing grapefruit trees. The results of this study describe the
interacting effects of the amount of controlled release fertilizer
Jan Narciso applied and watering regime on the photosynthetic metabolism
USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, and growth of foliage in potted grapefruit (Citrus paradisi
FL; [email protected] Macf. cv. Ray Ruby). Individual plants were assigned to one of
The citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB) has been demon- three amounts of a dry, controlled release fertilizer [no fertilizer
strated to impart off-flavor to orange fruit and juice. This is added (NF), low fertilizer volume (LF, 15 mL), or high fertil-
more prevalent in fruit that are symptomatic for the disease izer volume (HF, 30 mL)] and to one of two watering regimes
(small, green and lopsided). Growers in Florida are resorting [high water volume input (HW, 1,200 mL/week) or low water
to foliar nutritional spray programs for management of HLB volume input (LW, 600 mL/week)]. There were no significant
disease, in lieu of removing symptomatic trees, to maintain differences in mean, instantaneous leaf net photosynthetic rate

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S350 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

among treatments. However, treatments LFLW and HFLW had (106) Microsprinkler Location in Citrus
significantly larger mean values of instantaneous, leaf water-
use efficiency (WUE), relative to the NFHW treatment. All of N.V. O’Connell*
the other treatments had intermediate mean values of WUE, University of California, Tulare; [email protected]
compared to the LFLW and HFLW and NFHW treatments. For L.J. Schwankl
the LW watering regime, regardless of the amount of fertilizer University of California, Parlier; [email protected]
applied, values of leaf WUE were related linearly to the total Typical placement of microsprinklers in citrus orchards is be-
leaf dry weight, number of leaves produced, stem length, and tween trees in the tree row. In this experiment sprinklers were
stem diameter. For the HW watering regime, regardless of the placed under the tree canopies as well as in the typical between tree
amount of fertilizer applied, values of leaf WUE were related location. Placement under the canopies provides for application
linearly only to total leaf dry weight and number of leaves of irrigation water where a greater percentage of the root system
produced. In conclusion, watering regime had a greater influ- is typically located, offers the potential for reduced evaporative
ence on leaf WUE than did the amount of fertilizer applied. loss of applied water, and reduces the amount of applied water
Increasing values of leaf WUE were related to greater leaf dry outside the tree canopy as a source of moisture for weed seed
weight, number of leaves produced, stem length, and stem germination and growth. Yield and fruit quality measurements
diameter in potted grapefruit plants subjected to a restricted were made with the 2012 and 2013 crops. Measurements of tree
watering schedule. water status were made in Summer 2011 and 2012.

(105) Seasonal Production of Phloem Tissue in (107) Results of Providing Weekly Data on
HLB-affected Citrus Trees Citrus Tree Cold Acclimation to Florida
Ed Etxeberria* Growers
University of Florida, Lake Alfred; [email protected] Chris Oswalt*
Craig Brodersen University of Florida, Bartow; [email protected]
University of Florida, Lake Alfred; [email protected] Timothy M. Spann
Cody Narciso University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred; [email protected]
University of Florida, Lake Alfred; [email protected] Arnold W. Schumann
Citrus trees affected by Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus green- University of Florida, Lake Alfred; [email protected]
ing) exhibit a progressive degeneration of the phloem tissue The Polk County UF/IFAS Cooperative Extension Service pro-
that culminates phloem collapse. The physical collapse of vides citrus growers with citrus tree cold acclimation information
the phloem conduits obstructs photoassimilate transport to during the winter. This information is used by growers to make
heterotrophic tissues ultimately resulting in tree death. How- informed decisions on the use of microsprinkler irrigation for
ever, despite the apparent collapse of phloem elements in citrus tree cold protection. Information on cold acclimation is
HLB affected trees, new vegetative growth continues to develop generated in the lab using a process that measures electrolyte
for several additional seasons. In fact, HLB-affected branches leakage from damaged frozen leaves. Leaf leakage is measured
with evident HLB symptoms and seemingly obstructed phloem at progressively colder test temperatures to determine the critical
are capable of maintaining fruit production for some time, temperature at which 50% of leaf cells are damaged. Field obser-
albeit progressively smaller fruit sizes and crop yields. We vations have held out the validity of using this 50% benchmark
therefore, hypothesize the existence of temporary or ancillary methodology as a threshold for citrus leaf damage. Beginning
(albeit less efficient) route for photoassimilate transport that can in 2005 eight central Florida grove locations per year have been
sustain some level of growth. We examined samples of petioles, used for the collection of weekly leaf samples from 15 Nov. to
new flush stem tissue, mature stems, and fruit pedicels after 15 Mar. of each year. Five leaves from the same six trees each
termination of the 2012 summer flush. In petioles and mature year at each location are collected to determine the weekly citrus
stems, a distinct ring of new and apparent functional phloem leaf freezing point temperatures. Data collected demonstrate the
was evident inside a circle of collapsed protophloem cells. In dynamic nature of citrus tree acclimation during the winter and
fruit pedicels, a larger functional layer of phloem cells was between individual years. Critical citrus leaf freezing temperatures
present. These exhibited a more gradual transition between ranged from –8.30 °C to –2.7 °C depending on the year. Results
functional and damaged phloem elements. In new vegetative of annual grower surveys indicate that there has been over the
growth, vascular tissue showed no evidence of damage, the past 7 years a significant percent reduction in the amount of ir-
only signs of HLB presence was the abundance of starch on rigation water that has been pumped for citrus tree cold protection
cortex parenchyma. Our observations demonstrate the seasonal in central Florida. Grower’s average estimated savings over the
production of healthy phloem which provides for temporary 7-year period ranged from no savings to over 50% depending
passage of photoassimilates capable of sustaining limited growth on the year. The mean average water savings for the seven year
and development. period was 19.28% when growers considered the critical citrus

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S351
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

leaf freezing temperature data in making cold protection deci- flower number compared to untreated and PGR treated plants,
sions. This demonstrates that savings in water and pumping costs with the exception of plants treated with 1600 ppm dikegulac
can be realized by the use of relevant research information that sodium, which had flower numbers not different from hand-
has been appropriately transferred to growers. However, recent pruned and untreated plants; whereas, hand pruning Little Lime
field observations indicate that HLB (huanglongbing or citrus resulted in fewer flowers than all other treatments. Initial bleach-
greening disease) has a significant negative effect on citrus tree ing and interveinal chlorosis was observed on new growth of
cold acclimation. In the future, this apparent difference will both cultivars; however, 6 weeks after treatment neither cultivar
need to be quantified in future citrus leaf freezing temperature had ratings different from the untreated. These results suggest
determinations as the incidence of HLB increases in Florida. dikegulac sodium (800 and 1600 ppm) may be a viable option to
achieve more branching and crop uniformity without reducing
flower number of Limelight or Little Lime.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Specified Source(s) of Funding: IR-4
Nursery Crops
(047) The Effect of Selected Herbicides on
(046) Plant Growth Regulators Increase Growth of Aucuba and Flowering of Scaevola
Branching of Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’ H. Brent Pemberton*
and ‘Jane’ (Little Lime™) Texas A&M AgriLife Res & Ext Center, Overton;
Diana Cochran* [email protected]
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] William R. Roberson
Amy Fulcher Texas A&M AgriLife Res & Ext Center, Overton,;
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] [email protected]
Pruning is commonly performed during production to produce Liners of Aucuba japonica ‘Variegata’ and Scaevola aemula
symmetrical, compact plants that are pleasing to the consumer’s ‘Scala Blue’ were potted in 12-L and 4-L pots, respectively
eye. Pruning can also allow for closer spacing and reduce break- in June. Within 7 days of potting, Aucuba plants were treated
age during production and shipping. To achieve desired branch with 3 rates each of sulfentrazone (F6875), isoxaben (Gallery),
architecture and crop uniformity, nursery growers typically dimethenamid-p (Tower), indaziflam, oxyfluorfen + prodiamine
hand prune or, less commonly, apply plant growth regulators. (Biathlon), pendimethalin + dimethenamid-p (Freehand), or
However, hand pruning is expensive and is not always effective, trifluralin + isoxaben (Snapshot). Also within 7 days of potting,
and efficacy of plant growth regulators can depend on cultural Scaevola plants were treated with 3 rates each of Tower and
practices, environmental conditions, irrigation, cultivar and rate. Freehand. An untreated control was included for both species.
Therefore, the objectives of these experiments were to evaluate Plants were grown under container nursery conditions using a
Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’ and ‘Jane’ (Little Lime™) randomized complete-block design with Aucuba under 30%
hardy hydrangea in response to single foliar applications of three saran and Scaevola under full sun. Treatments were repeated
plant growth regulators (PGRs) at two rates: dikegulac sodium 6 weeks after the first treatments were applied. At 1, 2, and 4
(Augeo®) at 800 or 1600 ppm, benzyladenine (Configure®) weeks after each application, phytotoxicity was rated for each
at 300 or 600 ppm or ethephon (Florel®) at 500 or 1000 ppm. plant. Stunting symptoms were noted on Aucuba plants, which
There were two additional treatments: a hand-pruned control were rated at 4 weeks after the first application and at 1, 2, and
leaving three nodes and an unpruned water control (untreated) 4 weeks after the second application. An effect on flowering was
applied the same day as PGRs. Plants were potted in 3-gal con- observed on Scaevola, which was rated at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after
tainers with 85% pine bark:15% peat, topdressed with Harrells the second application. Plant heights and widths were measured
19–1.7–6.6 (N–P—K), 5–6 month control release fertilizer (64 g at the beginning of the study and at the end of the evaluation
per container). Vegetative growth, floral attributes, plant quality period so that changes in plant growth could be calculated. For
and phytotoxicity were assessed. Experiments were conducted Aucuba, F6875 and Gallery treatment resulted in significantly
using a completely randomized design with 12 (Limelight) and more phytotoxicity and stunting than control plants after both
10 (Little Lime) single pot replications. Limelight and Little applications. With Gallery, phyto and stunting symptoms decrease
Lime had similar branching response to dikegulac sodium. For over time after the first application. Growth over the course of
example, Limelight treated with dikegulac sodium (800 and the experiment was less than the control for all rates of F6875,
1600 ppm) had 74.4 (279%) and 76.7 (287%) more branches but this held only for height of plants treated with the highest
than hand-pruned (26.7) plants and 75.7 (298%) and 78 (307%) rate of Gallery. For Scaevola, there was no effect of any of the
more branches than untreated (25.4) plants. Moreover, Little treatments on growth. However, flowering was reduced by all
Lime treated with dikegulac sodium (800 and 1600 ppm) had treatments when compared to the control at 2 weeks after the
35.8 (163%) and 27.4 (125%) more branches than hand-pruned second application. By 4 weeks after the second application,
(21.9) plants and 44.7 (344%) and 36.3 (279%) more branches flowering on treated plants had completely recovered.
than untreated (13.0) plants. Hand pruning Limelight decreased Specified Source(s) of Funding: The IR4 Project

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S352 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(048) Use of Biocontainers in Pot-in-Pot Nursery (049) The Use of Topflor G in Knockout Rose
Production System Container Production
Tongyin Li* Yan Chen
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State; litongvsq@ LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, Hammond, LA;
yahoo.com [email protected]
Guihong Bi Regina P. Bracy
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@ LSU AgCenter, Hammond Research Station, Hammond, LA;
msstate.edu [email protected]
Genhua Niu Allen D. Owings*
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso; gniu@ LSU Ag Center, Hammond, LA; [email protected]
ag.tamu.edu Knock Out rose is a popular landscape shrub rose and a major
Susmitha Nambuthiri nursery crop in the southeastern United States. It needs several
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] pruning during production to have dense foliage and abundant
flower buds. Growers are interested in using plant growth
Robert L. Geneve regulators to reduce pruning, improve plant quality, or manage
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] crop scheduling. Topflor G (flurprimidol) is the first granular
Xueni Wang “Type II” growth retardant that has shown size reduction ef-
Michigan State University, East Lansing; wangxuen@msu. fects in some crops. Experiments were conducted in 2012 on
edu Knock Out roses at a local nursery in Louisiana. Four groups
of plants: 1) Knock Out Red transplanted from 4-inch liners;
Rodney Thomas Fernandez
2) Double Knock Out Red transplanted from 4-inch liners; or
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
3) from quart liners; and 4) Double Knock Out Pink transplanted
Amy Fulcher from 4-inch liners were potted into 3-gallon pots and treated
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] with Topflor G at 0, 7, 14, and 28 g/pot at 4 weeks after pot-
ting. Growth and number of flowers were recorded at 2, 4, and
Youping Sun
6 WAT. Significant interactions were found between group and
Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso;
sample date, but not between group and PGR rate. Analyses
[email protected]
for each group indicated that, PGR treatment effects were not
Biocontainers are being considered as more environmentally significant for Knock Out Red. For Double Knock Out Red, all
sustainable alternatives to plastic containers. However, the use rates reduced plant height compared with the untreated, but had
of biocontainers may have unforeseen challenges including no effects on plant width. Percentage of growth reduction was
increased water use and poor durability in long-term nursery smaller for the group of Double Red transplanted from quart
production settings. The objective of this research was to in- liners than those from 4-inch liners. Results suggest that vigor-
vestigate the suitability of using biocontainers in a pot-in-pot ously grown variety such as Double Red responses better than
(PNP) nursery production system. This study was conducted weaker varieties, and effects are more significant when plants
in Mississippi, Texas, Kentucky, and Michigan. Two types of were young at the time of treatment. However, large variation
7-gal fiber containers, Kord Fiber Grow and Western Pulp, and in treatment effects were observed within individual rates; and
a 7-gal standard plastic container were used in this study as in- the participating nursery manager expressed concerns about
ner pots (production pots). A plastic container was used as the this inconsistency. Further research is needed to identify key
in-ground socket pot. Birch (Betula nigra) bare root liners were factors affecting plant response and application methods to
planted in mid-June 2011 into the production pots filled with improve uniformity.
pine bark and peat (85:15, v/v). At the end of the first growing
season, there was no significant difference in plant growth index (050) Transplant Establishment of Container-
and daily water use among the three container types in all four grown Plants Produced in Eastern Redcedar
locations. Visual inspection of the biocontainers showed that the
side walls and the bottom of the containers were intact. At the
Substrate
end of the second growing season, there was still no significant Travis R. Carmichael
difference in plant growth index and daily water use among the Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
three container types. However, the visual inspection of the Cheryl R. Boyer*
biocontainers showed some degrees of degradation, especially Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]
the bottoms of the pots. The results suggested that the biocon-
tainers we tested might be suitable for short-term rather than Jason J. Griffin
long-term PNP production. Kansas State University, Haysville; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S353
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Stuart L. Warren Craig Ramsey

Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] USDA, APHIS, Fort Collins, CO; craig.l.ramsey@aphis.
In the Great Plains region of the United States, Eastern redcedar usda.gov
(Juniperus virginiana; ERC), an aggressive tree species, has Steven Earl Newman
been identified as a possible alternative to pine bark (PB) for Colorado State University, Fort Collins; steven.newman@
nursery substrates. The objective of this study was to evaluate colostate.edu
plant growth of eight species produced in an ERC- or PB-based Phytophthora ramorum is a major risk to interstate trade of
substrate, both in production and after field planting. In June nursery stock. Our work focuses on chemical oxidant chemistry
2011, three substrate mixes consisting of: 1) 80% PB : 20% sand; as a disinfectant on nursery grown Rhododendron species. Dis-
2) 80% ERC : 20% sand; and 3) 40% PB : 40% ERC : 20% sand infection of the plant is crucial, but the impact on plant health
were pre-plant incorporated with controlled-release fertilizer and phytotoxic responses are also important. To determine plant
containing micronutrients. Dwarf maiden grass (Miscanthus stress responses to applied chemical oxidants, we are measuring
sinensis ‘Little Kitten’), Knockout rose (Rosa ‘Radtkopink’), chlorophyll activity (PSII quantum efficiency) as measured by
holly (Ilex glabra ‘Compacta’), and Allee lacebark elm (Ulmus Fv/Fm values in dark-adapted camellia plants. Data were col-
parvifolia ‘Emer II’) were planted in trade 11.36 L containers. lected using a Li-Cor 6400 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer (LI-COR,
Sedum (Sedum telphium ‘Autumn Joy’), hosta (Hosta ‘Sum Lincoln, NE) to evaluate the potential phytotoxicity of Camellia
and Substance’) and daylily (Hemerocallis ‘Charles Johnston’) to ClO2 and H2O2 at various concentrations, with or without the
were grown in trade 3.81-L containers. Growth index (GI), surfactant sarcosinate, and consecutive sprays. Chlorophyll activ-
caliper (lacebark elm only), foliar SPAD, pH and EC levels ity (Fv/Fm) of dark adapted camellia foliage was greater when
were measured during the production phase. In October 2011 ClO2 and H2O2 were applied with the surfactant sarcosinate to
plants were field planted. Plants were harvested 336 days after camellia foliage. Chlorophyll activity decreased with increas-
field planting (DAFP). Shoots and roots were separated for dry ing concentrations of ClO2 increased when sarcosinate was not
weight data. At the end of the production phase, no significant present. No differences between ClO2 and H2O2 solutions at
differences were observed for substrate pH and EC. Knockout the similar concentrations were observed. Visual injury of the
rose had no significant difference in plant GI among the sub- camellia foliage increased with each subsequent spray applica-
strates. Maiden grass and holly plants grown in PB had greater tion; however, foliar injury did not exceed a marketable threshold
GI than plants grown in ERC. Sedum and lacebark elm had for most treatments, until after four or five consecutive spray
greater GI in the PB : ERC mix. Knockout rose and holly grown applications of ClO2 at 400 mg·L–1, with or without surfactant.
in ERC had greater leaf greenness (SPAD). Substrate blend did
not influence SPAD measurements of lacebark elm and blanket
flower. Lacebark elm had greater caliper in PB : ERC mix. Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
At 336 DAFP, the substrate did not influence GI, SPAD, and
dry weights (shoot and root) of knockout rose, maiden grass,
Organic Horticulture
daylily, sedum, and lacebark elm. Holly and hosta grown in PB (075) First Year Primocane Yield Data of
had greater GI and shoot dry weight, whereas root dry weight Advanced Thorny and Thornless Primocane-
and SPAD were unaffected. Overall, container-grown plants
produced in ERC were slightly smaller than plants grown in
fruiting Blackberry Selections at Kentucky
PB, however, these differences were overcome in one growing State University
season in the field for most species. Jeremiah Lowe*
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Floriculture and Nursery Re- Kentucky State University, Frankfort; [email protected]
search Initiative Kirk William Pomper
Kentucky State University, Frankfort; [email protected]
(051) Increased Chlorophyll Efficiency of Dark- Sheri B. Crabtree
adapted Camellia Foliage when Treated with Kentucky State University, Frankfort; sheri.crabtree@kysu.
Chlorine Dioxide or Hydrogen Peroxide and edu
Blended with an Ionic Surfactant John R. Clark
Debra Newman* University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
USDA, APHIS, Fort Collins, CO; debra.h.newman@aphis. John G. Strang
usda.gov University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected]
Heather Hammack Primocane fruiting blackberries are attractive to Kentucky
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; heather.hammack@ growers because they can be grown organically and are able
rams.colostate.edu to produce a niche-market crop from late summer until frost.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S354 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Therefore, locally produced fruit from primocane fruiting Martin Stone

blackberry selections can be harvested from July until usually Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; martin.
October, providing fruit for sale at farmers’ markets, community [email protected]
supported agriculture, and organic markets. In June 2011, a black-
A federal law mandated the protocol for food to be USDA Organic
berry variety trial was established at Kentucky State University
in 1990. Organically certified foods command higher prices than
(KSU). Plants of the commercially available primocane-fruiting
conventionally produced food. The use of genetically modified
cultivar ‘Prime-Ark 45®’ (thorny erect, primocane-fruiting) and
organisms (GMOs) is an excluded method in certified organic
the Arkansas Primocane-fruiting (APF) selections of thorny
production systems. We purchased food labeled as USDA Certi-
or thornless (T) advanced selections (APF-153 T, APF-156 T,
fied Organic, Non-GMO Project verified, or both, containing
APF-158, APF-172 T, APF-185 T, APF-190 T, and APF-205 T)
the most common GM crops, corn and soybeans from online
from the UARK blackberry breeding program, were planted at
the KSU Research and Demonstration Farm, in Frankfort, KY. sources as well as brick-and-mortar grocers in Kentucky and
Plants were arranged in a randomized complete-block design, Tennessee. It is widely accepted that the presence of a viral 35S
with 4 blocks, including 5 plants of each cultivar per block (total CaMV promoter and a bacterial NOS terminator sequence in
of 20 plants of each cultivar) in a 10-ft plot. Spacing was 2 ft a crop genome is evidence of genetic modification. DNA was
between each plant, and 5 ft between groups of 5 plants. Rows extracted from whole and processed foods and garden seed. These
were spaced 14 ft apart. This trial was planted on the certified sequences were detected by PCR reactions and visualized by
organic land and managed with organic practices following the gel electrophoresis, alongside positive and negative standards.
National Organic Program standards. Weed control was achieved Our results indicate the presence of genetic modification in
by placing a 6–8 inch deep layer of straw around plants, adding some of these foods.
straw when necessary and hand weeding. Plants were irrigated Specified Source(s) of Funding: WKU Leichhardt Professorship
weekly with t-tape laid in the rows. Primocane fruit production Endowment
began in late July or early August for most selections. APF-158
had the highest yield at 2559 lb/acre. However, all other selec- (078) Identification of Phytohormones Present in
tions had yields that were much lower, ranging for 62–575 lb/ Vermicompost Tea and Their Effect on Growth
acre. APF-185 T had the largest average berry size at 4.6 g, while
Prime-Ark 45® had the smallest berry at 3.0 g. The extremely
and Yield of Tomato
high temperatures during June–September (over half the days Abira Selvaraj*
had daily highs of 85 °F or higher), likely negatively impacted University of California, Riverside; abira.selvaraj@gmail.
both yield and berry size on all selections. Year to year yield com
and fruit quality characteristics will need to be further evaluated
Milton E. McGiffen, Jr.
and none of these advanced selections have yet been released
University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
for commercial production.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Evans-Allen Carol J. Lovatt
University of California, Riverside; [email protected]
(076) The Presence of Genetic Modification in Vermicompost teas (VCT) are documented to increase plant
USDA Organic Certified Corn and Soy Food growth and yield. However, the underlying mechanisms for
Products these results remain obscure. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was
used to identify and quantify phytohormones present in commer-
Ryan Phelps* cially prepared “growth-promoting” VCT. Isopentenyladenine
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; ryan.
(IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were detected in different
[email protected]
batches of VCT, along with a low amount of abscisic acid (ABA).
Hannah Simmons Comparison of effects of VCT applied at the recommended rate
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; hannah. with IPA and 6-benzyladenine applied at an amount equivalent
[email protected] to that supplied in the VCT treatment provided evidence that
Hannah Weber IPA increased Solanum lycopersicum vegetative biomass in the
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; hannah. initial growth phase, but as the experiment progressed, results
[email protected] indicated that VCT improved the number of leaves, dry weight,
and root length significantly over other treatments. The VCT also
Corbin LeMieux improved fruit number and fruit size significantly over control
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; corbin. and other treatments. The results provided the first evidence
[email protected] that plant hormones are present in VCT, consistent with the
Naomi Rowland growth promoting capacity of VCT. Two experiments provided
Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green; naomi. evidence that different batches of VCT contained differ-
[email protected] ent amounts of phytohormones, including some growth

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S355
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

promoting and growth inhibiting phytohormones, likely other priorities for field production of organic carrots. Nematode
hormones not analyzed, and other essential metabolites that resistance is also very important for growers. Flavor was
had a greater beneficial effect on tomato plant growth and yield deemed the most important consumer trait to improve in car-
than equal amounts of isopentenyladenine. The study confirmed rots, and nutrition the most important product quality variable
that phytohormones present in VCT play an important role, for consumers. To address these needs, field trials of 34 diverse
but there are other factors in VCT that contribute to increasing carrots varying in top size, disease and pest resistance, root shape
plant growth and yield. Although, VCT can be a good organic and color, flavor, and nutritional value were evaluated by the
amendment, it is difficult to standardize the composition of Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture (CIOA) Project
VCT to ensure its quality due to the many variables involved on both organic and conventional farms in California, Indiana,
in its production. Washington, and Wisconsin. Wide ranges of seedling growth
rates and canopy sizes were observed in this diverse carrot
(079) Location, Cropping System, and Genetic germplasm that includes not only orange carrots, but also novel
Background Influence Carrot Performance, purple, yellow, and red storage root colors. Top height varied
Including Top Height and Flavor, in the CIOA two-fold among entries at a given location, and fresh carrot
flavor (sweetness and harsh, turpentiney flavor) varied widely
(Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture)
among the genetic stocks evaluated across the locations and
Project production systems. Relative top height ranking among genetic
Philipp W. Simon* stocks was consistent with no system-by-variety interaction
USDA, Madison, WI; [email protected] detected for this trait. Relative ranking of flavor scores was
also relatively consistent across locations. Soil assays compar-
John P. Navazio
ing the organic and conventional trials at each site indicated
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; john@
significant differences among locations, and between organic
seedalliance.org
vs. conventional paired trials in all four locations, including
Micaela Colley labile organic matter pools, and bacterial, fungal and archaeal
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; micaela@ community composition. To evaluate root-knot nematode resis-
seedalliance.org tance, select material was planted in a trial on nematode infested
Lori Hoagland ground at the University of California South Coast Research
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected] & Extension Center. Leaf blight resistance was evaluated in
trials at the University of Wisconsin Hancock Experiment
Philip A. Roberts Station. Nematode and Alternaria leaf blight resistance trials
University of California–Riverside, Riverside; philip. demonstrated a wide range of variation among genetic stocks.
[email protected] Other diseases observed in some of the trials were bacterial
Lindsey du Toit blight, Cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew. A brochure
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] was prepared and distributed, and a web site was developed
through eOrganic (http://eorganic.info/carrotimprovement) to
Tim Waters inform growers, the carrot industry, researchers, and consum-
Washington State University Extension, Pasco; twaters@
ers about the project, including trial results. The CIOA Project
wsu.edu
reached approximately 60 farmers in 2012 with education on
Erin Silva organic breeding and variety trials. This project has a diverse
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] advisory panel, and is creating a model for farmer-researcher
Jed Colquhoun participation in breeding, seed production and evaluation pro-
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected] grams for organic systems.

Joe Nunez Specified Source(s) of Funding: United States Department of

University of California Cooperative Extension, Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Award
Bakersfield; [email protected] no. 2011-51300-30903 of the OREI (Organic Agric. Res. &
Ext. Initiative)
Cathleen McCluskey
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, WA; cathleen@
seedalliance.org (080) The Optimal Time to Establish Late-
summer Cover Crops in the Great Lakes Region
Jared Zystro
Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend,, WA; jared@ Carolyn Lowry
seedalliance.org Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
U.S. organic farmers surveyed listed improved seedling ger- Joseph W. Shail
mination and Alternaria leaf blight resistance as top breeding Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S356 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Daniel C. Brainard organic fruit production has increased significantly in the last
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] decade. Organic orchards in the Pacific Northwest have been
proven to be both economic and sustainable, however, there
Thomas Björkman*
is limited experience and published research on organic apple
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
orchard production in the southern region. Preliminary work
For organic growers, planting a cover crop after vegetable harvests through surveys of stake-holders in the southern region indicated
is an important tool for weed management and soil building. great opportunities exist for markets of both fresh and processed
In the Great Lakes region, there is often not sufficient time for fruits within the region, but also indicated there are significant
a second vegetable, but there is enough growing season left challenges. These challenges include assessments of lack of in-
for weeds to become a serious problem. Cover crops are only formation available on the economic impacts of different organic
effective at producing these results if they are sown at the right production practices and the potential returns available from
time of the season. We identified the optimal planting date range organic production. In this poster, we describe the development
for sudangrass and mustards, developing a degree-day model of an interactive organic apple production economic assessment
that allows growers to estimate the best time in their location. tool. The tool is both easy to use and highly customizable. It can
In order for the model to be applicable across the region, we be used for two economic purposes. First producers can use the
did sequential plantings in two states: Michigan and New York. tool to estimate enterprise production budgets. The produce can
Sudangrass required a minimum of 700 growing degree days choose to: 1) use default cost values built into the tool; 2) enter
with a 50 °F base temperature (DD50) before frost to suppress costs from their farm; or 3) combine both. Anytime producers
weeds and produce meaningful biomass and suppress weeds. modify an activity, the budgets automatically calculate total
‘Idagold’ and ‘Tilney’ mustard required 1700 to 2200 DD32 cost per year, a break even analysis for yield and price and a
before a hard frost to produce sufficient biomass. The biomass sensitivity analysis for total cost. Second, producers can use it
increased sharply with DD within that range, so a few days to evaluate cost, returns and break even points for X different
delay in planting can substantially reduce the cover crop value. production management systems (x ground cover, x fertiliza-
The crucifer-planting window is approximately 2 weeks long, tion treatments). With a click of a button producers are given
occurring in early-mid August in the cooler parts of the region, tabular and graphical information that highlights estimated costs,
and late August in the warmer parts. When mustards were sown returns and break even values for these many options. This tool
earlier (> 2200 DD32) they produced no more biomass, but they is useful because it allows producers to estimate operating costs,
did produce seeds. Those seeds create a high risk for volunteer fixed costs, total costs and expected total returns by modifying
mustard, that is a difficult weed problem. Tests of other crucifer an important production practice, cost or return value. Allow-
cover crops (albeit not on organic ground) show that the response ing comparisons among different practices would assist apple
of cover-crop radish, brown mustard, forage rapeseed, forage producers to make better investment decisions.
turnip, and winter canola have exactly the same optimal plant-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA IOP
ing window. All have a tendency to bolt and go to seed in the
fall sown later than ideal, and a tendency to overwinter and go
to seed in spring if sown too soon. Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(081) A New Economic Assessment Tool for

Propagation
Organic Apple Producers (332) The Effect of Nitrogen Application on
German Rodriguez Bud Take, Scion Growth, and the Level of
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Endogenous Cytokinins in Shoots of Trifoliate
Jennie H. Popp Orange Rootstocks
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Gurreet Brar*
Curt R. Rom* University of California, Fresno; [email protected]
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Timothy M. Spann
Heather Friedrich University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred; [email protected]
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Experiments were conducted at the University of Florida Citrus
Jason McAfee Research and Education Center, to study the effect of nitrogen
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] application on bud take and scion growth, and on the biosynthesis
and translocation of endogenous free cytokinins in shoots of
Haxhire Myrteza trifoliate orange rootstocks. Liner trees of citrus rootstock
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
‘Swingle’ citrumelo (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) were
Although conventional apple production in the United States grown in washed quartz sand under growth chamber conditions
is not increasing, and is decreasing in some states and regions, (28 °C day/21 °C night temperatures, 14 hours daylight). In the

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S357
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

first experiment, the bud wood (‘Valencia’ sweet orange) and 32% for any given treatment combination. Additionally, root-
liner trees were subjected to two treatments consisting of no N ing percentages did not differ among cutting dates. In 2010, a
application and 150 mL of 200 mg·L–1 N solution per tree per second study with four replications of five cuttings was con-
week for 12 weeks before budding. Budding was performed to ducted with two cutting collection dates (June and September),
get four total treatment combinations as follows: N sufficient and three K-IBA auxin concentrations of 0, 10000, and 20000
budded on N sufficient (N+/N+), N deficient on N sufficient mg·L–1. The two cutting collection dates corresponded to two
(N–/N+), N sufficient on N deficient (N+/N–) and N deficient on shoot tip cutting types, softwood (June) and semi-hardwood
N deficient (N–/N–). The nitrogen application treatments were (September). For softwood cuttings, the application of auxin
continued post-budding. In the second experiment, the trees were improved rooting success versus the control from 0% to 60%
subjected to two treatments: to one set 150 mL of 200 mg·L–1 N and 75% for 10000 and 20000 mg·L–1, respectively. Rooting of
solution was applied daily for 8 days, while no N was applied to semi-hardwood cuttings was improved to 40% and 45%. There
the second set. Trees were destructively harvested for 5 consecu- was no statistical difference between the two high concentra-
tive days from each treatment for xylem sap extraction. After 5 tions for both cutting types. For all rooted cuttings, softwood
days, the trees under both treatments were further subdivided cuttings showed a greater root length (4.83 cm, length of longest
into two categories: half of trees from N+ were moved to N– and root) compared to semi-hardwood cuttings (1.82 cm). These
half remained in N+, and vice versa, resulting in four categories: data indicate the necessity of supplemental auxin in rooting I.
N+ to N+, N+ trees moved to N–, N– to N– and N– trees moved to polycarpa cuttings and that softwood cuttings are preferable
N+. The extracted xylem sap was analyzed for cytokinin content. versus semi-hardwood cuttings.
The results show that N deprivation decreased leaf chlorophyll Specified Source(s) of Funding: Longwood Gardens
content by 26%, while N application increased it by 28.6% in
respective treatments. The whole plant nitrogen content (% dry
weight) was also significantly higher in N+ trees. As a result, the (334) Clonal Propagation of Stem Cuttings
N sufficient trees also had significantly higher net photosynthetic of Spigelia Marilandica, S. Gentianoides
rate than the N deprived trees. The bud survival rate, bud break, var. alabamensis, and S. Marilandica x S.
and scion growth all were positively influenced by N application. gentianoides var. alabamensis F2 and F3 Hybrids
The N sufficient trees had higher endogenous cytokinin levels
before budding, at the time of budding and at unwrapping, but Amanda J. Hershberger
not 6 weeks after unwrapping when the scions were growing. The University of Georgia, Griffin; [email protected]
second experiment showed no significant changes in endogenous Carol D. Robacker*
cytokinin levels with N application over 5 days. Georgia Station, University of Georgia, Griffin; croback@
Specified Source(s) of Funding: FNGLA uga.edu
New clonally propagated ornamental cultivars must display
(333) The Effect of Auxin on Vegetative high levels of rooting success in order to be commercially vi-
Propagation of Idesia polycarpa Maxim able. Spigelia marilandica (L.) and S. gentianoides Chapm. ex
Barrett Wilson A. DC. var. alabamensis K. Gould are species endemic to the
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; bwilson@ southeastern United States that show potential for development
longwoodgardens.org of cultivars for landscape use. The objectives of this study were
to determine whether cutting date, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
Matthew D. Taylor* level, and genotype impacted rooting percentage, root num-
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; mtaylor@ ber, and root length in Spigelia. Stem cuttings were obtained
longwoodgardens.org from five genotypes of S. marilandica (SM), one genotype
Idesia polycarpais a deciduous ornamental tree with 10–20 cm of S. gentianoides var. alabamensis (SGA), three genotypes
panicles of yellow-green flowers in spring and summer turning of SM x SGA F2 hybrids, and two genotypes of SM x SGA F3
to orange-red berries in fall and winter. There is no recent docu- hybrids. IBA level significantly affected rooting percentage and
mentation of vegetative propagation protocols for I. polycarpa. root number, but not root length of the genotypes. The SM x
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SGA F2 and F3 hybrids successfully rooted through all months
different harvest dates and auxin concentration combinations evaluated, while SM and SGA genotypes exhibited a decline
on rooting of shoot tip cuttings. In 2009, cuttings were collected in rooting in cuttings taken in September. Results suggest that
at nine dates between June and August. At each collection date, SM and SGA may be successfully propagated by treating stem
five replications of five softwood cuttings were treated with cuttings taken in May, June, July, or August with 0.3% IBA.
three K-IBA auxin concentrations of 0, 5000, and 10000 mg·L–1 Cuttings of SM x SGA hybrids can be taken through Septem-
giving a total of 25 cuttings per treatment. Increases in K-IBA ber. These protocols provide a basis for rapid propagation of
up to 10000 mg·L–1 resulted in higher rooting percentages for Spigelia and may provide a foundation for other species and
most collection dates, though rooting percentage did not exceed hybrids within the genus.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S358 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(335) Micropropagation of Ostrya virginiana United States, usually as an understory tree. It grows in USDA
(Mill.) K. Koch hardiness zones 3–9. American hophornbeam is commercially
propagated only through seed, with no clonal propagation
Juan R. Franco Coronado* methods reported within the species. Currently, American
North Dakota State University, Fargo; juan. hophornbeam seed requires 60 days of warm stratification fol-
[email protected] lowed by 120–140 days of cold stratification. The purpose of
Todd P. West this study was to determine if seed dormancy could be overcome
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] in vitro using gibberellic acid (GA3). Seed was collected from
the accession lines located at the North Dakota State University
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch (American Hophornbeam) is
Horticulture Research Farm during late fall. A 6 x 2 factorial
a member of Betulaceae and is primarily found in the eastern
experiment was used with GA3 concentrations at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0,
United States. It grows in USDA hardiness zones 3–9. American
2.5, or 5 μM. The second factor was light vs. dark. MS basal
hophornbeam is an underutilized ornamental landscape tree,
medium was used supplemented with 3.0% sucrose and 0.8%
which resulted from commercial clonal propagation limitations
agar. Seed grown in light was incubated approximately 30 cm
and its slower growth. American hophornbeam has desirable
beneath cool white fluorescent lamps that provide a photon
ornamental features including exfoliating bark and unique
flux of approximately 40 μmol·m–2·s–1 for a 16-h photoperiod at
fruit clusters that resemble fruit of hops. Currently, American
25 ± 3 °C. Seed grown in the dark was incubated at 25 ± 3°C.
Hophornbeam is seed propagated, with no clonal propagation
Seed was left in the treatment medium for 7 weeks, at which
reported within the species. Lacking clonal propagation has
time they were evaluated for germination. Seed was considered
limited superior selections from being made and utilized with
germinated if the radicle or hypocotyl emerging from the seed
this species. The objective of this study was to develop a micro-
coat was ≥ 5mm. Initial results indicate the presences of GA3
propagation protocol by evaluating nutrient salt formulations and
under no light conditions is needed for germination of American
plant growth regulator concentrations for establishment, shoot
hophornbeam seed. As the concentration of GA3 increases, so
proliferation, and root initiation in vitro. Factorial combinations
do germination rates. Further research needs to be conducted
of thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations (0, 0.05, or 0.10 μM) in
ex vitro on non-stratified seed of O. virginiana to determine if
conjunction with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) concentrations (0,
gibberellic acid could be utilized by commercial seed propagators
2, 4 μM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0,
to significantly reduce the long stratification period.
0.5, 0.10 μM) were compared to determine which plant growth
regulator combination(s) would stimulate the proliferation of (337) Development of Cutting Propagation
the most viable axillary shoots. In combination, five nutrient
salt formulations (MS, DKW, LP, or WPM) ranging from high
Techniques of Deutzia amurensia
to low salt formulations were studied to determine a suitable Wei He
nutrient salt formulation for axillary shoot proliferation. Nodal Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450008;
explants that were 2 cm in length were used to initiate cultures [email protected]
and were maintained on the various medium treatments plus 3.0%
Xinjian Wang
sucrose and 0.7% agar at a pH of 5.8. Explants were incubated
Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450008;
approximately 30 cm beneath cool-white fluorescent lamps
[email protected]
that provide a photon flux of approximately 40 μmol·m–2·s–1
for a 16-h photoperiod at 25 ± 3 °C. Initial results indicate that Yunde Tan
high nutrient salt formulations, combined with high cytokinins Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou,450008; yatan.
performed better at axillary shoot initiation. Poor shoot elonga- [email protected]
tion was observed and further research needs to be performed Hongxu Long*
to address this issue. Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
(336) In Vitro Germination of Ostrya virginiana University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004;
(Mill.) K. Koch using Gibberellic Acid as a [email protected]
Substitute for Overcoming Seed Dormancy Donglin Zhang
Juan R. Franco Coronado* University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
North Dakota State University, Fargo; juan. Lin Zhang
[email protected] Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Todd P. West Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected] University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004;
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (American hophornbeam) is [email protected]
a member of Betulaceae and is primarily found in the eastern Deutzia amurensia is an important ornamental shrub with

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S359
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

important medicinal and economic value. In this study, a five- maxima x C. moschata ‘Carnivor’) rootstock seed were sown
factor (types of cuttings, types and concentrations of rooting in subsequent weekly plantings to achieve rootstock ages of
hormones, treatment duration, and types of rooting media) and 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after fatty alcohol application. All rootstocks
four-level orthogonal experiment was conducted using soft- were grafted using Tri-X 313 scion. The age of the scion was the
wood cuttings and hardwood cuttings of Deutzia amurensia. same for all rootstock types, and the grafting was done on the
The results indicated that the 2-year-old hardwood cuttings same day using the one-cotyledon grafting method. Two weeks
treated with NAA at 500 mg·L–1 solution for 90 seconds and after grafting, the percentage of healed grafts, scion fresh and
rooted in perlite produced the better rooting percentage of dry weights, percent rooting, root length density (RLD), surface
60.5% and had better survival rate at 89.5%. The treatments area (SA), and number of forks were measured. Significant ef-
were significant and the highest survival rate was 47.4% higher fects of scion and rooting characteristics were observed over
than that of the control. The four-year-old hardwood cuttings changes in rootstock age after fatty alcohol treatment.
produced the lowest survival rate at 82.1%. The rooting percent-
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Development of Grafting
age decreased with increasing age of hardwood cuttings, i.e.,
Technology to Improve Sustainability and Competitiveness
2-year-old cuttings had the highest rooting percentage (60.5%),
of the U.S. Fruiting Vegetable Industry project - USDA SCRI
followed by 3-year-old cuttings (39.6%), and 4-year-old cuttings
PROJECT NO. 2011-51181-30963
(13.8%). The rooting percentage and survival rate of softwood
cuttings on Deutzia amurensia were higher than those of hard-
wood cuttings. The softwood cuttings treated with GGR of Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
1000 mg·L–1 solution for 90 seconds and rooted in vermiculite
produced the highest rooting percentage and the highest sur- Seed and Stand Establishment
vival rate. The highest rooting percentage, 98.3%, was 1.36
times higher than that of the control. The highest survival rate, (245) Evaluation of Seed Treatments for Sweet
95.8%, was 42.4% higher than that of the control. In addition, Corn at Sixteen Locations in the United States
the survival rate and the rooting percentage of the softwood
Carrie H. Wohleb*
cuttings did not decrease with hormone treatment duration and
Washington State University, Ephrata; [email protected]
concentrations reached 90 seconds and 1000 mg·L–1. Deutzia
amurensia should be regenerated using softwood cuttings during The Seed Treatment Committee of the International Sweet Corn
busy growing season. Altermatively, 2-year-old hardwood cut- Development Association (ISCDA) organizes a multi-location
tings with hormone treatment could be rooted for commercial seed treatment trial every year. Researchers at locations across the
production. U.S. evaluate the selected treatments for their effect on seedling
stand establishment and vigor. Eighteen seed treatments and a
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Special Foundation for Forestry
nontreated control were evaluated in 2012 using a single seed
Scientific Research in the Public Interest (200904024)
lot of the sweet corn hybrid, Super Sweet Jubilee (sh2) (warm
germination 84%, cold germination 70%). The seed treatments
(338) Rootstock Age Affects Grafting Ability and
included mixtures of conventional, experimental, or organic fun-
Rootstock Re-rooting of Grafted Watermelon gicides, and many included seed enhancements and insecticides.
Transplants The treatments were sponsored by five seed treatment companies.
Shawna Daley* Additionally, two standard seed treatment mixtures and an or-
Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected] ganic treatment were selected by the committee. Sixteen sets of
treated seed were sent to cooperating researchers at locations in
Richard L. Hassell seven states (FL, ID, IL, MN, NY, WA, and WI). Experimental
Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected] design was a randomized complete-block with four replications.
Regrowth from the rootstock of a grafted watermelon com- Planting dates ranged from February to September. Stand counts
petes with the scion for nutrients and sunlight, and could cause and vigor assessments were recorded at the 5–6 leaf stage. Data
yield loss and scion abortion. Control of regrowth is costly from each location were subjected to ANOVA and means were
and labor-intensive. Fatty alcohol treatment of the meristem separated using the Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Differ-
is a useful technology that prevents rootstock regrowth, thus ence (P = 0.05). Data from each location were then combined
reducing overall transplant costs. During a three-week period in a summary across locations, and analyzed with ANOVA and
after treatment, rootstock carbohydrates increase while plant a comparison of the combined treatment means. The nontreated
growth is prevented. This increase could provide needed energy control and Treatment 12 (Organic Quick Roots) resulted in the
to improve graft healing of the scion and encourage rootstock smallest stand counts when averaged across locations, 47% and
re-rooting. A greenhouse grafting experiment was conducted to 49% respectively. It should be noted, however, that Treatment 12
determine the effect of rootstock age after fatty alcohol treat- did not include a fungicide, but was an organic seed enhancement
ment on graft healing and re-rooting. Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria product. Treatment 19 (Organic Champ Formula 2) also resulted
siceraria ‘Macis’) and Interspecific Hybrid Squash (Cucurbita in significantly smaller stand counts compared to the other seed

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S360 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

treatments, only 54% when average across locations. However, At 25 °C (dark), seed from all cultivars presented a significant
Treatment 19 resulted in a significantly larger stand count com- reduction in germination (lower than 3% for control treatments),
pared to the nontreated control in the summary across locations. but photoblasticity was reduced in seed from PPF (10% to 21%
The other seed treatments resulted in mean stand counts ranging germination) and PPF+FL (18% to 31% germination) treatments.
from 68% to 75% when averaged across locations. Overall, At 30 °C (light) only ‘Tango’ seed had germination over 95%,
these treatments performed comparably to the two standard seed with no difference among treatments; in ‘Gallega’, seed from
treatment mixtures in the trial. The treatment resulting in the PPF and PPF+FL treatments germinated around 50%, while the
largest stand count when averaged across locations was Treat- control did 29%. ‘Pyramid Cos’ germination at 30 °C (dark) was
ment 17 (Metlock, Sebring, Rizolex, AP2, Signet, Captan, and between 4.7% (control) and 13.7% (PPF+FL), but differences
Nipsit Inside) with a significantly larger stand count compared were not significant. At 30 °C (dark), seed from all cultivars
to all other treatments, except for Treatment 3 (Captan, Thiram, and treatments germinated no more than 5%; the only excep-
Dividend Extreme, Apron, Vitavax) and Treatment 10 (Maxim tion was seed from the PPF+FL treatment in ‘Tango’, where
Quattro, Apron, Avicta Duo). A complete list of treatments, stand germination was 24.3%.
count results, and vigor results will be presented. Specified Source(s) of Funding: Project financed by Fondecyt
# 11100122, from Conicyt, Chile.
(246) The Use of a Photoselective Film during
Lettuce Seed Production for Improving (247) Delayed Seeding of Muskmelon (Cucumis
Germinability melo) following Spring Brassica Cover Crop
Samuel Contreras* Incorporation Improves Seedling Emergence
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; Aaron Yoder*
[email protected] Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Paloma Segura Mathieu Ngouajio
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
[email protected]
The benefits associated with cover cropping stand to enhance
Previous studies suggested that modifying red to far red (R:FR) vegetable production through a variety of well-documented
ratio of maternal environment during lettuce seed development mechanisms. Although cover crops (CCs) have been shown
represents a practical alternative to reduce thermoinhibition (re- to improve nutrient cycling, reduce soil erosion, and decrease
duction of germination at high temperatures) and photoblasticity certain soil borne diseases, some CCs have been shown to reduce
(light requirement for germination) in seeds. The objective of emergence and stand establishment of both direct seeded and
this work was to evaluate the effect on seed quality of using transplanted cash crops following their incorporation. Bras-
a photoselective polyethylene film (PPF) during lettuce seed sica family CCs have shown a particular tendency to reduce
production. Seed of three lettuce cultivars (‘Tango’, ‘Pyramid emergence due to the production of glucosinolate hydrolysis
Cos’, and ‘Gallega de Invierno’) was produced 1.44 m2 cages products following incorporation. It is hypothesized that these
representing one of these treatments: i) control, covered with inhibitory effects are reduced over time following CC incorpo-
conventional polyethylene film; b) PPF, covered with a PPF ration. The goals of this project were to (i) identify safe plant-
(Solatrol®, bpi.visqueen Horticultural Products); and c) PPF+FL, back periods for sensitive crops after CC incorporation and (ii)
covered with the same PPF plus permanent fluorescent light. evaluate the impact of planting date on muskmelon yields and
Inside the cages, the R:FR ratio during the day averaged 1.0 quality. Experimental field plots were established at the South-
for the control and 1.5 for the PPF and PPF+FL treatments. west Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC) in
Additionally, during the night the PPF+FL treatment has a R:FR Benton Harbor, MI. Six CCs were seeded at standard rates and
ratio of 3.2. Photosynthetically active radiation varied among included: oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus ‘Defender’), Oriental
days and time hours, but was similar for the three treatments. mustard (Brassica juncea ‘Forge’ and ‘Pacific Gold’), yellow
Plants of each cultivar were cultivated in pots filled with a mustard (Sinapis alba ‘Ida Gold’), oat (Avena sativa ‘Excel’),
soilless media, watered daily and fertilized once per week. At and a no cover control. Oat was used as a non-Brassica control.
bolting, three plants per cultivar were randomly assigned to a Following incorporation, C. melo cv. ‘Athena’ was seeded at
cage of one of the treatments. There were 6 replications (cages) 5-day intervals beginning with day 0 (immediately following
per treatment in a completely randomized design. Seed harvest incorporation) and ending with day 30. Crop emergence was
was performed manually. Seed germination was evaluated at 20, recorded in each plot 15 days after seeding; muskmelon yields
25 and 30 °C in light and darkness. At 20 °C and 25 °C (light), and fruit quality data were collected and evaluated by analysis
seed from all cultivars germinated near 100% and there were of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Tukey’s
no significant difference among treatments. However, at 20 °C multiple comparison test (P ≤ 05). The results of the time se-
(dark), seed from ‘Tango’ presented a significant reduction in ries analysis indicate that the optimal plant back period may be
germination (5.4%), problem that was alleviated by PPF and between 10 and 15 days after incorporation (DAI) depending
PPF+FL treatments (41.9 and 67.5% germination, respectively). on the CC. There did not seem to be a clear difference between

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S361
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

the inhibitory effects among Brassica and non-Brassica CCs Results indicate potential suppressiveness of both Pythium
suggesting that the observed inhibition might be less related to and Rhizoctonia in greenhouse substrates amended with PWC
Brassica allelochemicals than originally thought. Marketable but further screenings with floriculture crops is needed. Future
melon yields were greatest for the 5 DAI planting and declined investigations are also needed to assess how disease occurrence
(along with fruit quality) the longer planting was delayed. These may change with varying rates of PWC aggregates.
results indicate that while a longer waiting period is desired to
maximize crop emergence following CC incorporation, musk-
melon yields can be compromised when the growing season is Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
narrow as it is in the upper Midwest.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Ceres Trust
Vegetable Breeding
(364) Evaluation of Lettuce Germplasm for
(248) Bioassay of Pythium and Rhizoctonia in a
Response to Bacterial Leaf Spot
Peat-based Substrate Amended with Pine Wood
Chip Aggregates Huangjun Lu*
University of Florida, Belle Glade; [email protected]
W. Garrett Owen
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] Richard Raid
University of Florida, Belle Glade; [email protected]
Brian Jackson*
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@ A new method was developed for evaluation of lettuce germplasm
ncsu.edu for response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, the patho-
gen of bacterial leaf spot disease of lettuce. This method has the
William C. Fonteno characteristics of 1) allowing a large number of lettuce plants to
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@ be tested at a time in a small space, 2) maintaining high humidity
ncsu.edu that is favorable for disease establishment and development, 3)
D. Michael Benson using one application of inoculum that eliminates the potential
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected] confounding effects caused by multiple inoculations used in other
methods, and 4) saving time because the testing is completed in
Substrates used for the production of horticultural crops vary in
a short period of time (6–7 weeks). Sixty nine germplasm lines
their occurrence and severity of root rot diseases. A bioassay of
and ten commercial cultivars representing crisphead, romaine,
two common soil-borne pathogens was conducted on peat-based
and butterhead lettuce were evaluated using this method. There
substrates amended with either 20% perlite or 20% pine wood
were no lines exhibiting resistance stronger than ‘Little Gem’, the
chips (PWC) to determine disease severity. The PWC were pro-
resistant control, however, several lines did not differ significantly
duced by chipping freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus
from ‘Little Gem’ for disease severity. All commercial cultivars
taeda) and hammer milling through a 6.35-mm screen. Pythium
were susceptible or moderately susceptible to X. c. vitians. In
ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani were cultured and inoculated
this study, ‘Little Gem’ was only moderately resistant. Our study
separately via pulverized rice grains into both substrates. Pythium
demonstrated that high resistance to bacterial leaf spot is rare
was inoculated at the rate of 0.1 g/L substrate and Rhizoctonia
in lettuce. Screening additional germplasm for high resistance
was inoculated at the rate of 0.05 g/L substrate. Uninoculated
is under the way in our laboratory.
controls of each substrate were also evaluated. Containers (1.3
L) were filled with each substrate and 10 cucumber (Cucumuis
sativus ‘Straight Eight’) seeds were evenly spaced and direct
(365) Genetic Study of the Banded Cucumber
sown in the containers at a depth of 1 cm. Disease severity was Beetle Resistance in Romaine Lettuce Cultivar
assessed on each seedling 17 days after planting using the fol- Valmaine
lowing scale: 1) healthy vigorous seeding; 2) seedling emerged Huangjun Lu*
but stunted; 3) seedling emerged and diseased; and 4) seedling University of Florida, Belle Glade; [email protected]
dead or did not germinate. Ratings of all seedlings were then
averaged within each treatment. Disease severity ratings were Ramkrishna Kandel
similar in uninoculated controls of both perlite (1.13) and PWC University of Florida, Belle Glade; [email protected]
(1.08) amended substrates, which indicate no increased disease Gregg Nuessly
occurrence/introduction from the fresh PWC component. Disease University of Florida, Belle Glade; [email protected]
severity rating of Pythium was highest in the perlite amended
substrate (3.05) compared to the PWC amended substrate (1.20). Heather McAuslane
The PWC rating (1.20) was similar to the uninoculated controls. University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Disease severity rating of Rhizoctonia was highest in perlite The romaine lettuce cultivar Valmaine has resistance to banded
amended substrates (2.94) compared to the PWC amended cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), serpentine leafminer
substrate (2.58) demonstrating slight disease suppressiveness. (Liriomyza trifolii), Trichoplusia ni, and Spodoptera exigua,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S362 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

which makes it a highly valuable germplasm for development of its original material of NMSU 07-53-1 and susceptible check
new resistant cultivars and for genetic studies of the multi-insect Vaquero at week 25 after sowing. NMSU 10-785, NMSU 10-
resistance. A lettuce population was developed for analysis of 799, and NMSU 10-813 all had a significantly lower disease
inheritance of the banded cucumber beetle resistance by cross- severity from its original materials, NMSU 07-32-2, NMSU
ing ‘Valmaine’ with ‘Okeechobee’. The F1 progeny performed 07-52-1, and NMSU 07-53-1, respectively, along with from the
similarly as ‘Valmaine’ in response to foliar feeding of the beetle. susceptible checks, ‘Rumba’ and ‘Vaquero’ at 21 weeks after
Of 97 F2 plants evaluated for response to foliar feeding of beetles, sowing. NMSU 10-785 had a lower disease incidence from its
69 were resistant and 28 were susceptible. The chi-square (c2) original material, NMSU 07-32-2, and the susceptible check,
test for the 3 resistance : 1 susceptibility ratio was 0.77 with a ‘Rumba’ at week 17 after sowing. No significant differences
P value of 0.38. In partial F3 families segregating for the beetle among different entries were observed for thrips count, IYS
resistance, a total of 90 plants exhibited resistance and a total disease severity and incidence at two out of three intervals after
of 23 plants were susceptible. The chi-square (c2) test for the 3 data evaluation. On the whole, some progress was observed in
resistance : 1 susceptibility ratio was 1.30 (P = 0.25). The results some of the improved populations for better resistance for thrips
indicate that a single dominant gene is responsible for the banded and IYS after one selection cycle.
cucumber beetle resistance in ‘Valmaine’. Due to the nature of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was funded by the
single gene inheritance, this banded cucumber beetle resistance
USDA-CSREES Specialty Crop Research Initiative, grant award
should be readily transferable into adapted cultivars. A genetic
2008-51180-04875, the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment
mapping study is underway to identify molecular markers for
Station, and the New Mexico Dry Onion Commission.
use in marker-assisted selection.

(366) Measuring Selection Progress in Onion (367) Screening of Cucumber Plant Introduction
Germplasm after One Selection Cycle for Accessions for Resistance to Phytophthora
Reduced Iris Yellow Spot Symptom Expression capsici
Christopher S. Cramer* Marivi Colle
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; cscramer@ Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
nmsu.edu Elizabeth Straley
Neel Kamal Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; nkamal@nmsu. Sue A. Hammar
edu Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) cause huge
Rebecca Grumet*
adverse qualitative and quantitative losses to onion bulb and
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
seed production throughout the world. An increased resistance
to several insecticides by onion thrips along with elevated costs Fruit rot in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) caused by Phytoph-
of pesticide sprays restricts onion grower’s options to effectively thora capsici is a major concern in cucumber growing areas in
control thrips population and IYSV. Due to the absence of resis- the country. To screen for resistance to P. capsici, the cucumber
tant cultivars to thrips and IYSV; the objective of this study was plant introduction (PI) collection from North Central Regional
to find if any progress was made in onion germplasm for thrips Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IA (1,025 PIs), was grown in
and IYSV resistance after selection was performed. Plants with a non-replicated trial at the Horticulture Teaching and Research
fewer Iris yellow spot (IYS) disease symptoms were selected Center, MSU. Approximately half of the accessions were tested
in Summer 2009 and self-pollinated in the following year to in 2011 and the remainder in 2012. The detached fruit method
produce seed. In Oct. 2011, IYSV-infected bulbs were placed by Gevens et al. (2006) was used to screen the PI accessions but
on the first and last bed of the study and at the front and back with some modifications. To increase the ability to screen larger
borders to obtain maximum exposure of thrips and IYSV to the number of fruits and to avoid manifestation of resistance due
test plots. In addition, to act as disease spreader rows, IYSV- to age-related resistance (ARR), young fruits (approximately
susceptible cultivar, NuMex Dulce, was sown in Autumn 2011 4 dpp) were evaluated and zoospore suspension, instead of
after every two rows of the test plots. The original and selected agar plugs, was used as inoculum. Five to ten fruits of each
onion germplasm were evaluated in 2012. Data were collected PI accession were surface sterilized and inoculated with 30ul
on number of onion thrips per plant from 10 plants per plot at zoospore suspension with a concentration of 1 x 105 zoospores/
three times 4 weeks apart, starting at 17 weeks after sowing. mL. Symptom development on each fruit was monitored daily
Plants were rated for IYS severity based on a rating scale of for five days after inoculation. The disease rating used was in
0–4 at three intervals, starting at 17 weeks after sowing and 4 a scale of 1–9 with 1 as no symptoms and 9 for tissue collapse.
weeks apart. To confirm the presence of IYSV in plants through Disease development in response to P. capsici infection showed
ELISA, leaf samples from 10 plants in each plot were collected. variation in symptoms across the PIs, and examples include: no
NMSU 10-807 had a significantly fewer number of thrips from symptom, water soaking, water soaking with necrosis, exten-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S363
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

sive water soaking with necrosis, mycelial growth or both with 0 indicated no symptoms and 4 represented more than 50% of
necrosis and mycelial growth, tissue collapse with or without leaf tissue was necrotic. NMSU 10-575-1, which possessed
mycelial growth. Three trends of disease development were waxy, bluish green leaves, exhibited significantly fewer thrips
observed among the PIs. Fruits were either highly susceptible, at 15 weeks when compared to its original population. NMSU
exhibited delayed symptoms, or showed potential resistance to 10-577-1 and NMSU 10-582-1 did not exhibit any reduction in
P. capsici after 5 days post inoculation (dpi). The majority of the thrips number, but showed significant less IYS severity when
PIs tested exhibited high susceptibility to the pathogen. The mean compared to their original populations. NMSU 10-575-1 and
rating for the population was 7.1. The susceptible commercial NMSU 10-577-1 exhibited less severe symptoms when compared
variety Vlaspik had a mean rating of 8.0. In our initial screen to ‘Rumba’. The results from this evaluation suggest that the
through the collection, a small number of accessions includ- progress can be made toward the development of cultivars with
ing several from India and Turkey showed delayed symptom reduced IYS symptoms.
development compared to the rest of the PIs tested. These PIs
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was funded by the
are now being retested. One accession from Turkey (PI175693)
USDA-CSREES Specialty Crop Research Initiative, grant award
has consistently showed reduced susceptibility to the pathogen
after two seasons of screening of young fruits collected from 2008-51180-04875, the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment
the field and one in the greenhouse with a mean of 3.58 at 5dpi, Station, and the New Mexico Dry Onion Commission.
showing localized necrosis at the point of inoculation. Based on
this initial screening, there are possible sources of resistance to
(369) Participatory Evaluation of Broccoli
P. capsici for future cucumber breeding programs. Varieties Grown under Organic Conditions in
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–SCRI, Pickle Seed Western North Carolina
Research Fund Emily R. Bernstein
North Carolina State University, Mills River; Emily_
(368) Selection Progress for Reduced Iris Yellow [email protected]
Spot Symptom Expression in Onion
Jeanine M. Davis*
Narinder Singh* North Carolina State University, Mills River; jeanine_
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; narinder@nmsu. [email protected]
edu In 2012 we initiated a participatory broccoli (Brassica oleracea)
Christopher S. Cramer variety screening to identify varieties best adapted to the climate
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; cscramer@ and organic farming systems of western North Carolina. The study
nmsu.edu was established in the Organic Research Unit on the Mountain
Onion thrips and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) are two major Research Station in Waynesville, NC. Practices and products
pests of onions worldwide for which host plant resistance is used were in accordance with the USDA National Organic
absent. In Summer 2009, plants with fewer Iris yellow spot Program. Seven organic farmers selected 19 standard heading
(IYS) disease symptoms were selected from plant introduction type varieties and nine unusual varieties (romenesco, rapini, and
accessions and the resulting progeny were evaluated in Summer sprouting types) to be included in the trial. They also selected
2012. These selected lines were compared with their respective 16 traits to be evaluated for the wholesale and retail markets.
original population and ‘Rumba’ to see if any progress had been Transplants were set into raised beds with white-on-black plastic
made for reduced thrips number and IYS symptom expression. mulch with drip-irrigation. Research staff rated the broccoli
In order to ensure that every plant in the field screening had the throughout the season. At a summer workshop in the middle of
potential to be infected with IYSV, the experiment was design the harvest season, 50 growers used a small group consensus
with the spread of thrips and IYSV in mind. In Oct. 2011, border process to rate the test plots for quality and market acceptability.
rows were planted with thrips-containing onion bulbs selected A blind taste test was also conducted. It was a stressful growing
from the previous year’s IYSV study. Spreader rows were sown season because of high heat conditions early in the season and
at the same time with a known IYS susceptible cultivar. Plants of extensive rains that resulted in flooding in the test area. In this
the test entries were transplanted in Mar. 2012. As bulbs of the first year, a number of the varieties tested produced higher yields,
border rows flowered, thrips and IYSV moved to the plants of more marketable heads, and better tasting broccoli than did the
the spreader rows. When those plants matured, thrips moved to standard variety Packman. The Oregon State University (OSU)
the test plants and moved the virus from the periphery of the field West Coast and East Coast participatory populations and ‘Arca-
to the interior. The number of thrips per plant was determined dia’ performed the best on head color. None of the varieties had
from 10 plants/plot at 9, 12, and 15 weeks after transplanting a pronounced dome shaped head. The varieties Bay Meadows,
(WAT). Since thrips exhibit feeding differences based upon Gypsy, and Belstar all performed in the top five for both bead
leaf color and epicuticular wax amounts, plants were rated for uniformity and head smoothness, indicating they were the most
leaf color and waxiness at 9 WAT. At 12, 14, 16, and 18 WAT, heat tolerant of the varieties studied. Growers rated the OSU
plants were rated on a scale of 0 to 4 for disease severity, where East Coast Population as their favorite. Scientists rated ‘Bay

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S364 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Meadows’ as having the best quality. In general, growers rated ture. Murine hepatoma cell lines (Hepa1c1c7, American Type
the varieties as more marketable than the researchers did. In Culture Collection) were used to measure quinone reductase
taste tests, the varieties Belstar, Batavia, Bay Meadows, and the (QR) activity. Broccoli extracts were incubated with Hepa1c1c7
OSU West Coast participatory population all were more likely cell in 96 wells plate and then, after 24 hour incubation, QR
to be purchased than Packman based on flavor. ‘Green Goliath’ activity measured. Triplicates of QR induction ratios were
yielded the greatest. Despite having close to the lowest yield, generated for each of 2 field replicates for a total of six QR
the OSU East Coast participatory population had the most side- data/line. The average of these scores were used to generate a
shoots. Across all traits ‘Bay Meadows’, ‘Batavia’, ‘Belstar’, phenotypic QR activity score for each line. A recently generated,
the OSU West Coast and East Coast participatory populations highly saturated SNP based map of this population was used
outranked ‘Packman’, in that order. Out of the unusual varieties, to identify 4 significant QTL associated with QR activity. The
Tipoff romenesco, Atlantis, and Purple Peacock were the best most significant of these QTLs co-segregate with a major QTL
performing varieties. This study is a complimentary study to the for glucoraphanin variability in the population and maps to the
Developing an Eastern Broccoli Industry project. GSL-ELONG locus on chromosome 2. The relationship between
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Organic Farming Research QR activity and other potential health promoting compounds
Foundation in broccoli is further illustrated through the use of partial least
square regression (PLS-R) model utilizing phytochemicals.
(370) QTL Mapping for Quinone Reductase Glucoraphanin, sulfur, gluconapin, and aliphatic glucosinolate
were the most important variables to construct PLS-R model
Activity in Broccoli with Hepa1c1c7 Cell Lines
to predict QR activity. The results demonstrate the efficacy
Kang Mo Ku of utilizing plant populations segregating for multiple phyto-
Dept. of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana; chemicals and nutrients for identifying factors that contribute
[email protected] to health related bioactivity.
Gad G. Yousef*
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural
(371) Differential Response of Taro (Colocasia
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State esculenta) Cultivars to Taro Leaf Blight
University, Kannapolis; [email protected] Susan C. Miyasaka*
Ivette Guzman University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected]
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural Michael Shintaku
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected]
University, Kannapolis; [email protected]
Heather Kimball
Michael A. Grusak University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Dept.
of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Kurt Lamour
[email protected] The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a non-graminaceous monocot
Elizabeth Jeffery
consumed primarily for its starchy corm. It is a major staple crop
Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of
in the Pacific, and is grown widely in the Caribbean, Africa, and
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; [email protected]
Asia. A major disease that threatens the sustainability of taro
John A. Juvik is Taro Leaf Blight (TLB) caused by the oomycete pathogen
Dept. of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana; Phytophthora colocasiae. Two methods were used to determine
[email protected] TLB resistance within the taro germplasm: a) field evaluation
Eric W. Jackson at five months after planting based on naturally-occurring epi-
General Mills Crop Biosciences, Kannapolis, NC; Eric. demics of TLB; and b) excised leaf assay that challenges leaf
[email protected] disks with zoospores of P. colocasiae. Using both methods,
resistance to TLB has been found within the taro germplasm.
Allan F. Brown We hand-pollinated two taro cultivars that appeared to be TLB-
Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Horticultural resistant based on the field assay. Then, we challenged 76 of the
Science, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State resulting progeny using the excised leaf assay with zoospores
University, Kannapolis; [email protected] of two strains of TLB that were isolated from the Island of Ha-
Floret tissue from 125 F2:3 broccoli families derived from the waii. Interestingly, individual progeny responded differentially
cross ‘VI-158 x Brocolette Neri E. Cespuglio (BNC)’ was har- to two strains of P. colocasiae (HPA1 and HPE1), with some
vested in 2009. Tissue was freeze-dried and stored in the dark resistant to both strains, some resistant to strain HPA1 only,
at –80 until use. Distilled water was added to floret tissue (50 some resistant to strain HPE1 only, and some susceptible to
mg/mL) and auto-hydrolyzed for 24 hours in room tempera- both strains. Correlation between TLB resistance to each strain

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S365
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

was positive and significant (P = 0.001); however there was ing of a worldwide collection of Pfs is currently underway. In
no significant correlation between normalized TLB resistance addition, efforts continue to develop markers linked to the six
in either excised leaf assay and that based on field evaluation Pfs resistance loci, RPF1-RPF6.
of these same progeny. Further studies are being conducted to
determine whether: 1) additional strains of P. colocasiae are (373) A Promising Breeding Strategy for
present at the site where the field evaluation was conducted; 2) Improving Tuber Quality in Chipping Potatoes
numbers of zoospores differ between the laboratory assay and
the field; or 3) there are other critical factors involved in field- Cinthya Zorrilla
based TLB resistance (e.g., orientation of leaf blades) that are University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
not assayed under laboratory conditions. Felix Navarro
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA Tropical Subtropical University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
Agricultural Research (T-STAR) program Sandra E. Vega
University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
(372) Managing Downy Mildew of Spinach: A
Jiwan P. Palta*
Genomics-based Approach University of Wisconsin, Madison; [email protected]
James C. Correll* Tuber internal quality is a major limiting factor for the U.S.
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] potato industry. Breeding efforts have produced varieties with
Burton H. Bluhm improved processing traits such as ‘Atlantic’ but this variety
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] lacks of desirable internal quality. In-season fertilization with
]The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] calcium is known to result in an increase in tuber calcium, im-
proved internal quality, and lower incidence of tuber internal
Steven T. Koike defects, bruise susceptibility, and reduced storage rot. Significant
University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas, genetic variation was found for tuber calcium content among the
CA; [email protected] major U.S. potato cultivars, and ‘Superior’ has been the highest
Lindsey du Toit calcium accumulator among the chipping varieties. Our studies
Washington State University, Mount Vernon; [email protected] aimed to investigate the genetic potential for improving internal
quality of ‘Atlantic’ type by increasing tuber calcium content.
D. Neil McRoberts
Therefore, reciprocal populations were generated by crossing
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ in order to study the genetics of tuber
Chunda Feng quality traits and select varieties with chipping quality similar
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] to ‘Atlantic’ and improved internal quality similar to ‘Superior’.
Saara Mansouri From the evaluation of over 300 clones, significant genetic
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; mansourisaa@gmail. variation for tuber calcium, chip quality and internal quality
com was found for both reciprocal populations. One of the reciprocal
populations, ‘Atlantic’ x ‘Superior’, was SNP-genotyped by the
Spinach is an economically important vegetable crop in the SolCAP project. Combining the phenotypic and genotypic data,
United States that has undergone dramatic industry changes in a tetraploid linkage map was developed and quantitative trait
recent years and is valued at over $250 million annually. Spin- loci (QTL) for tuber calcium, yield, specific gravity, internal
ach downy mildew disease, caused by the oomycete pathogen defects such as hollow heart, and pitted scab were identified.
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (Pfs), continues to be a We also found a relationship between improved tuber quality
major production constraint for commercial spinach (Spinacia and tuber calcium concentration. In addition, we have identified
oleracea) worldwide. A total of 14 races of Pfs have been reported promising cultivars with good chipping quality, enhanced tuber
and a number of deviating isolates also have been described.
internal quality, and tolerance to scab.
Recently, an NIFA/SCRI grant was funded to develop: 1) a bet-
ter understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of downy Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA and Hatch grant
mildew resistance; 2) a more comprehensive understanding of
the genetic diversity and global movement of races of the patho- (374) Productivity and Quality of New Onion
gen; 3) a real-time PCR based test to detect Pfs on seed; and 4) Varieties Bolting Resistant in Northeast Sonora,
establish a comprehensive deployment of effective management Mexico
strategies. Several isolates of Pfs have been partially sequences,
as have several parents being used in the development of map-
Ruben Macias-Duarte
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
ping populations. In addition, PCR based real-time primers have
been developed which are both highly specific for Pfs as well Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras*
as highly sensitive in detecting the pathogen on seed. Genotyp- INIFAP, Caborca Sonora; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S366 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Fabian Robles-Contreras Development of the genetic populations (parents, F1s and F2s)
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected] were produced. The data of the first generation hybrids under
both reference and high salinity levels reflected pronounced
Manuel de Jesús Valenzuela-Ruiz
hybrid vigor on the general performance of some vegetative
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
growth traits, fruit number and total yield. In all families, the F1
Arturo López-Carvajal hybrids showed significant superiority in fruits’ number and total
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected] yield over their respective higher parents. This general trend,
Onion production is an appropriate alternative for northeast apparently, indicated that the inheritance of these traits involved
Sonora, Mexico (Magdalena River). However, seed varieties complete- to over -dominance for high over low number of fruits
are needed that are adapted to the temperature conditions of this and total yield per plant. The comparisons between the two suc-
region and also have a high potential for quality and yield. The cessive generations, the F1 vs. F2 within each family, reflected
objective of this experiment was to evaluate yield and quality an obvious inbreeding depression on the general performances
of nine white onion varieties. The evaluation was carried out of the these traits. In all cases, the F2’s were significantly lower
in Magdalena of Kino, Sonora (Magdalena, River) in Winter in number of produced fruits and total yield than those of their
2009–10. The evaluated varieties were: Azteca, Kristal, White respective F1 parents. Primers for qPCR were engineered to be
Grano, Carta Blanca, Cirrus, Early Suprime, Nube, Virgin, and on two consecutive exons spanning an intron. The qPCR fold
Stratus. The date sowing was 6 Oct. 2009, and the date seedling increases were detected for all selected probe for the salinity
trasplant establishment was on 19 Dec. 2009. We used a plant tolerant L56 under salinity stress compared to the reference
density of 339,600 plants/ha in furrows with four rows using drip similar to gene expression data. However, some genes showed
irrigation system. In this trial, we used a completely randomized higher fold increase in expression than in qPCR, e.g. four time
design with four replications. The measured variables were yield, increase for the Les.4483.1.S1. Similar trends were also revealed
bulb weight, bulb diameter, and bolting. The harvest period for the salinity intermediate L66 under salinity stress compared
harvest was 10–17 May. The results indicated that the bolting to the reference.
was low in all varieties with a variation of 0.0% for the variet- Specified Source(s) of Funding: The National Plan for Science
ies ‘Carta Blanca’ and ‘Virgin’ to 0.76% for ‘Suprime Early’. and Technology at King Saud University for this project (number
The highest yield were obtained from the varieties ‘Kristal’, 10-BIO970-02)
‘Early Suprime’, ‘Cirrus’ and ‘Carta Blanca’ with yields of 93.0,
92.5, 91.6 and 86.4 t·ha-1, respectively, while lower yields were
for ‘Nube’ and ‘Virgin’ with 70.9 and 50.9 t·ha–1. The Stratus Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
variety (control) presented a yield of 71.4 t·ha–1. The highest
bulb weights were obtained from ‘Cirrus’, ‘Kristal’, and ‘Carta
Viticulture and Small Fruits
Blanca’ with 289, 268, and 262 g, respectively, while the largest
bulb diameter corresponded to ‘Cirrus’, ‘Kristal’, and ‘Carta
(114) Patterns of Variation for Sugar and
Blanca’ with 8.6, 8.5, and 8.5 cm, respectively. Organic Acid Composition during Berry
Ripening in Cold Climate Wine Grape Cultivars
(375) Evaluation of Segregating Tomato Lines Soon Li Teh*
for Salinity Tolerance University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
Abdulla A. Alsadon* The physical and chemical composition of wine grape berries
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451; [email protected] at harvest is a key factor that determines the fruit quality char-
Monther Sadder acteristics, and ultimately, the quality of the wine produced. As
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected] berries ripen, their chemical composition changes with regards
to sugars, organic acids, and phenolics etc. Knowledge of the
Mahmouad Wahb-Allah developmental profiles of these compounds is important for
King Saud University, Riyadh; [email protected] determining optimal harvest times in making quality wines.
Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and While these profiles have been well characterized for Vitis
productivity during all developmental stages. Responses of vinifera cultivars, little is known about the changes of chemical
fourteen tomato genotypes to salinity was investigated using composition in cold-hardy wine grape cultivars. These cold-
five water salinity levels of NaCl (0.5 control treatment, 2.4, hardy hybrid cultivars, which combine the excellent fruit
4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 dS·m–1) through drip irrigation system. Based quality of Eurasian species (V. vinifera) and the cold tolerance
on the performance of the tomato genotypes at different salinity of American species (V. riparia, V. labrusca, V. rupestris, etc.)
levels, L46, L66, and L56 genotypes were selected to represent allow them to be grown in cold climate regions that experience
salinity susceptible, moderately salinity tolerant and salinity harsh winter conditions. In this study, we report the changes
tolerant genotype, respectively. The salt-tolerant breeding line observed in soluble solids (°Brix), titratable acidity (TA), and
BL 1076, was also selected as a reference for salinity tolerance. pH for 11 wine grape cultivars grown in Chaska, MN, that

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S367
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

were sampled approximately every 10 days from August to a history of flower necrosis could be managed by increasing
October during the 2010, 2011, and 2012 growing seasons. shoot number per vine.
Concentrations of sugars and acids were measured to predict
optimum maturity for these cultivars. We are also determining (116) Chlorine Dioxide Sachets for the Control
profiles for organic acids in grape juice using ultra performance of Postharvest Decay of ‘Crimson Seedless’
liquid chromatography (UPLC). This will enable us to track Table Grapes
concentration changes for two predominant acids (tartaric and
malic acids) during the berry ripening process. Understand- Xiaofan Zhao*
ing the varying proportions of these acid components in juice California State University, Fresno; zhaoxiaofan@mail.
will help guide growers toward optimal harvest times for the fresnostate.edu
intended wine style. Jan Narciso
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-SCRI, Project #2011- USDA–ARS, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce,
51181-30850 FL; [email protected]
Sonet Van Zyl
(115) Understanding the Causes of Flower California State University, Fresno; [email protected]
Necrosis in Grapevines Joseph Smilanick
R. Paul Schreiner* USDA–ARS, Parlier; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR; paul.schreiner@ars. Table grapes are of increasing importance in the world. Gray
usda.gov mold (Botrytis cinerea) is the main postharvest decay problem
Jungmin Lee of table grapes and limits their shelf-life. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
USDA–ARS, HCRL, Parma, ID; [email protected] is traditionally used as an antimicrobial postharvest, in packages
or storage rooms. Concerns about harm to human health from
Patricia A. Skinkis SO2encourage evaluation of alternatives. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Oregon State University, Corvallis; skinkisp@hort.
has proven effective to control microorganisms on produce. Our
oregonstate.edu
objectives were to assess the ability of ClO2 to control rot and
A series of experiments was carried out in ‘Pinot noir’ grape- influence quality. ClO2 gas was generated inside packages from
vines to better understand why flower necrosis occurs. Previous sachets (2.5 by 4 cm, containing 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g CuroxinTM;
research investigating late bunch stem necrosis indicated that an Worrell Water Technologies, VA). SO2 was generated from
abnormal accumulation of the polyamine, putrescine, was the sachets (4.5 by 6 cm, containing 0.3 g sodium metabisulfite;
causal agent leading to necrosis. We tested if putrescine was also OSKU S.A., Chile). Our first experiment evaluated decay control,
responsible for causing flower necrosis by feeding single flower while the second evaluated berry quality. Experiment 1—plastic
node cuttings various metabolites, or by applying metabolites clamshells with 500 g of ‘Crimson Seedless’ berries (6 g/berry)
via a needle-delivery method to developing clusters in the were used. Grapes were inoculated by injection of conidia 0.5
field. Both approaches showed that high levels of putrescine in cm deep into berries. One inoculated berry was placed in the
the rachis can cause flower necrosis in ‘Pinot noir’ and induce center of each clamshell with nothing (control) or one sachet
pedicel abscission in the field. The concentration of putrescine (SO2, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g ClO2). Clamshells were placed inside an
that induced flower necrosis was similar to the concentration expanded polystyrene box with a plastic liner and stored for: 1)
previously shown to induce late bunch stem necrosis. However, one month at 0 °C; or 2) one month at 0 °C + 1 week at 10 °C.
further work comparing healthy and necrotic clusters from After 1 month, decay incidence in clamshells (control or with
‘Pinot noir’ grapevines grown in sand-culture (with a history SO2, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g ClO2 sachets) was 22.8%, 4.8%, 3.4%,
of flower necrosis) showed that flower necrosis was not due to 1.7%, or 0.8%, respectively. After 1 month + 1 week, incidence
the accumulation of putrescine. These findings combined with in control, or SO2, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g ClO2 sachets was 38.3%,
other observations led to the hypothesis that flower necrosis 5.4%, 8.2%, 5.5%, or 4.1%, respectively. Natural incidence was
may also be caused by an imbalance in the root to shoot ratio similarly reduced. Some rachis injury was observed, particu-
of vines, presumably related to whole vine carbohydrate stores larly with 0.3 g ClO2. SO2 retarded aerial mycelia growth on
and the number of competing sinks at flowering. We tested this inoculated berries. ClO2 retarded it after 1 month, but not after
hypothesis by manipulating shoot number in the sand culture 1 month + 1 week. Experiment 2—grapes were prepared as
vines and other vines with no prior history of necrosis. In both before, without inoculation, with nothing (control) or a sachet
cases, flower necrosis was reduced by increasing shoot number (SO2, 0.1 or 0.3 g ClO2), and stored for: 1) 1 week at 0 °C, 2) 1
per vine while vine nitrogen status was not altered. These results month at 0 °C, or 3) 1 month at 0 °C + 1 week at 10 °C. Within
show that putrescine can cause flower necrosis in some cases, each period, color (LCh), rachis appearance, shatter, soluble
but at least one other mechanism (presently unknown) also solids, pH, acid content, firmness, and berry size did not differ
causes flower necrosis in grapevines that appears to be related significantly. Berry appearance, particularly controls, declined
to above and below ground vine balance. Vineyard blocks with during storage. Unlike experiment one, ClO2 (0.3 g) caused no

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S368 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

rachis injury. ClO2 effectively controlled decay with minimal berry size. Soluble solids of ‘Autumn Royal’, ‘Summer Royal’,
harm to grapes. ‘Scarlet Royal’, and ‘Sweet Scarlet’ increased at harvest to
20.3%TSS, 20.0%TSS, 21.8%TSS, and 19.3%TSS, after potas-
(117) The Influence of Post-veraison Foliar sium treatment, from 15.5%TSS, 18.2%TSS, 18.1%TSS, and
Potassium Applications on Table Grape Berry 16.7%TSS, respectively, among the controls. It significantly
Quality increased fructose and glucose in berries, compared to controls.
Fructose/glucose ratios from veraison onset to harvest time
Sijie Zhu* increased from about 0.65 to 0.90, independent of potassium
California State University, Fresno; zsj1101@mail. treatment. Potassium application influence on fructose/glucose
fresnostate.edu ratios varied, the only significant increase was to ‘Autumn
David Obenland Royal’, from 0.90 to 0.91 at harvest.
USDA–ARS, Parlier, CA; [email protected]
(118) The Evaluation of Different Cultural
Sonet Van Zyl Practices on Scarlet Royal Table Grapes to
California State University, Fresno; [email protected]
Determine Postharvest Quality
Franka Gabler
California Table Grape Commission, Fresno; franka@
Victoria Towers*
California State University, Fresno; victoriatowers@gmail.
grapesfromcalifornia.com
com
Joseph Smilanick
Sonet Van Zyl
USDA–ARS, Parlier; [email protected]
California State University, Fresno; [email protected]
Sugar concentration and skin color (for pigmented table grape
Scarlet Royal is a newer red seedless table grape variety devel-
cultivars) are primary indicators of maturity and important for
oped by USDA–ARS, which ripens mid- to late August. As a late
marketing purposes. Treatments that accelerate sugar and pig-
season variety, Scarlet Royal is subject to rain, which increases
ment development enable earlier harvest. Early harvest not only
its susceptibility of Botrytis bunch rot. In addition, the variety
improves marketing, it reduces risks of losses from bird feeding
lacks a thick epicuticular wax and seems to be susceptible to berry
or insect and pathogen damage because the residence time of
crack and rot infections where the berries touch. This problem is
the grapes in vineyards is reduced. In addition to accelerating also evident and even enhanced in the cold storage environment
maturity, increasing sugar content and improving color could where the grapes become unattractive for shipping and market-
also enable a larger crop to mature on the vines. Potassium ing. Table grape growers in the San Joaquin Valley use plastic
is the primary soluble salt to affect xylem and phloem flows. covers that are mounted on top of the grapevine trellis system
Particularly important for sugar transport, potassium from the later in the season to protect the grapes from rain. These covers
roots and vine are primarily transported into fruit after veraison, however, induce higher humidity in the grapevine canopy that
and it exceeds what the root system can deliver, even from well also contributes toward rot infections. The aim of this project
water soil with abundant potassium. Our objective was to apply is to evaluate Scarlet Royal under different combinations of
a potassium spray to the berries so their content would exceed cultural practices to mitigate rotting problems due to rain and
that delivered naturally to the fruit, and determine if this altered to maintain optimal postharvest quality under plastic covered
the grapes compared to those with “natural” potassium content. grapevines. The cultural practices applied included bunch thin-
Previous experiments indicated that potassium applications in- ning and removal of bunch shoulders, GA (Gibberelic Acid) and
creased soluble solids. Among the potassium sources evaluated, GA + CPPU (Forchlorfenuron) treatments. The experimental
potassium metalosate, a common fertilizer, was effective and layout consisted of four treatments with six replicates each.
approved for application to grapes. In 2010, cultivars located at Clear plastic was used to cover all the vines in the trial before
California State University, Fresno, were used; two blue-black harvest for rain protection. Postharvest quality did not show any
cultivars, ‘Autumn Royal’ and ‘Summer Royal’; and two red significant differences due to the absence of rain during the 2012
cultivars, ‘Scarlet Royal’ and ‘Sweet Scarlet’. Potassium met- growing season. Berry size showed significant differences for
alosate or water (control) was applied to five replicate plots of the GA + CPPU treated clusters where the berry diameter and
five vines each arranged in a randomized complete-block design. berry length were greater than the untreated control bunches.
Two cluster-directed applications were made, each containing No significant differences were found in juice values, berry size,
1.3 g/L of potassium or water alone, beginning at veraison and berry color, or postharvest defects when manual bunch thinning
three weeks later. Samples of 50 berries were collected from was compared to no bunch thinning. For Botrytis infections, the
each plot at four weekly periods after the first application until control and GA treatments with no manual thinning had a higher
harvest at commercial maturity. Berry firmness, size, color, percentage of infection. Post-storage evaluations showed that
soluble solids, and concentrations of fructose and glucose were GA applications with no thinning had lower titratable acid lev-
measured. Potassium significantly increased soluble solids, berry els and no significant differences in juice pH levels. Regarding
firmness, and color intensity; however, it significantly decreased quality parameters, loose berry percentage was significant for

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S369
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

the GA + CPPU treatment. Berry color presented no differences the two vineyards is likely due to differences in climate and vine
in lightness, chroma, or hue when the different treatments were balance, as the southern site had a wider range of Ravaz Index
compared. This study was only conducted for one season but (1.7 to 9.6) compared to the northern site (0.4 to 3.0). Despite
will continue for two additional seasons. This study is dependent different crop levels between years and location, crop thinning
on late season rainfall in the San Joaquin Valley. more than 40% of the crop in either vineyard did not enhance
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Table Grape Com- fruit composition for parameters measured.
mission Specified Source(s) of Funding: Northwest Center for Small
Fruits Research and the Oregon Wine Board
(119) Impact of Yield Management Practices on
Vine Growth and Fruit Composition of Oregon
Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Pinot Noir
Patricia A. Skinkis* Weed Control and Pest
Oregon State University, Corvallis; skinkisp@hort. Management
oregonstate.edu
Amanda J. Vance (214) Biology and Biocontrol of Lewis Spider
Oregon State University, Corvallis; vancea@hort. Mite (Eotetranychus lewisi) in Strawberries
oregonstate.edu Anna D. Howell*
Alison L. Reeve University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected] [email protected]
Premium wine grape production requires yield management Oleg Daugovish
practices to achieve quality. The majority of Oregon producers University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
(89%) conduct crop thinning to reduce yields, and it is typically [email protected]
conducted from fruit set to lag phase. With rising production
Cameron Chandler
costs, growers are questioning current crop thinning practices.
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
Research was conducted in two Pinot noir vineyards, one in
[email protected]
the north Willamette Valley and another in the warmer region
of southern Oregon’s Illinois Valley, during 2011 and 2012. Lewis spider mite, Eotetranychus lewisi (Acari: Tetranychidae),
The study evaluated crop thinning at three levels (0%, 40%, is a new emerging pest in California strawberries. The predatory
and 60% crop reduction) and four time points (pre-bloom, mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), typically
fruit set, lag phase, and véraison). Intensity of crop thinning used for biocontrol of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus
had a greater impact on basic ripeness (SS, pH, and TA) and urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), provided growers little to no
on total anthocyanin concentration than timing. Crop thinning control of Lewis spider mite. We evaluated the efficacy of
by ~40% each year resulted in an increase in anthocyanins in four commonly used phytoseiid predatory mites: P. persimilis,
the northern vineyard. Timing, not intensity, had an impact Neoseiulus californicus, N. fallacis, and Amblyseius andersoni.
on anthocyanins in the southern vineyard during year 1 with We also investigated the interactions between the twospotted
12% higher anthocyanin at véraison compared to thinning at spider mite and Lewis spider mite and in relation to phytoseiid
pre-bloom and fruit set. Crop thinning by 60% did not further efficiency given the potential for indirect effects of biocon-
increase maturity nor result in higher anthocyanin, phenolic or trol. When Lewis spider mite and twospotted spider mite are
tannin concentration compared to 40% thinning at either vine- present on the same leaf, twospotted spider mite populations
yard. The yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration was began displacing Lewis spider mite. P. persimilis did not feed on
influenced by intensity and timing of crop thinning for only the Lewis spider mite, but the other three predatory mites consumed
southern vineyard. The YAN was 41% higher in the pre-bloom this spider mite and lowered their populations from 40 to near
thinned fruit (186 mg/L) compared to later time points (132 zero in 14 days. When both Lewis spider mite and twospot-
mg/L) in year 1. In year 2, early season thinned fruit was 51% ted spider mite are present on the same leaf, N. fallacis and
higher in YAN than in the unthinned treatment, and thinning A. andersoni fed on both types of mites equally. N. californi-
~60% increased YAN by 49 mg/L. Despite differences in YAN, cus showed preference toward Lewis spider mite and allowed
there was no difference in leaf blade or petiole N measured at twospotted spider mite populations to increase from 20 to 180
véraison in either vineyard. Increasing crop level did not have in 14 day period. The reproduction rate of Lewis spider mite
major impacts on vine vegetative growth. No differences were and twospotted spider mite on three popular strawberry variet-
found for whole vine leaf area or dormant pruning weights for ies (Ventana, Benicia, and San Andreas) were also evaluated.
the northern vineyard. The southern vineyard had fewer laterals Lewis spider mite reproduced best on Ventana and Benicia,
and lower pruning weight following year 2 for unthinned vines. while twospotted spider mite reproduced equally on all three
Differences in vine growth and fruit composition observed in varieties.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S370 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(215) The Newly Sporadic and Major Insect Judy Shearer

Pests of Orchard Crops in Gyeonggi Province in U.S. Army Corps, Vicksburg, MS; Judy.F.Shearer@usace.
South Korea army.mil

Young-su Lee* Raymond L. Hix

FAMU, Tallahassee, FL
Gyeonggi Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
Hwasung; [email protected] Hydrilla is an invasive aquatic weed, and millions of dollars
are spent each year managing it in the southern US. Thanks to
Hyun-Ju Lee
a new 4-year grant from the USDA National Institute of Food
Gyeonggi Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
and Agriculture, University of Florida/IFAS research and exten-
Hwasung; [email protected]
sion faculty, FAMU faculty, and an ARMY Corps researcher are
Soon-sung Hong studying new chemical and biological control methods as part
Gyeonggi Agricultural Research and Extension Services, of an overall hydrilla integrated pest management (IPM) plan
Hwasung; [email protected] and transferring the information to stakeholders. The goal is to
Haejeen Bang increase stakeholder awareness of research-based information
Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected] regarding the hydrilla miner and other sustainable strategies
for managing hydrilla. Materials have been developed to help
This study was conducted to survey the sporadic and major insect
resource managers understand how new strategies for managing
pests of orchard crops in Gyeonggi province in south Korea.
hydrilla fit into a hydrilla IPM plan. A perception survey was
The occurrence and rapid range expansion of L. delicatula has
distributed throughout Florida to determine the most effective
recently been reported in south Korea. In vineyards, the grapes
information distribution method. The information distribution
are damaged by L. delicatula, which sucks the stems and secretes
platform includes field tours and demonstrations, educational
nectar, causing sooty mold. The commercial value of grapes is
publications and exhibits, promotional items, project websites,
lowered. The hatchability of eggs laid last year was influenced by
and presentations at professional and stakeholder meetings.
the extremely low temperature (especially –20 °C and under) in
SurveyMonkey was used to determine hydrilla stakeholder
over-wintering season. M. pruinosa is mainly present in Austria,
perceptions and preferred information delivery methods. 541
France, Italy, and Switzerland—in the Nearctic ecozone and
stakeholders completed the survey. Responses indicated that
in Neotropical ecozone. The first outbreak of M. pruinosa was
the internet, boat launch signage, Florida Fish and Wildlife
reported in 2009 in south Korea. The major orchard crops that
Conservation Commission, and Extension Offices in Florida
have a concern for damage are apple, pear, and grape. M. pruinosa
were the preferred outlets for stakeholders to receive informa-
females insert eggs into cracks in the corky bark of trees and
tion about Hydrilla IPM. Extension faculty developed 10,000
shrubs. The eggs overwinter and hatch in the subsequent spring,
Hydrilla IPM RAMP 1-yd Vinyl Fishing Rulers, 70,000 6-in
nymphs aggregate on twigs and under leaves sucking phloem
Rulers/Bookmarks, and 17,000 web cards for distribution to
from their host plants. The first outbreak of Ricania sp. was
Extension offices and collaborators. A web portal was devel-
reported in 2010 in south Korea. This outbreak damaged many
oped and 6,694 hits were recorded in 2011. New tactics such
kinds of fruit trees, such as Cornus, Persimmon, and Chestnut.
as the hydrilla miner will be incorporated into Hydrilla IPM
Ricaina sp. host plants included 51 species (32 xylophytes, and
19 herbaceous plants). programs throughout Florida. The information obtained through
this perception survey will have enabled Extension faculty to
(216) Hydrilla IPM RAMP—Starting a most effectively target their educational programming efforts.
Statewide Extension Project Specified Source(s) of Funding: UF/IFAS, St. Lucie County, FL
& USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Kenneth T. Gioeli*
University of Florida, IFAS, Ft. Pierce; [email protected] (217) Improving Pest Control Options through
James P. Cuda Split Application of Insecticides using Spike
University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville; [email protected] Wheel Liquid Injection Technology
Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman Mark C. Siemens
University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville; [email protected]
University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
Joan P. Bradshaw Kurt D. Nolte*
University of Florida, IFAS, Lecanto,; [email protected]
University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
William A. Overholt Spike wheel liquid injection systems were developed in the late
University of Florida, IFAS, Ft. Pierce; [email protected] 1980’s as a method for applying fertilizer post emergence with
Verena Lietze minimal root damage and soil disturbance. The system can also
University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville; [email protected] be used to apply soil applied pesticides to mature plants since it

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S371
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

can be used without damaging plant roots or causing crop injury. and can consume 668.7 mealy bugs in their larvae stages. The
Recently, the authors conducted a 1-year study to determine if functional response of the C. nipponensis feeding on six dif-
the useful life of the insecticide Coragen could be extended ferent densities of the mealy bug was studied under laboratory
by making a second, split application 26 days after seeding conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 75 ± 5%, 16L:8D. The rate of increase
(DAS). At 35 DAS, the results showed that as compared to the gradually lessened, resembling a Holling’s type III functional
conventional treatment where the full rate of the insecticide response. Daily predation amount of 2nd larva consumed 4.7
was applied at sowing, use of the system increased insecticide Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), 13.3 Myzus persicae (Sul-
concentration levels in lettuce plants from 10 part per million zer), 0.9 Bemisia tabaci (Gonnadius) (25±2°C, 75±5%, 16L:8D).
(ppm) to over 600 ppm. Additional study is needed to validate A treatment of C. nipponensis was applied to five flavor berry,
these results. The objectives of this research are to repeat the Schisandra chinensis Baill fields infested by P. cockerelli. The
previous study to obtain additional data to 1) confirm that the treatment of biological control agents significantly decreased
useful life of the insecticide Coragen can be extended by mak- the fruit damage, which was comparable to the chemical insec-
ing a second, post emergence application with the spike wheel ticide treatment.
system 25 DAS and 2) obtain a better understanding of the fate Specified Source(s) of Funding: Rural Development Admin-
of the insecticide in the plant tissue over time. Appropriate field istration
trials will be conducted to achieve the stated objectives. If this
research shows that use of spike wheel injection systems increases (219) Studies on Biological Control of Yellow
the useful life of highly immobile, systemic insecticides, it will Tea Thrips; Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
significantly increase the options growers have for managing
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Five Flavor Berry
yield limiting pests.
Orchards; Schisandra chinensis Baill, using
(218) Development of Native Natural Predator Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari:
Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) for the Phyto
Control of Mealy Bugs, Pseudaulacaspis Eunhye Ham*
cockerelli (Cooley), at Five Flavor Berry, Kyungpook National University, Sangju; hameunhye@
Schisandra chinensis Baill Orchard in Korea hotmail.com

Eunhye Ham* Jeung Sul Han

Kyungpook National University, Sangju; hameunhye@ Kyungpook National University, Sangju; peterpan@knu.
hotmail.com ac.kr

Jeung Sul Han Young Cheol Choi

Kyungpook National University, Sangju; peterpan@knu. National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon;
ac.kr [email protected]

Young-su Lee Jun Seok Lee

Gyeonggi Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Osangkinsect Co., Ltd., Cheon-an; [email protected]
Hwasung; [email protected] Jong Kyun Park
Kyungpook National University, Sangju; entopark@knu.
Jun Seok Lee
ac.kr
Osangkinsect Co., Ltd., Cheon-an; [email protected]
Five flavor berry; Schisandra chinensis Baill is used in traditional
Jong Kyun Park
Chinese medicine, it is believed to astringe lung and nourish
Kyungpook National University, Sangju; entopark@knu.
the kidneys, restrain the essence and stop diarrhea-astringent
ac.kr
kidneys, calm the spirit by tonification of heart and kidney,
The mealy bug, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) is one Generate body fluids and alleviate thirst. The development of
of the hardest pests to control. its body is covered with white biological control against the major pest on five flavor berry is
waxy threads, which often make a chemical pest control useless. of great interest. Yellow tea thrip; Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
The development of new effective native predators against the (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is anthophilous pests of many crops
mealy bugs is of great interest. We found that the lacewing had a worldwide including five flavor berry. In this work, a treatment
potent control efficacy against mealy bugs. The identified DNA of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot was applied to two types
sequences indicate that this lacewing species is Chrysoperla of five flavor berry fields infested by S. dorsalis. Even though
nipponensis (Okamoto). It’s the same results of morphological our tests found significant differences between the two culturing
classification and unrecorded species in Korea. C. nipponensis method, the treatment of biological control agents decreased or
go through complete metamorphosis and the developmental a little increased the fruit damage, which was comparable to the
time of larva takes 16.8 days (25 ± 2°C, 75% ± 5%, 16L:8D). chemical insecticide treatment. In the sod culture experiment,
These larva are particularly effective at controlling mealy bugs thrip population was significantly low and increased at a lower

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S372 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

rate than in the nonwoven type mulching. The use of A. swirskii across the season and across a gradient in plot density. An un-
as IPM program and sod culture reduced pesticide usage. known compound, close in molecular weight to limonene, was
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Rural Development Admin- found mostly in uncolonized trees. It had the highest quantities
istration in the 2nd densest plot with no distinguishable seasonal pattern
in quantity shifts. Our findings have implications for managing
(220) Bark Beetle Flight in Relation to seasonal plot density characteristics as determined by shifts in
host chemistry.
Lodgepole Pine Host Chemistry: Another Case
for Coevolution? (221) Biological Control of White Mold of Snap
Teri Gadd* Bean with Low Rate Contans Applications
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; teri.gadd@
Alexandra Stone*
colostate.edu
Oregon State University, Corvallis; stonea@hort.
William Bauerle oregonstate.edu
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Bill.Bauerle@
Mikio Miyazoe
Colostate.edu
Oregon State University, Corvallis; miyazoem@hort.
Ingrid Aguayo oregonstate.edu
Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI;
Aaron Heinrich
[email protected]
Oregon State University, Corvallis; heinrica@hort.
Lou Bjostad oregonstate.edu
Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Louis.Bjostad@ The goals of this project were to 1) determine whether Contans
Colostate.edu (Coniothyrium minitans, Cm) applications to flailed diseased crop
Mountain pine beetle (MPB) has devastated western North residues left on the soil surface generate a “biocontrol epidemic”
American forests from New Mexico to northern Canada over under western Oregon conditions and 2) evaluate efficacy of
the past decade. Each year, female MPB initiate a new coloni- low rate (1–1.5 lb/acre) at-bloom and after harvest Contans ap-
zation by flying to a suitable host tree from late July to early plications on white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum/Ss) sclerotial
August. The brief flight period occurs after the threat of spring survival in western Oregon. Exp. 1. A commercial fall cauliflower
freezing temperatures have subsided and yet early enough to crop infested with white mold was flailed in November 2007;
provide suitable temperatures for oviposition. Water stress has Contans (2 lb/acre) was applied to the decomposing residues.
been indicated as a factor that also influences beetle flight and Sterile sclerotia were placed in bags on 4 dates then removed
host selection. Here we propose a third factor, host chemistry, and evaluated for viability and Cm colonization. Exp. 2. Eight
for determining the timing of beetle flight. Previous research snap bean fields were planted, inoculated with Ss and flailed at
has shown that the host chemistry for lodgepole pine differs maturity, Sclerotia were collected, bagged and replaced in each
with altitude, temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Our field. Contans (1.5 lb/acre) was applied to four of the fields. Bags
research demonstrates the relationship between changes in the were removed on 6 dates over 2 years and evaluated for viability
host chemistry across the growing season and at different plot and Cm colonization. Exp. 3. Four treatments were applied at
densities and the MPB flight period. During the summers of bloom to 2 bean fields (one with and one without a history of
2008 and 2009, 24 healthy green trees were selected within 4 Contans): 1) water, 2) 1 lb/acre Contans, 2) Contans/low rate
different density forest plots within the Colorado State Forest Topsin, and 4) high rate Topsin. White mold sclerotia were col-
Park, Jackson County, CO. Bi-weekly, foliage was collected lected at harvest and evaluated for Cm colonization. Results:
and terpene chemistry was analyzed by headspace solid phase Low rate Contans applications created an ongoing “biocontrol
microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Of epidemic” in the field in western OR environmental conditions.
the 72 host compounds we tracked, alpha-pinene, myrcene, and Sclerotia died more rapidly in Cm+ fields than in Cm- fields.
3-carene are known to attract MPB. Others are known deter- At bean planting in the second summer after fall Contans ap-
rents (e.g., limonene) that have been shown to correspond with plication there were still sufficient sclerotia in the Cm+ fields
beetle flight. We show that MPB flight behavior corresponds to generate white mold development. However, it is likely that
with seasonal changes in host chemistry. Differences in host by the following June, sclerotial populations in the Cm+ fields
chemistry across a forest plot density gradient are also discussed. would be near zero. Sclerotia that developed on beans grown
Alpha-pinene is shown to have the highest quantities in June in fields treated the previous year with Contans died as rapidly
and decrease by late July. The alpha-pinene pattern repeats re- as sclerotia treated with Contans after bean harvest. At-bloom
gardless of plot density. Limonene and myrcene had the highest Contans application resulted in 70% to 80% Cm colonication
quantities in the lowest density plot, decreasing as plot density of sclerotia; high rate Topsin application resulted in the lowest
increased. In July, 3-carene quantities were the highest and then colonization (15% to 21%), and the Contans/half rate Topsin
dropped by late July. Beta-pinene stayed relatively consistent tank mix resulted in an intermediate level of colonization (45%

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S373
 Tuesday, July 23, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

to 50%). Applying Contans to snap beans at bloom is effective the survival and persistence of Trichoderma and examine their
but is not currently a registered use. Contans treatment may effects on early stage germination of hot pepper seeds. Seeds
make it possible under western OR conditions to reduce white were sown in sterile promix amended with three treatments,
mold rotation length from 5 to 4 or 3 years. Contans should be which included isolates from a commercial product RootShield®
used as one tool in a diverse white mold management toolbox containing Trichoderma harzianum (T22), a Maryland Tricho-
including rotation, row spacing and orientation, nitrogen and derma isolate (GL13), and a control. Inoculation of the isolates
irrigation management, resistant varieties, and fungicides. were applied to the autoclaved promix via a cellulosic granular
carrier Biodac® at a rate of 0.1% (v/v). Seeds were sown into
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Western SARE SW09-031
96-celled trays and placed in a growth chamber for 7 days at
(222) The Effect of Clopyralid Rate on Annual 27 °C and then placed in the greenhouse. Days to emergence,
germination as well as seedling biomass were determined. Mi-
Strawberry Production and Black Medic crobial samples of the potting mix were analyzed for survival
(Medicago lupulina) Control and persistence of Trichoderma strains periodically over 21
Peter J. Dittmar* days post-inoculation. Strains GL13 and T22 showed increased
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] germination percentage of 15.6% and 15.3%, respectively, when
compared to the control. Days to seedling emergence above the
Clopyralid is registered for control of broadleaf weeds in straw-
soil line was significantly lower in GL13 when compared to the
berry. A recent label permits application when fruit and flowers
control. Microbial population of T22 and GL13 was 3.9 x 105
are present on the plant. The objective of the study was to evaluate
CFU/g and 2.8 x 105 CFU/g, respectively, after 14 days. Microbial
rates of clopyralid in annual strawberry and black medic control.
population of T22 declined by 1.3 x 105 CFU/g after 21 days,
Clopyralid was applied at 45, 66, 132, 195, and 261 g a.e./ha.
while GL13 increased by 2.0 x 105 CFU/g. GL13 increased root
Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer with XR11004
and shoot dry weight by 8.25% and 9.8%, respectively, over the
nozzles calibrated to deliver the spray solution at 284 L/ha. At
control. Results show that Trichoderma may have a positive
the time of application, strawberry ‘Sonata’ had flowers and fruit
impact on hot pepper seeds at the early stages of germination
present on the plants and the plants were producing new leaves.
and this may improve seedling quality and vigor.
Black medic was 15 cm tall and 23 cm wide. No crop injury was
observed during the experiment. Yield was not different among (224) Heat-Induced Inactivation of Seed
treatments. Strawberry yielded 99% to 123% of the nontreated
control. At 14 days after treatment (DAT), clopyralid at 45 g/
Germination in Canola (Brassica napus), Grain
ha had the lowest black medic control (87%) and was similar Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus), and Proso
to clopyralid at 66 g/ha. At 27 DAT, clopyralid at 45 g/ha had Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
the lowest control (79%). The application of clopyralid may Chiwon W. Lee*
be cultivar specific, however, this cultivar had excellent crop North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]
tolerance. All rates provided excellent control of black medic.
The registered rates provided the least control and the control Larry J. Cihacek
was greater than acceptable amounts of control. North Dakota State University, Fargo; [email protected]
Trade of grain crops across international borders where live seeds,
(223) Influence of Trichoderma Application on especially weed seeds, present a problem in obtaining import
Seed Germination and Seedling Biomass of permits from plant inspection services requires a simple, cost
Jamaican Scotch Bonnet Peppers effective treatment to inactivate the problem seeds. One potential
method of inactivating weed seeds is through heat treatment.
Luke O. Lee* However, little information is available on temperatures that
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] inactivate weed seed germination but do not affect the utility
Corrie P. Cotton of the grains. We evaluated the influence of heat treatment on
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] the germination of Canola (Brassica napus), Grain Amaranth
(Amaranthus caudatus) and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Fawzy M. Hashem seeds as a reference. Most seeds maintained good germination
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] (70% to 90%) after they were exposed to 80 to 100 °C for
Jamaican Scotch Bonnet peppers, which exhibit inherent quality up to 40 minutes inside drying ovens. When seeds were exposed
attributes such as flavor and pungency, could become a potential to 110, 120, 130 °C for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min in the oven, per-
niche market for small farmers on the Delmarva Peninsula. cent seed germination varied from 82.8% to 0%, depending
However, the crop is highly susceptible to numerous soil- on the temperature and exposure time. When treated with the
borne pathogens that may significantly affect yield. Beneficial same range of temperature (110, 120, 130 °C) for up to 20
microorganisms, notably Trichoderma, are plant symbionts that minutes, canola, grain amaranth, proso millet seeds lost ger-
maybe used as seed treatment to control diseases and enhance mination completely after they were exposure to 110 °C for 10
plant growth and yield. This study was conducted to examine min, 120 °C for 15 min, 110 °C for 15 min, and 110 °C for 5

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S374 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
min, respectively. When proso millet seeds were treated with a Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
commercial flame burner (grain roaster) at seven different tem- Byung-Ho Hwang
peratures (82, 96, 99, 104, 110, 116, 118 °C) for one minute, they Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
became completely incapable of germinating. Heat inactivation
of weed seed germination appears to be a promising practice. Jongkee Kim*
For seed germination inactivation, the flame burner appears to Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
be more efficient in term of treatment time and energy require- Glucosinolates, which are abundant in Brassicaceae crops as
ment especially for large volume handling than does an oven secondary metabolites, play an important role in both plant growth
type of process. and self-defense. The present study was carried out to find out the
temporal relationship between aliphatic glucosinolates content
in tissue and level of expression of the genes involved in the
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM biosynthesis during early seedling growth and herbivory of S.
Crop Physiology exigua in radish. The major glucosinolates found in radish were
glucoraphenin in seed and glucoraphasatin in tissues other than
(306) Physiological Response of Non-acclimated seed. Glucoraphenin content was high in radish seeds, showing
7-fold compared to the level of glucoraphasatin, and decreased
Spinach to Repeated Freeze–Thaw Cycles fast during germination. Glucoraphasatin in radish seedlings
Dan Drost* increased abruptly up to 7 days during germination, ranging
Utah State University, Logan; [email protected] 8.5 to 10.8 mg/g dry weight, thereafter, decreased consistently.
RT-PCR study of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of glu-
Taunya Ernst cosinolates in radish revealed that the expression of CYP79F1,
University of Arkansas, Clarksville; [email protected]
CYP83A1 are gradually increased after germination, however,
While high tunnels offer growers a way to extend the local the glucoraphenin sharply decreased. Herbivory with S. exigua
growing season, winter production limits productivity when increased the amount of glucoraphasatin by 1.3 fold in all three
plants are repeatedly exposed to freezing temperatures. During cultivars tested.
winter production, plants experience both sub-optimal growing
temperatures and extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations. The (308) Quantitative Analysis of the Major
focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated freeze/ Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Doubled Haploid
thaw cycles on photosynthetic rates and efficiency in spinach. Lines of Radish Plants (Raphanus sativus L.)
Spinach (cv. Space) was exposed over three days to various diurnal Obtained by Microspore Culture
temperature regimes. After each cycle, photosynthesis (Ps) and
chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were monitored for four hours NaRae Han
with a Li-COR 6400. Non-cold acclimated plants were exposed to Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
either a mild (10/0 °C day/night) or severe (10/–5 °C) freeze cycle Si Un Kim
that were compared to the controls (10/5 °C). Single or multiple Hankuk Academy of Foreign Study, Yongin;
freeze/thaw cycles (mild or severe) did not significantly lower [email protected]
steady state Ps rates, when compared to the controls. However,
the rate of Ps recovery was significantly slower as freezing sever- Sooyeon Lim
ity increased. Fluorescence ratios for cold exposed plants were Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
not significantly different from the unstressed controls (0.832 Byung-Ho Hwang*
± 0.004) indicating no reduction in photosynthetic efficiency. Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Results support the finding that biomass production in winter Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites commonly
grown spinach is governed more by how quickly photosynthetic occurring in Brassica crops and more than 130 different GSLs
rates recover rather than by an actual reduction in photosynthetic have been reported in diverse plants. Recent studies have indi-
rate after exposure to freeze/thaw events. cated that isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from GSL by hydrolysis
had a potential for anticancer activity against several tumor
(307) Changes in Aliphatic Glucosinolates
cells on human. In addition, it was found that glucoraphenin
Synthesis during Early Seedling Growth (GRE) and glucoraphasatin (GRH) were abundant and differ-
and Insect Herbivory in Radish (Raphanus ently regulated in radish plants, depending upon organs and
sativus L.) developmental stages. Microspores isolated from radish flow-
ers were cultured in vitro to obtain doubled haploid (DH) (but
Eun-Hye Gu
homozygous) lines in a short time period. Total 41 DH lines
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; 00-eun-hey-00@hanmail.
were selected based on flow cytometry analysis. The seeds,
net
obtained by bud pollination from the DH lines, were planted and
Sooyeon Lim 3-week-old young seedlings were used for the major aliphatic

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S375
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

GSLs analysis. Amounts of GRH were highly variable from by Regulating Cell Division and Expansion in
the DH lines ranging from 2.3 to 31.5 mg/g dry weight (DW). Tomato
The donor plant (DP) contained 18.4 mg/g DW. It was noticed
that there were 6-fold differences in the amounts of GRE be- Raheel Anwar*
tween the highest and lowest DH lines. Among 41 lines tested, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
14 DH lines of radish plants were significantly reduced in the Shazia Fatima
amount of sum of GRH and GRE compared those of the donor Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
plant (P < 0.05), whereas only three lines increased. The results
Avtar K. Handa
obtained in the present study will lend to select genotypes with
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
low and high GSLs contents of radish plant. In addition, those
DH lines will aid to elucidate a biosynthetic pathway of the Several genes regulating fruit size and shape have been identi-
aliphatic GSLs in radish plants, which remain for the most part fied, but the signals regulating these processes in fruit are not yet
unsolved. known. Polyamines (mainly putrescine, spermidine, and sperm-
ine) are small ubiquitous biogenic amines that play an essential
role in eukaryotic cell division, but their role in determining
(309) Comparison of Glucoraphasatin and plant architecture is not yet investigated. We have developed
Glucoraphenin Content from Radish Plant transgenic tomato lines by expressing yeast spermidine synthase
during Vegetative and Reproductive Growth under constitutive or fruit-specific promoters that exhibit higher
spermidine and spermine levels. Fruits from these genetically
Si Un Kim altered tomato lines were digitally characterized for 40 different
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Study, Yongin; morphometric attributes, including fruit shape, blockiness, and
[email protected] pericarp thickness. High polyamines fruits exhibited increase
NaRae Han in pericarp thickness ratio and height-to-width ratio, but re-
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected] duced perimeter and proximal fruit-end blockiness, imparting
more obovoid fruit shape compared to wild type (WT) fruits.
Sooyeon Lim Microscopic analysis of ovaries with high PAs indicated that
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected] polyamines alter fruit size and shape during early fruit develop-
Byung-Ho Hwang* ment. The qRT-PCR showed that transcript levels of SUN and
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected] OVATE, two fruit architecture-related genes were up- and down-
regulated respectively, during 10 days post-anthesis (DPA) by
Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites found abundant polyamines. Transcripts of FW2.2, a negative regulator of cell
mainly in Brassicca vegetables and the importance of this com- division, were not detected. Among the genes involved in cell
pound has been sharply increasing due to being health benefits. cycle progression, CDKA1 was upregulated whereas CYCD3 and
The amounts of glucoraphasatin (GRH) and glucoraphenin CYCA2 were down-regulated from 5 days before anthesis to 20
(GRE) were compared from the commercial radish cultivars DPA in PA accumulating fruits. The transgenic fruits also showed
with seeds, young seedlings, mature plant, and flowers. All five transient increase in transcript levels of CDKB2 and CYCB2 at 2
genotypes showed much higher concentration of GRE in seeds and 5 DPA, respectively. CDK-inhibitor KRP1 was up regulated
compared to the other organs, approximately ranging 40 mM at 2 DPA before down regulation thereafter in high PA fruits. An
per gram dry mass. The concentration was sharply declined increase in transcripts for WEE1, an endoreduplication associ-
during germination and maintained basal level of concentra- ated gene, was also observed at 5DPA in one of the transgenic
tion for the subsequent vegetative growth period. Contrary to lines suggesting a possible role of endo-reduplication in this
this, the amounts of GRH, which is an immediate precursor of phenotype. Collectively, our results suggest that PAs influence
GRE, was steadily increased during early growth period up to 8 fruit development by regulating both cell division and expansion.
weeks old and remained a similar level. As growth of seedlings
progressed, inner leaves contain much higher amounts of GRH (311) Glucosinolates Distribution during
than outer leaves. In root, little amount of GRE was found Growth and Development in Radish Plants
compared to the other tissues. However, GRH was abundant
in roots and young root showed the highest. The results taken Sooyeon Lim*
together, the reproductive organs tend to accumulate mainly Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
GRE than GRH, however, the latter was found relatively high Byung-Ho Hwang
in roots and young leaves. Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Sang-Wook Han
(310) Polyamines Alter Fruit Size and Shape
Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected]
Jongkee Kim

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S376 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Chung-Ang University, Anseong; [email protected] are approximately 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Steviol
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a group of plant secondary me- glycoside concentrations vary widely among stevia genotypes.
tabolites in Brassica species. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) including The influence of environmental factors, such as irradiance and
sulforaphane (SFA) and sulforaphene (SFE) are two hydrolysis photoperiod, on steviol glycoside synthesis is poorly understood.
products from GSLs and are known to induce detoxification To investigate the effect of total accumulated irradiance, or
enzymes relating to cancer cell death. The diversity and content the daily light integral (DLI), on steviol glycoside production,
of GSLs are closely related with plant development and different two stevia genotypes, 10-43-41 and 11-464, were grown in
plant organs. In this study, distribution of GSLs in radish plants a greenhouse at Michigan State University under a range of
(Raphanus sativus L.) were quantified in different plant parts DLIs and a constant 16-hour photoperiod. A total of six DLIs,
during development using high performance liquid chromatog- ranging from 3.5 to 20.1 mol·m–2·d–1, were achieved by grow-
raphy and ultra performance liquid chromatography equipped ing plants under shade cloths varying in light transmission,
with ultraviolet and mass detector, respectively. Quantitative and by growing plants at different times of year. Following
analysis conditions of desulfo-GSL extraction method were two months of growth in treatments, steviol glycoside con-
optimized. The total GSL contents are dramatically varied in centration was quantified from leaf material and plant height
different organs and development stages of radish plants. The and leaf area were determined. Plant height of both genotypes
concentration of total GSLs by different organs in mature stages decreased as DLI increased. Increasing the DLI reduced leaf
(12 weeks-old) were varied—mostly 20-fold—ranging from size of 10-43-41 but not 11-464. Total steviol glycoside (TSG)
305.5 to 8282.9 nmol/g D.W. The amount of GSL in mature concentration increased as DLI increased from 3.5 to 8.4 mol·m–
seeds was notably high compared with those in other organs. ·d , and was similar at DLIs of 8.4 mol·m–2·d–1 or greater. In
2 –1

The highest content of total GSLs at the mature growth stages addition to affecting TSG, DLI also differentially influenced
(12 weeks-old) were determined at mature seeds followed by the concentrations and relative proportions of specific steviol
flower stalk, flower, root (bottom), root (upper), inner leaves, glycosides. For example, stevioside concentration decreased as
outer leaves, root (middle) and silique. The total GSLs con- DLI increased, while rebaudioside A, B and C concentrations
centration in mature seeds (3394.0 nmol/g D.W.) was notably increased as DLI increased (up to max DLI observed). These
high compared with those in other parts. Glucoraphenin (GRE) results indicate that the total amount of photosynthetic light
was abundant. Of 10 GSLs in radish, the major GSL types received can affect both total steviol glycoside production and
were detected aliphatic GSLs containing GRE, glucoraphasatin production of specific glycosides.
(GRH) and glucoerucin (GER) in spring. However, different
GSLs including glucoputrajivin (GPT), GRH, and GER were (313) The Influence of Temperature, Amino
detected in radish plants in fall. The influence of planting Acid, and Polyamine on Pollen Germination of
season on GSLs content and composition in radish was clear. Pepper (Capsicum annum L.)
Total GSLs content harvested at spring season (2729.9 nmol/g
Jeongmin Suh*
D.W.) was 4.5 times higher than the content in fall. Individual
Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
GSLs harvested at spring was more diverse than the GSLs in
fall. Radish in spring was occurred reproductive organs while Jumsoon Kang
the radish in fall was not. Thus, reproductive organs might be Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
up-regulated GSL biosynthesis, which is related with defense Younghoon Park
mechanism and propagation in radish plants. Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]

(312) Daily Light Integral Influences Jae-Hwan Cho

Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
Production of Steviol Glycosides
Chang-Ho Hong
Jennifer Evans*
Pusan National University, Miryang; [email protected]
Michigan State University, East Lansing; velvet.inveigle@
gmail.com Hyun-Moo Shin
Kyungsung University, Busan; [email protected]
Veronica Vallejo
Michigan State University, East Lansing; vallejov@msu. Evaluation of pollen viability was conducted for peppers and
edu methods for improving pollen germination under abnormally
high temperatures were studied. Optimum temperature for pol-
Ryan M. Warner len germination was 25 °C, but percent germination decreased
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] at 27.5 °C and 30 °C. Concentration of sucrose and pH of the
The genus Stevia consists of approximately 220–230 spe- medium that is proper for higher pollen percent germination
cies, with one species, S. rebaudiana (stevia), distinguished and pollen tube growth was 10~15% and 5.5~6.5, respectively.
by its relatively high production of non-toxic, non-nutritive, Pollen percent germination was different depending on the pol-
ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides. Some of these glycosides len collection time during a day. Generally, pollens collected

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S377
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

at 10 in the morning showed the highest percent germination, may remain a robust method across N fertilizations as well as
while decreased pollen viability was observed as collected late atmospheric enrichment of CO2.
in the afternoon. Pollen percent germination was improved
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Cooperative Research Program
when two amino acids, asparagine and glutamine, were added
for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project
in the pollen germination medium. In addition, putrescine and
No. PJ006403), Rural Development Administration, Korea
spermine also improved pollen percent germination. Overall, an
additive and its concentration for enhanced pollen germination
(237) The Effects of Fog Moisture Treatment on
at high temperature in pepper was found in the treatment of 1
mM of supermine, which increased germination rate by 15.0% Reduction of Water Core Occurrence in Apple
as compared to control. Sung-Hee Lee*
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Korea Rural Development Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension
Administration Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; darkhorses@
korea.kr

Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM Ikjei Kim

Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension
Environmental Stress Physiology Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea;
[email protected]
(236) Carbon Gain, Biomass Allocation, and
Water Use by Garlic in Response to Elevated Yeu Seok Kwon
CO2 and Nitrogen Availability Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension
Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; demian09@
Lloyd Nackley korea.kr
University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected]
Ki Youl Lee
Jighan Jeong Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension
University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected] Services, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea; kylee8831@
Soo-Hyung Kim* korea.kr
University of Washington, Seattle; [email protected] The objective of this study was to examine the efficiency of
The carbon–nitrogen balance is central to crop yield, and can be fog system for decrease of water core, one of the physiological
altered by nutrient deficient soils and atmospheric enrichment disorders, in fruits of apple cultivar Hongro. Recently, global
of carbon dioxide. Although aboveground responses to carbon warming occurs abnormally high temperature in summer and
dioxide and nitrogen (N) have been reported for a number it induces water core to increase in fruits. Therefore, we intro-
of crops, little is known about the response of belowground duced a fog system to reduce temperature by exchange of heat
components that function as storage and vegetative propagules energy, which decreases water core incidence. We performed
such as tubers, rhizomes, and bulbs. We investigated growth, field experiments at 9 orchards during the end of June to August
biomass allocation, leaf gas-exchange, and water use efficiency in 2012. We tested 6-year-old+ ‘Hongro’ trees and the elevation
(WUE) in a hardneck garlic and tested whether elevated CO2 of the orchards was 126 to 306 m. The fog system was sprinkled
and nitrogen availability alters carbon gain and allocation to on at 3.5 L per a tree for half an hour twice at 6:00 and 8:00
bulbs, and plant WUE. The garlic plants were grown at three p.m. when air temperature is over 28 ± 1 °C at 6:00 pm. The
different N levels (Low-N, Mid-N, and Full-N) in sunlit CO2 temperature of fruits and trunks showed higher than that of foli-
enrichment chambers. We quantified whole-plant growth and al- age. The fog system was sprinkled on average of 25 times during
location by destructive harvests, determined leaf nitrogen content the experiment period. Temperature at the sprinkled by the fog
and stable carbon isotope (13C) fractionations, and performed system was lower 0.5 °C than that of control, regardless of the
leaf gas-exchange analyses. The results show that nitrogen orchard environment. Fruit characteristics, such as weight, sugar
deficiency primarily affected the aboveground plant parts with degree, and acid content, were no different between treatments.
significant decreases in aboveground growth (P < 0.05) in the However, severity of water core with fog system was reduced
Low-N compared with the Full-N. Whereas CO2 enrichment to average 22.7% and showed high significance between treat-
increased stem biomass (P < 0.05) and WUE as corroborated ments and among orchards. In conclusion, the preceding results
by both leaf gas exchange (P < 0.05) and stable carbon isotope showed the possibility that the sprinkling of fog system reduces
analyses (P < 0.001). Significant interaction in WUE between
water core by exchanging heat energy in tree.
CO2 and N were only detected in stable carbon isotopes (P <
0.01). Biomass partitioning to bulb was similar across the CO2 Specified Source(s) of Funding: Cooperative research program
and N treatments. The consistency in biomass allocation patterns for agriculture science and technology development(Project
across all N and CO2 treatments suggest that the use of bulbing No. PJ008796042013) of Rural Development Administration,
ratio for making cropping decisions such harvest scheduling Republic of Korea

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S378 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(238) The Effect of Water Stress on Leaf in this treatment with respect to the control and to the moderate
Aquaporin Expression in Sweet Orange Trees water stress.

Maria Benlloch-Gonzalez Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was funded by

Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba; [email protected] the Universidad de Cordoba (Spain) and the Texas A&M Uni-
versity–Kingsville, Citrus Center
Ayako Kusakabe*
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco; (239) Sound Practices to Effectively Perform
[email protected] Electrolyte Leakage Assays
Hilda S. del Rio Ayako Kusakabe*
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco; University of Florida, Lake Alfred; ayako.kusakabe@
[email protected] tamuk.edu
Eliezer Louzada Juan Carlos Melgar
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco; Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
[email protected] [email protected]
Juan Carlos Melgar The effectiveness of electrolyte leakage assays was tested in
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco; order to develop simple and sound procedures and to evaluate
[email protected] cold tolerance in fruit tree research studies. Divergences in
Water movement through cell membranes is facilitated by specific methodological details that may impact the accuracy
water channels called aquaporins (AQPs). These membrane of these types of assays have been found in the literature. In
proteins belong to the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family and this methodological study, leaves from grapefruit trees grown
play a central role in plant water relations. There are increasing in the field were used to evaluate: 1) the adequate ratio between
evidences that AQPs are involved in the regulation of water the number of leaf disks and the volume of water in a sample
transport in many physiological processes such as stomatal move- tube; and 2) the addition of ice chips. These trials showed that
ment. It is also known that different environment stresses affect using less than one leaf disk per mL of water per tube resulted
AQP expression and activity and as a result the cell membrane in too much variability in electrolyte leakage, which decreased
water permeability is modified. Under water stress conditions the effectiveness of this method to estimate the lethal freezing
plants key concern is to minimize water loss to maintain plant temperature. The addition of ice chips into test tubes to nucleate
water balance. It is well know that one of the main mechanisms the water-soaked tissues did not have any effect on electrolyte
of plants to avoid water stress is the reduction of stomatal con- leakage compared to the non-addition of ice chips when this
ductance. According to this information the main objective of addition was done after the immersion of the test tubes in the
this study was to elucidate if water stress modify the expression refrigerated bath; however, electrolyte leakage was different
of leaf AQPs in sweet orange seedlings. Two-year-old seed- when the ice chips were added before the immersion of the
lings of Marrs Early sweet orange grafted onto C22 rootstock tubes in the refrigerated bath since the ice melted before leaf
(Sunki mandarin x Swingle trifoliate orange) were grown in a disks were subjected to freezing temperatures.
greenhouse (Oct.–Nov. 2012). Plants were subjected to three
different water regimes: control (well watered plants), 75% or (240) Interactive Effects of Hypoxia and Salinity
50% of the dose used to water control plants was applied 2–3 on Perennial Ryegrass and Alkaligrass
times per week. Control plants were kept under field capacity Hanan Isweiri*
during the growing period. Leaf water potential and stomatal Colorado State University, Fort Collins; isweiri@lamar.
conductance were measured weekly. Six weeks after the be- colostate.edu
ginning of the treatments, when significant differences in leaf
water potential and stomatal conductance were observed among Yaling Qian
treatments, samples of xylem exudates were collected and the Colorado State University, Fort Collins; yaqian@colostate.
abscisic acid (ABA) content was determined. The expression edu
of five citrus AQPs was quantified by reverse transcription- A lot of salt-affected soil in the world is also affected by compac-
PCR in fully developed leaves. A decrease in water potential tion and waterlogging due to shallow water tables or decreased
and stomatal conductance, and an increase in ABA content in infiltration of water in soil because of sodicity. Waterlogging
the xylem sap were observed as the water stress treatment was and compaction cause a reduced oxygen exchange (hypoxia).
more severe. The expression of AQPs was affected by the water Research on the combined impacts of salinity and hypoxia on
stress treatment: the expression of one of the five AQPs tested turfgrass growth is limited. The interactive effects of salinity
was reduced by the most severe water stress treatment (50%) so and oxygen availability on nine perennial ryegrass lines (Lo-
that it reduced water transport in the leaf, which could explain lium perenne L.) and one alkaligrass (Puccinellia tenuiflora)
the lower stomatal conductance and water potential observed was studied. In a controlled greenhouse, grasses were exposed

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S379
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

to four salinity levels (3, 6, 9, 12 dS·m–1) with and without (242) Initial Evaluation of Lettuce Collections
hypoxia condition for four weeks each. All entries exhibited for Drought Tolerance
decreased clipping yield with increasing salinity in both salin-
ity and hypoxia + salinity treatments except Fults Alkligrass. Caleb Knepper*
Turf quality declined over time to unacceptable quality ratings USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
with high salinity (12 dS·m–1) treatment. In general, all entries Beiquan Mou
had better turf quality in control and hypoxia treatments than in USDA–ARS, Salinas, CA; [email protected]
salinity and salinity with hypoxia treatments. All grasses were
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in California represents
more severely affected (quality and yields) under combined
a 1.5 billion dollar accounting for nearly 80% of all lettuce pro-
hypoxia and salinity treatment compared to salinity or hypoxia
duced in the United States. While California has an abundance
only. The experimental lines that maintained acceptable turf
of fertile farmland and a favorable climate for the production of
quality under hypoxia plus moderate salinity (6–10 dS·m–1)
leafy vegetables, a combination of factors pose a serious threat
conditions were selected.
to the future of the lettuce industry. Limited water availability
for irrigation arising from reduced precipitation along with
(241) Varietal Differences in Physiology of
regulatory reductions is already applying pressure on produc-
Drought Stressed Phaseolus ers, while climate change threatens to exacerbate these effects.
Jesse Traub Leafy vegetables with high water content, such as lettuce, are
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] particularly vulnerable to drought stress. A reduction in water
applied could represent not only a substantial savings to the
James D. Kelly producer, but it could also represent the potential for an increase
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
in production acres in order to keep up with rising demand due to
Wayne H. Loescher* population growth. In order to identify lettuce cultivars adapted
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] to limited water availability, more than 1,500 lettuce varieties
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the world’s most important and germplasm were screened in greenhouses for drought-
directly consumed food legume; however, in many areas of the tolerance through a binary drought screen evaluating leaf relative
world bean production is drought limited, and this is a particular water content, wilt-resistance, and shoot fresh weight. Selected
food security problem in the developing world. In an effort to varieties and germplasm, identified through initial greenhouse
improve the efficiencies of breeding for drought tolerance, we analysis, were further evaluated in the field under a gradient of
have compared various drought tolerance mechanisms in a broad water-stress conditions to identify cultivars showing resistance to
range of Phaseolus genotypes from Andean, Mesoamerican, and limited water availability. With a combination of greenhouse and
Sonoran populations, from both P. vulgaris (common bean) and field evaluations, differences in the ability of lettuce genotypes
P. acutifolius (tepary bean), that are known to exhibit significant to adapt to limited-water environments were identified. This
differences in drought tolerance in field trials. Mesoamerican initial screening of lettuce germplasm represents a substantial
and tepary bean genotypes are commonly recognized as gener- first step in developing cultivars improved for production in
ally more drought tolerant and more productive under moderate regions with increasing pressure on freshwater availability along
levels of stress when compared to Andean populations. Although with providing another tool by which producers and breeders
these differences have often been attributed to root architecture, can choose cultivars adapted for limited-water stress.
our studies of gas exchange, fluorescence parameters, and
growth data show that under root limited conditions there are
(243) Remotely Surface Reflectance Data for
major differences related to several shoot factors, including Irrigation Scheduling of Southern New Mexico
heat tolerance, photosynthetic capacity, stomatal behavior and Pecan Orchards
conductance. Some genotypes, for example, show evidence of Yahia Othman*
osmoregulation (accumulation of several compatible solutes), New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; [email protected]
particularly when water stressed allowing for the maintenance
of lower leaf water potentials. Other characteristics include Caiti Steele
more rapid stomatal closure when stressed and higher water New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; [email protected]
use efficiencies, i.e., the ability to maintain photosynthesis as Rolston St. Hilaire
transpiration is decreasing. A/Ci analyses also show that the New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; [email protected]
higher photosynthetic rates under both stress and well watered
Demand for New Mexico’s limited water resources coupled
conditions are primarily due to differences in the generation of
with periodic drought has increased the necessity for developing
ribulose bisphosphate for the Calvin-Benson cycle. These re-
advanced sensing technologies to optimize irrigation scheduling
sults suggest several productive strategies to improving drought
and drought monitoring of pecan orchards. The objective of this
tolerance in common bean. study was to use remotely-sensed surface reflectance derived
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA from a hand-held spectroradiometer (ASD Fieldspec Pro Full

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S380 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Range Spectroradiometer), Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Map- ment), SWP or plant growth. Trees under RDI60, RDI30, and
per (ETM+), and Earth Observing One-Advanced Land Imager PRD treatments showed higher leaf ABA concentration at the
(EO-1 ALI) to detect moisture status of pecan trees exposed to end of the experiment as compared to control trees; however,
cyclic flood irrigations. The study was conducted simultaneously no differences were found in stomatal conductance, which
on two southern New Mexico mature pecan orchards in 2012. may indicate that hydraulic mechanisms played a role in water
Irrigation cycles were synchronized with satellite overpasses. movement in the three irrigation strategies evaluated. Regulated
In situ measurements of canopy spectral reflectance and pecan deficit irrigation treatments (30 and 60 RDI) had smaller sap
stem water potential (Ψsmd) were taken shortly after irrigation flow rates than control and PRD treatments. RDI60 trees had
and near the end of a flood irrigation dry-down cycle. In situ a smaller maximum daily shrinkage than control trees but no
measurement of canopy reflectance at near infrared wavelengths differences were observed between the other treatments. This
(750, 960, 1050, 1075, and 1260 nm) correlated positively with study showed that sap flow sensors and stem diameter variations
Ψsmd, whereas short wave infrared (SWIR) surface reflectance can be good indicators to detect water stress in grapefruit trees.
within the range 1450 to 2500 nm did not differ between well-
watered trees and those at the end of irrigation cycle. Near Specified Source(s) of Funding: CSIC (Spain) and Texas A&M
infrared reflectance recorded by the ETM+ and EO-1 ALI University–Kingsville, Citrus Center
sensors correlated with Ψsmd, but unlike the in situ data, SWIR
reflectance data from these satellite sensors was also significantly
correlated with Ψsmd. Our results suggest that remotely-sensed Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
data from both satellite sensors and hand-held spectroradiometers
can be used to detect moisture status of pecan orchards, but the Floriculture
difference in scale of observation needs further interpretation.
(017) Temperature Affects the Development of
(244) Using Sap Flow, Stem Diameter Micro- Brown Spots on the Leaves of Oncidium Sharry
variations to Assess Water Use in Grapefruit Baby
Trees under Water-saving Irrigation Strategies
Hye-Ji Kim
Sheren Elsayed Farag University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla,
Min Hee Kim*
IRNASE–CSIC), Sevilla; [email protected]
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
Juan Carlos Melgar*
Xinxin Li
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
[email protected]
The objectives of this study were: 1) to study the response of
Kenneth Leonhardt
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
grapefruit trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial
rootzone drying (PRD); and 2) to evaluate the use of different The development of brown spots has been recognized as a
methods, including stem water potential, sap flow, and tree trunk significant problem which occurs on the mature leaves of On-
micro-variations, to estimate tree water use. A greenhouse experi- cidium Sharry Baby. The cause of brown spots is still not clear
ment was conducted at the Texas A&M University–Kingsville although it appears to be related to environmental conditions and
Citrus Center during 8 weeks. Root systems of 2-year-old grape- cultural practices during production. This study was conducted
fruit trees were split into half and allowed to become established in to investigate how temperature influences the development of
adjacent pots. Four irrigation strategies were applied: 1) Control: brown spots in Onc. Sharry Baby ‘Red Fantasy’. Propagules of
irrigated with 100% of plant evapotranspirative needs (ET); 2) Onc. Sharry Baby ‘Red Fantasy’ were obtained from a commer-
RDI60: 60% ET; 3) RDI30: 30% ET; and 4) PRD: 100% ET cial orchid nursery at two developmental stages: 6-month-old
applied to only one-half of root zone, changing the side every plugs and 3-month-old plugs. Plants were planted and placed
four weeks. Stem water potential (SWP), stomatal conductance, in a growth chamber maintained at day/night temperatures of
leaf abscisic acid concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, and 30/25 °C, 25/20 °C, or 20/15 °C with a 12h day, 60% RH, and
plant growth (total plant dry weight and shoot length) were 200 μmol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).
measured. The RDI strategies increased tree water use efficiency; Regardless of temperature and plant age, all plants developed
trees with RDI60 and RDI30 used 30% and 52% less water than brown spots during the 5-month growing period, however, the
control, respectively, without showing differences in total plant degree of brown spot development varied among the treatments.
dry weight or shoot length. RDI30 trees had a lower SWP than The 6-month-old plants rapidly developed brown spots within a
RDI60 at the end of the experiment, although the value (–1.48 month in all temperature schemes, and additional brown spots
MPa) was very mild and RDI30 trees were not considered to developed with higher growing temperatures and continued ap-
be drought stressed. PRD did not show any differences in water pearing over time. Meanwhile, the 3-month-old plants developed
savings (probably because of the short duration of this experi- brown spots 3 months later when grown at lower temperatures,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S381
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

and developed symptoms earlier when grown at higher tempera- Andrew Koeser*
tures. Our results suggest that the development of brown spots University of Florida, GREC, Wimauma, FL; akoeser@ufl.
in Onc. Sharry Baby ‘Red Fantasy’ is strongly associated with edu
plant developmental stage, and that higher growing temperatures
induce the formation of brown spots, possibly by stimulating Sarah T. Lovell
rapid vegetative growth. University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected]
J. Ryan Stewart
(018) Evaluation of Oncidium Intergenerics as Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; [email protected]
Potential Cut Flowers While biocontainers (i.e., biodegradable, plant-based contain-
Min Hee Kim* ers) are marketed as being more sustainable than conventional
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu; minhee@hawaii. plastic pots, little scientific literature exists to substantiate
edu these claims. Past research has instead shown that adoption of
plant-derived containers under current greenhouse production
Kenneth Leonhardt
practices often leads to greater use of irrigation water, increased
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
damage and waste during filling and shipping, and differences in
Hye-Ji Kim plant growth. Life cycle assessment (LCA) serves as a holistic
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected] accounting of all the material/energy inputs and waste/pollution
Oncidium intergenerics are popular potted flowering plants outflows associated with a given product. This paper draws on
with showy flowers and diverse color variations. Despite the LCA methods to assess how secondary production impacts (e.g.,
huge availability of intergeneric hybrids, only a few varieties of irrigation demand) differ as container type changes. The basis
Oncidiums have been used as cut flowers. The objective of this for these comparisons is cradle-to-gate assessment of all of the
study was to evaluate Oncidium intergenerics as potential new cut inputs and outflows associated with production of a common
flowers. Propagules of 20 Oncidium intergenerics were obtained annual ornamental plant (e.g., Petunia xhybrida) in a plastic
from a commercial orchid nursery, and were placed in a green- container. This work does not consider the inputs and outputs of
house under 40% shade. Plants were arranged in a completely manufacturing the containers themselves, since that information
randomized design with 6 plants per cultivar, and fertigated twice is propriety in many cases. Container-specific secondary impacts
a week with alternating overhead irrigation. Length of flower derived from controlled studies were then incorporated as model
spike, number of flower spike per plant, number of flowers per parameters to assess differences in overall production global
spike, and longevity of each flower spike was recorded. Among warming potential (GWP). Results show that the container itself
the tested varieties, Rehfieldara (Rfda.) Jerry ‘Pacific Empire’ accounts for approximately 17% of overall CO2e (i.e., carbon
produced the longest flower spike at length over 80 cm, while dioxide equivalent) emissions during petunia production using
the spike length ranged from 50 to 70 cm in most of the cultivars a conventional plastic pot. Though container was a significant
including Oncidioda (Oncda.) Copper Scarab ‘Brass Brethren’, contributor to GWP, electrical consumption for supplemental
Odontocidium (Odcdm.) Mesmeric Melody ‘Mauna Loa’, Wil- lighting during plug production and irrigation throughout the
sonara (Wils.) Red Stars ‘Rooster’, and Brassidium (Brsdm.) production process proved to be the leading sources of CO2e
Golden Gamine ‘White Knight’, Oncda. Copper Scarab ‘Brass emissions (over 44%). Differences in GWP were only minor in
Brethren’ and Odcdm. Mesmeric Melody ‘Mauna Loa’ were comparing the use of various biocontainers with standard plastic
particularly floriferous and displayed more than twice number of containers for secondary production impacts. Results demon-
flowers per spike compared to other cultivars because of higher strate that biocontainers compete with plastic pots for secondary
number of sprays on the spike, and produced more flower spikes impacts, suggesting they could potentially be more sustainable
per plant. Longevity of flower spike varied among cultivars, and than plastic pots once pot manufacturing data are considered.
Oncda. Copper Scarab ‘Brass Brethren’, and Odcdm. Mesmeric Use of more efficient supplemental lighting sources, however,
Melody ‘Mauna Loa’ showed greater longevity compared to may ultimately have the greatest impact on overall GWP.
other tested cultivars. Taken together, Oncda. Copper Scarab
‘Brass Brethren’ and Oddcdm. Mesmeric Melody ‘Mauna Loa’ (020) Bluing of Hydrangea ‘Endless Summer’
appeared to be promising cultivars as cut flower crops. Sepals Is Influenced by Timing of Aluminum
(019) Biocontainer Use in Petunia xhybrida Sulfate Drenches or Aluminum Chelate Foliar
Greenhouse Production—A Cradle-to-Gate Sprays in Three Different Locations and
Carbon Footprint Assessment of Secondary Production Systems
Impacts James S. Owen*
Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach; [email protected]
Robin Brumfield
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; brumfield@aesop. Kimberly A. Williams
rutgers.edu Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S382 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Heather M. Stoven sensor automated irrigation system. Plant height, width, and dry
Oregon State University, Aurora; heather.stoven@ weight of English lavender was significantly greater as plants
oregonstate.edu were grown at higher θ. Inflorescence number of both cultivars
was greater when plants were grown in substrates with more
Joshua Craver
water. Leaf level net photosynthesis of ‘Munstead’ increased
Kansas State University, Manhattan; joshuakcraver@gmail.
with increasing θ; this was most likely due to an increase in
com
stomatal conductance as plants were grown at higher θ. When
Julie Brindley cold hardiness was estimated by determining electrolyte leakage
Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach; [email protected] from leaves exposed to temperatures ranging from –2 to –42 °C,
Blue sepal coloration of hydrangea requires supplemental alu- ‘Munstead’ grown at 0.10 LŸ·L–1, had a significantly lower T50
minum (Al) application in nursery and greenhouse production (temperature killing 50% of leaves).
systems. Sepal bluing of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Endless
Summer’ was evaluated twice during its production cycle with (065) Wyoming Brown and Gold Fresh Cut
application of two Al sources (Al2SO4 drenches or Al-chelate Sunflowers
foliar sprays) at combinations of three times (summer, fall, and/ Andrea R. Garfinkel*
or early spring) in three production systems (peat-based sub- University of Wyoming, Laramie; [email protected]
strate in glass greenhouse, Manhattan, KS; Douglas fir-based
substrate in an open retractable-roof greenhouse, Aurora, OR; Karen L. Panter
or pine bark-based substrate in open container nursery, Virginia University of Wyoming, Laramie; [email protected]
Beach, VA). Controls included pre-plant incorporation of Al2SO4 In Wyoming, the number of farmers’ markets, community
and no Al treatment. Sepal coloration was evaluated with both supported agriculture (CSA) outlets, and food co-ops have
qualitative ratings and quantified colorimetric readings at one undergone a dramatic increase and are rapidly becoming im-
site. Substrate characteristics of pH, EC, and Al were measured portant avenues for commerce surrounding locally-produced
before and one week after each application. In the greenhouse horticultural goods. As the interest in local horticulture becomes
study, the use of Al-chelate as a foliar spray did not match blue- prevalent in Wyoming culture, so does the increased necessity
ness resulting from either Al2SO4 drenches or pre-plant Al2SO4 for region-specific growers’ information. A 16-month study
incorporation, though plants treated with Al-chelate had bluer was conducted to provide the current and emerging horticulture
sepals than the untreated control. As in the greenhouse study, industry with a quick and easy-to-grow niche cut flower crop
Al-chelate applied to bark-based soilless substrates in Oregon that displays a brown and gold inflorescence, the well-known
and Virginia produced sepals with less blue color than with the colors of the University of Wyoming (UW). Three cultivars
application of Al2SO4 ; however, both incorporation and drench of single-stem sunflowers were evaluated at the UW Laramie
methods did not result in a blue color considered acceptable Research and Extension Center. Year-round production was con-
for sale of “blue” hydrangeas. Results of substrate chemical ducted in a greenhouse facility and seasonal growth trials were
analyses varied across production systems based on the amount undergone in two high tunnel structures. The trials concluded
of leaching that occurred. Further research might evaluate the that production can be achieved in both environments, but,
effectiveness of Al-chelate when applied using foliar-sprenches with marked differences in stem length and time from sowing
under high humidity conditions or as a substrate drench. to harvest depending on the cultivar and time of year. Despite
sunflowers being traditionally categorized as short-day crops,
(021) Water Use and Cold Hardiness of English the three cultivars, ‘Dafna,’ ‘ProCut Bicolor,’ and ‘Sunbright
Lavender Supreme,’ displayed diverse responses to photoperiod. Days from
sowing to harvest ranged from 41 days for ‘Sunbright,’ to 112
Shuyang Zhen
days for ‘ProCut Bicolor’. Stem length varied from 17 cm for
University of Maine, Orono; [email protected]
‘Dafna’ to 185 cm for ‘ProCut Bicolor’. Significant differences
Stephanie Burnett* were demonstrated in regards to days from sowing to harvest
University of Maine, Orono; [email protected] between high tunnel and greenhouse production. Sunflowers in
English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is an herbaceous the greenhouse bloomed an average of 3 days faster than those in
perennial that is utilized as a landscape plant and edible herb. the high tunnels. Stem lengths, however, were not significantly
This perennial is difficult to grow in greenhouse production and different between locations. Although no economic analyses
is not reliably cold hardy in hardiness zones lower than 6. Our have been conducted to assess the business or market potential
primary objective was to determine the water requirements of of cut sunflowers, information about year-round and seasonal
two English lavender cultivars (‘Hidcote’ and ‘Munstead’) in cut sunflower production is the first step for growers to influence
greenhouse production. We also wished to determine whether business decisions when considering adding cut sunflowers to
substrate water content (Θ) of English lavender impacts cold har- a new or existing production outlet.
diness. English lavender ‘Hidcote’ and ‘Munstead’ were grown Specified Source(s) of Funding: Wyoming Department of Ag-
at four different θ (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 L·ŸL–1) in a capacitance riculture Specialty Crops Block Grant Program

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S383
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM sacs than in flavedo or leaves. Moreover, the expression of
CHYB gene family members had significantly negative correla-
Fruit Breeding tions with carotenoid accumulation in leaves. The expression
patterns of these 23 citrus carotenoid biosynthesis gene mem-
(416) Novel Carotenoid Pathway-related Gene bers were also compared with their expression patterns in other
Expression Patterns in Citrus Leaves and plants. Taken together, these first-hand expression data will be
Maturing Fruits useful to define the tissue-specific roles of each gene member
in accumulation of different carotenoids in citrus leaves and
Xu Wei maturing fruits.
University of Florida, Lake Alfred
Qibin Yu (357) Application of Simple Sequence Repeat
University of Florida, Lake Alfred Markers for Fruit Soluble Solids Content and
Chunxian Chen Titratable Acidity in the Arkansas Peach and
USDA–ARS, SEFTNRL, Byron, GA Nectarine Breeding Program
Antoine Gady Alejandra A. Salgado*
University of Florida, Lake Alfred University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Yuan Yu John R. Clark
University of Florida, Lake Alfred University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Fred Gmitter Paul Sandefur
University of Florida, CREC, Lake Alfred University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Guolu Liang Ksenija Gasic
Southwest University, Beibei District, China Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
Carotenoids are abundant in citrus fruits and vary among cul- Cameron Peace
tivars and species. In the present study, HPLC and real-time Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
PCR were used to investigate the expression patterns of 23
carotenoid biosynthesis gene family members and their pos- Nahla Bassil
sible relation with carotenoid accumulation in flavedo, juice USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort.
sacs, and leaves of Valencia orange during fruit maturation. oregonstate.edu
Violaxanthin and lutein mainly accumulated in fruit (flavedo Peach [Prunus perisca (L.) Batsch] is the third-most important
and juice sacs) and leaves (young and mature), respectively, temperate tree fruit crop produced in the world. It is a diploid
accounting for nearly 79%, 57%, 53% and 70% of correspond- species that belongs to the Rosaceae family. Fruit quality
ing total carotenoids in February. Violaxanthin content quickly characteristics such as flavor, acidity, color, flesh texture, size,
began to increase in flavedo in December, but the increase in shape, and shelf life are important attributes on which breeding
juice sacs began later in January. In mature leaves, lutein content programs focus to produce new and improved peach cultivars.
was 3 times that in young leaves; α-carotene and β-carotene The Arkansas peach and nectarine breeding program, which
were also much higher in mature leaves than in flavedo or juice started in 1964, was initially focused on clingstone, non-
sacs. Most of the carotenoid biosynthesis gene members were melting, yellow-flesh peach cultivars destined for the baby food
expressed at higher levels in flavedo than in juice sacs, and the industry. In recent years, the objectives of the program have
expressions of PSY-Contig22, ZDS-Contig23, CHYB- changed to breeding fresh-market cultivars with different
Contig25, and CHYB-Contig07 continued to increase in flavedo textures, flavors, flesh and skin colors, and harvest date.
during fruit maturation. PSY-Contig10 and LCYE-Contig24 Soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) are
were not detected in juice sacs, and the expression of the other two important components of flavor, and within the Arkansas
gene family members in juice sacs fluctuated. All CHYB breeding program a wide range of peach SSC and TA is pres-
members expressed at high levels and had similar patterns in ent. As part of the RosBREED project (www.rosbreed.org),
juice sacs. The CCS members had similar expression levels phenotypic and genotypic data were collected on important
and patterns in flavedo and juice sacs. In leaf, the expression Arkansas peach breeding program germplasm for 2010, 2011,
levels of LCYB-Contig21 was much higher than in flavedo or and 2012, with the objective of implementing marker-assisted
juice sacs, but the CHYB members and CCS-Contig16 were breeding (MAB) to complement the traditional breeding pro-
expressed at low levels, and PSY-Contig10 and CCS-Contig19 cess. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers BPPCT015a
were not detected. The expression of ZDS-Contig08 was not for SSC and CPPCT040a for TA were screened on 127 trees of
detected in any of the three tissues. Pearson correlation analy- five different populations and their parents. This was the first
sis showed that the expression of some gene family members use of these markers in the program. The SSC values varied
had more significant correlations with each other in juice from 11.2 to 29.6 °Brix and averaged 16.1 °Brix in the years

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S384 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

analyzed. Six different alleles were identified for SSC. Of these, qualitative and quantitative trait characterization, such as:
allele 168 was present in 84% of the trees analyzed. The aver- fruit and pit mass, fruit diameter, flesh firmness, flesh texture,
age content of malic acid was 0.5 g/100 mL with a maximum flesh adherence to the pit, skin and flesh color, soluble solids
value of 1.1 g/100 mL and a minimum of 0.2 g/100 mL. For content, titratable acidity, pH, bloom date, and ripening date.
this trait, four different alleles were identified, with allele 312 Along with phenotyping, endopolygalacturonase (endoPG)
present in 82% of the analyzed individuals. These promising genotyping for flesh type differentiation was conducted on
results will foster future studies focused on developing more these genotypes in 2011. Phenotyping of fruit quality traits was
accurate DNA markers for these traits and expand the applica- conducted at the well-mature stage. Within these seven popu-
tion of MAB in peach breeding programs. lations, the MF, NMF, and SMF textures were phenotypically
distinguishable and matched the expected flesh firmness values.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was partially funded
The MF individuals, which were expected to have the lowest
by USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture—
firmness, had an average value of 1.9 Kg of force (Kgf), the
Specialty Crop Research Initiative project, “RosBREED:
SMF individuals (which have a reduced rate of melting phase)
Enabling marker-assisted breeding in Rosaceae” (2009-51181-
averaged 2.7 Kgf, and the NMF individuals averaged 3.3 Kgf.
05808).
Endopolygalacturonase DNA markers were able to differentiate
between MF, NMF, and NSF individuals but were unsuccessful
(358) Application of a Standardized Protocol
in identifying SMF individuals. These findings facilitate further
for Fruit Quality Phenotyping in the Arkansas research in developing a more accurate characterization of the
Peach and Nectarine Breeding Program peach flesh types.
Alejandra A. Salgado* Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was partially funded
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] by USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture – Spe-
John R. Clark cialty Crop Research Initiative project, “RosBREED: Enabling
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] marker-assisted breeding in Rosaceae” (2009-51181-05808).

Paul Sandefur (359) RosBREED: Functional Allele

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] Distribution for Blush Development in U.S.
Ksenija Gasic Peach Breeding Germplasm
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
Terrence Frett
Cameron Peace University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
Ksenija Gasic*
Nahla Bassil Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
USDA–ARS, NCGR, Corvallis, OR; bassiln@hort.
oregonstate.edu
John R. Clark
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Molecular techniques are becoming more commonly utilized
in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] breeding programs for Alejandra A. Salgado
several purposes: to screen genotypes as juveniles before they University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
produce fruit; to discard individuals that do not carry certain Thomas Gradziel
desired alleles; and to select parents for crossing based on spe- University of California, Davis; [email protected]
cific alleles. Ultimately, this application will increase breeding
Jonathan Fresnedo
efficiency and reduce operational costs, labor, and land. These
University of California, Davis; jfresnedoramirez@ucdavis.
new techniques are precise and when correctly applied can
edu
lead to accurate and useful results, but they only work if ac-
curate and standardized phenotyping procedures are used over David H. Byrne
multiple years. Within the Arkansas peach breeding program Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
a wide and unique range of flesh types are found, including Natalie Anderson
melting-flesh (MF), non-melting flesh (NMF), non-softening Texas A&M University, College Station; n-anderson@tamu.
flesh (NSF), and slow-melting flesh (SMF). These flesh types edu
have different textures, firmness, and postharvest performance
potential. As a part of the RosBREED project (www.rosbreed. Tim Hartman
org) the University of Arkansas peach breeding program has Texas A&M University, College Station; guero_ag05@
applied a standardized phenotyping protocol for fruit quality yahoo.com
on seven peach populations and their parents since 2010 to Cameron Peace
relate genotypic and phenotypic data. This protocol involves Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S385
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Paul Sandefur Jonathan Fresnedo

Washington State University, Pullman; paul.sandefur@ University of California, Davis; jfresnedoramirez@ucdavis.
email.wsu.edu edu
W.R. Okie Dan Parfitt*
USDA–ARS, Warner Robins, GA; [email protected]. University of California, Davis; [email protected]
gov Thomas Gradziel
Gregory L. Reighard University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected] Richard M. Bostock
Travis Stegmeir University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Joseph Fass
Umesh Rosyara University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Dawei Lin
Amy F. Iezzoni University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Ebenezer A. Ogundiwin
Skin blush is an important trait for marketing peaches. The red Nunheims, Davis; [email protected]
skin pigmentation develops through the flavonoid and antho- Helen M. Chan
cyanin pathways, and both genetic and environmental stimuli, University of California, Davis; [email protected]
and their interaction, control the regulation of these pathways.
Blush is under polygenic control with one major QTL locus Riaz Ahmad
and several minor QTL loci throughout the genome. A study of NA, NA; [email protected]
one major QTL locus, Blush.Pp.ZC-3.1, associated with blush Carlos H. Crisosto
in peach discerned functional alleles/haplotypes with high/low University of California, Davis; [email protected]
probability of producing high/low blush phenotypes. The U.S.
Sequencing, map development, and QTL discovery referenced
Prunus germplasm under the RosBREED collaborative effort
to genome annotation are summarized for three peach genomes
was phenotyped in 2011 and 2012 for the percentage of blush
and their progeny, generated as part of the California peach/
covering the fruit skin using a scale from 0–5; 0 indicating no
almond breeding programs. Three parents, ‘Dr. Davis’, ‘F8,
blush and 5 indicating full red surface color. High resolution
1-42’, and ‘Georgia Belle’ were sequenced to identify SNPs
genome scanning of RosBREED material provided necessary
for genotyping two breeding populations, Pop-DF (‘Dr. Davis’
DNA information for determining distribution of high/low blush
x ‘F8, 1-42’) and Pop-DG (‘Dr. Davis’ x ‘Georgia Belle’). A
functional alleles/haplotypes in breeding germplasm. Four func-
combination of Roche 454 and Ilumina/Solexa sequencing
tional alleles defined as ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, and ‘d’ were detected at trait
were used to generate a consensus genome sequence for each
loci for high/low blush in U.S. breeding germplasm. Functional
parent. Burrows Wheeler alignment (BWA) with SAMtools
allele ‘c’ (i.e., c/c, c/b, c/a) was associated with significantly
were used to align raw data. Velvet/Columbus software was
higher blush (> 50 % P < 0.001: *Tukey-Kramer HSD) while used to assemble the contigs, referenced to the draft Peach 1.0
functional allele ‘d’ when homozygous exhibited significantly genome from the International Peach Initiative. Comparison of
lower blush (< 10%; P < 0.001; *Tukey-Kramer HSD). In this aligned and overlapping sequences from both Roche 454 and
presentation, functional alleles and functional genotypes of U.S. Illumina-Solexa were compared to select 6654 high quality SNPs
peach breeding germplasm will be revealed and possibility for for ‘Dr. Davis’ vs. ‘F8, 1-42’ and ‘Georgia Belle’, distributed
marker assisted parent and seedling selection discussed. on the eight major peach genome scaffolds from the physical
Specified Source(s) of Funding: “RosBREED: Enabling marker- Peach 1.0 assembly. The eight scaffolds from our populations
assisted breeding in Rosaceae” is supported by the USDA– contained about 215–225 Mb of peach genomic sequences
NIFA–Specialty Crop Research Initiative by a combination of with one selected SNP/ ~40,000 bases. Populations DF and
federal and matching funds (grant number 2009-51181-05808). DG were scored for 1536 SNPs, evenly distributed across the
eight major peach scaffolds, with the Illumina GoldenGate®
(360) Application of Whole Genome Sequencing Genotyping assay. There were 1,400 high quality SNPs used in
and High Resolution Mapping to Characterize Pop-DF and 962 were used in Pop-DG to construct two link-
Brown Rot (Monilinia spp.) Resistance in Peach age maps with JoinMap®4.0. The Pop-DF map covered 422
cM (1,037 SNPs), Pop-DG map covered 369 cM (738 SNPs),
[Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and a consensus map with 588 SNPs in eight linkage groups
Pedro J. Martinez-Garcia covered 454 cM with ave. 0.81 cM between SNPs. Placements
University of California, Davis; pjmartinezgarcia@ucdavis. of SNPs on the ‘peach v1.0’ physical map were compared to
edu placement on the linkage maps and several differences were

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S386 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

observed. The Pop-DF map was used to identify QTLs for brown being 22.904%. The No. 2 common factor was related to fruit
rot on linkage groups 1 and 4. SnpEff ver. 3.0c. software was nutrition with the accumulative variance contribution being
used to identify 2,163 SNP effects, 282 effects were located 21.293%. The No. 3 common factor was related to fruit flavor
in exonic regions (13.04%) and 294 placed in intronic regions with the accumulative variance contribution being 20.875%. The
(13.59%). SNP effects in brown rot QTL regions were evalu- No. 4 common factor was related to fruit appearance with the
ated for putative function. accumulative variance contribution being 10.730%. The No. 5
Specified Source(s) of Funding: National Research Initiative common factor was related to Vc content with the accumulative
of USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) variance contribution being 8.764%. According to fruit quality
grant 2008-35300-04432, UC Agricultural Experiment Station evaluation using factor analysis, the 13 cultivars were ranked
and USDA–CREES (Hatch Experiment Station funding). as the following: ‘Jinsi No. 4’, ‘Zhanhuadongzao’, ‘Jinsimi-
zao’, ‘Jidanzao’, ‘Daguodongzao’, ‘Tangzao’, ‘Tezao No. 4’,
(361) Comprehensive Assessment on Quality of ‘Pingguodongzao’, ‘Yuquan No. 8’, ‘Zaocuiwang’, ‘Mizao’,
‘Mangguodongzao’, and ‘Lizao’. Our results indicated that the
Fresh-eating Jujube Cultivars factor analysis could be applied for comprehensive assessment
Deyi Yuan on fruit quality of fresh-eating jujube cultivars.
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South (362) Phenotypic Diversity of Individual
University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004; Sugars, Soluble Solids Content, and Acidity in
[email protected] RosBREED Apple Germplasm
Wen-tao Chen Yingzhu Guan*
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- Washington State University, Wenatchee; yingzhu.guan@
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South email.wsu.edu
University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
[email protected] Cari Schmitz
University of Minnesota, St, Paul; [email protected]
Riqing Zhang
Matthew Clark
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan 410001; Benjamin Orcheski
[email protected] Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]

Donglin Zhang* James Luby

University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected]

Zhi-qiang Han Susan K. Brown

Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected]
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South Cameron Peace
University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004; Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
[email protected] David R. Rudell
Hongxu Long USDA–ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee,
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- WA; [email protected]
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South Katherine Evans
University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004; Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee;
[email protected] [email protected]
Fruit quality of 13 fresh-eating jujube cultivars were assessed, Marker-assisted breeding has been applied in traditional apple
compared, and ranked. Parameters, including fruit weight, fruit breeding programs to increase breeding efficiency and reduce
shape index, fruit uniformity, titratable acid, soluble sugar, Vc costs of time, land, and labor by testing important parental
content, sugar–acid ratio, fruit texture, pulp thickness, and genotypes to determine the best genetic combinations, discard-
resistance to fruit crack, were measured. After the data were ing seedlings with undesirable traits, and verifying pedigree.
converted by the method of subordinate function, factor analy- In order to more efficiently and accurately identify molecular
sis and comprehensive evaluation were conducted using the markers of interest, an extensive germplasm set representing the
software SPSS13.0. Results showed that five common factors breeding program is essential. As part of the RosBREED project
(eigenvalue > 1) were extracted with the accumulative variance enabling marker-assisted breeding in Rosaceae, an apple refer-
contribution being 84.57%. The No. 1 common factor was re- ence germplasm set (crop reference germplasm and breeding
lated to fruit taste with the accumulative variance contribution pedigree germplasm sets) of 747 individuals was established

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S387
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

based on the pedigree and allele representation of important Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM
parental cultivars, selections and seedlings at the apple breeding
programs at Cornell University, University of Minnesota, and Growth Regulators in Fruit and
Washington State University. Sweetness is one of the important Nut Production
quality traits in apples, and sensory sweetness is a complex
human sensation affecting by sweetness, acidity, and aroma. (276) The Use of ABA and AVG to Manage Fruit
Phenotypic data of sensory sweetness, soluble solids content Set and Cropload of European Pear
(SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) were collected using a stan-
dardized phenotyping protocol at all three sites at harvest, and Todd Einhorn*
after 10 weeks and 20 weeks of cold storage plus 1 week shelf Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural
life in 2010, 2011, and 2012. In addition, flesh concentrations Research and Extension, Hood River OR; todd.einhorn@
of individual sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol) oregonstate.edu
and malic acid from 735 and 625 individuals at harvest in 2010 Mateus Da Silveira Pasa
and 2012, respectively, were also estimated using GC-MS. The Federal University of Pelotas/CAPES Foundation, Ministry
ranges and means of these traits vary among three locations to of Education of Brazil, Brasília; [email protected]
account for each unique germplasm set and different growing
Yan Wang
environments. For example, concentrations of individual sugars
Oregon State University, Mid-Columbia Agricultural
are relatively higher in Washington State than the other two
Research and Extension, Hood River OR
sites at harvest in 2011. The phenotypic data for SSC and TA in
RosBREED apple crop reference set are available for the public ‘Comice’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pear trees are “shy” to bear fruit,
in the Breeder Toolbox at the Genome Database for Rosaceae the latter only typically during the initial 10–15 years from
(GDR) (www.rosaceae.org). planting, despite profuse bloom. Poor fruit set of ‘Comice’
has been attributed to a short ovule viability period (1–2 d).
Specified Source(s) of Funding: RosBREED funded by USDA The mechanisms limiting fruit set of ‘d’Anjou’ have not been
and NIFA elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of ethylene
via amino-ethoxy-vinyl-glycine (AVG) would improve ovule
(363) S2 Progeny of Japanese Pear (Pyrus viability, and, hence, fruit set of ‘Comice’. For ‘d’Anjou’, we
pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Osa Nijisseiki’ Having used AVG to gain biological insights regarding flowering and
Self-compatibility and Their Homozygosity fruit set. Forty and 80 ppm AVG (ReTain, Valent) were applied
Estimated By SSR Analysis at 80% bloom or 2 weeks after full bloom (wafb) to ‘d’Anjou’
and ‘Comice’ trees and compared to untreated controls. AVG
Eiichi Inoue* markedly improved ‘d’Anjou’ fruit set and yield in proportion to
Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 300-0393; [email protected].
rate, but only at the 2 wafb timing. At 2 wafb, 80 ppm increased
ac.jp
tree yield ~3-fold compared to controls. Fruit from ReTain-
In pear, any self-pollinated progeny are difficult to produce treated trees, however, were significantly smaller than control
because they have self-incompatibility. Using a self-compatible fruit, a function, in part, attributed to the higher fruit densities
cultivar ‘Osa Nijisseiki’ with a mutation about the style phe- induced by AVG. Interestingly, the number of seeds per fruit did
notype, we produced self-pollinated progeny of Japanese pear not statistically differ between AVG and control fruit, implying
(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in this experiment. Twenty-eight seeds that fertilization alone does not limit ‘d’Anjou’ fruit set. Fruit set
were obtained by self-pollination of S1 cultivar ‘Nou 1 gou’. and yield of ‘Comice’ were significantly improved in response
Twenty-two seedlings were germinated and established in the to rate at both application timings relative to controls. At 80
field. All seedlings were inspected such as true S2 progenies ppm, the 2 wafb timing produced the highest yields. ‘Comice’
about 42 SSR loci on a reference map of ‘Housui’ (Terakami fruit size was reduced by AVG ~15%, but still attained com-
et al, 2009). Their homozygosity (no. of locus as homozygote/ mercially acceptable size. Return bloom of either cultivar was
no. of locus scored) estimated by the 42 loci were varied among not affected by AVG, irrespective of rate or timing. Contrary to
0.69 to 0.82 higher than 0.64 in ‘Nou 1 gou’ and 0.24 of ‘Osa the fruit-setting habits of ‘Comice’ and ‘d’Anjou’, ‘Bartlett’ is
Nijisseiki’. The negative correlation observed between the precocious and productive. Hand thinning is required to achieve
homozygosity and plant height in S2 individuals in first year commercial fruit size in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Current
reflected a negative effect of the homogeneity on their growth. thinning agents do not consistently thin ‘Bartlett’ in the PNW.
We concluded that the S2 progeny was valuable for the genomic We, therefore, tested the postbloom thinning efficacy of abscisic
research such as the recessive gene effects in pear. acid (ABA) (ProTone, Valent) on whole-canopies of ‘Bartlett’
pear trees. Rates of 0, 125, 250, and 500 ppm were applied 21
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This research was supported
dafb. Photosynthesis was significantly, negatively related to rate
by the grant no. 23658023 of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific
for a 2-week period following application. A highly significant,
Research, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
rate-dependent fruitlet abscission response was achieved by
Technology, Japan.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S388 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

ABA; 125 ppm reduced fruits per tree to levels equivalent to the moved from the protected environment to the field. S-ABA has
hand-thinned control. ABA at 250 ppm severely reduced fruits been proven to successfully reduce undesirable excess shoot
per tree and 500 ppm removed all fruit. Yield and final fruit growth in the greenhouse with an increase in root-to-shoot ratio
size at harvest did not significantly differ between the control and improve seedling hardiness in a wide range of species. The
and 125 ppm ABA. dosage required varies between species or cultivars on a range
of 200 to 2,000 ppm. Seedlings taken from the greenhouse
(277) Transplant Height Control and and planted in the field often suffer transient water stress (i.e.,
“Transplant Shock” Reduction with S-Abscisic transplant shock) due to root injury during transplanting and
Acid (S-ABA) in Vegetable Production disturbed root-soil contact primarily in exposure to high evapo-
transpiration demand. Recently, foliar applications of S-ABA
Frederick Marmor have gained interest in the vegetable industry as a method to
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; fred.marmor@ improve post-transplant stress tolerance and increase transplant
valentbiosciences.com stand establishment. A series of greenhouse and field experi-
Craig A. Campbell ments was performed to determine the effects of exogenous
Valent BioSciences Corp., Ocoee, FL; craig.campbell@ applications of S-ABA on pepper, tomato, and watermelon
valent.com transplants. Foliar applications of S-ABA significantly reduced
water use, improved stand establishment and drought toler-
Paul Silverman ance of the transplants. Latter seems important not just for
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; paul.silverman@ seedling survival after transplanting but during shipping from
valentbiosciences.com the greenhouse to the field.
Derek D. Woolard
Valent BioSciences Corp., Long Grove, IL; derek.woolard@ (278) Physiological Investigations of Chemical
valent.com Thinner Efficacy in Apples
Liu Xiaozhong P. Francescatto
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; liu.xiaozhong@ Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis;
valentbiosciences.com [email protected]

Peter D. Petracek Diane Doud Miller*

Valent BioSciences Corp., Long Grove, IL; peter.petracek@ The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster; miller.87@
valent.com osu.edu

Rob Fritts* Jozsef Racsko

Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; rob.fritts@ Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; Jozsef.
valent.com [email protected]
Chemical fruit thinning of apples is a challenging task; it is
Daniel Leep influenced by many factors including weather conditions, tree
Valent BioSciences Corp., Lindenhurst, IL; dan.leep@ health status, etc. As these factors vary year by year thinner
valent.com efficacy also varies from one year to another. The aims of this
Gregory Venburg study were: 1) to investigate the physiological background of
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; greg.venburg@ thinner efficacy in apples using commercially available and
valent.com test compounds; and 2) to measure how carbohydrate balance
of trees affects fruit sensitivity to thinner applications. ‘Buck-
Johan Pienaar eye Gala’ trees on B.9 rootstock in an experimental orchard
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; johan.pienaar@ located at Wooster, OH, were sprayed at 10–12 mm fruitlet
valent.com size with either of the following compounds: 100 ppm 6-ben-
zyladenine (6-BA), 600 ppm carbaryl, 10 ppm of two different
Jozsef Racsko
formulations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 200 ppm
Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL; Jozsef.Racsko@
metamitron, 200 ppm 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid
valentbiosciences.com
(ACC), 300 ppm S-abscisic acid (S-ABA), and water (con-
Transplanting is a standard cultural practice in vegetable pro- trol). Fruit set, cell division and cell size, relative chlorophyll
duction to improve seedling survival and cropping character- content, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, ethylene evo-
istics (earliness, yield, crop quality). The major objective of lution, and fruit quality were measured. MaluSim Carbohydrate
vegetable seedling production for transplanting is to produce model was used to estimate daily carbohydrate balance of trees.
a plant that has a compact shoot and well-developed, strong Fruitlet response to thinners, i.e., fruit drop pattern, could be
root system that provides a better chance of survival when it is well correlated with the carbon balance of trees. According to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S389
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

the model calculations, during the thinner application period have had the pH established by compost rather than limestone
carbohydrate balance was positive. Sensitivity of fruitlets will also have a similar pH buffering capacity. However, since
to thinners was therefore significantly reduced. ACC and the addition of compost can result in higher substrate EC, this
metamitron had the greatest efficacy in causing fruit abscis- practice should avoided with salt sensitive crops.
sion. The greatest reduction in photosynthesis was measured Specified Source(s) of Funding: Longwood Gardens
for metamitron, followed by ABA, NAA, and ACC. Only
metamitron caused damage to PSII efficiency or chloroplast
(267) The Hydration Efficiency of Two Pine Tree
ultrastructure, evident as leaf yellowing and reduced relative
chlorophyll content of shoot leaves. Neither cell division nor Substrate Components under Dry Conditions
cell enlargement of the fruits nor fruit quality was affected by Jeb S. Fields
thinner application; all showed similar patterns over the season North Carolina State University, Raleigh; [email protected]
in all treatments.
William C. Fonteno
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Bill_Fonteno@
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM ncsu.edu

Plant Nutrient Management Brian Jackson*

North Carolina State University, Raleigh; brian_jackson@
(266) Buffering Capacity of Substrates with ncsu.edu
Varying Amounts of Compost and Limestone Pine tree substrate components are becoming more prevalent in
greenhouse substrates. However, no research has been conducted
Rachel A. Kreis*
to determine their wettability. In this study, the hydration effi-
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; rachelkreis@
ciency of two differently manufactured pine tree substrate com-
gmail.com
ponents were tested under dry conditions. Hydration efficiency
Matthew D. Taylor was determined by developing a wetting curve from 10 hydration
Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA; mtaylor@ events and comparing these to container capacity values. One of
longwoodgardens.org the pine tree substrate components was manufactured to simulate
Peat is the most popular greenhouse substrate component used the water holding characteristics of peat (SPW) while the other
today. Compost is another component that can be used in green- pine wood component was made to perform like an aggregate
house substrates. However, the chemical properties of peat and similar to perlite (PWC). These two components were compared
compost are extremely different. Peat has an inherent pH range to peat moss and aged pine bark. These four components were
of about 3 to 4, whereas compost has an inherent pH range of 7 tested at 25% moisture content at four different wetting agent
to 8.5. Typically, Limestone is added to peat based substrate to rates in order to determine their wettability at what is considered
adjust pH. The rates of limestone must be adjusted accordingly to be hydrophobic moisture content levels for both peat and pine
when compost becomes a component of these substrates. The bark. Wetting agent rate did not affect container capacity in the
objective of this study was to compare pH buffering capacity of two pine tree substrates or the pine bark, but wetting agents did
substrates that have had pH established by limestone, compost, affect the container capacity of peat. Peat showed high levels of
or a combination of both. The experiment was a factorial design hydrophobicity, not reaching container capacity until the tenth
with four compost rates by volume (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%), hydration event. Both of the pine tree substrate components as
four limestone rates (0, 1.19, 2.37, and 3.56 g of limestone per well as the pine bark reached container capacity at all wetting
l of substrate) and five replications. Each substrate treatment agent levels between the second and fifth hydration event. The
was titrated through individual incubations with six rates of PWC and the aged pine bark had similar container capacities;
sulfuric acid (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 moles of H+ per g of the SPW water holding capacities was higher. The peat with
dry substrate). pH was measured at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hours any rate of wetting agent had higher container capacity than
to determine if buffering capacity changed over time. Electri- all of the other components. However with no wetting agents,
cal conductivity (EC) readings were also taken on treatments peat at 25% moisture content had the lowest container capacity.
receiving 0 moles of H+ per gram of substrate. Generally, sub- The two wood components demonstrated little hydrophobicity
strates that had the pH established by the addition of compost compared to peat and bark and had better hydration efficiency.
had similar buffering capacities compared to substrates that had
pH established by limestone. Additionally, substrates with pH (268) Processing Tomato Response to Nitrogen
established by a combination compost and limestone also had Fertilizer
similar buffering capacities. Limestone rate had a minimal ef-
fect on substrate EC. However, increasing compost rates from Elizabeth T. Maynard*
Purdue University, Valparaiso, IN; [email protected]
0% to 30% caused the EC to increase on average from 0.27 to
0.77 mS. These results indicate compost can be used to establish Efficient use of nitrogen (N) is important to reduce produc-
substrate pH similar to limestone. Furthermore, substrates that tion costs, conserve natural resources, and minimize negative

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S390 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

environmental effects of crop production. Field trials were treatments were switched from deficient to complete twice, Mn
conducted at a research center in northern Indiana to evalu- treatments were switched once, and zinc and molybdenum have
ate the need for new N fertilizer rate recommendations for yet to show symptoms of deficiency after 4 months. Fe-deficient
processing tomatoes. Tomato cultivars (CV) 111 and 9704 (in plants of P. parviflorus were able to re-green yellow leaves to
2010) and 611 and TR12 (in 2011) were grown at N rates from match control plants on both switches. P. ambiguus was able to
0 to 240 lb/ac in a replicated trial on irrigated sandy loam soil re-green slightly yellowed leaves, but did not re-green leaves
in a corn–soybean–vegetable rotation. N was supplied from with more severe symptoms. These leaves were eventually lost,
urea either before transplanting, or both before and 35 (2010) and the axillary buds broke. Mn-deficient plants of both species
or 23 (2011) days after transplanting (DAT). Seedlings were did not re-green the yellowing leaves, and upon regrowth some
transplanted on 11 June 2010, and 27 June 2011, at a density of the yellow leaves abscised. Yellowed leaves on P. parviflorus
of 9,680 plants/acre, and harvested 88–91 (2010) and 109–112 remained attached to the plant much longer than P. ambiguus.
(2011) DAT. Relative yields for each CV x N rate x Year mean To date neither Zn nor Mo deficiency has affected plant growth
were calculated by dividing the mean by the maximum CV x of either species. Visual symptomology of roots and shoots
Nrate mean for that year. Maximum yield of red plus turn- including elemental analyses to confirm deficiencies as well as
ing fruit (RT) was 26.4 and 32.3 tons/acre in 2010 and 2011, spectral reflectance curves created at the beginning and end of
respectively. Relative yield of RT showed a curved response the experiment will be presented.
that predicted increasing yield up to 100 lb/ac of fertilizer N,
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Hatch Project NEB 22-341
and decreasing yield at higher N rates when both years were
analyzed together. Leaf nitrogen content (leaf N) was determined (270) Urea Hydrolysis in Pine Tree Substrate Is
2–3, 4–5, and 6–7 weeks after transplanting for N rates up to
180 lb/ac. Aboveground plant nitrogen uptake (N uptake) was
Affected by Urea and Lime Rate
estimated at those times and also near the time of harvest. Leaf Alexander X. Niemiera*
N was greater than 4% through 34 DAT and greater than 3% Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
through 63 DAT. N uptake and N in fruit near the time of harvest
Linda L. Taylor
showed linear responses to N rate up to 180 lb/ac. Regression
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
analysis predicted N uptake of 96 lb/ac with no fertilizer N,
including 67 lb/ac in fruit. For each lb. of N applied, regression Jacob H. Shreckhise
analysis predicted additional N uptake of 0.32 lb/ac, including Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; [email protected]
0.20 lb/ac in fruit. Existing recommendations suggest that N Pine tree substrate (PTS) has relatively high C:N ratio that re-
from fertilizer and credits from prior crops should total 80 to quires the application of more N fertilizer than used with other
100 lb/ac. This work suggests that no more than 100 lb/ac N substrates due to immobilization. If PTS were pre-charged with
from fertilizer are needed following soybeans. Research in urea, then growers would not have to add extra N to compen-
additional environments, including on farms, will be valuable sate for immobilization, however, the rate of urea hydrolysis
for improving N fertilizer recommendations. as influenced by urea and lime rate is unknown in PTS. The
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Mid America Food Processors objective of this experiment was to determine how urea and
Association and Red Gold lime rate influence urea hydrolysis rate in PTS. Approximately
18-month-old PTS made from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda
(269) The Ability of Plectranthus parviflorus L.) was amended with 0 or 1.0 kg·m–3 dolomitic limestone in
and P. ambiguus to Regreen after Micronutrient factorial combination with urea (46% N) rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0,
1.5, or 2.0 mg·g–1 dry wt. Urea hydrolysis was quantified by
Deficiency the detection of NH4-N in the substrate solution at 0, 48, 96,
Christopher Borman* and 144 h. Substrate pH values were also measured. At 144
University of Nebraska, Lincoln; [email protected] h, substrate solutions were incubated with jackbean urease to
determine the remaining urea amount. After 48 h there was no
Ellen T. Paparozzi
increase in the amount of NH4-N detected in solutions for the 0
University of Nebraska, Lincoln; [email protected]
and 1.0 kg·m–3 lime treatments and for all urea rates. However,
M. Elizabeth Conley NH4-N amounts at 48 h for the 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg·g–1
University of Nebraska, Lincoln; [email protected] urea dry weight treatments were 0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.17, and 0.22
Plectranthus parviflorus has the ability to re-green nitrogen defi- mg·g–1 dry weight substrate for PTS without lime, respectively;
cient leaves without loss from abscission. Yellow leaves remain NH4-N amounts for the 1.0 kg·m–3 lime treatment were 0, 0.08,
intact and return to a healthy green color when given a complete 0.17, 0.25, and 0.34 mg·g–1 dry weight substrate, respectively.
nutrient supply. The purpose of this study was to determine Initial substrate pH values for the 0 and 1.0 kg·m–3 lime treat-
the re-greening ability of P. parviflorus and P. ambiguus after ments were 4.5 and 5.6, respectively. After 48 h, the 0 kg·m–3
various micronutrient deficiencies [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lime treatment pH values for the 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg urea
zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)] over 6 months. Fe deficient rate treatments were 4.6, 5.4, 6.2, 7.0, and 7.6, respectively;

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S391
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

the 1.0 kg·m–3 lime treatment pH values for the. 0, 0.5, 1.0, Specified Source(s) of Funding: CONACYT convenio MOD-
1.5, or 2.0 mg urea rate treatments were 5.9, 6.5, 7.1, 7.6, and ORD-1-09-PCI-1103-11-10
7.9, respectively. Samples treated with jackbean urease had less
than 2% of the initial urea amount. However, only 13% of the (272) The Effect of Osmotic Potential of
total amount of urea N added to PTS was detected as NH4-N in Nutrient Solution on the Yield of Hungarian
the unlimed treatment after 144 h (for all urea rates); detected
amounts for the 1.0 kg·m–3 lime treatment ranged from 10% to
Wax Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
16%. The large difference in the amount of unrecovered NH4-N Porfirio Juarez-Lopez*
may be explained by microbial N consumption. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; porfiriojlopez@
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Virginia Nursery and Landscape yahoo.com
Association; Virginia Agricultural Council Ruben Bugarin-Montoya
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; drbugarin@
(271) Content of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and hotmail.com
Potassium in Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.)
Elia Cruz-Crespo
Cultivated in Substrate Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; ccruzc2006@
C.R. Juarez-Rosete* yahoo.com.mx
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; cecirjr_uan@ Cecilia R. Juarez-Rosete
hotmail.com Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; cecirjr_uan@
J.A. Aguilar-Castillo hotmail.com
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; jaguilar@ J. Diego García-Paredes
colpos.mx
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; digapa1@
Ruben Bugarin-Montoya hotmail.com
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; drbugarin@
Rosendo Balois-Morales
hotmail.com
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; balois_
M.E. Juarez-Rosete [email protected]
Universidad Tecnológica de Huejotzingo, Puebla; ma_el@
Gelacio Alejo-Santiago
hotmail.com
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; gelacioalejo@
The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of hotmail.com
above-ground biomass and nutrient removal of N, P, and K
in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plants under five nutrient Fredi I. Salazar-Jara
solution concentrations. The experiment was set up in a shade Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit;
house located in Xalisco, Nayarit, in western Mexico during the [email protected]
Spring–Summer 2011, using a commercial variety of oregano. In Mexico, production of Hungarian wax pepper (Capsicum
A randomized complete-block experimental design with five annuum L.) has grown significantly in recent years. The ob-
replicates and a time series arrangement was used. The harvest jective was to evaluate the effect of the osmotic potential of
days were 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 days after transplant the nutrient solution on the yield of Hungarian wax pepper
(DAT)—dates that shoots 15 cm in length, the required size in the ‘Inferno’ (Seminis®). The experiment was set up in a green-
international market—were obtained. Steiner solution was used at house with plastic cover located in Xalisco, Nayarit, in western
five concentration levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125%. The Mexico during Fall 2012–Winter 2013. The substrate used was
growth medium was volcanic slag with 0.3–1 cm granulometry. red volcanic rock (locally called tezontle) of 1–7 mm. Plants
Plant height, fresh and dry plant biomass and stem diameter were were watered three times daily with Steiner nutrient solution
assessed. Nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with electric conductivity of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 dS·m–1,
was determined in the different samples in order to understand corresponding to an osmotic potential of 0.018, 0.036, 0.054,
the absorption dynamics of these elements under commercial 0.072, and 0.090 MPa, respectively. The experimental unit
management. The results showed that the 75% NS concentration was a potted plant, a completely randomized design with 5
increased plant height (PH) by 35%. Stem diameter (SD) had no replications was used and commercial fruit yield per plant up
significant differences among treatments. Above-ground fresh to 140 days after transplantation was evaluated. With osmotic
biomass (AGFB) and above-ground dry biomass (AGDB) were potential of 0.036 MPa of nutrient solution the highest yield
increased by 57.8% and 65.62% respectively. Nitrogen, P, and per plant (1,910 g) was obtained.
K (mg/kg) removal was dependent on the ionic concentration of
the nutrient solution. In general, the economic yield (leaves) of Specified Source(s) of Funding: Programa para el Mejoramiento
oregano depends on the nutrient solution concentration. del Profesorado (PROMEP–Mexico).

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S392 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(273) The Effect of Osmotic Potential of This application rate and method is common commercial potas-
Nutrient Solution on the Yield of Yellow Pepper sium fertilizer practice in flood-irrigated prune orchards in the
Sacramento Valley of California. The orchard layout was a square
(Capsicum annuum L.) with a tree spacing of 6.1 m across the row and 5.5 m down the
Porfirio Juarez-Lopez* row. Trees treated with Rb/K were at least 18 m apart. The Rb
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; was applied as a potassium analog. It was assumed that where
[email protected] Rb appeared in tree tissues potassium from the same application
was also present. Leaf analysis in Summer 2010 revealed no
Fredi I. Salazar-Jara
significant (P = 0.05) difference in Rb concentration on a dry
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit;
weight basis between bearing (12 ppm Rb+) and non-bearing (11
[email protected]
ppm Rb+) spur leaves. On 19 Aug. 2011, just prior to harvest,
Gelacio Alejo-Santiago 30 non-bearing spur leaves were sampled from each tree treated
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; gelacioalejo@ with Rb/K as well as from each tree for a distance of 3–5 trees
hotmail.com down and across (perpendicularly) the tree row from each of
Ruben Bugarin-Montoya the treatment trees. Leaf Rb concentration on a dry weight
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; drbugarin@ basis was determined for each tree. Leaf Rb concentration
hotmail.com was significantly greater for treated (13 ppm Rb) compared to
untreated (6 ppm Rb) trees both down (P = 0.005) and across
J. Diego García-Paredes the tree row (P = 0.0006). Leaf Rb levels from untreated
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit; digapa1@ trees were not significantly different. We conclude that
hotmail.com tree-specific potassium fertilizer applications in this specific
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the orchard would not be accessed by roots of the adjacent
osmotic potential of the nutrient solution on the yield of yel- trees.
low pepper ‘Santa Fe Grande’ (Caloro®). The experiment was
set up in a greenhouse with plastic cover located in Xalisco, (275) The Effect of Foliar-applied Acidified Iron
Nayarit, in western Mexico during Fall 2012 – Winter 2013. The Sulfate on Chlorophyll and Iron Contents in
substrate used was red volcanic rock (locally called tezontle) Leaves of ‘Chandler’ Walnut Trees
of 1–7 mm. Plants were watered three times daily with Steiner
nutrient solution with electric conductivity of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, Sergio Sanhueza
2.0 and 2.5 dS·m–1, corresponding to an osmotic potential of Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar; sergio.
0.018, 0.036, 0.054, 0.072, and 0.090 MPa, respectively. The [email protected]
experimental unit was a potted plant, a completely randomized Pilar M. Gil
design with 5 replications was used and commercial fruit yield Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; pmgil@
per plant up to 183 days after transplantation was evaluated. uc.cl
With osmotic potential of 0.090 MPa of nutrient solution the Bruce Schaffer*
highest yield per plant (2,049 g) was obtained. University of Florida, Homestead; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Programa para el Mejoramiento Manuel Araya
del Profesorado (PROMEP–Mexico) Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar; [email protected]
Walnut production in Chile has expanded to areas where the crop
(274) Mature Prune Trees in a Commercial
was not previously grown. The central zone of Chile has climatic
Orchard Did Not Absorb a Measurable conditions that are conducive to walnut production. However, in
Amount of Potassium Analog Applied to the calcareous soils (pH > 8) of this region, lack of availability of
the Soil Beneath an Adjacent Tree ferrous iron (Fe2+) can result in tree iron deficiency. To prevent
tree iron deficiency in these soils, very expensive chelated iron
Franz Niederholzer*
can be applied to the soil or leaves. Recent research with other
University of California Cooperative Extension, Yuba City;
fruit crop species in Florida showed that foliar applications
[email protected]
of iron sulfate plus ascorbic acid and a surfactant was nearly
Can a soil applied, tree-specific nutrient application be exclu- as effective as chelated iron for preventing symptoms of iron
sively accessed by the target tree? As a case study to address deficiency of trees in calcareous soil. Based on those results,
this question, rubidiun (Rb) sulfate (100 g) and potassium (K) we tested the effectiveness of foliar-applied iron sulfate plus
sulfate (1.5 kg) were both banded on 1.35 m of the soil surface ascorbic acid and a surfactant on preventing iron deficiency
equidistant from the trunk along the tree row of four mature, in walnut (Juglans regia cv. Chandler) trees in calcareous soil
15-year-old ‘Improved French’ prune (Prunus domestica) (pH = 8.2) in Chile. Three treatments were applied to 6-year-old
trees in a commercial orchard near Live Oak, CA, in Dec. 2009. trees: T0 (Control): application of well water adjusted to pH 4

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S393
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

with ascorbic acid (50%); T1: application of chelated iron to had smaller fruit and higher titratable acid content than ‘Li’ or
the soil (19 g/tree, 3 times during the growing season, at 30- ‘Lang’. It contained 308 mg/100 g vitamin C content and the
day intervals); T2: foliar application of iron sulfate (500 mg/L) general fruit quality was acceptable but not as good as ‘Li’ or
plus LI-700® surfactant (2 mg/L) in well water adjusted to pH ‘Lang’. With its unique and decorative fruit shape, and accept-
4 with ascorbic acid. For T0 and T2, applications were made 5 able fruit quality, ‘Teapot’ jujube could be used as a backyard
times during the summer season; applications were made at 15- tree, both as an ornamental and for its fruit.
day intervals, from the third week of January to the third week
of March. Tree responses were evaluated by measuring leaf (097) Searching for the Next Pawpaw Cultivar:
re-greening (with a chlorophyll index meter), leaf chlorophyll Unique Germplasm Selections at Kentucky
content, and leaf iron content (Fe2+ and total Fe). There was a State University
significant treatment difference (P < 0.05) for leaf chlorophyll
index only on the fourth week of March, where plants in T2 had Kirk William Pomper*
the highest chlorophyll index. Leaf chlorophyll index and total Kentucky State University, Frankfort; kirk.pomper@kysu.
chlorophyll content were highly correlated (R2 = 0.94). Total edu
leaf iron content was significantly different among treatments Sheri B. Crabtree
only on the last application date, when trees in T2 had higher Kentucky State University, Frankfort; sheri.crabtree@kysu.
total leaf iron content than trees in T0. In April (one month after edu
the last treatment application), total Fe and Fe2+ concentrations
were higher in T2 than T0 or T1. The results suggest that foliar Jeremiah Lowe
application of iron sulfate plus ascorbic acid is a viable method Kentucky State University, Frankfort; jeremy.lowe@kysu.
of preventing iron deficiency in ‘Chandler’ walnut trees planted edu
in high pH calcareous soils. The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a
tree-fruit that is in the early stages of commercial production.
Pawpaw fruit have fresh market appeal for farmers markets,
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM community supported agriculture, and organic markets. This fruit
Pomology also has processing potential for frozen pulp production. New
high yielding cultivars with excellent fruit quality would further
(096) Unique Fruit Development of Ornamental assist in the development of the pawpaw industry. Kentucky State
University serves as the National Clonal Germplasm Repository
‘Teapot’ Jujube
for Pawpaw. Two goals of the Repository research efforts are
Shengrui Yao* germplasm acquisition and evaluation. Three selections Hi7-5,
NMSU Alcalde Center, Alcalde, NM; [email protected] Haz-1, and Hi 4-1 have been identified in the Repository collec-
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), or chinese date, has fruit that is devel- tion with unique fruit types and promising new characteristics
oped mainly from ovary plus some nectary disk tissue, and the as new potential cultivars. Pawpaw varieties with fruit weights
fruit itself can appear smooth or bumpy on the surface. Teapot is over 120 g per fruit are considered to have a large enough fruit
an ornamental jujube cultivar with protrusions on the fruit surface size for commercial sale and processing. The selection Hi7-5
and the fruit with two protrusions are dominant which makes has a unique globular fruit shape, a pleasing orange flesh, and
the fruit mimic a mini teapot. The objective of this study was to large fruit size (227 g). The selection Hi4-1 has a pleasing or-
investigate the source and development of those protuberances ange flesh and large fruit size (254 g). The selection Haz-1 has a
on the ‘Teapot’ fruit surface. Cultivar Li, Lang and Teapot were pleasing dark orange flesh that would be excellent for processing
used in this study to compare the fruit development and basic and large fruit size (174 g). Two selections, Hi7-5 and Hi4-1,
fruit quality characteristics. Unlike ‘Li’ and ‘Lang’, ‘Teapot’ have been stably propagated via chip budding onto seedling
jujube fruit had one to five protuberances on the shoulder of rootstocks. Yield and fruiting characteristics will be examined
the fruit and few entirely lacked protuberances. The stamens for these selections. Haz-1 will be propagated this year to ex-
of ‘Teapot’ jujube flowers were fewer in number, misplaced in amine propagation success and characteristics of this selection.
location, and deformed in shape—some stamens were anthers Specified Source(s) of Funding: Evans-Allen 1890 Research
only while others were filament only. Deformed stamens of Formula Funding
‘Teapot’ jujube were always anchored in the nectary disk instead
of at their normal location—near the edge of the nectary disk. (098) Field Establishment and Vigor of
After bloom, the residue of stamens, nectary disk, and ovary Kentucky State University Pawpaw Advanced
were all constituents of the developing fruit. The deformed sta-
Selections
mens developed into the fleshy protuberances and equaled them
in number. Fruit with only two protuberances predominated, Sheri B. Crabtree*
which is how the ‘Teapot’ jujube acquired its name, but the ratio Kentucky State University, Frankfort; sheri.crabtree@kysu.
among protuberance categories varied between trees. ‘Teapot’ edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S394 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Kirk William Pomper University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;

Kentucky State University, Frankfort; kirk.pomper@kysu. [email protected]
edu Jing Tang
Jeremiah Lowe Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Kentucky State University, Frankfort; [email protected] Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
Brandon May University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
Kentucky State University, Frankfort; brandon.may@kysu. [email protected]
edu Feixiang Yang
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba), a tree fruit native to the Eastern U.S., Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
is in small-scale commercial production with its popularity on Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
the rise. New commercially available pawpaw cultivars are University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
needed to increase the diversity and quality of pawpaw selec- [email protected]
tions available to the public. However, field establishment of Wei Gao
pawpaw orchards can be challenging due to drought and weed Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
pressure. Seedlings contained in the Kentucky State University Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
(KSU) National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection, University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
established in 1995, were evaluated for fruit quality, yield, and [email protected]
size, and seven promising advanced selections were chosen for
further trial and evaluation. In June 2011, a pawpaw variety trial Ya Yang
including three commercially available cultivars (KSU-Atwood, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
Mango, and Sunflower) and seven advanced selections (G4-25, Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
G5-23, G6-120, G9-109, G9-111, Hi4-1, and Hy3-120) was University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
established at the KSU Research and Demonstration Farm in [email protected]
Frankfort, KY. The trial was planted in a randomized complete Donglin Zhang
block design, with four blocks and two replicate trees per block, University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]
for a total of 80 trees. In Feb. 2013, trees were evaluated for
survival and trunk diameters were measured to determine early Hongxu Long*
vigor. Overall survival in the variety trial among all cultivars Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-
and advanced selections after two growing seasons was 65%. Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South
Survival varied significantly by cultivar, with 100% of the KSU- University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, 410004;
Atwood trees surviving, and only 25% of selection G9-109 and [email protected]
37.5% of selection G4-25 trees surviving, with the remainder A field investigation was conducted on the inflorescence char-
of the cultivars and advanced selections displaying 50% to acters, floral dynamic of male flower, and pollen viability of
87.5% survival. Diameters of the surviving trees did not vary 14 cultivars of Castanea henryi by field observation and indoor
by cultivar and means ranged from 9.7–17.1 mm. Early results trials. The results were as follow. 1) The male flowers initiated
indicate that advanced selections Hy3-120, Hi4-1, G6-120, and bloom in May and reached their full-bloom stage within 3 to
G9-111 have good field survival (over 75% of trees surviving), 5 days. 2) The male inflorescence of 14 varieties had differ-
and have shown higher than average vigor when compared to ent length, but similar in the number of flowers. The male
existing pawpaw cultivars in the trial, with the exception of inflorescence of ‘Chushuhong’ was the longest one at 17.78
KSU-Atwood. cm and ‘Yuandizi’ was the shortest at 10.51 cm. The length of
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Evans-Allen 1890 Research male inflorescence was longer than the bisexual inflorescence
Formula Funding and the shortest length between male and female flowers of
bisexual florescence correlated with the total length of bisexual
(099) Inflorescence Traits and Pollen inflorescence. 3) There was significant difference on pollen
Germination Characteristics of Castanea henryi germination percentage among cultivars. The pollen germina-
tion rate of ‘Yuandizi’, ‘Caizhen’, ‘Maisaizi’, and ‘Tiezhen’
Xiao-ming Fan was higher( > 30.00%) than the pollen germination rate of
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- ‘Youzhen’, ‘Wenyanghong’, ‘Bailuzi’, ‘Chushuhong’, and
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South ‘Huangzhen’ ( < 20.00%). Growth regulators affected the pollen
University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha,410004;
germination of ‘Changmangzi’. Pollen germination percentage
[email protected]
under 0.10 g·L–1 H3BO3 was 38.12%, which was significantly
Deyi Yuan higher than that(29.59%)of the control. Proper concentrations
Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non- of 2,4-D, GA3 and IBA could significantly promote the pollen
Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South germination, especially, IBA at 5.0 mg·L–1 increased the pollen

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S395
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

germination rate to 56.48%, which was 26.89% higher than that external review, proposals were selected based upon potential
of the control. No significant pollen germination percentage to achieve project goals across the United States. Projects will
was observed under NAA and 2,4-D treatments. be initiated 1 July 2013 and conclude on 30 June 2014. This
report will highlight funded projects. A program website and
(100) The National Strawberry Sustainability blog will feature reports, videos, outcomes and impacts from
Initiative the funded projects.
Curt R. Rom* Specified Source(s) of Funding: Walmart Foundation
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
(101) Pomegranate Variety Trial in Southern
Heather Friedrich Arizona
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Ursula K. Schuch
Luke Freeman
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Tilak Mahato*
Marty Matlock
University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected]
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Glenn C. Wright
Jennie H. Popp
University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Pomegranate fruit have become popular in recent years for
Ronald L. Rainey culinary use and for their potential health benefits. Thirty-two
University of Arkansas, Little Rock; [email protected] cultivars of pomegranates (Punica granatum) were planted in
The National Sustainable Strawberry Initiative (NSSI) is a three locations in southern Arizona to determine their growth
competitive grants program managed by University of Arkansas performance and potential as fruit crop when grown at different
Division of Agriculture Center for Agricultural and Rural Sus- elevations and climatic conditions. Field sites were established
tainability (CARS) with funding from the Walmart Foundation in Yuma, Tucson, and Bowie at elevations of 50 m, 700 m
to support the expansion of sustainable strawberry production and 1124 m, respectively. Twenty-seven cultivars are grown
throughout the country. The mission CARS is to increase pros- for their fruit and five cultivars for their ornamental value.
perity for rural Arkansas through sustainable practices. CARS Cultivars were propagated from stem cuttings and were grown
provides leadership in Arkansas and the world in balancing the in containers until transplanting. Plants were transplanted into
demands of community, agriculture and ecosystems in order to the field from Spring to Fall 2012. All pomegranates planted in
meet the needs of current generations while enhancing the op- Yuma and Tucson survived and established by Spring 2013. In
portunity for future generations to meet their needs. The purpose Bowie, transplant success was 74%. Budbreak in Spring 2013
of the NSSI program is to move sustainable production forward started first in Yuma on 12 Feb. and within 1 month all plants
by supporting multidisciplinary projects focused on outreach, showed new leaf growth. Anthesis began in Yuma on 15 Mar.
education and demonstration of innovative and new technologies and by 1 Apr. about 80% of all plants had open flowers. In
that will result in increased production and supply of strawberries. Tucson, budbreak started on 5 Mar. and by 19 Mar. almost all
The goal of the NSSI is to improve sustainability of the U.S. plants had started to grow new leaves. First anthesis in Tucson
strawberry production system throughout the supply chain, from was recorded on 1 Apr. In Bowie, plants were dormant until
growers to consumers. To meet this goal, outreach, education, the middle of March. About 50% of the plants showed new leaf
demonstration, and development priority areas include but were growth on 23 Mar. but no flower buds were observed at that
not exclusive to the following: 1) increase the production season time. The time of budbreak and onset of flowering differed by
and regional diversity of U.S. strawberry production; 2) reduce location and cultivar. Growth habit of the ornamental and fruit
the chemical inputs for soil sterilization, fertilization, weed cultivars differed. Ornamental cultivars have a light canopy
control, and pest management; 3) reduce the energy inputs in in a tight upright vase shape dominated by primary and few
production, handling, storage, and transportation; 4) conserve secondary branches. The other cultivars have a dense canopy
and preserve water resources used in the production system; with wider canopy diameter, somtimes weeping branches, and
5) improve soil quality and health in the production system for larger numbers of secondary branches.
succeeding crops; 6) reduce the risk of human health pathogens
spread on fresh berries; 7) reduce the postharvest product loss (102) Regulation of Floral Induction in Apple
through the supply chain from production through distribu- Mokhles A. Elsysy*
tion and sales; 8) increase product value and economic return Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
to growers and participants through the supply chain; and 9)
implement meaningful and constructive metrics for strawberry Peter M. Hirst
production sustainability. The NSSI program issued a request Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; [email protected]
for proposals generating more than 70 preproposals. After Apple fruit production is highly dependent on flowering fre-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S396 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

quency. Irregular flowering can lead to irregular crop load fruit to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can vary considerably
and economic loss. Floral induction takes place through the among cultivars, with some requiring higher concentrations to
summer; these flowers remain dormant and bloom next spring. control ripening. The present study was designed to determine if
Factors such as crop load, bourse length, and seed number in- different cultivars show differences in accumulation of gaseous
fluence floral induction. These factors are thought to influence 1-MCP. Freshly harvested apple fruit were immersed in water
gene expression and contribute to floral induction via affecting or a wax/water (50:50; v/v,) suspension (Sta-Fresh 8711). After
endogenous factors such as growth regulators. There are two drying, fruit were placed individually in 1.76-L jars that were
hypotheses to explain the contribution of these factors on floral sealed and injected with 20 μL·L–1 1-MCP. After 12 h, fruit were
induction. The first hypothesis suggests that inhibition signals removed, immersed in diH2O and 1 mL samples removed us-
from seeds and fruits interact with promotion signals from ing a syringe. Accumulation of internal gaseous 1-MCP varied
leaves to induce floral induction. The second hypothesis sug- markedly among cultivars, ranging from 0.14 ± 0.06., 0.22 ±
gests that fruits, seeds, or leaves compete with buds for the floral 0.03, , and 0.77 ± 0.30 in unwaxed ‘Redcort’, ‘McIntosh’, and
induction signal. Both hypotheses explain why high crop load ‘Empire’, respectively, to 2.10 ± 0.28, 3.33 ± 0.13, and 6.93 ±
leads to low floral induction. In this experiment we are trying 0.35 μL·L–1 in unwaxed ‘Gala’, ‘Cameo’, and ‘Honeycrisp’,
to examine both hypotheses and explain how crop load, seed respectively. Cultivars accumulating higher internal gaseous
number, and bourse length work altogether to influence floral 1-MCP showed greater post-exposure off-gassing. Accumula-
induction. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees were manually thinned to tion of gaseous 1-MCP was reduced from 17% to 78% in waxed
different flower numbers on the spurs. Fruit weight, seed number, fruit. The role of the epidermis at influencing 1-MCP ingress
bourse length, and return bloom for these spurs were recorded. was determined by measuring gaseous 1-MCP accumulation in
One year data showed that both fruit weight and seed number fresh-cut tissue. Apple slices from the different cultivars were
have significant effect on return bloom, but surprisingly bourse placed in 244 mL jars and treated with 20 μL·L–1 1-MCP for 1
length had no effect on flower induction. This evidence might h. Fresh-cut tissue of all cultivars rapidly depleted headspace
favor the second hypothesis. Creating a better understanding 1-MCP (> 95%) over the 1 h exposure yet showed negligible
of the interaction of different flowering signals will help us accumulation of internal gaseous 1-MCP (≤ 0.07 μL·L–1). By
to identify their pattern and identify the genes responsible for contrast, fresh-cut tissue treated with L-ascorbic acid or aged
flowering initiation. for several hours prior to exposure showed markedly reduced
consumption of headspace 1-MCP (≈25%) and high accumula-
tion of gaseous 1-MCP. Internal [1-MCP] in apple slices ranged
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM from 0.23 ± 0.07, 0.37 ± 0.18, and 1.09 ± 0.14 μL·L–1 in ‘Empire’
‘McIntosh’ and ‘Redcort’, respectively, to 2.40 ± 0.71, 4.55 ±
Postharvest 0.15, and 6.24 ± 0.85 in Gala’, ‘Cameo’, and ‘Honeycrisp’,
respectively. Maximum ingress in fresh-cut tissue is dependent
(400) Cultivar Differences in Gaseous
on measures (antioxidants, tissue aging) that minimize wound-
1-Methylcyclopropene Accumulation in Whole related metabolism. Although commercial wax clearly influences
and Fresh-cut Apple Fruit gaseous 1-MCP accumulation, the comparable accumulation
Xiaoqing Dong capacities in unwaxed whole and ascorbate-treated fresh-cut
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of apple fruit suggest that epidermal tissue/native waxes do not
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] strongly influence 1-MCP ingress. The physical and biochemical
bases for cultivar differences in gaseous 1-MCP accumulation
Donald J. Huber could reflect differences in intercellular diffusivity as well as
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of capacities for physical sorption and/or metabolism.
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Supported by USDA NIFA
Maricruz Ramirez-Sanchez* Award (SCRI) #2009-51181-05783, and by Federal formula
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of funds NE1036.
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Jing-Ping Rao (401) Quality of Fresh-cut Pineapple Cubes
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Treated by either High Pressure or Thermally
Yangling; [email protected] Blanching
Jinsu Lee Hidemi Izumi*
Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of Kinki University, Kinokawa, Japan; [email protected].
Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] ac.jp
Christopher B. Watkins Megumi Ishimaru
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; [email protected] Kinki University, Kinokawa, Japan; [email protected].
A number of studies have shown that responsiveness of apple ac.jp

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S397
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

Hiroshi Matsuo age period, untrained panelists evaluated the sensory attributes
Niigata Industrial Creation Organization, Niigata, Japan; of the extracted juices including color, acidity, sweetness,
[email protected] aroma and overall preference. The data shows that S1 fruits
The quality of fresh-cut pineapple cubes was assessed following failed to attain the full purple color, retaining a lower (greener)
treatments of either high pressure of 400 MPa for 5 min or ther- hue of 296° ± 3 at the end of storage compared to 310°±4 of
mal blanching in 97 °C water for 3 min and subsequent storage. S3 fruits. Similarly, other quality attributes of S1 fruits were
Both treatments reduced the microbial counts from 4.5 log cfu/g inferior to those of S2 and S3 fruits. Juice from S1 fruits had
for bacteria and 4.9 log cfu/g for fungi to non-detectable levels high initial TTA, which remained relatively higher compared
on pineapple cubes. Pressure treated cubes presented a similar to that of S2 and S3 fruits throughout the storage period. The
color index (L* and b* values), rate of electrolyte leakage from TSS content of the juices increased gradually from the initial
tissue slices, and texture as untreated cubes. Thermally blanched 8.9 ± 0.7, 12.5 ± 0.9 and 13.7 ± 1 to peaks of 12.6 ± 0.8, 14.2
cubes showed lower b* values and a higher electrolyte leakage ± 0.9 and 14.8 ±1 (°Brix) in S1, S2, and S3 respectively. Con-
rate compared to the untreated cubes. A microstructural study sequently, at the end of storage, S1 fruits’ juice had the lowest
revealed that cell wall disruption by the high pressure treatment TSS : TTA ratio. Ascorbic acid content decreased gradually
was caused on only one cut side of the cubes but not on the other from the initial 46.2 ± 4, 43 ± 3 and 40±3.8 to 27.1 ± 2, 26.1
cut sides. During storage of pineapple cubes in modified atmo- ± 4 and 25.4 ± 3 (mg/100 ml) in S1, S2, and S3 fruits’ juice,
sphere packages at 1 °C for 6 days, bacterial and fungal counts respectively, at the end of storage period. Beta carotene and
increased to approximately 5 log cfu/g on untreated samples sugar levels increased gradually during storage, with S1 fruits
but remained at non-detectable levels on either pressurized or having the lowest levels. Cumulative weight loss was most
blanched samples. The high pressure treatment induced color rapid in S1 fruits, which lost 37.4 ± 2.5% of the initial weight
deterioration with the decrease in L* and b* values, increased at the end of storage compared to 29.6 ± 1.8% in S3 fruits. The
the rate of electrolyte leakage, and changed the texture of pine- untrained sensory panelists showed preference for S3 fruits’
apple cubes relative to untreated samples during storage, but juice as evidenced by high scores on the hedonic scale. This
these quality changes were less when compared with blanched evaluation by untrained panelists’ positively correlated with
samples. These results suggest that the high pressure applica- instrumental evaluation of the quality attributes. Results affirm
tion for fresh-cut pineapple may be commercially feasible as the importance of harvest maturity on passion fruit quality at-
an alternative to thermal blanching. tributes and overall consumer acceptance.

(402) Evaluation of Quality and Sensory (403) Study of the Application of Technological
Attributes of Purple Passion Fruit (Passiflora Alternatives to Increase the Shelf Life of Mango
edulis Sims) Harvested at Different Stages of (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Manila
Maturity Dalia Vázquez-Celestino
Jane Ambuko* Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; dalia_
University of Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]

Penina Mueni Yumbya Rosalía Reynoso-Camacho

University of Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro;
[email protected]
Willis Omondi Owino
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Eduardo Castaño-Tostado
Nairobi, Kenya; [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; ecastano@
uaq.mx
Maturity at harvest significantly affects the eating and keeping
quality of climacteric fruits such as purple passion fruit. This Ma Estela Vázquez-Barrios
study’s objective was to determine the effect of harvest ma- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro; tita_evb@
turity of purple passion fruits on selected quality and sensory yahoo.com
attributes. Fruits were harvested from a commercial orchard in Edmundo Mercado-Silva*
the Moiben district of Uasin Gishu County in Kenya at three Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76150;
stages of maturity based on intensity of the purple peel color [email protected]
as: ≤ 25% (S1), 50% to 75% (S2), and 100% (S3). After initial
The aim of this work was to study the application of different
measurements, the fruits were left to ripen at ambient room
postharvest techniques compatible with the approved quarantine
conditions (25 ± 1 °C and RH 60% ± 5%). During the stor-
treatments to develop an industrial process that would extend
age period, six fruits from each maturity stage were sampled
the shelf life, decrease moisture loss, and maintain firmness in
regularly and evaluated for cumulative weight loss, peel color
‘Manila’ mangoes. A sample of 480 fruits of ‘Manila’ mangoes
change, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA),
from Guerrero, Mexico, harvested at ¾ ripeness maturity were
sugars, ascorbic acid, and beta carotenes. At the end of the stor-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S398 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

treated at 53 °C for 6 min, and then separated in a completely and greater incidence of pitting following storage. Preharvest
random experiment with four factors: irradiation, 1-MCP, mi- GA3 applied at 25, 50, and 100 ppm increased FF at maturity,
croperforated bags, and storage temperature at two levels each reduced pitting susceptibility, and limited stem browning af-
one, (irradiated and non-irradiated, with and without 1-MCP, ter cold storage. Fruit size, SS and TA were not consistently
with and without bags and 13 °C and transfer from 13 °C to improved by GA3. Pitting resistance and FF were optimized at
20 °C), and then stored for 23 days. During storage, samples 25 ppm; no additional benefits were observed at higher rates.
of fruits were analyzed for their external and internal visual Regardless of harvest timing, crop load, and GA3 treatments,
quality, weight loss, color, firmness, total soluble solids, acidity FF was negatively correlated with pitting susceptibility of both
and pectinesterase, and polygalacturonase activities. After 17 cultivars. Interestingly, 2 weeks of cold storage at 0 °C alone
days, the weight loss in fruits not packed in microperforated increased FF of all fruit, including untreated controls. In conclu-
bags and transferred from 13 °C to 20 °C was higher (9.2% to sion, appropriate harvest timing, proper management of crop
10.1%) than those packed in microperforated bags and stored load, and preharvest GA3 application can markedly improve
at 13 °C (4.0% to 4.7%), which indicated that the packaging fruit quality, resistance to pitting, and storage/shipping quality
in microperforated decreased the weight loss while irradiation of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherries.
and 1-MCP application had no effect. Firmness was not affected
by the factors studied and reached values of 5.5–7.2 N at the (405) Grafting Rootstock, Scion, and Field
end of the storage period, which indicated that it is necessary Holding Effects on Seedless Watermelon Fruit
to look at alternatives to maintain the firmness of the fruit. The Quality
enzymatic activities of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase in
the skin were not correlated with the processes of wilting and/ Penelope Perkins-Veazie*
or softening of the fruits. North Carolina State University, Kannapolis; penelope_
[email protected]
(404) Harvest Timing, Crop Load, and Richard L. Hassell
Preharvest GA3 Application Affect Postharvest Clemson University, Charleston, SC; [email protected]
Quality of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Sweetheart’ Sweet Watermelon is a good source of vitamin C and contains the
Cherries antioxidants and anti inflammatory compounds citrulline and
lycopene. Quality of watermelon fruit is a combination of firm-
Yan Wang*
ness, full red color, sweetness, and perceived shelf life in field
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; yan.wang@
and market, and fresh cut watermelon also needs low drip loss.
oregonstate.edu
Watermelon grafting is widely used outside of the United States
Todd Einhorn to avoid soil borne pathogens and abiotic stresses. Commonly
Oregon State University, Hood River, OR; todd.einhorn@ used rootstocks and seedless watermelon scions were used to
oregonstate.edu determine best fruit productivity and marketable yield in the
Sweet cherries transported over long distances often arrive at southeastern United States relative to non-grafted plants. Fruit
distant markets with significant fruit quality issues, such as identified as ripe were left in the field on vine 0 to 2 weeks to test
pitting, flavor loss, color darkening, and stem browning. Influ- the relative hold life, then used for fresh cut studies to determine
ences of preharvest factors on storage/shipping quality of late- firmness and drip loss. Interspecific squash hybrid rootstocks
maturing sweet cherry cultivars have not been fully investigated. ‘Carnivor’ and ‘Super Shintosa’ resulted in highest yields for
The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of most of the scions, with yield increases of 20% to 80% relative
harvest timing, crop load level, and preharvest GA3 application to non-grafted watermelons. Of the scions tested, ‘Fascination’
on fruit quality of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Sweetheart’ at harvest and and ‘Sugar red’ had best yields in 2012 compared to ‘Trix313’,
after storage. As harvest timing was delayed, fruit of ‘Lapins’ ‘Sugar Heart’, and ‘Sugar Coat’. Lycopene content increased
and ‘Sweetheart’, darkened, accumulated soluble solids (SSC) slightly (up to 10%), depending on cultivar, with grafting while
and softened, while respiration rate and titratable acidity (TA) citrulline content decreased 10% with grafting. Holding fruit in
remained relatively unchanged. Fruit of late-harvested ‘Lapins’ the field for 1–2 weeks increased lycopene content from 50 to
and ‘Sweetheart’ (skin colors of 7 and 6 according to ctifl color 65 mg/kg and pH from 5.4 to 5.8. Firmness was increased 10%
chips, respectively) were more susceptible to pitting and showed to 40% by grafting and held up as fresh cut product, but fruit
duller skin color and increased stem browning after storage than harvested after 2 weeks in the field were below acceptable firm-
less advanced fruit from earlier harvests. To achieve optimum ness after fresh cut storage. Total soluble solids were relatively
postharvest quality under our conditions, harvest of ‘Lapins’ unchanged by rootstock or holding system. The percentage of
and ‘Sweetheart’ cherries should coincide with skin colors of drip loss of fresh cut product was reduced by 50% to 100% us-
5.5 and 4.5 (ctifl color chips), respectively. Crop load level was ing grafted watermelons regardless of fruit holding time in field.
positively related to yield but held an inverse relationship with Citrulline content was stable across holding time, ranging from
fruit quality. Fruit from high crop load treatments were smaller 2.5 to 4.5 g/kg. Our results indicate that grafted watermelon can
and had lower SSC, TA, and fruit firmness (FF) at harvest improve firmness and reduce drip loss in fresh cut watermelon

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S399
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

without loss of sugars or lycopene, and can help extend field James W. Olmstead
shelf life by a week compared to non-grafted watermelons. University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Fresh-market blueberries (southern highbush hybrids)
(406) Effects of Postharvest Heat Treatments on are typically hand-harvested every 3 to 4 d during the picking
Chilling Injury, Diseases, and Quality of Tuscan season. However, in order for the fruit to be suitable for me-
Melons chanical harvest, the harvest interval would need to be extended
Christian Krarup* to every 7 to 10 d. This extended delay to harvest might cause
fruit abscission or significant loss in quality. Additionally, the
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;
fruit experience several impacts during mechanical harvest; the
[email protected]
most severe is when the fruit is detached from the bush and
Cristian Jacob falls to the catch plates on the harvester. This initial impact is
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; believed to be the major cause of fruit softening during storage.
[email protected] In each season in 2011 and 2012, individual fruit from ‘Star’
Samuel Contreras and ‘Sweetcrisp’ bushes were tagged at color break stage and
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; fruit color was tracked. Half of the fruit were hand-harvested
[email protected] upon reaching blue stage and the remaining fruit were harvested
7 d later. At each harvest, 20 fruit/cultivar were individually
The cultivars of the so-called Tuscan or Italian cantaloupes dropped once from 60 cm and held for 3 d at 5 °C to evalu-
(Cucumis melo Group Cantalupensis) have shown different ate softening. The remaining fruit were stored in commercial
response to low temperatures during storage. Heat treatments clamshell containers (n = 50 fruit) at 1 °C and evaluated after 7
previous to storage at low temperatures have been shown to and 14 d. Fruit most resistant to the impact were from the early
reduce chilling injury. Two cultivars expressing low and moder- harvest (EH) and from year 1; ‘Sweetcrisp’ had fewer soft fruit
ate sensitivity to the disorder, Diva and Venezia, respectively, than ‘Star’. From the storage tests, ‘Sweetcrisp’ typically had
were harvested at slip initiation and subjected to heat treatments fewer soft fruit and less shrivel than ‘Star’ for each treatment
by immersion in water at 60 °C for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 minutes. comparison. The EH fruit generally had fewer soft fruit than
After drying and cooling, fruits were stored for 18 days at 0 °C, late harvest (LH) fruit, whereas there was variable effect on
plus 3 additional days at 20 °C. Results after the storage period shrivel. Fruit from year 2 had higher soluble solids content than
showed that, although slightly, heat treatments significantly year 1, and LH ‘Star’ fruit was 3 to 4 °Brix higher than EH.
decreased chilling injury in Diva, but had no significant effect For both seasons, however, total titratable acidity was consis-
on Venezia; heat treatments over 2 or 4 minutes induced heat tently 40% to 50% lower for LH fruit and for both cultivars,
injury in the fruits of Venezia and Diva, respectively. The ef- making the Brix : acid ratio consistently higher for LH fruit.
fect of heat treatments on disease development was significant, The treatments had minimal effect on overall appearance and
with all treatments showing lower growth of pathogens than the there was no decay.
control; the predominant diseases in both cultivars were fungi
(Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., and Rhizopus spp.). Vi- (408) Extending Cassava Root Market Life
sual quality was higher in fruits heat treated for 1 or 2 minutes,
in Liberia with Improved Postharvest
mainly due to null or low disease development; internally, there
were no significant changes in color or soluble solids, however, Practices
a significant reduction of firmness occurred in all treatments David H. Picha*
during storage, and most fruits heat treated for 4 or 6 minutes Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton
presented off flavors. Rouge; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Project financed by: FIA PYT- Cassava is the second most important food crop in Liberia,
2008-0207. comprising approximately 20% of the total caloric food in-
take by the Liberian population. Most farmers do not follow
(407) Effect of Harvest Delay of Southern proper postharvest care practices for cassava, which results
Highbush Blueberry on Resistance to Impact in rapid deterioration of the roots after harvest. Improved
postharvest practices were introduced to significantly extend
and Storage Quality the market life and quality of cassava roots. Paraffin waxing
Steven Sargent* and individual shrink film wrapping of freshly harvested roots
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] were the two postharvest treatments that provided the longest
extension of cassava market life. Paraffin waxed roots remained
Jeffrey G. Williamson
nearly free of decay after 2 weeks of partially air-conditioned/
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
ambient temperature storage. Root weight loss ranged be-
Adrian D. Berry tween 3% to 5% after 2 weeks and taste panel evaluations of
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] the waxed cassava indicated that the vast majority of the roots

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S400 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

were good to excellent in flavor. Individual shrink-wrapped storage, with greater losses occurring at the higher storage
roots (Bemis Clysar HPGF 100 gauge film) remained nearly temperature.
free of decay after 1 week of partially air-conditioned/ambient
temperature storage. However, approximately one-third of the
(410) Suitability of Two Instruments to
roots decayed during the second week of storage. Individual
root weight loss of the non-decayed, shrink-wrapped roots Determine Skinning Resistance in Sweetpotato
was only 1% to 2% after 2 weeks of storage and taste panel Xiang Wang*
evaluations indicated the roots were good to excellent in flavor. Mississippi State University, Pontotoc; xw119@msstate.
Non-treated control roots suffered nearly total decay after 7–10 edu
days of ambient temperature storage, with average weight loss
ranging from 25% to 30%. The utilization of paraffin waxing
Ramon A. Arancibia
Mississippi State University, Pontotoc Ridge–Flatwoods
for fresh cassava roots is a simple, affordable, and very effec-
Branch, Pontotoc, MS; [email protected]
tive postharvest treatment applicable to the vast majority of
limited-resource farmers in Liberia without access to electricity Jeffrey L. Main
or refrigerated storage. Mississippi State University, Pontotoc; [email protected].
edu
(409) Market Life Extension and Fruit Quality Lori Grelen
Enhancement of Navel Oranges Mississippi State University, Pontotoc; [email protected]
David H. Picha* Don LaBonte
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge;
Rouge; [email protected] [email protected]
Mary S. Bowen Skinning or surface abrasion in sweetpotato (Ipomoea bata-
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton tas) occurs during harvest and causes substantial losses in
Rouge; [email protected] marketable products. Skinning occurs when abrasion forces
Louisiana-grown Navel oranges are a highly popular fruit in the periderm to break across the phellem (tensile fracture) and
the late fall and early winter in local markets. However, the along the phellogen (shear fracture) resulting in the separa-
marketing period is limited due to insufficient refrigerated tion of the phellem from the phelloderm. In this study, we
storage and inadequate postharvest care practices followed evaluated two instruments to measure skinning resistance in
by the majority of small-scale citrus producers. Tests were sweetpotato and how differences in washing and handling to
conducted to determine the effect of postharvest tempera- remove the soil, which may cause partial loss of the phellem,
ture management and value-added packaging on market life influence the subsequent measurements. Beauregard (B-14)
and quality of ‘Washington’ Navel oranges. Fruit were in- plants grown in the field at the Pontotoc Experiment Station
dividually shrink-wrapped in polyolefin film and stored at (Pontotoc, MS) were devined or treated with ethephon (1.5
4 °C and 21 °C. The market life of unwrapped fruit held at kg·ha–1) before harvest. Storage roots were taken at 3 and 7 d
21 °C, 40% relative humidity, was 3 weeks, with a weight after treatment (DAT) and divided into two groups for measure-
loss of 22.0%. The market life of unwrapped fruit held at ments. Roots from one group were gently washed to remove the
4 °C was extended to 14 weeks, with a weight loss of 19.6%. soil, while the other roots were washed by moderately rubbing
In contrast, shrink-wrapping extended the market life of Navel the root surface. Skinning resistance was measured by both a
orange fruit held at 21 °C for up to 16 weeks, with a final aver- digital force gauge (model DS2-11 3100; Imada, Northbrook,
age weight loss of 5.0%. A maximum market life of 20 weeks IL) that measures the force required to peel the skin (shear
was obtained from the shrink-wrapped fruit held at 4 °C, with fracture) and a torque meter (model TQS050FUA; Snap-on.
a final weight loss of only 1.4%. The appearance and overall Kenosha, WI) that measures the torque to twist and snap off
eating quality of the shrink-wrapped fruit was better than the the skin (tensile and shear fracture). Skin phenolics and lig-
unwrapped controls. The fruit sugar : acid ratio significantly nin/suberin contents were also measured. Both instruments
increased during storage, primarily due to a decrease in the were able to detect differences in skinning resistance among
percentage of acidity. Sucrose constituted the major sugar in treatments, but handling methods had an effect on the re-
Navel orange fruit, followed by fructose and slightly lesser sults from the force gauge. In general, ethephon treatment
amounts of glucose. The total sugar content and sucrose increased skinning resistance in comparison to devining and
content was slightly higher in wrapped fruit than unwrapped untreated control. In contrast, ethephon reduced skin pheno-
fruit after storage. Citric acid was the dominant organic acid lics content at 3 DAT, but this difference was lost at 7 DAT.
in the Navel oranges, typically comprising over 80% of the Handling, however, resulted in consistent differences in skin
total organic acid content. Malic and succinic acids, present phenolics content. Finally, skin lignin/suberin content was
in similar concentrations, constituted the other principal organic not different among treatments as well as between handling
acids. The content of all three organic acids decreased during methods.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S401
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

(411) Postharvest Storage Affects Sweetpotato Leaf length above the bulb at topping, or drying length has been
Water-soluble Vitamin Composition considered one of the important factors for storage quality, but
varies, depending on labors or growing regions. The study was
Wilmer Barrera* executed to evaluate the effect of topping timings, drying length,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; [email protected] and leaf length above the bulb at topping in relation with dif-
David H. Picha ferent harvesting times on storage quality of onion bulbs. For
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton topping timing treatments, onions were topped at the harvest
Rouge; [email protected] date and after field drying for a couple of days. For drying length
treatment, onions were dried in the field for 1, 3, and 5 days.
Water soluble vitamins (WSV), including vitamin C and the
For leaf length treatments, onions were cut at 1, 4, 7, and 10
B vitamins, are important nutritional quality components in
cm above the bulb at 90% top-down and 10 days after 100%
fruits and vegetables. The WSV content has been found to
top-down. Bulb rot loss was not affected by topping timings in
be influenced by different postharvest conditions and storage
cold storage. Longer leaf drying decreased bulb rot loss. Storage
durations in various fruits and vegetables. In sweetpotato,
bulb rot decreased with increased leaf length above the bulb at
however, limited information exists on the influence of storage
topping, the effect of which was enhanced by harvesting at 10
on water soluble vitamin content. The objective of this study
days after 100% top-down. When leaf length above the bulb was
was to determine the effect of curing (31 °C and 90% relative
short at topping, topped site was main target for some diseases
humidity for 7 days) and storage (14 °C for 3 and 6 months)
such as Botrytis bulb rot or bacterial soft rot.
on vitamin C, thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2),
and vitamin B6 content in four sweetpotato cultivars. Vitamin Specified Source(s) of Funding: This work was carried out with
C (measured as total ascorbic acid) remained similar during the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture
curing in three cultivars (Beauregard, Covington, and Orleans), Science & Technology Development (Project No.PJ007330)”
but decreased in LA 07-146. Storage for 3 months did not af- Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
fect ascorbic acid content in three cultivars, but it declined in
Covington. All cultivars, except Orleans, decreased in ascorbic (413) Application of Two Different MAP
acid content after 6 months of storage. Thiamine content did Systems in Order to Prolong the Shelf Life
not change during curing in three cultivars, but decreased in of Romaine Lettuce during Marine
Covington. Thiamine content generally did not decrease during Shipment
6 months of storage. Although riboflavin showed a reduction of
one-third in all cultivars during curing, it remained stable during Eleni D. Pliakoni*
6 months of storage. Vitamin B6 content did not change during University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
curing or 3 months of storage. The overall results indicated that Donald J. Huber
long-term storage for 6 months of most sweetpotato cultivars Horticultural Sciences Department, IFAS, University of
generally resulted in a loss in ascorbic acid content, but little Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
or no loss in riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin B6.
Steven Sargent
(412) Differences in Storage Quality of Onion University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Bulb as Affected by Harvesting Methods Jeffrey K. Brecht
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Injong Ha*
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] Romaine lettuce has been reported to be one of the most
sensitive products during marine shipping of fresh fruits and
Sunkyoung Hwang vegetables for supplying U.S. military bases in the Pacific
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] region. We hypothesized that the quality loss observed at the
Jongtae Lee specified 0.5 °C shipping temperature is likely due to dehy-
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] dration of leaves or from cross-contamination by ethylene
in mixed load containers. Two modified atmosphere packaging
Sunyoung Lee
(MAP) systems were tested with Romaine lettuce: 1) Breathe-
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected]
way® Membrane Technology from Apio Inc. (California, USA)
Jinseong Moon and 2) Xtend MAP from StePac L.A. Ltd (Israel). Romaine
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] lettuce was obtained from South Bay, FL in waxed cartons.
Byeonggyu Min The product was transferred in an air-conditioned vehicle to
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] the Postharvest Horticulture Laboratory of UF in Gainesville,
FL and stored overnight at 0.5 °C. Lettuce was repacked into
Heedae Kim the two MAP systems and stored for 22 days at 0.5 °C plus
Gyeongnam ARES, Changnyeong-gun; [email protected] 1 and 2 days at 20 °C. Romaine lettuce in the commercial

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S402 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

packaging (without MAP) was the control. During the storage initial berry volume among genotypes ranged from 86.3 to 193.5
period, measurements of the atmospheres in the MAP systems cm3, TA ranged from 3.9 to 4.9 g/L, pH ranged from 3.3 to 3.9,
were taken every other day. Neither of the two MAP systems soluble solids ranged from 16.9% to 26.8%, firmness ranged
proved to be beneficial for the products in delaying senescence. from 7.9 to 10.6 N, L ranged from 26.8 to 95.1, chroma ranged
The Apio MAP system equilibrated at 14% O2 plus 4% CO2 from 2.1 to 14.9, and hue ranged from 7.5 to 311.6. ‘Supreme’
during the storage at 0.5 °C and at 9% O2 plus 4% CO2 after and AM 01 had the highest soluble solids and ‘Southern Jewel’
2 days of shelf life which resulted in CO2 injury of the lettuce the lowest. ‘Supreme’ had the highest firmness value. Berry
(brown stain). StePac bags equilibrated at an atmosphere of volume, TA, pH, soluble solids, and color of muscadines did
19% O2 plus 2% CO2 during storage at 0.5 °C, which is not not change during storage. However, weight loss and firmness
near to what is usually recommended as optimal for Romaine of muscadines decreased while decay increased during storage
lettuce (i.e., a low O2 atmosphere of 1–3%). When the let- regardless of fungicide treatment. Soluble solids was positively
tuce was transferred to 20 °C, StePac bags established an correlated to pH (r = 0.63), pH was positively correlated to TA
atmosphere of 17% O2 plus 4% CO2 , which resulted in CO2 (r = 0.96). Decay and weight loss were positively correlated (r =
injury after 2 days at 20 °C but not after 1 day. Leaf wilting 0.88) and firmness was negatively correlated to weight loss and
was a significant problem during 0.5 °C storage only for the decay (r > –0.46). Firmness was lower for muscadines in the
control treatment and worsened after transfer of the control to no fungicide treatment compared to fungicide-treated vines, the
20 °C. We also tested the ethylene permeability of the two MAP effect of fungicide treatments varied among genotypes. Differ-
systems at 20 °C and found the ethylene permeability rates to ences may have been minimal due to the unusually dry summer
be extremely low. This suggests that cross-contamination by in 2012. Due to less decay, less weight loss, and greater firmness
ethylene within mixed container loads of produce may not be during storage, AM 27, ‘Southern Jewel’, and ‘Supreme’ had
a serious problem when the ethylene-sensitive products are the highest potential for postharvest storage, while AM 01, AM
in MAP. 15, and ‘Tara’ had the least potential. Although field fungicide
applications did not affect all postharvest attributes, differences
among genotypes and fungicide treatments did occur during the
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM four weeks of storage.
Viticulture and Small Fruits (122) Failure Tests of Intact Grape Berry Skins
(121) Muscadine Grapes: Evaluation of and What They Tell Us about Berry Cracking
Genotypes and Field Fungicide Applications on Yan Zhuang*
Postharvest Storage Attributes University of California, Davis; [email protected]

Derek W. Barchenger* Mark Matthews

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] University of California, Davis; [email protected]

John R. Clark Kenneth Shackel

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] University of California, Davis; [email protected]

Renee T. Threlfall We developed a “Berry Balloon System” (BBS) in order to

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected] perform tensile failure tests on intact grape berry skins in their
original 3D conformation. The mode (cell fracture) and posi-
A major limiting factor in muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia tion (stylar end in 'Flame Seedless') of skin failure in these lab
Michx.) commercialization is deterioration during storage. tests were the same as those found in the field. Pressure, stress,
Research on table grapes has shown that field fungicide appli- and overall strain at failure of Flame Seedless berries progres-
cations increase storability, but little is known of its affect on sively decreased over berry development, consistent with the
muscadines. The effect of field applications of fungicides on observation that cracking susceptibility in this variety increases
composition attributes during postharvest storage was evalu- over time. Over three field seasons, excessive irrigation (%ETc)
ated on five muscadine cultivars (‘Nesbitt’, ‘Southern Jewel’, caused a clear increase in vine water status (midday stem water
‘Summit’, ‘Supreme’, and ‘Tara’) and five breeding selections potential, SWP) compared to grower irrigation (%ETc), but
from the University of Arkansas Fruit Breeding Program (based did not cause increased fruit cracking. Irrigation cutoff prior
at the Fruit Research Station, Clarksville, AR). There were two to veraison caused a clear decrease in SWP and significantly
field treatments (no fungicide and fungicide). For the fungicide more cracking than any other irrigation treatment. Under this
treatment, alternating applications of two fungicides were applied treatment, vines experienced higher daily fluctuation in SWP,
at 14-day intervals during berry maturation. Fruit was harvested and hence there may have been higher daily fluctuations in berry
and composition attributes including berry volume, titratable size. Strain hardening of the berry skin was demonstrated us-
acidity (TA), pH, soluble solids (%), color (L, chroma, and ing repeated BBS tests on the same skin, and may explain why
hue), firmness (force to penetrate berry skins), storage weight deficit irrigation, which we hypothesized should have reduced
loss (%), and decay (%) were evaluated weekly for 4 week. The

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S403
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

stress and strain on the berry skin, actually caused higher berry larva survived the 1.5 bar press. Each cluster was treated as a
cracking. Ethephon sprays, used to increase berry pigmentation, single replicate of a completely randomized design and data
increased berry cracking compared to water-sprayed controls, analyzed by cross tabulation. There was no significant difference
but skin mechanical properties were not affected. However, in mortality between press loads. In 2011, research on processed
exposing the berry skin to an ethephon solution (1.5 mM) dur- winegrapes was conducted inside a Biosafety Level 3 facility
ing BBS testing caused significantly lower skin stress and strain at the University of California, Davis, due to state quarantine
at failure. The failure to detect differences in skin properties regulations. Six replications of 46 individual ‘Merlot’ clusters
using field sampled berries may have been due to the fact that were placed in paper cartons and each cluster inoculated with
only sound (non-cracked) berries could be used for BBS tests, 5 live larvae of L. botrana then covered and held for 48 hours
and may not have been typical of the berries that did crack in to allow larvae to web feeding nests. For each replication, 40
the field. The BBS was also used to compare skin mechanical clusters were processed through a hand-cranked destemmer-
properties of different grape genotypes. In the intact state, the crusher; 6 clusters were not processed to provide baseline
skins of berries from all genotypes were found to be under mortality due to conditions other than grape processing. Larval
significant “preload” strain caused by internal pressure of the status (dead or alive) was evaluated on: 1) 20% of the volume
flesh. Genotypes ranged from 3.7% to 13.1% in preload strain of solids processed; 2) 100% of the cluster stems processed; 3)
and also varied substantially in the relation between stress and the processing equipment prior to washing; and 4) rinsate from
strain. Among all mechanical properties measured, the increase washed equipment containing berry solids and stem pieces.
in skin strain from the intact condition to the cracking threshold Total weight of clusters processed and subsequent weight and
was best correlated (R2 = 0.65) with cracking susceptibility as volume of fruit solids allow results on per cluster basis. Unequal
measured in a soaking test. variances of dependent variables were significant regardless
of transformation thus preventing ANOVA. Live larvae were
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The American Vineyard Foun- found in the solids in 5 replicates and in stems in 2 replicates;
dation, The California Table Grape Commission up to 0.5 and 0.025 larvae per cluster, respectively. Live larvae
were observed on equipment prior to and post-washing; up to
(123) Determining Survival of Lobesia botrana 0.08 and 0.10 larvae per cluster, respectively. Results indicate
Larvae in Grapes Processed for Wine Making to thorough washing of all equipment in contact with infested
Evaluate the Risk of Dispersal clusters is important and at harvest, truck-loads of grapes should
be tarped or slack filled.
Rhonda J. Smith*
University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Rosa; Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Department of
[email protected] Food and Agriculture Pierce’s Disease and Glassy-winged
Sharpshooter Board; USDA APHIS Cooperative Agreement
Monica L. Cooper
11-8130-1499-CA
University of California Cooperative Extension, Napa;
[email protected] (124) Utilizing Pruning and Leaf Removal to
Lucia G. Varela Ripen Grapes and Encourage Cold Tolerance in
University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Rosa; North Dakota
[email protected]
Andrew D. Aipperspach
Gregory S. Simmons North Dakota State University, Fargo; Andrew.
USDA–APHIS, PPQ, Salinas, CA; Gregory.S.Simmons@ [email protected]
aphis.usda.gov
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti
Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller), European grape- North Dakota State University, Fargo; h.hatterman.valenti@
vine moth, was reported for the first time in North America ndsu.edu
by USDA–APHIS in Oct. 2009, in vineyards in Napa County,
CA. Pheromone traps placed in vineyards subsequently de- Brittany K. Olson*
tected moths in 11 California counties. In June 2010, a federal North Dakota State University, Fargo; brittany.J.Korynta@
order established quarantine areas and with the State’s interior my.ndsu.edu
quarantine, safeguarding measures were established to restrict Experiments were conducted at three North Dakota vineyards
the movement of regulated articles including fruit and winery located near Buffalo, Clifford, and Wahpeton, ND, in 2011
waste. In two harvest periods, we evaluated the fate of larvae and repeated at the same locations in 2012 to evaluate the
in clusters processed for wine making. In 2010, individual effects of pruning and leaf removal on yield and quality of
‘Chardonnay’ clusters, each infested with a single larva were wine grapes in North Dakota. The application of three pruning
sewn into mesh bags and processed with uninfested clusters in treatments limited the vine to a specific number of productive
two separate loads (reaching 1.5 and 1.8 bars respectively) in primary buds while the three leaf removal treatments exposed
a 200-lb capacity Willmes press at a commercial winery. One ripening grape clusters to increased sunlight. Variables

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S404 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 12:15–1:00 PM

included length of growth prior to dormant pruning, weight of using simple precision agriculture technologies. Spatial and
growth prior to dormant pruning, rate of ripening, total weight temporal GIS maps of soil water table, soil salinity, soil pH,
of harvested grapes, average weight per grape cluster, average soil nematode infection, soil fertility, plant nutrient status, leaf
berry weight, average number of clusters per vine, soluble solids water potential, canopy density, normalized difference vegeta-
concentration, titratable acidity, and pH. Data were analyzed tion index (NDVI), vineyard productivity, and fruit quality
as a CRD with a factorial arrangement. Data were combined characteristics are demonstrated before and after applying
across environments where appropriate. Factorial analysis precise agriculture management. The results demonstrated that
showed varied significance with pruning and shade leaf re- soil conditions, table grape production, and fruit quality was
moval treatments interacting with specific cultivar traits to significantly improved.
influence vine growth, grape yield, and grape quality. Prun-
ing and shade leaf removal treatments both had significant (126) Flavonoid Accumulation in Wine Grapes
impacts on growth with pruning treatments significantly in-
fluencing average growth of the longest 1-year-old cane and Ashlyn E. Wedde*
shade leaf removal significantly influencing weight of dormant Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected]
cane pruning. While impact on yield was minimal, treatment Consumption of “superfoods” is associated with a reduced
impacts on grape quality showed potential for use of shade risk of degenerative disease, but what makes these fruits and
leaf removal as means of decreasing titratable acidity levels berries superb? These protective benefits are often associated
in harvested grapes. This research supports the use of pruning with flavonoids a group of diverse plant phenolic compounds,
and shade leaf removal treatments when to influence grape vine most well known as pigments. Flavonoids are produced in
growth, vine balance, and fruit ripening. However, proper timing the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway in plant tissues. An-
and level of pruning as well as proper timing of shade leaf thocyanins, a group of low molecular weight flavonoids, are
removal is essential to minimize injury and maximize potential highly soluble pigments that accumulate in grape skin cells,
results. which contribute to the black and red color of grapes. Flavor
properties of grapes and wine are all influenced by anthocyanin
(125) Applying Precision Agriculture compound accumulation. One of the most valuable fruit crops
Technologies as a Problem Solving Tool to cultivated worldwide, grapes produce wine, juice, raisins and
Improve Small-scale Vineyard Management in table grapes, and are a practical model to study the regulation
Western Nile Delta of Egypt of anthocyanin accumulation. My research is based on the
hypothesis that, although many genes play a role in pigment
Diaa O. EL-Ansary* accumulation during grape development; identifying specific
Faculty of Agriculture–Alexandria University, Egypt; genes that control flavonoid accumulation is useful for efforts
[email protected] to modulate flavonoid content. Specific objectives include,
Desert reclamation projects in the Western Nile Delta of Egypt investigating what are the key metabolites present in flavonoid
targeting settlement of small-scale farmers (holders of 1 or 2 biosynthesis throughout developing grape berries? By compar-
hectares) started in late 1980s and early 1990s. However, at ing metabolic imaging experimental results of in Cabernet Franc
present there is an increasing risk of agriculture instability and Riesling grape samples, we can determine which compounds
(especially for small-scale farmers) due to several undesirable are involved in flavonoid gene regulation in red versus green
environmental impacts and production problems. In the 2010 wine grape’s tissue (epidermis, flesh, and seed). We analyze
season, an initial study conducted in the Tiba region—located the metabolic profiles using MALDI imaging (matrix-assisted
in the western Nile Delta—concluded that there is a wide spec- laser desorption ionization mass spectrometer), a relatively new
trum of problems facing small-scale farmers including high and unique technology to determine the accumulation pattern
soil salinity, increased soil water table, lack of proper irrigation of compounds present in grape tissue to continue validating the
and fertilization management, and nematode infection. These metabolite biosynthetic pathway in wine grapes.
problems lead to gradual decrease in production quantity and
quality and threaten the sustainability of viticulture future in the (127) Evaluation of Two Sources of Organic
area. Precision agriculture is a new approach to field manage- Matter Applied to Soil and Their Effects on
ment that precisely identifies areas within the field that differ,
helps to classify the difference, provides practical maps for
Grape Production
management, and measures the change before and after manage- Fabian Robles-Contreras
ment. This is done with the aid of global-positioning systems INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
(GPS), computer-based geographical information systems
Manuel de Jesús Valenzuela-Ruiz
(GIS), and the remote sensing tools. In 2011 and 2012 seasons,
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]
a 2-ha Thompson Seedless table grape vineyard of 8-year-old
grapevines with severe production problems was selected in Ruben Macias-Duarte
Tiba to demonstrate the potential of targeted management by INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S405
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Raul L. Grijalva-Contreras* Dilip Nandwani

INIFAP, Caborca Sonora; [email protected] University of the Virgin Islands, Kingshill; dilipnandwani@
yahoo.com
Arturo López-Carvajal
INIFAP, Caborca, Sonora; [email protected] Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng, popularly known as curry leaf
plant, is a small aromatic tree belonging to the family Rutaceae
There are about 8000 ha planted with grapes in Caborca, Sonora,
that grows widely in Southeast Asia. Its leaves are slightly pun-
44% of that are for raisin grapes and the remaining for table
gent, bitter, and acidulous in taste. Fresh and dried leaves are
grapes. This region has soil with very low organic matter, and
used extensively as a flavoring agent in many Indian culinary
that retains little moisture. Together with the intensive use for
practices. The fresh leaves of this tree possess antimicrobial,
many years, the soil has little fertility or available nutrients to
topoisomerases, and mosquitocidal inhibition and antioxidant
meet the needs of this crop. Also, the high cost of fertilizers
properties. A reproducible protocol for direct somatic em-
combined with innocuity norms that are being implemented,
bryogenesis was established in M. koenigii. The hypocotyle,
has forced the search for ecological and economic alternatives
cotyledons and root segments were excised from 60-day-old in
for crop nutrition. Compost use can be a suitable alternative to
vitro grown seedlings. Globular somatic embryos were induced
recover soil fertility and productivity of grapes. The objective
on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine
was to evaluate the effect of two organic matter sources, in the
(BA), 0.5 mg/L αa-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/l
grape production and quality. In two different commercial vine-
thidiazuron (TDZ). The best result obtained for the average
yards—one with Superior Seedless for table grape and one with
Flame Seedless for raisin grapes—we evaluated the commercial frequency of somatic embryos was from hypocotyle explants,
HUMIBAC compost and bovine manure in doses of 12.5 t·ha–1 which was significantly higher than cotyledons and root explant.
The highest frequency of somatic embryos was recorded from
and compared with the control treatment (without organic matter
hypocotyle segments in 6 weeks. The age and type of explant
application). There were no significant differences in the total
and concentration of TDZ played an important role in the de-
production of table grapes (8.43 t·ha–1 in the control and 13.69
velopment of somatic embryos. The heart and torpid stages of
t·ha–1 with HUMIBAC); it was on the percentage of clusters
all the somatic embryos were also recorded. Over 95% of the
with commercial quality, and was higher with HUMIBAC
somatic embryos, irrespective of their origin, germinated after
(70.5 %), and also, both HUMIBAC and control were
4 weeks in one-half MS basal media. Well-rooted plantlets were
highly significantly different in sugar content with 20.4 and
successfully acclimatized.
19.7 °Brix. On raisin grapes, as far as the yield, the compost af-
fected statistically positively both the table grape and raisin grape, (177) Photosynthesis and Harvest of Deltoid Synu-
whereas the control yield was 6.9 and 1.5 t·ha–1 (table grape and rus (Synurus deltoides) under Three Different Light
raisin grape, respectively); the compost (Bovine manure and
HUMIBAC) yield was from 13.2 to 20.8 t·ha–1 (table grape)
Environments
and 2.55 to 4.65 t·ha–1 (raisin grape). Heesun Noh*
Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
Gangwon-do; [email protected]
Kyeongcheol Lee
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM Kangwon National University, Chuncheon; dlrud112@
naver.com
Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal
Plants Jonghwan Kim
Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services,
Gangwon-do; [email protected]
(176) An Efficient Protocol for Direct Somatic
Embryogenesis in Medicinal Tree Murraya Hangsup Han
koenigii (L.) Kangwon National University, Chuncheon; sshan@
kangwon.ac.kr
Nisha Khatik
Many recent studies have reported on the properties of
Haribhau Upadhyay Nagar, Ajmer, India; nisha_khatik@
Deltoid synurus (Synurus deltoides), such as antimutation,
yahoo.com
antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Ham et al.,
Ramesh Joshi* 1997; Lee, 2003; Woo et al., 2010; Park et al., 2004; Jung et
Government College, Ajmer, India; drrameshjoshi10@ al., 2008). It contains b-cubebene and caryophyllene (Lee et
gmail.com al., 2012). This plant was acknowledged as a well-being food.
M.L. Agarwal Therefore, we researched the photosynthesis and harvest of S.
Government College, Ajmer, India; mlagarwal27@gmail. deltoides under different light environment for high quality
com and yield. S. deltoides seeds were sown in 105 cells tray-pot
in Mar. 2012 and raised in the grass house. In May, these were

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S406 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

planted in a 30 x 20 cm field. Shading treatment was carried Ki Sun Kim

out in the last 10 days of May, using 35% and 55% shading Seoul National University, Korea 151-921; [email protected]
net. The light density and temperature under the different Potentilla kleiniana (PK) is a member of the Rosaceae family
shading treatments was measured at 1 meter from the ground that is native to China, Japan, Korea, India, and Malaysia. It
from May to September. We examined the hardness of leaves, produces one or more erect stems from a branching caudex and
photosynthesis, and yield under different shading. The data system of rhizomes. It grows 20 to 60 cm tall, and is slightly
were analyzed by SPSS Statistics Program (Version 19.0) and hairy to nearly hairless. The leaves are ternate, divided into
Duncan’s multiple range test. Harvest weight per plant grown three leaflets. The basal leaves are largest, borne on long peti-
under 0%, 35%, and 55% shading treatments was 35.9, 52.6, oles. Each has oval leaflets up to 3 cm long that are deeply cut
and 21.1 g, respectively. The hardness under 35% shading was into blunt teeth. Smaller leaves occur higher on the stem. The
1.8 kg/cm2 compared with 2.3 kg/cm2 under non-shading. The inflorescence is a cyme of one or more flowers. The flower has
maximum photosynthesis rate was high under non-shading and usually five yellow petals up to a cm long on a calyx of pointed
35% shading; 12.9 and 12.6 μmol·m–2·s–1 of CO2 , respectively. sepals and narrower pointed bractlets. Potentilla kleiniana
The dark respiration under 35% shading was 22.2 μmol·m–2·s–1 is often used in Korean traditional systems of medicine as a
compared with 28.5 μmol·m–2·s–1 under non-shading. The result remedy for hemostasis, dysentery cough, pertussis, sore throat,
indicated that the proper shading was 35% for high yield and external bleeding, and neutralizes snake venom. Generally
quality of S. deltoides. drugs that are used for arthritis have antinociceptive and
Specified Source(s) of Funding: This study was supported anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the anti-
by the region agriculture research activity project(number : inflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated
PJ0073272012) funded by the Rural Development Administra- so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the
tion, Korea. anti-inflammatory potential of PK using the ethanolic extract
of PK and its sub-fractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory
(178) Anti-inflammatory Activity of Potentilla effects of PK, we examined the inflammatory mediators
kleiniana Extracts such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on RAW
Jung-Hwan Nam* 264.7 cells. Our results indicated that ethanolic extract signifi-
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA, cantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, and PGE2 production in
Pyeongchang; [email protected] RAW 264.7 cells. The ethanolic extract inhibitory activity for
NO and PGE2 tests with IC50 values showed in 49.57 μg/mL.
O.S. Hur This result revealed that ethanolic extract of PK is expected
Rural Development Administration, NAAS, Suwon; to be good candidate for development into source of anti-
[email protected] inflammatory agent.
Su-Young Hong (179) Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] of American Persimmon Teas
Su Jeong Kim Hideka Kobayashi*
Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA, Kentucky State University, Frankfort; hideka.kobayashi@
Pyeongchang; [email protected] kysu.edu

Hee-Jhun Park George Anotnious

Sangji University, College of Health Sciences, Wonju; Kentucky State University, Frankfort; george.antonious@
[email protected] kysu.edu

Kyung-Tea Lee Changzheng Wang

Kyung-Hee University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul; ktlee@ Kentucky State University, Frankfort; chanzheng.wang@
khu.ac.kr kysu.edu

Oh-Keun Kwon Kirk William Pomper

Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Kentucky State University, Frankfort; kirk.pomper@kysu.
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] edu

Kwang-Soo Cho Regular consumption of green tea (GT), a rich source of phenolic
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of compounds, has been linked to various health benefits, includ-
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] ing lowering cholesterol, weight loss and cancer prevention.
Green tea is made from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kunzte, and
Hwang-Bae Sohn domestic production is currently confined in South Carolina
Rural Development Administration, National Institute of and Hawaii. Since most green tea available on market in the
Crop Science, Pyeongchang; [email protected] U.S. is imported, there have been concerns for contamination

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S407
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

with heavy metals and pesticides. In Asia, leaves and other developed for detecting the pathogen in soil. This methodology
plant parts of various species are also used to make teas. One proved to be a useful diagnostic tool in testing environmental
example is Asian persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb). Its leaves samples and has become the method of detection for R. sola-
can be simply air-dried in shade, sometimes followed by steam- nacearum testing on the Big Island of Hawaii at the University
ing or immediately steamed and roasted. Asian persimmon tea of Hawaii–Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human
has anti-allergy, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant Resources’ Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center (ADSC).
properties, and contains phenolic constituents such as astragalin This method was used in a 10-week pot study to determine the
and isoquercitin. Leaves of American persimmon (D. virginiana effect of soil amendments on the survival of R. solanacearum
L.), native to the eastern part of the U.S., have been similarly in naturally infested Hawaiian soils. The soil amendments used
used to make beverages in the past, although its health benefits included an initial application of vermicompost, vermitea, and
have not been studied. The objectives of the study were to IMOlizer at high, mid, and low rates. At the end of the 10-week
examine phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Ameri- period none of the treatments showed an ability to significantly
can persimmon tea processed by two methods. Leaves from reduce bacterial abundance over time. Some treatments showed
five cultivars of American persimmon were harvested in May an initial decline in bacterial abundance between 0–4 weeks
2012. Leaves were washed and lightly dried with paper towel. but were followed by a sharp increase at the 6-week time
The samples were weighed, a half of samples were placed in point. A future experiment using repeated applications of these
microwavable plastic bag for 30 s/50-g samples. Immediately amendments may address the loss of suppression over time. A
after steaming, samples were roasted on an electric skillet at website explaining bacterial wilt, its symptoms, our method for
200 °C. The rest of samples were dried in an oven at 50 °C for detection, as well as management strategies, are now available
two nights. Folin-Ciocalteu assay was performed to determine at http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/dnn/gingerwilt for growers and
phenolic content of teas. Phenolic content of GT was 14.6, and the public to visit.
that of PT ranged from 3.9 to 8.2 for roasted samples and 3.2 Specified Source(s) of Funding: Western SARE
to 4.0 for oven-dried samples in g of gallic acid equivalent
per 100 g of dry weight. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
assay was performed to determine antioxidant capacity. This Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
assay revealed that the antioxidant capacity of roasted teas Organic Horticulture
were substantially higher (596.7~1152.7) than that of oven-
dried teas (287.0~403.5) in μmol of Trolox equivalent, and (082) Groundcover Management System and
comparable to that of GT (1142.5). Teas made from American
Nutrient Source Impact Physical Soil Quality
persimmon leaves are a caffeine-free healthy alternative to
regular or green tea. Indicators in an Organically Managed Apple
Orchard
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA 1890 Capacity Build-
ing Grant Neal Mays
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
(180) The Effect of Composts on Field Soils Curt R. Rom*
Affected by Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger in University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
Hawaii M. Elena Garcia
Sharon Motomura* University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected] Mary Savin
Scot Nelson University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected] Kristofer Brye
Susan C. Miyasaka University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected] Jason McAfee
Michael Shintaku University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; [email protected]
University of Hawaii, Hilo; [email protected] Heather Friedrich
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the most University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, [email protected]
important disease affecting edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) In Mar. 2006, four groundcover management systems (GMS)
in Hawaii. Serious outbreaks began occurring in 1993 and large and two nutrient sources (NS) were evaluated for their ability
losses continue every year. R. solanacearum is persistent in to alter the physical condition of newly-established orchard
soil and following crop failure, fields are abandoned and left soil. Annual applications of municipal green compost (GC),
unsuitable for ginger production for many years. A reliable and shredded office paper (SP), wood chips (WC), and mow-blow
sensitive method utilizing enrichment followed by PCR was (MB) grass mulch were utilized as GMS, and NS were sup-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S408 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

plied to trees from composted poultry litter and a commercial production systems. Living cover crops planted between crop
organic fertilizer in a 4x3 factorial study. An established, rows could also provide habitat for beneficial insects. Planting
conventionally-managed orchard was located on the same soil mixtures of cover crop species may provide greater system
series and adjacent to the organic research orchard. Physical soil benefits than individual species, but the ideal combination to
characteristics were measured from the conventional orchard provide multiple benefits in organic hop systems has yet to be
providing a subjective comparison of orchard management determined. We evaluated seven different cover crop mixtures
systems. Soil organic matter averaged 1.5% at organic orchard alongside a no cover crop control at two on-farm research
establishment. By 2012, soil organic matter increased to 5.6% sites in Washington and Michigan over a period of 3 years.
in GC while all other treatments had approximately doubled, Each treatment was replicated with one of four hop varieties
with values in MB, SP, and WC increasing to 2.6%, 3.0%, and to test treatment x genotype interactions. Cover crop mixtures
3.2%, respectively. The change in soil organic matter impacted were sown each spring and terminated each fall following hop
physical soil characteristics. Mow-blow treatments provided the harvest. Soil samples were collected each spring, summer and
least change in physical soil quality and served as an informal fall, and ammonium and nitrate concentration determined us-
control to which other GMS were compared. Greatest increases ing KCl extractions. Baseline and final year soil samples were
in estimated plant available water were noted in treatments analyzed for various soil chemical and biological properties.
receiving GC applied alone (18.1%) or in combination with Results to date indicate that cover crop species mixtures dif-
commercial fertilizer (17.7%). Bulk density values averaged ferentially influenced soil properties in each trial, but results
1.34 g·cm–3 in 2006 but decreased in following years for all varied given location. For example, active soil carbon was
GMS. Most significant reductions occurred in WC (1.01 g·cm–3) greatest with the roadway mix treatment in Washington, while
and GC (1.02 g·cm–3) treatments. Increases were observed in the rye/vetch/buckwheat provided the greatest active soil carbon
the formation of large water stable macroaggregates. Green in Michigan. Hop variety also influenced soil properties, with
compost treatments resulted in a 4200% increase in 2.0 to 4.0 variety 1 resulting in greater active soil carbon than variety 3
mm water stable aggregates taken from the upper 7.5 cm of in Michigan. In Washington, there was a significant interaction
soil. Infiltration rate was calculated for all treatments based on between hop variety and cover crop treatment with respect to
time required for complete drainage and over the total 18-min active soil carbon, with variety 1 varying between treatments,
drainage time. The greatest infiltration rate was associated while variety 3 was not impacted by cover crop treatment. These
with SP treatments (11.1 mm/min) and was slowest in WC results indicate that cover crop mixtures can positively impact
treatments (3.1 mm/min). Soil organic matter measured 2.7% soil quality in organic hop orchards, but the ideal mixture will
in the conventional orchard in June 2012, and only MB (2.6%) vary given location and hop variety.
was lower. With the exception of GC applied alone (18.1%)
or in combination with commercial organic fertilizer (17.7%), (084) An Evaluation of Organic Fertilizers for
estimated plant available water capacity was lower in the organic Use in Container Media
orchard than in the conventional orchard (17.2%). Soil bulk
A. James Downer*
density was higher in the conventional orchard (1.27 g·cm–3)
University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
than measured in all GMS treatments. All GMS treatments re-
[email protected]
sulted in greater water stable aggregate formation. Only in WC
was water infiltration slower than in the conventional orchard; Anna D. Howell
otherwise GMS enhanced infiltration rate. University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura;
[email protected]
(083) Cover Crop Mixtures Build Soil Quality The “organic” movement in the United States has gained
in Organic Hop Orchards considerable momentum over the last 10 years. Consumers
Lori Hoagland* now consistently choose organically grown produce from
Purdue University, West Lafayette; [email protected] supermarkets and restaurants. Gardeners have also adopted
“organic” products. These are mostly fertilizers used in gardens
Kevin Murphy or as container fertilizers. Gardeners are faced with a plethora
Washington State University, Pullman; kmurphy2@wsu. of products to fertilize plants. Yet, efficacy testing is largely
edu missing from the retail product market. Also, since there are
Sam Turner many different and varied sources for fertilizer ingredients there
Washington State University, Pullman; [email protected] are just as many possible mineral release possibilities. While
organic fertilizers are generally believed to be “slow release”
Robert Sirrine there is potential for nutrient loss from containers because
Michigan State University, Suttons Bay; [email protected] organic fertilizers tend to be applied at higher rates or more
Cover crops are well known for their capacity to improve soil frequently than soluble fertilizers. We investigated the effects
physical, chemical, and biological properties; provide supple- of several fertilizer products, and a few experimental products,
mental nutrients; and help suppress weeds in horticultural on their effects on the quality, growth, and chlorophyll content

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S409
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(via SPAD chlorophyll meter) of petunia and basil. The project emergence, sudangrass failed to suppress weed establishment.
was repeated for a second trial using broccoli and snapdragon Buckwheat, which was terminated in September, allowed some
plants. During the first trial, the two experimental products cool-season grasses to establish afterward. Weed pressure in the
produced the greatest number of flowers on petunia, and the bean crop was measured in several ways relevant to a growers’
greatest quality on both petunia and basil. Chlorophyll content weed management: initial flush of seedlings, post-cultivation
was not associated with quality in the first trial. In the second emergence, and time required to hand weed after mechanical
trial, the organic product Gro Power (solid and liquid forms) cultivation. There was no consistent effect of any cover crop
produced the greatest number of flowers, quality, and SPAD on the subsequent weed pressure. At an individual site and
readings for both snapdragons and broccoli. For both plants, year, there were sometimes large effects that may indicate a
the untreated and ammonium sulfate treatments produced the suppression mechanism that would be useable if it could be
lowest quality, least amount of flowers, and lower SPAD read- identified. While these cover crops were effective for reducing
ings than other organic treatments. the weed seed production, and would therefore be valuable in
long-term weed minimization, the benefit was not consistently
(085) Effect of Late Summer Cover Crops on detectable in the subsequent year.
Weed Management in Organic Vegetables in the
Great Lakes Region (086) Nutrient Content of Field-grown Organic
Thomas Björkman* Heirloom Tomatoes as Influenced by Poultry
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] Compost and Mychorrhizae Application
Joseph W. Shail Lurline E. Marsh*
Cornell University, Geneva, NY; [email protected] University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
Daniel C. Brainard Fawzy M. Hashem
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; fmhashem@umes.
Carolyn Lowry edu
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] Brett D. Smith
John B. Masiunas University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected] Corrie P. Cotton
Dan Anderson University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
University of Illinois, Urbana; [email protected] Safety and healthfulness of produce relate to several factors,
Organic vegetable growers rely on cover crops to contribute including fruit nutrient content. Fruit nutrient content can be
to their weed management by reducing weed seed rain and influenced by the growing medium and soil additives such
increasing weed seed mortality. We investigated whether late- as poultry composts. In this 2012 field study, the objective
summer planting of cover crops in the Great Lakes region would was to determine whether poultry compost and vesicular ar-
reduce fall weed escapes and subsequent weed growth in the buscular mycorrhizae (VAM) affected the nutrient content of
following year’s crop. We also investigated whether the effect organically produced heirloom tomato (Lycopersicon escu-
of a late-summer cover crop is different if it is allowed to de- lentum) fruits. Tomato cultivars, Debarao Plum (DP) and
compose over winter with the roots undisturbed or incorporated Brandywine Red (BR) were transplanted at the field site and
in the fall so that it is thoroughly decomposed. Furthermore, subjected to four treatments; control, VAM, poultry compost,
untreated bean seed is susceptible to many rot pathogens whose and VAM + poultry compost. Ripe fruits were analyzed for
abundance might be affected differently by the various cover the nutrients; sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, aluminum, zinc,
crop species, and by how recently and rapidly the decomposi- iron copper, arsenic, and lead. The amendments did not have
tion occurred. To obtain results applicable to the broader Great a significant effect on fruit nutrient concentrations except for
Lakes region, we performed the experiment in New York, sulfur, which was the lowest (0.13%) in DP fruits from the
Michigan, and Illinois using organic practices. While fall till- VAM treatment. Cultivar, DP had higher levels of calcium
age resulted in substantially lower stands of beans, that effect than BR, with values ranging from 0.12% for DP to 0.09%
was the same whether there was a cover crop present or not. for BR. Copper levels of DP fruits were generally lower than
In spring-incorporated plots the stand was slightly better fol- BR fruits across treatments, and ranged from 7.0 ppm for DP
lowing sudangrass, with the other cover crops being equivalent to 9.8 ppm for BR. Total arsenic and lead levels ranged from
to no cover crop. Fall weeds, and therefore, weed seed rain, 0.8 to 1.0 ppm and 0.0 to 0.1ppm, respectively. These nutrient
were strongly suppressed by cover crops. The weed biomass results indicate that the soil amendments used in this study did
was less than 20% of the unmanaged plots. Sudangrass was not pose a food safety risk factor to tomato fruits of Debarao
effective when it emerged quickly, but when drought delayed its Plum and Brandywine Red.

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S410 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

(087) Organic Production of Sunflowers in High whole plots and production systems as the subplot treatments.
Tunnels Hairy vetch and cereal rye were grown prior to the spring veg-
etables in the cropping systems with cover crop incorporation and
Guihong Bi* reduced tillage. Sunn hemp and sorghum-sudangrass were used
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; gb250@ as summer crops before planting the fall vegetables. Soil samples
msstate.edu (0–15 cm) were collected before seeding cover crops in Spring
William B. Evans 2011 and after the final harvest of fall vegetables in late winter.
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; wbe1@ A wide range of soil quality parameters were measured, includ-
ra.msstate.edu ing pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, soil organic
carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter
Vasile Cerven carbon (POMC), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMINN),
Mississippi State University, Crystal Springs; vc116@ microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and Mehlich-extractable P,
msstate.edu K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Overall, the plastic mulch
This study evaluated the organic production of sunflower cut treatments resulted in the highest vegetable yields while cover
flowers in high tunnels. Cover crops were grown over the win- crops did not show any significant effect. The yield reduction
ter and incorporated into the soil in the following spring and in the reduced tillage systems and tilled plots without mulches
subsequently sunflower plants (Infrared Mix F1) were grown varied with the vegetable crops. The plots without cover crops
in the high tunnels. There were four cover crop treatments: An- showed the lowest level of root-knot nematode infestations despite
nual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (75 lb/acre), Annual the use of plastic mulch. There were no consistent treatment dif-
ryegrass (50 lb/acre) + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) (31 lb/acre), ferences in soil quality among the 6 production systems across
Caliente 199 mustard blend (Brassica juncea + Sinapis alba) the two cropping sequences. At the end of the 2011 production
(10 lb/acre), and no cover crop (control). Results showed that cycle, Mehlich-extractable Mg was significantly higher under
in general, sunflower plants grown in the no cover crop plot reduced tillage compared to the other production systems. The
were taller than plants grown in the cover crop plots, especially reduced tillage system also showed the highest level of soil EC.
earlier in the season. However, the total number of cut stems Temporal changes in soil quality parameters were greater than
was similar among all treatments, with plants grown in mustard production system and cropping sequence comparisons. Total soil
plot produced slightly less stems. The soil analysis data showed N, PMINN, Mehlich-extractable P, Ca, and Mn trended higher
that prior to tilling the cover crops, soil nitrate concentrations compared to data collected before spring cover crop planting.
in the top 20 cm were higher in the no cover crop plot than in These results suggest that improvement of soil quality in sandy
the cover crop plots. Further studies will be conducted to look at Florida soils will be challenging, warranting future research to
the long-term effects of cover crops on soil properties and crop evaluate the long-term effects of organic vegetable cropping
production in high tunnels. systems on the soil.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA ORG
(088) Vegetable Yield and Soil Quality as
Affected by Organic Cropping Systems
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Xin Zhao*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Ornamental Plant Breeding
Kathleen Delate (376) In Vitro Chromosome Doubling of Prunus
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected]
laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’
Cynthia Cambardella
USDA–ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Ryan Contreras*
Environment, Ames, IA; N/A Oregon State University, Corvallis; ryan.contreras@hort.
oregonstate.edu
An organic vegetable cropping system experiment was initiated
in sandy soils at Citra, FL, in Spring 2011. Different organic man- Luigi Meneghelli
agement practices were evaluated with respect to their influence Oregon State University, Corvallis; Meneghel@hort.
on vegetable yield and on soil quality. Six vegetable production oregonstate.edu
systems were established including two polyethylene mulch Prunus laurocersaus (2n=22x=176), common cherrylaurel, is
systems with or without cover crops, two unmulched bed systems an evergreen shrub often used as a hedge or screen. This species
with or without cover crops, and two reduced-tillage systems with has become naturalized in parts of northwestern U.S., which
cover crops and varying fertilization rates. Two crop sequences, has lead to concern regarding its invasive potential. There-
i.e., spring yellow squash–fall broccoli and spring tomato–fall fore, a sterile form of common cherrylaurel would be useful
lettuce, were also evaluated. The experiment was arranged in a in curbing its escape from cultivation. As part of a breeding
split-plot design, four replications, with crop sequences as the program to develop sterile common cherrylaurel cultivars we

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S411
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

attempted to induce polyploidy using in vitro exposure of ‘Otto tings reached full bloom in about 2 months. Although we did all
Luyken’ shoots to oryzalin. Shoots that were 1.5 cm long with reciprocal crosses among all 10 cultivars, only A08-1603 (pure
two to three meristems each were placed on solid media in 30 yellow, light bloom), A08-1607 (yellow with red throat, heavy
x 200 mm culture tubes. Shoots were treated by covering with to medium bloom), and A08-2112 (red, heavy bloom) set fruit
10 mL of liquid MS media supplemented with oryzalin. Each and yielded seeds. A08-1607 was selected as a parent since it
experimental unit was one culture tube containing a single shows good heat tolerance and continual blooming through the
shoot. The experiment was completely randomized with 20 summer and fall months. A08-1607 X A08-2112 had 41.7%
replications. Shoots were treated for 1, 2, 14, or 28 days with fruit set and produced 7 seeds per fruit. The cross, A08-1603 X
0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 150 μM oryzalin. After treatment, A08-2112, set 25.5% fruits and 14 seeds per fruit. If crossing
the liquid phase was removed and shoots were transferred to A08-2112 (female) with A08-1607 (male), only one out of 43
fresh media. Ploidy level of surviving shoots was determined crosses set fruit with a yield of only 3 seeds. The low percent-
using flow cytometry analysis of DAPI stained nuclei. The 14 age of successful crosses and limited fruit set might be due to
d treatment had reduced survival compared to 1 d and 2 d treat- incompatibility and higher temperatures in the greenhouse.
ments and there was still greater mortality in the 28 d treatment. Further studies should focus seed germination and evaluation
Duration affected mortality more than oryzalin rate. Percent- of new germplasm. The mechanism of cross-incompatibility
age of surviving shoots that were 22x was similar among all should also be investigated.
treatment durations. As the rate of oryzalin increased, percent
22x decreased up to 100 μM and then increased. For the 28 d (378) Characterizing Crop Timing and Quality
treatment, there were no 22x shoots except at 0 μM. Percentage Traits of a Petunia integrifolia x P. axillaris
of surviving shoots that were mixoploid increased with rate of Recombinant Inbred Line Population under
oryzalin for 1, 2, and 14 d to a maximum at 86, 86.5, and 85
μM, respectively, before decreasing. The 28 d treatment had
Different Temperatures
100% mixoploid shoots at each oryzalin rate except 50 μM, at Wei-Kuang Lin*
which survival was 0%. Percentage of surviving shoots that were Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
44x increased with rate in the 1 and 2 d treatments. Percentage
Ryan M. Warner
of surviving shoots in the 14 d treatment reached a maximum
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
at 90 μM and no surviving shoots were homogenous 44x. In
addition to analyzing each tube as a whole, individual shoots Petunia (Petunia xhybrida) is often produced in greenhouses
were collected and the ploidy level of each was determined. As in northern climates in the United States during the late winter
expected, when each meristem was analyzed individually, there and early spring. However, providing optimal temperatures in
was a reduced number of mixoploids, as more of the separated the early of the year for petunia can cause greenhouse heating
meristems were 22x and 44x. costs to be very high. Minimizing energy costs could be achieved
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Oregon State Agricultural by manipulating crop timing traits to reduce production time,
Research Foundation and Oregon Department of Agriculture such as increasing the leaf unfolding rate (i.e., development
rate), or decreasing the number of leaves below the first flower.
(377) Breeding Heat Tolerant Abutilon Petunia integrifolia and P. axillaris, the progenitor species of the
cultivated petunia, exhibited a faster development rate than the
Fanghua Niu modern cultivated petunia and may be useful genetic sources to
Central South University of Forestry and Technology,
breed faster-developing cultivars. A population of F7 recombinant
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected]
inbred lines (RIL) derived from a P. integrifolia x P. axillaris F2
Donglin Zhang* population was phenotyped in two experiments representing a
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] range of temperatures during Summer 2012 (24 °C) and Winter
John M. Ruter 2013 (14, 17, 20 °C). The population exhibited considerable
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] variation for several crop timing traits, including leaf unfolding
rate and the number of leaves below the first flower, and quality
Zhihui Li parameters. The population distribution for development rate
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, increased as temperature decreased. At 24 °C, the average leaf
Changsha, Hunan; [email protected] unfolding rates of the 10 fastest and 10 slowest lines were 0.820
Abutilon xhybridum, a member of Malvaceae, has gained and 0.458 leaves per day, respectively. In contrast, at 14 °C, the
popularity in the southeastern United States as a spring and average leaf unfolding rates of the fastest and slowest lines were
fall flowering herbaceous plant. To further breeding Abutilon 0.422 and 0.130 leaves per day. Therefore, as the temperature
with heat tolerance and diversified flowers, ten cultivars were dropped from 24 °C to 14 °C, the fold change in development
selected, propagated, and grown in the greenhouse for artificial rate of the fastest lines compared to the slowest lines increased
hybridization. Stem cuttings of Abutilon rooted easily with aid from 1.8-fold higher to 3.2-fold higher. These results indicate
of 1000 mg·L–1 K-IBA in about 2 weeks. All transplanted cut- that the leaf unfolding rates of slower-developing lines are more

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S412 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

subject to cool temperatures than the fast-developing lines. Zhanao Deng*

Thus, introducing the faster-developing trait into the modern University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected]
cultivated petunia could increase the feasibility of producing
Mike McLaughlin
petunia at lower temperatures to reduce heating fuel usage. Also,
Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, FL;
the observed range of variability for a wide range of phenotypic
[email protected]
traits observed in the population indicates that these RILs will
be very useful for mapping traits of interest. Cultivated caladiums (Caladium xhortulanum) are a major
floriculture crop in the United States, especially in the southern
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–SCRI, USDA–Flori- and southeastern states. Genetic improvement of cultivated
culture and Nursery Research Initiative caladiums has been primarily through hybridization among
existing cultivars. To broaden the genetic base of cultivated
(380) In Vitro Callus Induction of caladiums and/or introduce biotic and/or abiotic stress tolerance
Dendranthema indicum var. Aromaticum, a traits may necessitate more interspecific hybridizations with
Scented Chrysanthemum other caladium species. In addition, the number of species in
the genus Caladium is still a matter of discussion. Plant taxono-
He Miao*
mists have divided the genus into seven to 17 species. The main
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; hemiao_xu@126.
debate is about the classification of Caladium bicolor, Caladium
com
marmoratum, and Caladium picturatum, and the status of
Feng Bo Caladium xhortulanum. The present study was undertaken
Beijing Forestry University; [email protected] to determine the variation in nuclear DNA content among
and within nine caladium species and chromosome number
Dong Chunyan
of four caladium species. Flow cytometric analysis revealed
Beijing Forestry University; [email protected]
significant variation in nuclear DNA content among species,
Qixiang Zhang ranging from 2n = 2.98 pg in Caladium lindenii to 2n = 9.89
Beijing Forestry University; [email protected] pg in C. xhortulanum cv. Chang Suek. Significant variation
Neil O. Anderson was also observed within certain species, such as Caladium
University of Minnesota, St. Paul; [email protected] steudneriifolium. All four caladium cultivars examined have
2n = 2x = 30 chromosomes. Lower somatic chromosome num-
Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum is a fragrant, medicinal bers were observed in some caladium species. Results from
chrysanthemum variety that has hairy stems and leaves, produc- this study have provided new insights into the relationships
ing desirable aromas. A breeding objective is to create selec- among and within caladium species and shed light on the ori-
tions that also possess large, showy flowers for a new product gin of cultivated caladiums. The available information will be
of fragrant cut, potted, or garden chrysanthemums. Several also very valuable for designing sexual crosses for caladium
methods are being used to create new interspecific hybrids breeding.
with cultivated chrysanthemums, D. xgrandiflora: interspecific
hybridization, protoplast fusion, and genetic transformation. (382) Haploid Production through Anther
Breeding requires polyploidization of D. i. var. aromaticum Culture in Saintpaulia Species
(a diploid, 2n=2x=18) to cross with cultivated D. xgrandiflora
(hexaploid, 2n=6x=54). In order to transform this species, a Yuichi Uno*
regeneration system has to be developed. The effects of dif- Kobe University, Kobe; [email protected]
ferent plant growth regulators at different concentrations on Haruyuki Kobayashi
callus induction were investigated using stem segments, leaves, Kobe University, Kobe
petioles and buds of D. i. var. aromaticum as explants. The
best in vitro propagation was achieved with axillary buds from
Hitomi Koda
Kobe University, Kobe
nodal stem segments cultured on MS medium, based on callus
induction rate, callus hardness, growth potential and the number African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha) cultivars are generally
of shoots differentiated. The optimal induction mediums were not fixed as homozygotes because the plant is easily propagated
MS + 1.0 mg/L 2.4 D + 0.2 mg/L 6-BA. Rooting of shoots was by leaf cutting. However, homozygotes are useful for breeding.
also achieved. Anther culture is a rapid method of obtaining homozygotes via
doubling the anther-derived haploid chromosome set. In this
(381) Variation in Nuclear DNA Content and study, the optimal anther culture conditions for highly-efficient
Chromosome Number among and within haploid production were investigated using seven natural
species and eight cultivars in the genus Saintpaulia. Anther
Caladium Species
culture of African violet was performed to determine the ap-
Zhe Cao propriate phytohormone concentrations for shoot formation.
University of Florida, Wimauma; [email protected] Microspores at uninucleate stage that were suitable for culture

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S413
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

were observed in anthers of length 2.5–3.0 mm (natural spe- attached inside the systems. CO2 response time of plant under
cies) or 3.0–5.0 mm (cultivars) at 8–9 days after bud formation light condition was compared between two kinds of culture
began. Treatments contained 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/L of N6- media, perlite and artificial substrate, for plant pot. After one
benzyladenine and of naphthaleneacetic acid in a total of nine hour of treatment, in perlite pot, the CO2 concentration was
concentration combinations. The most effective combination sharply decreased by 333 ppm, however, in artificial substrate
for shoot formation was 1.0 mg/L of each phytohormone in pot, the CO2 concentration was rather increased by 7 ppm.
the cultivar ‘Tomahawk’. In that treatment, shoot formation Therefore, to observe CO2 absorption by leaves in 40 minute
percentages from anthers ranged from 0% to 62.5% for natural class, inorganic media is more efficient than organic media with
species and 0% to 93.8% for cultivars. Three of seven natural lots of microorganisms. For experiment time zone, the response
species and five of seven cultivars showed statistically similar of vegetables and foliage plants in the systems were tested in
shoot formation percentages to ‘Tomahawk’. These results sug- the morning or in the afternoon. The both time zones were pos-
gested that the applicability of these anther culture conditions sible to observe CO2 decrease by both plants. Transpiration was
was 43% in natural species and 71% in cultivars. Microscopic shown by much H2O increase in the pot with leaves than in the
observations of chromosomes in root-tip cells of anther-derived pot without leaves. Although little change was shown accord-
plants showed an average haploid efficiency of 64.3%. Some ing to temperature and humidity, after 30 minutes of treatment
haploids had different phenotypes from their parent plants in on average, moisture on the system walls was visible. This
both leaf and flower color and shape. Recessive traits, such as teaching aid for leaf function was applied to 4th grade students
single flowers, white flowers, and plain foliage, were observed in Seoul and the students checked the CO2 and H2O change by
in haploids. Colchicine treatment of ‘Tomahawk’ was performed plants in the systems with or without light and with or without
to produce doubled-haploid plants. The most effective conditions leaves. The academic achievement regarding plant leaf function
for producing doubled haploids were 0.05% colchicine for 3 days. was significantly higher in experimental group compared to the
Most of the doubled haploids retained the characteristics of their students in control group.
parent haploid. Stomatal cell lengths in polyploids were ranked
as tetraploid (doubled diploid) > diploid > doubled haploid > (185) Do Plants Play a Part in Student
haploid. Although the doubled haploids should be confirmed the Satisfaction?
homozygous through progeny tests, they may be used practically
as breeding stocks. This new method allowed the production Amanda Plante*
of doubled haploids of African violet in as little as 392 days. University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
J. Mark Fly
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
Susan Wilson Hamilton
Teaching Methods University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected]
(184) Development of Teaching Aid for Leaf Prior research in environmental psychology indicates that there
Function and Evaluation of Its Impacts on is a relationship between plants, nature, and satisfaction. Sat-
isfaction of students is of importance across the grade levels.
Student Academic Achievement Two studies were conducted concerning the effect of interac-
Ji-Hye Moon* tion with plant life on student satisfaction. In the first study, a
Rural Development Administration, Suwon; jhmoon@ quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was
korea.kr used to determine how participation in garden labs would affect
Sun Jin Jeong high school student satisfaction with school. Ecology students
Rural Development Administration, Suwon; sunjin75@ in the variable group participated in 10 gardening labs dur-
korea.kr ing the semester. Labs were centered on hands-on gardening
activities that took place in the school greenhouse and garden.
Sang Mi Lee The garden component was taught by the teacher in order to
Rural Development Administration, Suwon; sangmilee@ minimize bias that could result from a third party teaching the
korea.kr lab. Students in the control group did not participate in the
This study was conducted to develop teaching aid for photosyn- garden program that was offered as a part of the experiment.
thesis and transpiration of plant and to evaluate its application Students in the variable group and a similar control completed
effect on elementary school students. In Korea, the 4th grade a questionnaire prior to and after the time of participation in
students take lessons on the function of leaves among other the garden labs. Questionnaire items pertaining to student sat-
plant organs during science classes. For the observation of CO2 isfaction with school, knowledge of and affinity for gardening
and H2O change by plant indoor, closed systems (26.5 x 18.0 x were used for statistical analysis. Random selection was not
49.0 cm) were made with transparent acryl with LED lights on feasible for this study, and participants were a convenience
the top of them. Sensors of temperature, CO2 , and H2O were sample based on teacher availability to participate. The second

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S414 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

study involved the development of a survey instrument that (187) An Undergraduate Independent Study
would be used to measure how much undergraduate students Project Developing a Golf Course Tree
interact with plant life, gauge student satisfaction, and control
Inventory for Audubon Sanctuary Certification
for extraneous variables. Survey results could be used to better
provide services for undergraduate students that may increase David E. Kopsell*
student satisfaction. For the purposes of this survey, time spent Illinois State University, Normal; [email protected]
interacting with plant life was broken into two groups. Active Jacob Kuban
interaction included activities where the individual has sought Illinois State University, Normal; [email protected]
out plant-based activities, such as gardening. Passive interaction
with plants would included activities where the individual may Mike Rayman
not have desired a plant-based activity, but would be been in a Illinois State University, Normal; [email protected]
“green” environment that has live plants, like walking outside Developing a tree inventory is one of the initial steps toward
and reading outdoors. Pre-testing and a pilot test would be used golf course Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Certification. The
to generate items pertaining to interaction with plant life for the Audubon Sanctuary Program is a cooperative effort between
population of interest. The validated Brief Multidimensional the United States Golf Association and Audubon International,
Student Life Satisfaction Scale—College version was used to Inc., with the goal to promote environmental sustainability and
measure student satisfaction, in addition to questions that were education on U.S. and international golf courses. As part of
focused on aspects of satisfaction with school. Analysis of data an undergraduate independent study project we initiated this
for both studies was done with SPSS 20. certification process for the 140-acre Weibring Golf Club on
the campus of Illinois State University by completing a tree
(186) A Webinar Series to Provide Advanced inventory of the course. Course Vision® software was used
Training for Iowa Nursery and Landscape to catalog and inventory golf course site elements. The senior
Professionals undergraduate student involved in the project had a strong
background in woody plant identification through coursework
Ann Marie VanDerZanden* and internship experiences. Prior to the start of the project,
Iowa State University, Ames; [email protected] Course Vision® field technicians visited campus and mapped
Surveys of the Iowa Nursery and Landscape Association (INLA) the location of all the trees on the golf course, assigning each
membership in 2008 and 2010, showed that members were in- a number and GPS coordinate. It took approximately 60 hours
terested in educational programming beyond the basic training over a 15-week semester to visually identify, rate, and enter
provided to prepare for the Iowa Certified Nursery Professional the genus and specific epithet of each tree specimen into the
exam. Further, members were interested in program delivery Course Vision® program. A rating system of 1 to 5 was used
methods that were flexible and that could accommodate their with 1 signifying a tree that needed removal or replacement
schedules. To address this educational need, a series of nine and 5 signifying a tree in excellent physical condition. Of the
webinars on advanced topics were developed (four in 2011 and 1,055 tree specimens identified from among 37 different species,
five in 2012). Webinars were delivered using Adobe Connect ratings were as follows: rating 1 = 9.8% of the total number of
and were available as a live interactive session and asynchro- trees, rating 2 = 13.6%, rating 3 = 33.5%, rating 4 = 35.7%,
nously afterward via the INLA website. A total of 21 individuals and rating 5 = 11.0%, respectively. Completion of this project
participated in the nine live webinars and many participated in is helping the course superintendent develop a tree budget and
multiple webinars. Overall attendance to all nine webinars was replacement program and to begin the process of applying for
64. In the 12 months after the 2012 series was completed, 87 Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Certification.
members accessed the webinars. A follow up survey was sent
to the 18 participants in the five 2012 webinars and 10 partici- (188) Introducing the Flipped Classroom in
pants returned the survey for a 55.5% response rate. Participants Several Horticulture Courses
answered three questions using a four point Likert-type scale
Kent D. Kobayashi*
(1 = strongly disagree; 4 = strongly agree) regarding: new
University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
knowledge gained by participating in the webinar; likelihood
of implementing one or more new practices/concepts learned Kauahi Perez
in the webinar; and if they expected to increase profitability as University of Hawaii at Manoa; [email protected]
a result of participation in the webinar. Overall scores for each In the “traditional” classroom, the instructor lectures and stu-
of the three questions were between agree and strongly agree. dents do homework outside of class. To reduce the amount of
Participants rated gaining new knowledge 4.25, the likelihood of lecturing and promote more student engagement in class, the
implementing a new practice or concept 4.25 and the likelihood flipped classroom technique was introduced in several horticul-
increasing profitability 4.1. Continuing education webinars have ture courses. In a flipped classroom, lectures are assigned for
proven to be an effective way to reach nursery and landscape homework, and students do in the class what used to be done
professionals. outside the classroom. The objective of this presentation is to

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S415
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

discuss some of the ways the flipped classroom approach was undergraduate major. For many undergraduates majoring in
introduced into Tropical Plant & Soil Sciences (TPSS) Depart- plant sciences, plant breeding is a higher level elective, and for
ment courses. The TPSS courses were TPSS 674 Plant Growth those not majoring in plant sciences, plant breeding is often an
Development, TPSS 300 Tropical Production Systems, and entirely new concept. Even when offered as a course, hands-on
TPSS 654 Communications in the Sciences. Various lectures training in plant breeding is not common. Our participation in
were replaced by YouTube videos, websites, and HortTalks pre- a multi-institutional research project to develop a linkage and
sentations. Students viewed these on their own outside of class. quantitative trait locus map for tetraploid highbush blueberry
They reviewed the Virtual Plants online computer simulation, (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) has given the opportunity to offer
Flower Power wheat flowering model, Prune Chilling Prediction laboratory and plant breeding training to several undergraduate
Model, chilling accumulation models, and a growing degree- students. The cohort of students involved in this project were
days phenology model. They viewed videos on soybean yield recruited primarily through guest lectures on blueberry history,
potential, soybean maximum yield, hydroponics, computer culture, and breeding given in introductory horticulture and
modeling and simulation, and scientific conferences. Class biology courses at the University of Florida. Fruit was collected
time was used for activities in which students engaged in small from a segregating tetraploid highbush blueberry F1 popula-
group discussions, class discussions, and hands-on activities. tion that was created from an intra-specific cross between the
They brought their laptops, e-tablets, and smartphones to class northern-adapted cultivar Draper and southern highbush cultivar
to do Internet searches for relevant information for class and Jewel. The population is clonally replicated in several locations
small group discussions. For example, when analyzing graphs including Gainesville, FL, and Homerville, GA, where berries
and tables from scientific articles, they sometimes searched from each genotype were harvested once each plant had 50%
for the original article to get additional information. In class, fully ripe fruit. Because many of the fruit quality traits measured
students ran online computer simulations such as the Virtual in this population required objective measurements, we focused
Plants computer simulation, Flower Power model, Prune on these as training opportunities. For fruit size (g) and firm-
Chilling Prediction Model, and chilling accumulation models. ness (g/mm compression force as measured on a FirmTech 2
For homework, students searched for an online crop model or firmness analyzer), samples were held in a cooler (4 °C) and
simulation and brought its URL to class to share with the other measured within 48 hours. For total solids (g dry weight/10 g
students. Each student ran their model and discussed it while fresh weight), soluble solids (°Brix measured on a handheld
the class followed along on their own laptops. Introducing the refractometer), titratable acidity (citric acid equivalent), and
flipped classroom approach helped create a collaborative learning anthocyanin content (mg/L of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents),
environment in the classroom in which students were actively berry samples were held in a cooler (4 °C) for up to 48 hours,
engaged in the learning material. and then frozen (–20 °C) prior to processing. Students were
required to contribute to sample processing, measurement, and
(189) Fruit Quality Measurements in a analysis. Mini-experiments were designed to take students from
Segregating Blueberry Population: Plant hypothesis to statistical analysis, and illustrate the variation for
Breeding Training for Undergraduates many fruit quality traits possible through plant breeding. For
example, the correlation between total solids and soluble solids
Rachel A. Itle*
was tested to determine whether soluble solids could predict
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
total solids as in other processed fruits and vegetables. For this
Catherine Cellon population Spearman’s rank correlation indicated total solids
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] and soluble solids were correlated for fruit collected from the
Florida (r = 0.34, P = 0.004) and Georgia (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001).
Kyle M. Guerrero
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
(190) Understanding Student Perceptions and
Micah J. Weiss Industry Expectations for Viticulture and
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Enology Careers
William Cobb
Patricia A. Skinkis*
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Oregon State University, Corvallis; skinkisp@hort.
Giovanny E. Covarrubias oregonstate.edu
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] Sierra Laverty
Werner R. Collante Oregon State University, Corvallis; [email protected]
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] James Osborne
James W. Olmstead Oregon State University, Corvallis; James.Osborne@
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] oregonstate.edu
At U.S. institutions, plant breeding is rarely offered as an With the recent development of commercial wine grape in-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S416 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

dustries throughout many states in the United States, there orchid industry. A pre- and post-assignment survey was ad-
has been an increase in job potential in the area of viticulture ministered to students to evaluate their changes in perceptions
and enology. Universities have developed various forms of because of the assignment. Student gains for all assessment
curricula to provide specialized education in viticulture and/or items were highly significant, suggesting that the assignment
enology. However, there are no published needs assessments was successful at introducing the intended concepts grounded in
specific to the career field. A research study was developed social science. Specifically, students indicated familiarity with
to address student perceptions of preparedness and industry international laws that govern plant commerce, developed an
expectations of students entering viticulture and enology ca- opinion about plant conservation, learned how the same plant
reers. A multiple-tool approach was used to gather information is used differentially across cultures, and understood motiva-
from students, employers, and current industry professionals. tions that drive consumers to purchase ornamental plants. In
Students within the Viticulture and Enology Degree Programs addition, students strongly indicated that the in-class discussion
at Oregon State University were surveyed for competencies, was a critical part of the assignment, that the assignment was
weaknesses, and perceptions of skills, knowledge, and at- more interesting than they had initially thought it would be,
tributes required in viticulture and enology careers. Required and that the assignment should be included in future offerings
skills, knowledge, and attributes were also assessed through of the course.
industry employer interviews. These were compared against
data obtained from current industry professionals, the major- (192) How To: Making an Informative Video
ity of whom were from Oregon. Students were more confident from Start to Finish
in knowledge than skills, and they cited most confidence in
viticulture, vine physiology, enology, and laboratory analyses. Rosa Bevington*
They were least confident in their knowledge and skill level for University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
vineyard and/or winery management and equipment operation Sadhana Ravishankar
and maintenance. Students realized work experience was re- University of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected].
quired to gain knowledge, skill, and confidence in those areas. edu
Industry employers indicated greater preference for personal
attributes (reliability, work ethic, and teamwork) and work Kurt D. Nolte
experience combined with the degree, citing the importance of University of Arizona, Yuma; [email protected]
core science and agricultural background knowledge for BS- As social media increases in popularity for distributing infor-
level jobs in viticulture and/or enology. Rarely did industry mation and communicating with others, the traditional method
employers indicate that a degree specific to viticulture and/or of transferring information through print and workshops are
enology was required. Specialization in the work experience now often supplemented or replaced by web-based outlets. In
related to the career area outweighed degree specialization. 2012, The University of Arizona, Fresh Produce Safety Program
These data confirmed the strength of OSU’s program where initiated a social media campaign as a method of distributing
the viticulture and enology options are within horticulture and educational information while gaining recognition as a source
food science degree programs and reinforces the importance for fresh produce safety (FPS) resources. A website, Twitter
of student internships. and Pinterest accounts, and Facebook and YouTube pages were
developed to provide an alternative means to engage clients
(191) The Use of Creative Nonfiction in a and communicate new information and ideas. The resulting
Floriculture Production Course to Introduce social media campaign has proven successful in facilitating
Concepts of Plant Conservation, Industry networking and client communication. One of the leading meth-
Internationalism, and Consumer Motivations ods used to communicate information and ideas using social
for Plant Purchases media outlets is through the incorporation of content specific
videos. Three useful strategies to consider when creating cred-
Kimberly A. Williams* ible videos include developing appropriate subject material,
Kansas State University, Manhattan; [email protected] choosing appropriate lighting, and using innovative editing
The need exists to make horticultural science content more techniques. Subject matter is one of the chief considerations when
socially and culturally relevant. Students can be introduced to creating a video and consists of determining a target audience,
topics such as plant conservation, industry internationalism, and defining message outcomes, and selecting careful locations
consumer motivations for plant purchases through a wealth of for shooting raw footage. For example, when videos are tar-
popular literature about horticulture. During Spring 2009, 2011, geted for teenaged students, they tend to be fast-paced, are
and 2013 semesters, students enrolled in the lab-based course short duration, have limited vocabulary, and are fun. Videos
HORT 625 Floral Crops Production and Handling (2-credits) that target adult learners are more medium-paced, have longer
at Kansas State University were given a reading, reflection, durations, and use a wider vocabulary. Planning subject matter
and discussion assignment about the book Orchid Fever, which also includes developing a concise script and selecting appro-
relates a factual but entertaining account of the international priate locations for videography. During the editing process,

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S417
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

selecting appropriate music, creating clever graphics, or using that irrigation scheduling for mature pecan trees may be needed
software templates and lower thirds will embellish the video when volumetric water content reaches 10% to 11% on Tifton
for a more polished and professional look. All video graphics loamy sand. The reduced rate irrigation schedule provided a
should be coherent and match the theme of the video. Filters 38% reduction in irrigation water use with no significant effect
and scene transitions, that likely accompany editing software, on pecan tree water stress, yield, or quality.
can also make videos stand out. Finally, many videographers Specified Source(s) of Funding: Georgia Agricultural Com-
will note lighting intensity, direction, and angle when shoot- modity Commission for Pecans
ing raw video footage and that costly lighting equipment is
not necessarily required for success. Subjects or background (129) Efficiency of California Trunk Shaking
should be well lit and not overexposed and unnecessary objects
Pistachio Harvesters
should be excluded from the shot as they could be distracting.
The combination of a great video and social media can be an Louise Ferguson*
operational outreach tool used by learning communities around University of California, Davis; [email protected]
the world, and for some, can be effective for learners that would John A. Miles
be otherwise unreachable. University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA-NIFA-OREI Grant No. Sergio Castro-Garcia
2010-51300-21760 University of Cordoba, Rabanales; [email protected]
Kitren Glozer
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM University of California, Davis; [email protected]

Temperate Tree Nut Crops Pistachios are long-lived with an extended juvenility; they gen-
erally require 8 to 10 years to achieve full bearing. Pistachios
(128) A Reduced Early Season Irrigation have been harvested by trunk shakers since the industry was
established in the 1970s. Some orchards are now over 30 years
Schedule for Southeastern Pecan Production old with trunk girths over 30 inches in circumference. Prelimi-
Lenny Wells* nary data in 2009 indicated trunk shaking harvester efficiency
University of Georgia, Tifton; [email protected] was decreasing with increasing trunk girth. In September 2010,
4 commercial and 2 experimental trunk shakers were tested
Pecan are known to be a high water use crop; however most
on trees ranging from 30 to over 50 inches in girth. The trees
pecan irrigation research has been conducted in the western
were shaken for 8 seconds, followed by hand gleaning. Both
pecan growing regions of the United States. The pecan-growing
samples were field weighed, hulled, dried and graded using
region of Georgia receives significantly more rainfall than the
standard industry grading procedures. The resulting calculated
pecan growing regions of the desert Southwest. Yet, because
trunk shaker final percentage efficiency and grading analysis
the timing of rainfall does not usually coincide with the period
demonstrated 79% to 86% final efficiency for the commercial
of greatest water demand by the pecan tree, irrigation remains
shakers versus a significantly better 96% average final for the
necessary in the southeastern U.S. for consistent production
two experimental trunk shakers. A regression analysis demon-
of high-quality pecans. Very little research based information
strated 30% of the decrease in efficiency was associated with
is available regarding the true water requirements of pecan
the increasing trunk girth. These results strongly suggest the
in the Southeastern U.S. With increasing agricultural water
pistachio industry should begin evaluating improved trunk shak-
use, a growing population, and current groundwater levels at
ing technology, pruning that enhances trunk shaker efficiency,
record lows, irrigation efficiency in the region is necessary
and alternative harvesting technologies versus the economics
for sustainability. A study was developed in 2012 to test the
of replanting orchards.
validity of a proposed reduced-rate early season irrigation
schedule for southeastern pecan production utilizing micro- Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pistachio Research
sprinkler irrigation. Three treatments were evaluated; 1) current Board
recommended irrigation schedule; 2) reduced rate schedule;
and 3) non-irrigated control. Treatments were arranged in a (130) Feeding Preference of Conotrachelus
randomized block design with each treatment replicated five retentus on Black Walnut Tissues
times in single-tree plots. Water stress was measured weekly by
stem water potential using a pump-up pressure chamber. Soil Michele R. Warmund*
moisture was measured at the same time using a Field Scout University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; warmundm@
TDR 300 Soil Moisture Meter. Shoot length, pecan yield, nut missouri.edu
weight, and percent kernel were measured annualy. Water stress Audrey L. Davis
on pecan occurred at about 113 psi using the pressure chamber University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; aldz67@mail.
to measure stem water potential. Regression analysis suggests missouri.edu

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S418 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Terrell Stamps cally in the oxidation side of the PSII complex. Mn also acts
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; stampst@missouri. as a coenzyme for biosynthesis of chlorophyll. The Extension
edu recommendations for New Mexico (NM) pecans are 100–300
ppm Mn in July sampled leaflet tissue. A published survey of
Black walnut curculios (Conotrachelus retentus) were collected
NM pecan orchards showed, on average, only 85 ppm Mn in
in a mature black walnut repository at New Franklin, MO, on
leaf tissue. Previous research showed that severe Mn deficiency
2, 9, 10, and 15 May 2012. A total of 138 female and 150 male
(11 ppm in leaf tissue) negatively impacts photosynthesis, but
curculios were collected and used for feeding preference trials.
the level of Mn at which photosynthesis is optimum is not
Insects were provided water, but food was withheld for 24 h
yet known. Our objective was to characterize Mn impacts on
before the feeding trial. For this test, four types of plant mate-
photosynthesis over a broad range of leaf Mn concentrations.
rial were placed in each quadrant of a 140 mm-diameter x 25
In 2011 and 2012, an experiment was conducted on 24 second
mm-deep petri dish lined with moist filter paper. Plant material
leaf ‘Pawnee’ pecan trees in Las Cruces, NM. There were
included a pistillate flower (≈2 cm-long), a similar length of
four treatments in which Mn (as an amino acid chelate) was
a catkin, and a 2 cm x 1 cm section of a black walnut or pin
applied foliarly with three applications in the first season and
oak leaf. One insect was placed in the center of each petri dish
five in the second season at four different concentrations: 3%
lined on a laboratory bench in a lighted room at 0900 HR and
(High), 1.5% (Medium), 0.75% (Low), and 0% (Control) Mn.
the occurrence of feeding on any plant material was recorded
Gas exchange was measured using a portable photosynthesis
after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 min.
system and correlated to leaf Mn tissue concentrations. Mean
After this time, lighting was eliminated until 0800 HR the next
leaf Mn concentration in 2011 was 38, 52, 149, and 302 ppm in
morning when data were recorded again at hourly intervals for
the Control, Low, Medium, and High treatments, respectively.
4 h. Insects were removed from petri dishes and the number of
Concentrations in 2012 were 53, 84, 147, and 329 ppm in
eggs within each ovipositional scar on each pistillate flower
the Control, Low, Medium, and High, respectively. All other
was recorded. Male and female curculios had similar feeding
nutrients were within normal ranges. Leaf Mn concentrations
preferences. Both sexes were observed feeding on catkins most
were not significantly different across treatments on May 2012
often and female flowers to a lesser extent. The probability of
(prior to 2012 Mn applications), indicating no carryover of Mn
females and males feeding on the catkins was 3.0 and 4.7 times
from 2011. Analyzed across dates the Medium Mn treatment
greater, respectively, than that of feeding on pistillate flowers had significantly higher photosynthesis and stomatal conduc-
during the trial. Insects were never seen feeding on walnut tance (α = 0.05) than the other treatments. Our data confirm a
or oak leaves. Pistillate flowers had the greatest number of relationship between photosynthesis in pecan and Mn nutrition.
ovipositional scars on 9 May and the fewest on 15 May. Also, Furthermore, our results suggest that photosynthesis in NM
females oviposited an average of five eggs per pistillate flower pecan orchards is limited by Mn.
on 9 May and less than one per flower on 15 May.
(132) Investigating Physiology of Salt Processing
(131) Characterization of the Relationship
in Pistachio
of Manganese Nutrition to Photosynthesis
of Pecan in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico Jessie M Godfrey*
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Joshua Sherman*
Maciej Zwieniecki
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; [email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Richard Heerema
Georgia Drakakaki
New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces; [email protected]
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Rolston St. Hilaire
Louise Ferguson
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; rsthilai@nms.
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
edu
Soil salinity in California’s San Joaquin Valley may be develop-
Dawn VanLeeuwen ing into a limiting factor in the performance of even the most
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; vanleeuw@ saline tolerant of the region’s tree crops: pistachios. Differences
nmsu.edu in the salinity tolerance of diverse rootstocks have motivated
In the past several decades, there has been a shift in U.S. pecan investigation of the biological mechanisms that lead to these
(Carya illinoinensis) plantings from the southeastern to the differences, and whether or not a rootstock’s response to salt
southwestern U.S. In acidic soils manganese (Mn) may reach (here, NaCl) offers some protection to the scion. We begin this
toxic levels in pecan trees. Soils in the southwest pecan grow- investigation of whole tree salt management in pistachios by
ing areas are typically alkaline and calcareous; thus phosphorus looking at two potential levels of tolerance: 1) Na+ retrieval
and most micronutrients, including Mn, are poorly available for from xylem sap as a varying mechanism of salinity tolerance in
root uptake. Manganese is essential for photosynthesis specifi- pistachios across rootstock–scion combinations; and 2) phloem

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S419
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

recycling and sequestration of Na+ as a varying mechanism respectively. The 50% date to flowering, podding, and days to
of salinity tolerance in pistachios across rootstock-scion com- mature were also determined. Results show variability among
binations. Our material is unbudded, self-budded and P. vera diverse cowpea genotypes in their seed yield, plant biomass,
‘Kerman’-budded P. integerrima, and P. ‘UCB1’ (P. atlantica harvest Index, and days to maturity. Genotypes IT85F-867-5,
x P. integerrima) rootstocks. This work may help explain the TX128BE and IFE Brown produced the highest biomass 5.64,
contributions of rootstocks to scion Na+ tolerance, information 4.35, and 4.14 Kg·m–2, respectively. Genotype 524B produced
valuable to the industry for its potential application to water the highest yield and harvest index (1.272.6 Kg·m–2 and 25.71%)
management and breeding. compared to cv. TX2015-2-1-1 (0.341 Kg·m–2 and 12.9%). In
Specified Source(s) of Funding: California Pistachio Research conclusion, cowpea genotypes varied in nodulation, yield, and
Board maturity when grown on the Delmarva Peninsula, and the elite
genotypes could be planted as alternative crops in this region
whenever severe drought and elevated temperature are expected
Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM in the growing seasons.

Vegetable Crops Management (161) Grafting and Number of Polyplastic Film

Layers Affect Yield of High Tunnel Tomatoes
(160) Symbiotic Performance of Diverse Cowpea
Sanjun Gu*
Genotypes on the Delmarva Peninsula
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro;
Nadine M. Burton* [email protected]
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
Catherine Bohnert
Fawzy M. Hashem Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; bohnertc@lincolnu.
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] edu
Robert B. Dadson Steven Kirk
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO; [email protected]
Corrie P. Cotton High tunnel tomatoes play an important role in season extension
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] in the Midwest. Farmers always request the latest information on
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a promiscuous legume high tunnel tomato varieties and management techniques. The
which has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen by establishing objectives of our trials were to evaluate new hybrid tomato variet-
an effective symbiotic relationship with Bradyrhizobium spp. ies and to investigate the grafting effects on heirloom tomatoes
in a process called biological nitrogen fixation. This symbiotic grown in 30 ft x 96 ft Zimmerman high tunnels covered with
relationship has the potential to maintain soil fertility and reduce either single-layer or double-layer polyplastic film at Lincoln
soil amendments with inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. This study University’s Carver Farm in Jefferson City, MO. In 2012, four
was conducted to identify 1) high performance genotypes of determinate varieties (Mt. Glory, BHN-589, Charger, and Rocky
cowpea that can be grown as an alternative crop on the Delmarva Top) and seven indeterminate varieties (Arbason, Bigbeef,
Peninsula and 2) efficient Bradyrhizobium spp. strains that are Bigdena, Geronimo, Panzer, Rebelski, and Trust) were tested.
very effective with cowpea genotypes. This study evaluated Heirloom tomatoes German Pink and Ananas Noire were grafted
the symbiotic performance of 27 diverse cowpea genotypes onto rootstocks Maxifort, Beaufort, Multifort, Colosus, and
evaluated in the field, at the University of Maryland Eastern RST04-106-T, with own-rooted scions as controls. Grafting was
Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, in a split randomized done in a greenhouse using the Tube Grafting method. All trials
complete-block design with 27 treatments and four replications in the high tunnels were conducted in a completely randomized-
each. The genotypes were assessed using the following param- block design with four replications per variety and four plants
eters; nodulation, yield, and maturity. At the flowering stage, per replication. Plants of indeterminate varieties and grafted
five plants were randomly selected from each replicate; nodule heirlooms were trained to a single leader. Determinate varieties
numbers and weight were recorded. Rhizobia (n=106) were were pruned up to the first fruit cluster. All other management
isolated from the nodules and phenotypically and genetically techniques were similar to local high tunnel tomato production
characterized. Confirmation test using growth pouches and cow- standards. Data showed that yield and number of fruit were
pea plants in nitrogen- free nutrient solution under greenhouse similar among determinate varieties. For indeterminate varieties,
condition showed that 104 out of the 108 isolates obtained were Geronimo yielded the most, while Trust yielded the least. Mt.
effective in nodulating cowpea plants. Ten additional nodules Glory, BHN-589, Rocky Top and Geronimo yielded higher in
were randomly selected from each replicate for visual nitrogen the single-layer high tunnel than in the double-layer high tunnel.
fixing activity, of which 85% were effective in fixing nitrogen. Yield was higher for grafted heirloom varieties in the double-
Genotypes 524B, IT85F-867-5, and cv. CB46 exhibited the layer high tunnel than in the single-layer high tunnel. Colosus
highest number of nodules per plant producing 31, 25, and 24, rootstock greatly enhanced the early yield of the German Pink

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S420 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

variety. All varieties experienced severe blossom-end rot with dywine. In 2011, total yield and number of fruit were also not
the worst incidence occurring on Ananas Noire. Rootstocks did different between the grafted and non-grafted cultivars, or between
not reduce the incidence of blossom-end rot disorder. the bare soil and BLF treatments. For early yield, there was an
interaction between cultivars and BLF treatment. No difference
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Specialty Crop Block Grant existed between grafted and non-grafted tomato varieties grown
in bare soil. In BLF treatment, grafted Cherokee Purple and Ger-
(162) Effects of Grafting and Landscape Fabric man Johnson had significantly lower yields than the non-grafted
on Productivity of Three Organically Grown ones, while grafted Paul Roberson had significantly higher early
Heirloom Tomato Varieties in High Tunnels yield than the non-grafted. Our 2-year data suggest that grafting
may not be an economical approach in organic heirloom tomato
Kurt Taylor
production if disease pressure is not evident in high tunnel soils.
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro;
[email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: North Carolina Agricultural
and Technical State University Cooperative Extension Program
Grace Summers
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro;
(163) Low Tunnels and Shading Influence Total
[email protected]
and Marketable Yield of Bell Pepper Fruit
Patricia Perez
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; Samuel Day*
[email protected] Utah State University, Logan; [email protected].
edu
Sanjun Gu*
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro; sgu@ Dan Drost
ncat.edu Utah State University, Logan; [email protected]

Rickie Holness In Utah, bell pepper fruit losses are often attributed to sunburn,
Driscoll’s Strawberry Associates, Inc., Plant City, FL; resulting in large numbers of culls that reduce the overall
[email protected] value of the crop. We evaluated biological and mechanical ap-
proaches to reduce fruit losses on pepper varieties with superior
Consumers continue to become more health conscious and seek fruit quality. The effect of low tunnels and shading on pepper
out organically and sustainably grown produce such as tomatoes varieties Aristotle and Paladin were evaluated during Summer
(Solanum lycopersicum) to support healthy diets. With the high 2012 in northern Utah. The varieties were planted in a single
demand for early fresh produce and the premium price it com- bed (north-south orientation), furrow irrigated system, managed
mands, achieving maximum yield from each tomato plant is using commercial production practices. Perforated plastic low
very desirable. Organic tomatoes, especially heirlooms, have tunnels (±) were used during plant establishment and after fruit
been favored at direct markets such as farmers’ markets and set shade cloth (±) was installed over the west side of each row.
Community Supported Agriculture. With high tunnels becoming Tunnels were tested to improve early season growth (leaf cover)
widely used, season extension of tomato production is practi- and shade was used to reduce heat load during the afternoon.
cal but not without challenges, among which are soil-borne Total and red marketable yields were higher with Aristotle
diseases, weeds, and low soil temperatures in early spring. regardless of treatment. Low tunnels increased total yield in
The objective of this research was to examine if grafting and both varieties when compared with the uncovered plots. Shad-
landscape fabric would increase the yield potential of tomatoes ing increased marketable red yield in Paladin but had mixed
grown organically in high tunnels for early season harvest. results with Aristotle. In general, lower total yields were seen in
In this 2-year study, heirloom tomatoes (German Johnson, the shade treatments however, the yield of cull fruits decreased
Cherokee Purple, and Red Brandywine in 2010; Paul Roberson significantly with shading for both varieties. In conclusion, low
replaced Red Brandywine in 2011) were grafted on Maxifort tunnels increased total yield while shading increased marketable
rootstock using the silicon tube method in the greenhouse. yields by reducing the number of culls.
Grafted and non-grafted transplants were either planted on bare
ground or on black landscape fabric (BLF) covered ground with (164) Evaluating Extended Season Head Lettuce
holes cut for transplants in high tunnels. Trials were conducted Production in West Virginia
at North Carolina A&T State University Farm in Greensboro.
The BLF was used primarily for weed control and to promote Lewis Jett*
possible higher soil temperatures in early spring. In 2010, no West Virginia University, Morgantown; Lewis.Jett@mail.
significant difference was observed between grafted and non- wvu.edu
grafted cultivars or between the bare soil and BLF treatments Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a high-value crop for many retail
in terms of total marketable yield, which was highest with and wholesale markets in West Virginia. Lettuce is a cool season
German Johnson, followed by Cherokee Purple and Red Bran- crop, yet it may be possible to grow a head lettuce crop year-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S421
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

round in the Mid-Atlantic region using a combination of suit- after, in late April of each year, a uniform subset of high qual-
able genotypes and season extension technology. The objective ity plants were set into single-row, raised-bed, drip-irrigated,
of this comprehensive lettuce evaluation was to examine heat 6.5-m2 plots containing 9 plants of a single genotype. Plots were
and cold tolerance of diverse bibb and select romaine lettuces replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete
within West Virginia during 2012 using low and high tunnels for block design within a 9 m x 24 m single poly-layer high tunnel.
extended season production. Lettuce seed of 30 cultivars was All plots were covered at the soil line by black, semi-permeable
acquired from several cooperating seed companies and seeded polyvinyl fabric and supplied by a standard drip irrigation line
for transplants on 3 Apr., 3 July and 25 Sept. 2012. Plugs were plumbed to operate independently from others within the dif-
hand-transplanted into rows on black or white plastic mulch ferent irrigation regimen. After being set, plants were pruned
within a high tunnel on 5 May, 6 Aug., and 7 Nov. 2012. The to the third node and trellised using a Florida stake and weave
high tunnels were located in central West Virginia (37°N lat.) system. All plots were irrigated concurrently for the first 30–40
Each mature head was weighed and head diameter recorded. days after establishment, followed by the onset of flowering.
Bolting, flavor and tip burn incidence were noted for each Thereafter, irrigation events occurred every 3 (“standard”) or 6
variety. Shade cloth (≈50% black) was used for mid-summer (“reduced”) days depending on regimen with approximately 6.4
lettuce production of select varieties. Row covers were used mm water delivered per event regardless of regimen. Irrigation
for winter high tunnel production. Storage quality of washed in “standard” plots totaled approximately 12 cm over the final
and unwashed bibb and romaine lettuce was also evaluated in 60 d and 17 cm over the final 90 d of the study in 2009 and
September. Economic analysis of extended season lettuce produc- 2010, respectively. Total and marketable fruit yield (number,
tion was conducted. The 2012 growing season had record high weight) were recorded at weekly–biweekly intervals 9 times in
temperatures and was the warmest summer on record in West 2009 and 11 times in 2010 before fruit production and ripening
Virginia. The following lettuce cultivars performed very well stalled. Total and marketable yield were greater in grafted than
across all planting dates: ‘Australe’, ‘Buttercrunch’, ‘Coastal ungrafted “standard” plots in both years and in “reduced” plots
Star’, ‘Dancine’, ‘Helvius’, ‘Nancy’, ‘Nevada’, ‘Regina delle in 2009. Yield in “reduced” plots was unaffected by grafting in
Ghiacciole’, ‘Rex,’ ‘Rouge Grenoblois’, and ‘Sierra’. ‘Parella 2010, possibly due to two instances of water infiltration from
Rosa’, ‘Passion Brune’, ‘Brune D’Hiver’, ‘Regina di Maggio’, rainfall-fed surface flow. Fruit Brix values were greater in grafted
and ‘Quatro Staggioni’ were not heat tolerant lettuce cultivars plants under both irrigation regimens in 2009 and in “standard”
and bolted rapidly during the summer heat. Butterhead and plots in 2010 but were lower in “reduced” plots in 2010. Brix
romaine lettuce which was washed in chlorinated water and values tended to increase through time in all treatments in both
stored at 2 °C had excellent quality for more than 16 days. Head years. Fruit pH was unaffected by either grafting or irrigation
lettuce is a 60–80 day maturity crop depending on the season regimen. Overall, the data suggest that water relations and fruit-
of the year. Thus it is possible to have as many as four lettuce ing characteristics may differ between grafted and ungrafted
crops per year in West Virginia. Estimates of profitability have tomato plants.
shown lettuce can produce a net return of $1600–2700 per
Specified Source(s) of Funding: The Ohio State University;
1000 ft2 within a high tunnel. A commercial high tunnel with
approximately 2800 ft2 could produce as many as 5400 single USDA–NIFA Integrated Organic Program
heads of lettuce per crop cycle.
(166) Production and Quality of Grafted
(165) Fruit Yield and Composition as Functions Watermelon Cultivars
of Grafting and Irrigation Regimen in an Samuel Contreras*
Organic High Tunnel System Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;
[email protected]
Matthew D. Kleinhenz*
The Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster; Cristian Jacob
[email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;
[email protected]
David Francis
The Ohio State University, Wooster; [email protected] Christian Krarup
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago;
Grafting, rootstock (RS) and irrigation regimen effects on the
[email protected]
yield and composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)
fruit taken from organic high tunnel plots were documented in Grafting of seedlings is an emerging technique for watermelon
2009 and 2010. Four 5-week-aold scion (S; ‘Cherokee Purple’) production in many countries. Due to higher costs, the use of
seedlings were grafted, using the cleft method, to seedlings of grafted seedlings can only be recommended if it provides clear
two experimental rootstocks (314, 338) developed at OARDC. biological and economic benefits. Since rootstock performance
Ungrafted S control plants were also prepared. Grafted plants is influenced by compatibility with the cultivar, by the existing
produced three-four new leaves during the healing phase and disease pressure, and by the climate conditions, it is necessary
were scored and sorted according to quality and vigor. There- to evaluate rootstocks with predominant cultivars to appraise

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S422 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

possible benefits in a given area. With this objective, four seeded Total marketable fruit yield was significantly affected by the
watermelons cultivars (Catira, Delta, Santa Amelia and 1414) spacing and grafting treatments (P < 0.01), moreover, there
and some combinations of these with two commercial rootstocks, was a significant spacing x grafting interaction (P < 0.01).
Macis (Lagenaria ciseraria) and Marathon (Cucurbita maxima At the in-row spacings of 0.91 and 1.07 m, grafting with the
x Cucurbita moschata) were grown, in Curacaví (33°26’18”S, two rootstocks resulted in similar marketable yields compared
71°01’31”W), Chile, in a soil that two years before had been with non-grafted and self-grafted ‘Tribute’. In contrast, at the
used for watermelon production. Results showed a significantly in-row spacings of 0.61 and 0.76 m, plants grafted with ‘Mul-
greater fruit number (0.9 to 1.3 fruits/plant) and fruit mass (4.6 tifort’ showed significantly higher marketable yields than the
to 6.9 kg/fruit), which translated into higher marketable yields ‘Tribute’ controls and plants grafted with ‘RST-04-106-T’.
(38.2 to 89.2 ton/ha), in all grafted combinations compared Grafting with ‘RST-04-106-T’ also led to a significant increase
to cultivars. All four cultivars were progressively affected by of marketable yield in comparison with non-grafted ‘Tribute’
Fusarium wilt, while the grafted combinations were not visibly at the 0.76-m spacing. The spacing treatments did not demon-
affected by the disease. In terms of quality, no significant dif- strate significant impacts on marketable yields of non-grafted
ferences were found in pulp color (a = ± 24.2), firmness (11.8 ‘Tribute’ and ‘Tribute’ grafted onto ‘RST-04-106-T’, while
N), and soluble solids content (10.1 °Brix) between fruits from self-grafted ‘Tribute’ tended to have a higher yield at the 0.61-m
cultivars and from grafted combinations. The higher yields and spacing than other spacing treatments. Interestingly, the mar-
larger fruits resulting from grafted plants would lead to a higher ketable yield of grafted plants with ‘Multifort’ did not differ
income that would largely offset the costs of grafting, and the significantly between the spacings of 0.61 and 0.76 m, whereas
technique appears highly recommendable for the given conditions. yields in these two lower spacing treatments were significantly
higher than those at 0.91 and 1.07 m. A significant reduction
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Project financed by: FIA PYT-
(P < 0.01) in root galling was observed in plants grafted
2008-0207.
with the two rootstocks relative to non- and self-grafted ‘Tribute’.
Under an intermediate level of root-knot nematode infestation,
(167) Influence of Grafting and Planting Density results from this study indicated the potential of decreasing
on Fruit Yield and Root-knot Nematode Control planting density as a cost-saving approach in grafted tomato
in Tomato Production production.

Ruhiyyih Dyrdahl-Young*
University of Florida, Gainesville; ruhiyyihamelia@gmail. Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM
com
Water Utilization and
Xin Zhao
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Management
Stephen M. Olson (255) Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Drip
North Florida REC, Quincy; [email protected] Application Method on Pomegranate Fruit Yield
Robert McSorley and Quality
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
Donald J. Makus*
The high cost of grafted seedlings still remains the main barrier USDA–ARS, Parlier, CA; [email protected]
for widespread adoption of grafting among vegetable growers
R.C. Phene
in the United States. Given the improved disease resistance
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
and enhanced growth and yield in grafted plants, it is suggested
that plant population may be reduced to lower the cost associ- C.J. Phene
ated with the use of grafted plants while maintaining desirable USDA–ARS, Retired, Parlier; [email protected]
yields. In this study, ‘Tribute’ tomato as the scion was grafted R. Schoneman
onto two commercial tomato rootstocks with root-knot nema- USDA–ARS, Parlier; [email protected]
tode resistance, ‘Multifort’ and ‘RST-04-106-T’. Non-grafted
and self-grafted ‘Tribute’ were included as controls. The study James E. Ayars
took place in a certified organic field in Citra, FL, during the USDA–ARS, Parlier; [email protected]
Fall 2012 season. A split-plot design with three replications Currently, 98% of domestic commercial pomegranate fruit
was used with spacing as the whole-plot factor and grafting (Punica granatum L.) are produced in California on over 13,000
treatments in the subplots. The four in-row spacing treatments ha. Developing more efficient methods of water and fertilizer
evaluated were 0.61 (recommended spacing), 0.76, 0.91, and application are important in reducing production costs. In 2012,
1.07 m, with a constant between-row spacing of 1.83 m. In a pomegranate orchard established in 2011 with a density of 558
addition to fruit yield assessment, the effectiveness of resistant trees/ha, was supplied nitrogen as N-pHURIC (urea-sulphuric
rootstocks for root-knot nematode control was also examined. acid, 10% N) and AN-20 (ammonium nitrate, 20% N) at rates of

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S423
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

52, 166, and 279 kg N/ha delivered by surface (DI) and subsurface with a LDO101 dissolved oxygen probe attached to a portable
drip irrigation (SDI) (at 61 cm depth). Water replacement was dissolved oxygen meter (HQ30d, HACH Company, Loveland,
based on rainfall, tree water removal, and soil surface water loss CO). Experiment was initiated on 10 May 2012, and ended 2
as measured by weather station ETo and a weighing lysimeter. Nov. 2012. Data collected included initial and final growth
An additional 10% more water was applied by the DI system indices [GI = (height + width + perpendicular width) ÷ 3],
to compensate for efficiency differences between the two water shoot biomass (all plant material above the first root) and root
delivery methods. A fresh market (FM) harvest was made on biomass (all plant material below the first root). Shoot and root
Oct. 30 and a juice market (JM) harvest was then made on Nov. biomass were oven dried for 72 hours at 55 °C. Experiment
8 to remove remaining fruits. Total season yields (FM+JM) and was a randomized complete-block design with 10 single pot
average fruit weights were higher from trees irrigated by the replications. There were no differences in growth indices or
SDI system compared to the DI system. Fruit aril weight was shoot biomass of lavender irrigated with elevated dissolved
greater, but soluble solids (SS) and juice color were lower in oxygen compared to lavender irrigated with the control level.
fruits from trees supplied by SDI compared to DI. The Nov. 8 However, root biomass (P = 0.0401) was greater for lavender
harvested fruits were smaller but had greatly enhanced juice irrigated with elevated dissolved oxygen compared to plants
color (measured spectrometrically and by CDM) compared to irrigated with the control level. Based on these results, elevat-
FM fruits. Nitrogen rate had no effect on FM or total season ing the dissolved oxygen level of irrigation water can improve
yield, but fruit from trees supplied with 52 kg/ha were smaller root growth of container-grown lavender.
in weight compared to fruit supplied higher N rates. Increasing Specified Source(s) of Funding: J. Frank Schmidt Family
N rate had no effect on aril weight, SS (%) or juice color, but did Charitable Foundation
reduce juice pH. Total season yield was significantly improved
by SDI only at the 52 kg/ha nitrogen rate. JM juice color, but
not FM juice color, was most intense (darkest) at the highest
(257) Response of Mexican Lime to Partial
N application rate. External FM fruit appearance (color) was Rootzone-drying: A Water-saving Strategy
not affected by N rate or water delivery method. Beatriz A. Contreras-Barragan*
Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
(256) Container-grown Lavender Affected by [email protected]
Oxygenated Irrigation Water
Ayako Kusakabe
S. Evan Wilson Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] [email protected]
Diana Cochran* Juan Carlos Melgar
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco;
Amy Fulcher [email protected]
University of Tennessee, Knoxville; [email protected] The effects of alternate and fixed partial rootzone drying (PRD)
Watering crops can be one of the most difficult jobs in nurs- on leaf gas exchange and water use efficiency (WUE) of citrus
ery production and requires careful attention. Underwatering were evaluated. Three-year-old split-root potted Mexican Lime
crops can lead to cell dehydration, while overwatering can trees were grown in a greenhouse. Two irrigation trials were
reduce the oxygen content of the substrate and lead to reduced developed, and three treatments were applied in each trial. In
root respiration. In addition, root respiration can be limited the first trial, the treatments were: a) well-watered trees, where
by plastic containers where gas diffusion is restricted to the both rootzone halves were watered with 50% crop evapotrans-
surface and drain openings. Reduced root respiration can limit piration (ETc) each day (Control1); b) one-half of the rootzone
nutrient uptake, reduce energy production, and suppress plant received no water while the other half was daily irrigated with
growth. By elevating the dissolved oxygen level of irrigation 100% ETc (fixed PRD, FPRD1); and c) one-half of the root-
water, roots would be exposed to more oxygen in the root zone was allowed to dry while the other half was irrigated with
zone, which could improve root growth. On 16 Mar. 2012, 100% ETc by alternating wet and dry halves every 2 weeks
twenty Lavendula angustifolia ‘Provence’ liners were potted (alternate PRD, APRD1). In the second trial, the distribution
into 5-inch azalea containers and topdressed with Osmocote of water in the three treatments was the same (control, fixed
18N–2.6P–10K, 8- to 9-month control release fertilizer at a rate PRD, and alternate PRD) but water was applied every 3 days
of 5 g per container on 9 Apr. 2012. To determine the effects so that every treatment received 300% ETc in every irrigation
of elevated dissolved oxygen levels of irrigation water there event. The FPRD1 plants used 16.3% significantly less water
was a control level (7.2 mg·L–1 average over the experiment) than Control1. Whole plant WUE was higher in APRD1 plants
and an elevated dissolved oxygen level (13.3 mg·L–1 average than in Control1 and FPRD1 plants. Leaf abscisic acid (ABA)
over the experiment). Irrigation water was elevated using a concentration in FPRD1 plants was higher than in Control1
portable oxygenator (The Oxygenator, O2 Marine Technologies, plants. FPRD2 and APRD2 plants used 14.7% and 17.3% less
Shorewood, MN). Dissolved oxygen levels were determined water than Control2 plants, respectively. Leaf ABA concentra-

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S424 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

tion was significantly higher in FPRD 2 and APRD2 plants than Rodney Thomas Fernandez
in Control2 plants, but there were no differences in stomatal Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
conductance among treatments. PRD did not affect other leaf
Bert Cregg
gas exchange or growth parameters since all treatments had
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
similar CO2 assimilation, and leaf area development. Thus,
PRD treatments FPRD1, FPRD2 and APRD2 resulted in water Mathieu Ngouajio
savings without compromising growth. Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Texas Water Development Rafael Auras
Board, Texas A&M University–Kingsville Citrus Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected].
Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro edu
Joseph P. Albano
(258) Strategies for Reduction of Irrigation U.S. Horticultural Research Lab., Ft. Pierce, FL; joseph.
Applications for Bare-root Strawberry [email protected]
Transplant Establishment in Central Florida Container-grown woody ornamentals were irrigated with four
Craig Stanley* different treatments based on daily water use (DWU) to study
University of Florida, IFAS, Wimauma; [email protected] the impact on plant growth, leachate electrical conductivity and
pH, and runoff water volume and nutrient content. A completely
Bielinski M. Santos randomized design was used with four overhead irrigation
University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma; [email protected] treatments: 1) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per
Typically, establishment of bare-rooted strawberry transplants application (100DWU); 2) irrigation alternating every other
in central Florida is accomplished using overhead irrigation application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU
applied continuously at a rate of 0.5 cm/hour/ha for 10 to 12 the following application (100-75); 3) irrigation scheduled on a
hours/day. This practice results in significant amounts of water three-application cycle replacing 100% DWU followed by two
withdrawals from a hydrologically sensitive growing area. A applications replacing 75% DWU (100-75-75); 4) irrigation
multi-season study was conducted to investigate reducing these scheduled on a four-application cycle replacing 100% DWU
typical overhead irrigation amounts used by three distinctive followed by three applications replacing 75% DWU (100-75-
approaches: 1) using intermittent irrigation (cycling applica- 75-75). The substrate volumetric moisture content (SVMC) was
tions on and off) for specific time periods using an alternative determined by soil moisture sensors (Model 10 HS, Decagon
lower volume sprinkler head; 2) using crop protectants applied Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA) placed in a subset of containers.
to transplants at a determined stage of the establishment period; Plant DWU was calculated as the difference between SVMC 1
and 3) a combination of treatments 1 and 2. Results showed that hour after irrigation and SVMC immediately before irrigation
the use of the alternative sprinkler head (NanDan Jain Super the following day. The irrigation amounts were scheduled by
10) alone reduced application rates from 0.5 cm/hour/ha to 0.35 a programmed data logger (CR3000, Campbell Scientific Inc.,
cm/hour/ha and that use of intermittent irrigation with a 10 Logan, UT) based on the highest DWU calculation from the
min on/off cycle resulted in no detrimental effect on transplant sensors in each zone. Irrigation applications were separated by
establishment, thus saving an additional 50% of the amount of at least 24 hrs. Hibiscus syriacus ‘Bricotts’, Euonymus alatus
water normally applied. Use of a crop protectant ‘Surround’, ‘Select’, Weigela florida ‘Alexandra’, Spiraea japonica ‘Yan’
a clay-based foliar spray resulted in reducing the number of were grown in 10.2-L (#3) containers in 2011. The average daily
days needed for establishment from 10–12 days to 7 days, thus irrigation amount applied for 100DWU, 100-75, 100-75-75, and
reducing application amounts to 30%–40%. A study combin- 100-75-75-75 were 513, 424, 473, and 423 mL, respectively.
ing both approaches 1 and 2 and the use of the crop protectant Viburnum dentatum ‘Ralph Senior’, Potentilla fruticosa ’Happy
resulted in a minimum 70% reduction of normal applications. Face’ and Thuja occidentalis ‘Sunkist’ were grown in 10.2 L
These results give commercial producers several approaches containers from June to October in 2012. The average daily ir-
used alone or in combination to reduce the amount of water rigation amount applied for 100DWU, 100-75, 100-75-75 and
applied for transplant establishment purposes. 100–75–75–75 were 900, 980, 970, and 910ml, respectively with
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Southwest Florida Water Man- little differences among treatments. There were no differences
agement District in final plant growth, final electrical conductivity and pH, and
runoff NO3 and PO4 concentrations among treatments for both
(259) Sensor Integrated Automatic Irrigation Sys- years. The seasonal average runoff NO3 and PO4 loads among
tem to Reduce Runoff and Nutrient Loss without treatments in 2011 was not different; in 2012, the seasonal aver-
age runoff NO3 load of 100–75 for 2012 was the highest versus
Affecting Plant Growth
100–75–75–75 which was the least compared to other treatments.
Xueni Wang* PO4 load was not different among treatments. Seasonal average
Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected] runoff volume was similar for both years. These results indicate

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S425
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

that irrigation water could be applied at plant DWU or a slight Endophytic bacteria can be defined as several species of bacteria
deficit without affecting plant growth. primarily derived from rhizospheric soil that can ubiquitously
reside in the internal tissues of host plants for all (or part of) their
(260) Seasonal Water Use of Southern Highbush life span, promote plant growth, and impose non-pathogenic
Blueberry in Florida symptoms. It has been shown that the species populations re-
covered from plant tissues varied by different production and
Jeffrey G. Williamson* management practices. We investigated the diversity of the
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] isolated endophytic bacteria from seed-surface sterilized bell
Luis E. Mejia pepper plants grown under organic and conventional produc-
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] tion systems and subjected to different tillage (strip tillage and
plasticulture) applications with two irrigation (well-watered
Bradley Ferguson and drought) regimes in 2011 and 2012 in order to determine
University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected] the effects of each production system on the presence of endo-
Non-weighing lysimeters were used to measure seasonal water phytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from plants
use of mature ‘Emerald’ southern highbush blueberry plants grown under each management system. Plants were uprooted
grown in pine bark beds and in pine bark amended soil in north- and then separated into root, shoot, leaf, and fruit prior to
central Florida. In the absence of rain, irrigation was applied isolation. Endophytes were isolated from those tissues and
daily with microsprinklers at approximately 150% of reference cultured on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) Medium. After cultivation,
evapotranspiration as either one or two applications. The lysim- colonies were separated based on morphological characteristics
eter dimensions were 1.2 m across the row by 0.9 m in the row and their DNA were extracted and stored for future use. Two
by 0.5 m deep. A section of 25.4-cm-diameter PVC pipe attached pairs of primers, 8F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’)
to the bottom of each lysimeter was used to collect leachate. and 1520R (5’-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3’), and
Leachate was collected and its volume determined from each 22F (5’-CTCAGATTGAACGCTGGCG-3’) and 1085R (5’-
lysimeter at about weekly intervals throughout the study. Soil ACATTTCACAACACGAGCTG-3’), were used for PCR
moisture was monitored with TDR sensors at three depths in reaction to amplify the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence results were
representative lysimeters and changes in soil moisture content tested through BLAST for their homological identity. Results
across measurement periods were negligible since irrigation indicated that there were unique 57 species and 3 phyla pres-
or rainfall occurred daily. Water use, expressed as liters per ent. Approximately 52% of the total isolates from both years
plant, was calculated as the difference between the amount of were identified into Firmicutes, 33% into Proteobacteria,
irrigation/rain added to lysimeters and the amount of leachate and 12% into Actinobacteria. Within the Firmicutes, Bacillus
collected from lysimeters during each measurement period. is the most abundant genus, which proportioned over 60%
Average daily water use was calculated for monthly intervals of total isolates. Bacillus sp., B. amyloliquefaciens, B. Pumi-
beginning in Apr. 2010 and ending in Aug. 2012. Water use lus, B. Subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., and Enterobacter sp. were
increased rapidly during spring foliation and peaked during the the most abundant species. The isolates from 2011 were more
final stages of fruit ripening and harvest (May) and again during diverse than isolates from 2012. There were 9 species presented
late summer (August and/or September). A temporary decline in the isolates of both 2011 and 2012. Generally, a total of 21
in water use was observed immediately following postharvest species were only originated from organically grown plants,
pruning during early summer. Few significant differences in while 15 species were only from conventionally grown plants.
water use were observed between soil management or irriga- However, 11 species were only from plants under water stress.
tion treatments. Monthly averages for daily water use during The results suggested that production system and environment
the 29-month period ranged from 1.6 L/plant in January to 8.2 may influence the presence of endophytic bacteria in pepper
L/plant in August. plants.
Specified Source(s) of Funding: Southwest Florida Water Man-
agement District (262) Comparing Hydraulic Properties of
Soilless Substrates with Natural Soils: A More
(261) Identification of Plant-endophytic Bacteria Detailed Look at Hydraulic Properties and
from Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown Their Impact on Plant Water Availability
under Different Production Systems and Water Leonardo D Rivera
Regimes Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA; [email protected]
Zheng Wang* Lauren Crawford*
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA; [email protected]
Timothy W. Coolong Marc van Iersel
University of Kentucky, Lexington; [email protected] University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S426 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

Sue Dove (Walt.) Kutze.], yaupon [Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’], dwarf Burford
University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] holly [Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’], and privet [Ligustrum
Moisture release curves are often used when assessing plant- sinense Lour.] combinations, on a Falba fine sandy loam (fine,
water relationships in soilless substrates. However, differences montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualfs). Plant treatments
between natural soils and soilless substrates make traditional comprised turfgrass/woody plant combinations at 20%/80%,
assumptions about plant available water potentially invalid. If 50%/50%, and 80%/20% vegetative cover. Soil was system-
soilless substrates are supposed to be treated like natural soils; atically placed into lysimeters containing a drainage system
why do plants begin wilting at very low water potentials (–10 to and soil moisture probes. Lysimeters (1586 L) were placed
–30 kPa) and there is anywhere between 20% to 40% water left in-ground in a randomized complete-block design with three
(on a volumetric basis) in the soil (Abad et al., 2005; Arguedas et blocks. Soil moisture measurements were made at 0 to 20, 20
al., 2006; Ristvey et al., 2008). We hypothesize that the fault lies to 40, and 40 to 60 cm depths. The KL was determined after a
in the methods used and the assumption that water potential is rainfall or irrigation event for periods of 2 to 5 days. Seasonal
the only limiting factor in water availability to plants. Hydraulic differences between early-, mid-, and late-season KLs have not
properties, including the relationships that exist between plant been significant. The KLs ranged from 0.8 to 1.1 among the
available water, water content, and hydraulic conductivity of plant treatments across the three growing seasons.
soilless substrates have traditionally been characterized using
instrumentation such as pressure plates, hanging water columns,
(264) Containment, Remediation, and Recycling
and tempe cells. These approaches typically take a months and of Irrigation Water for Sustainable Ornamental
only provide data on select segments of the soil moisture release Crop Production: Results of a SCRI Planning
curve, and in the case of pressure plates and hanging water Grant
columns hydraulic conductivity is ignored and not very well
understood. Using the Wind/Schindler Evaporation method, Sarah A. White*
more detailed measurements of these hydraulic properties can Clemson University, Clemson, SC; [email protected]
be measured in a less than a week. A more detailed look at the James S. Owen, Jr.
hydraulic properties of soilless substrates and how they compare Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach; [email protected]
with natural soils may give us more insight into soil–plant–wa-
John Majsztrik
ter–relations and what limits availability of water to plants. Soil
University of Maryland, Laurel; [email protected]
moisture release curves and hydraulic conductivity curves of
different soilless substrates were compared with curves from Rodney Thomas Fernandez
typical agriculture soils to give insight into how these properties Michigan State University, East Lansing; [email protected]
compare. Results of the soil moisture release curves showed that Paul R. Fisher
some soilless substrates had comparable moisture release curves University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
to agricultural soils while others had bimodal curves indicat-
ing gap-gradation in the pore size distribution. These soils that Charles R. Hall
showed this non-typical curve had hydraulic conductivities that Texas A&M University, College Station; [email protected]
dropped very low (500 times lower than agricultural soils) at Tracy A. Irani
low water potentials (around 10 kPa). This dramatically lower University of Florida, Gainesville; [email protected]
hydraulic conductivity could lead to zones of depletion around
John D. Lea-Cox
the roots hindering plant water uptake.
University of Maryland, College Park; [email protected]
(263) Seasonal Landscape Crop Coefficients Julie Newman
University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Tim Pannkuk*
Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX; Lorence R. Oki
[email protected] University of California, Davis; [email protected]
Amenity landscapes require irrigation during periods of insuf- Nursery, floriculture, and propagation production accounted
ficient rainfall. Significant water use savings may be achieved for 81% ($9.48 billion) of the 2009 specialty crop production
if landscape irrigation is based on reference evapotranspiration in the United States. Access to high quality water sources
(ETo). The objective of this study is to determine seasonal is increasingly limited for irrigating these economically
landscape crop coefficients (KL) for model landscapes com- significant crops. Given the production, environmental, and
prised of turfgrass and woody plant vegetative cover. The KL economic issues associated with the use of water—including
is determined from the ratio of actual evapotranspiration and recycled, reclaimed, surface, and ground water—it is critical to
a modified Penman equation reference. Irrigation quantity is develop sustainable runoff, containment, and remediation tech-
based on 100% replacement of ETo minus rainfall. The KL is nologies, and to identify alternative sources of water. To better
determined for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum understand current practices and future water-related needs as

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S427
 Wednesday, July 24, 2013 1:00–1:45 PM

perceived by grower stakeholders, we conducted a national Arthur Allen

survey effort collecting information from 388 industry stake- University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected]
holders (44% completion rate). Baseline data related to current
Ray Bryant
production practices, which included irrigation, fertilization,
USDA–ARS, University Park, PA; [email protected]
and best management practices, was collected from growers
producing ornamental crops in greenhouses, open container Patricia Millner
nurseries, and field operations. In addition, five in-depth round- USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD; [email protected]
table discussion sessions were conducted at the Mid-Atlantic Manure applied to cropland to increase its productivity may
Nursery Trade Show, Gulf States Horticultural Expo, California harbor pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli
Grown Show, OFA Short Course, and the Farwest Show with a O157:H7. Runoff water simulated by heavy rainfalls may carry
total of 36 industry participants. A team of research and extension these bacteria to nearby water bodies that are used to irrigate
specialists facilitated by a Specialty Crops Research Initiative fresh produce; causing human illnesses once these vegetables
Planning Grant (NIFA Project #2011-51181-30633) distilled are consumed. This study examined the persistence of E. coli,
the results from the survey and the round-table discussions. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in runoff water yielded
We will present some of the specific research and extension from soil amended with different types of animal manure.
related priorities identified by growers that must be addressed Four rainfall events were conducted where soil was packed in
before conservation-based water use and management practices stainless runoff boxes, 20 cm long, 29 cm wide and 5 cm deep
can be widely adopted by the industry, and discuss poten- with back walls 2.5 cm higher than the soil surface, and 5-mm
tial new methods to achieve these goals. Our objective is to drainage hole in the base. Soil was amended with poultry lit-
address the concerns and priorities identified by specialty ter, poultry litter incorporated, broiler manure, dairy manure,
crop producers while addressing gaps with current and future or ammonium sulfate as a control, and each treatment was
research. replicated five times. Runoff water was collected from each
Specified Source(s) of Funding: NIFA Project # 2011-51181- box to determine the concentrations of the target bacteria using
30633 IDEXX Quanti-Trays TM/2000. Water samples were also
incubated in the Quanti-Trays at 35 °C for 18–24 hours where
(265) Use of Rainfall Simulation to Determine Most Probable Number (MPN) for each sample was determined.
the Persistence and Transport of Escherichia Water samples were also spiral plated onto Xylose- Lysine-
Tergitol 4 (XLT4) and MacConkey sorbitol agar (CTSMAC)
coli and Salmonella in Runoff Water
to detect for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella.
Tamadour N Khairi* Furthermore, BAX PCR was used to confirm the presence
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] of these bacteria in water samples; however, this test failed
Fawzy M. Hashem to confirm the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7.
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] Results showed that the population of E. coli was declined by
98.2%, 99.9%, and 94.3% in soils amended with incorporated,
Corrie P. Cotton and broadcasted poultry litter, and dairy manure respectively.
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] In general, there was no significant difference in E. coli con-
Robert Korir centrations among the types of manure.
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; [email protected] Specified Source(s) of Funding: USDA–NIFA
Leonard C. Kibet
University of Maryland Eastern Shore; [email protected]

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S428 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators
A Andrade-Martínez, Eric....................................................S330
Anotnious, George............................................................S407
Abbott, Albert...................................................................S160
Anwar, Raheel...................................................................S376
Abdul, Salem.....................................................................S327
Arachchige, Pabodha G. Galgamuwe...............................S298
Abney, Kristin.................................................. S85, S96, S102
Arancibia, Ramon A.................S129, S168, S283, S348, S401
Abrisqueta, Isabel.............................................................S214
Araya, Manuel...................................................................S393
Achenbach, Jef..................................................................S174
Argumedo, A.....................................................................S326
Acuna, Gerleene................................................................S148
Arnold, Michael A................................................. S204, S332
Adkins, Craig....................................................................S281
Arpaia, Mary Lu................................................................S243
Agarwal, M.L......................................................... S263, S406
Ashbaugh, Elizabeth.........................................................S297
Agehara, Shinsuke............................................................S218
Astatkie, Tess............................................... S156, S157, S158
Agro, Erin E........................................................... S205, S206
Atucha, Amaya..................................................................S246
Aguayo, Ingrid..................................................................S373
Attanayake, Chammi.........................................................S233
Aguiar, Jose Luis.................................................... S100, S273
Atthowe, Helen........................................................ S87, S221
Aguilar-Castillo, J.A.............................................. S330, S392
Auras, Rafael.......................................................... S215, S425
Ahmad, Iftikhar............................................ S146, S147, S288
Aust, Amelie.....................................................................S105
Ahmad, Riaz.....................................................................S386
Auwarter, Collin P.............................................................S210
Ahmed, Zienab F.R...........................................................S164
Avitia, Edilberto................................................................S277
Ahn, Byung Joon..............................................................S138
Ayala-Silva, Tomas.......................................S115, S116, S117
Ahn, Soon Young..............................................................S261
Ayars, James E....................................................... S214, S423
Aipperspach, Andrew D....................................................S404
Azarenko, Anita Nina..........................................................S87
Aitkenhead-Peterson, Jacqueline......................................S332
Akai, Manami...................................................................S319 B
Albano, Joseph P.................................................... S299, S425
Baameur, Aziz...................................................................S246
Albornoz, Karin................................................................S139
Baba, Noriko.....................................................................S307
Albrigo, Leo Gene................................................. S167, S168
Babadoost, Mohammad....................................................S236
Alejo-Santiago, Gelacio......................................... S392, S393
Bachie, Oli G......................................................... S125, S273
Allan, Cara J......................................................................S325
Bachman, Gary R................................................... S192, S298
Alam, Syed Nurul...............................................................S77
Bae, Kyung-Mi.................................................................S257
Alem, Peter.......................................................................S141
Bai, Jinhe................................................................ S122, S350
Allen, Arthur.......................................................... S318, S428
Bai, Xianjin.......................................................................S152
Allen, George....................................................................S227
Baird, James H....................................................... S332, S333
Almutairi, Khalid..............................................................S279
Balal, Rashad M................................................................S170
Al-Redhaiman, Khalid......................................................S220
Baldwin, Elizabeth............................. S103, S122, S140, S350
Alsadon, Abdulla A...................................... S264, S287, S367
Ballard, Corey...................................................................S240
Altland, James........................................................ S104, S299
Ballen, Fredy.....................................................................S231
Alwang, Jeff........................................................................S77
Balles, John.......................................................................S328
Amaya, Iraida......................................................... S207, S313
Ballington, James R..........................................................S311
Ambuko, Jane........................................................ S176, S398
Balois-Morales, Rosendo..................................................S392
Amore, Teresita D.............................................................S272
Ban, Smiljana Goreta........................................................S268
Amundson, Susannah K....................................................S233
Bang, Haejeen.................................... S165, S166, S167, S371
Anderson, Dan..................................................................S410
Bang, Sun-Bai...................................................................S275
Anderson, Natalie.............................................................S385
Barchenger, Derek W........................................................S403
Anderson, Neil O................................... S83, S96, S243, S413
Barden, Charles.................................................................S298

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S429
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Barickman, T. Casey.........................................................S292 Bevington, Rosa................................................................S417

Barker, Allen V..................................................................S232 Bewick, Thomas A..................................................... S82, S95
Barnard, Dave M.................................................... S144, S180 Bi, Guihong............................S145, S206, S215, S222 , S253,
Barnes, Brent.....................................................................S332 S301, S353, S411
Barnes, Jared.....................................................................S248 Bidani, Amira....................................................................S327
Barnett, LoriAnne.............................................................S198 Biersmith, Melanie............................................................S200
Barrett, Charles...................................................... S175, S223 Bihn, Elizabeth..................................................................S233
Barrett, James E..................................................... S145, S225 Bilenky, Moriah..................................................... S173, S194
Barrera, Wilmer.................................................................S402 Binder, Brad M.................................................................S343
Barrier, Hunter R...............................................................S315 Bink, Marco......................................................................S156
Bartoshuk, Linda...............................................................S122 Bisconer, Inge...................................................................S107
Bartuska, Carolyn A............................................... S145, S225 Bishop, Nahshon...............................................................S274
Basey, Adrienne................................................................S197 Björkman, Thomas...............S87, S88, S95, S129, S357, S410
Bassil, Nahla............................S156, S187, S189, S207 S256, Bjostad, Lou......................................................................S373
S278, S313, S327, S384, S385 Black, Brent........................................................... S196, S323
Bastas, Kubilay Kurtulus..................................................S184 Blazich, Frank A...............................................................S147
Bateman, Anthony.............................................................S268 Blenda, Anna.....................................................................S159
Bates, Ricky........................................................................S77 Blom, Theo J.M................................................................S248
Batkin, Ted........................................................................S107 Bluhm, Burton H...............................................................S366
Batley, Jacquline...............................................................S117 Bo, Feng............................................................................S413
Bauerle, Taryn.......................................................... S94, S246 Bohnert, Catherine....................................... S273, S274, S420
Bauerle, William................................ S143, S180, S181, S373 Bolda, Mark......................................................................S277
Bauermeister, David..........................................................S185 Bolssen, Katie A...............................................................S329
Baugher, Tara Auxt...........................................................S244 Borman, Christopher.........................................................S391
Bauske, Ellen........................................................... S82, S200 Bos, Chelle........................................................................S105
Bayer, Amanda............................................... S96, S182, S203 Bostock, Richard M..........................................................S386
Beasley, Jeffrey S..............................................................S214 Bottone, I...........................................................................S318
Beaudry, Randolph................................................. S124, S139 Boucherle, Robert.............................................................S159
Beaulieu, John C...............................................................S232 Boue, Stephen...................................................................S115
Beckman, Thomas G.............................................. S190, S326 Bourne, Timothy F............................................................S105
Beckstrom, Karson............................................................S163 Bowen, Mary S.................................................................S401
Beeks, Stephanie...............................................................S221 Bowman, John E...............................................................S101
Behe, Bridget K..................................... S89, S90, S159, S230 Boyer, Cheryl R........................................... S104, S300, S353
Belayneh, Bruk E................................................... S144, S179 Bracy, Regina P...................................................... S333, S353
Bell, Richard L..................................................................S256 Bradley, Lucy K................................ S158, S193, S198, S199,
Bellon, Francois................................................................S207 S201, S207, ,S296
Benlloch-Gonzalez, Maria................................................S379 Bradshaw, Joan P...............................................................S371
Bennett, Pamela J........................................... S82, S198, S321 Brainard, Daniel C................................................. S126, S357
Benson, D. Michael...........................................................S362 Braman, Kris.....................................................................S281
Bergefurd, Brad R.................................................... S92, S224 Branaman, Tatum..............................................................S311
Bergum, Ben.....................................................................S194 Brantley, Ryan...................................................................S138
Bernstein, Emily R............................................................S364 Brar, Gurreet.....................................................................S357
Berry, Adrian D.................................................................S400 Bravo, Ariana P. Torres.......................................................S97
Bettiga, Larry J....................................................................S98 Bravo, Carolina.................................................................S139

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S430 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Brecht, Jeffrey K.......................................... S122, S140, S402 Camerino, Anthony...........................................................S332

Brennan, Eric....................................................................S237 Cameron, Randall.............................................................S350
Brewer, Linda......................................................................S95 Campbell, Ben........................................ S89, S90, S229, S230
Bridges, W.C.....................................................................S242 Campbell, Craig A................................................. S276, S389
Brindley, Julie...................................................................S383 Campbell-Palmer, Leslie........................................ S341, S342
Brodersen, Craig...............................................................S351 Cantrell, Charles................................ S156, S157, S158, S328
Bronson, Kevin.................................................................S252 Cantwell, Marita I.................................................. S139, S140
Brown, Allan F................................... S311, S315, S317, S365 Capik, John M...................................................................S191
Brown, Charles R................................................................S83 Cao, Jiwu..........................................................................S258
Brown, J. Wyatt.................................................................S138 Cao, Zhe............................................................................S413
Brown, Michael.................................................................S121 Carleo, Jenny.....................................................................S202
Brown, Rebecca N............................................................S275 Carlson, Alicain S........................................ S225, S226, S227
Brown, Susan K..................................................... S156, S387 Carlson, Craig...................................................................S271
Browne, Greg....................................................................S135 Carmichael, Travis R............................................. S300, S353
Brumfield, Robin......................................... S202, S230, S382 Caro-Velarde, Francisco de Jesus.....................................S330
Bryant, Douglas................................................................S278 Carpenter, Brandon...........................................................S173
Bryant, Ray............................................................ S318, S428 Carpenter, Richard............................................................S293
Brye, Kristofer..................................................................S408 Carrera, Ricardo R............................................................S168
Bryla, David R......................................................... S93, S279 Carrillo, Lilian...................................................................S229
Brym, Zachary..................................................................S323 Carter, Arron.......................................................................S74
Buchanan, David.................................................... S123, S341 Cartmill, Donita L.............................................................S332
Buck, Guilherme B................................................ S175, S223 Carver, Sean T...................................................................S332
Bugarin-Montoya, R.........................................................S392 Casamali, Bruno................................................................S279
Bugarin-Montoya, Ruben............................ S330, S392, S393 Castaño-Tostado, Eduardo..................................... S265, S398
Bull, Carolee.....................................................................S188 Castillo, Ana Maria...........................................................S277
Bumgarner, Natalie................................................ S174, S240 Castle, William S..............................................................S134
Bumgarner, Natalie R.......................................................S293 Castro, Sarah.....................................................................S155
Burnett, Stephanie.............................................................S383 Castro-Garcia, Sergio............................................... S78, S418
Burrows, Rhoda L.............................................................S321 Cellon, Catherine..............................................................S416
Burton, Nadine M.............................................................S420 Cerven, Vasile.........................................................S222, S411
Bush, Edward W.................................................... S136, S214 Chan, Helen M..................................................................S386
Bushakra, Jill M................................................................S278 Chandler, Cameron...................................... S211, S276, S370
Bussan, Alvin J.................................................................S329 Chang, Hsueh-yuan...........................................................S140
Byrd, Robert......................................................................S317 Chang, Yao-Chien Alex....................................................S145
Byrne, David H...................................................... S317, S385 Chaparro, José.............................................. S106, S190, S326
Chappell, Matthew................................................. S179, S281
C Chatfield, James C............................................................S198
Cabrera, Raul I....................................................... S105, S226 Chaudhary, Priyanka R.......................................... S124, S133
Cade, Tina Waliczek.......................... S115, S210, S230, S249 Chavez, Dario J...................................................... S190, S326
Cahn, Michael D...................................................... S98, S212 Chen, Chunxian...................................................... S160, S384
Cai, Bin.............................................................................S172 Chen, Fei...........................................................................S172
Cain, David W...................................................................S328 Chen, Jingzhen..................................................................S271
Callahan, Ann........................................................... S84, S155 Chen, Wen-tao...................................................................S387
Cambardella, Cynthia.............................................S125, S411 Chen, Yan............................................................... S333, S353

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S431
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Chen, Yihua.......................................................................S290 Cooley, Cheryl..................................................................S303

Cheng, Chun-Huai............................................................S159 Coolong, Timothy W.............................................. S193, S426
Cheng, Lailiang.................................................................S339 Coop, Leonard...................................................................S242
Cheng, Zong-Ming................................................. S171, S172 Cooper, Monica L.............................................................S404
Chica, Eduardo J...............................................................S168 Corcorran, Jessica.............................................................S328
Cho, Jae-Hwan....................................................... S280, S377 Coronado, Juan R. Franco.................................................S359
Cho, Ji Yoon........................................................... S291, S294 Correll, James C................................................................S366
Cho, Kwang-Soo.................................................... S329, S407 Cotton, Corrie P..............S254, S279, S374, S410, S420, S428
Cho, Kyung Jin............................................ S289, S291, S294 Countryman, Janie............................................................S123
Choi, Chang Sun...............................................................S314 Covarrubias, Giovanny E..................................................S416
Choi, Hyo-Gil...................................................................S295 Cowan, Jeremy............................................. S222, S223, S224
Choi, Jae-Keun..................................................................S275 Cox, Douglas A.................................................................S219
Choi, Keun-Jin....................................................... S256, S257 Crabtree, Sheri B.................................................... S354, S394
Choi, Saeum......................................................................S163 Craker, Lyle E.....................................................................S88
Choi, Yong Seok...............................................................S288 Cramer, Christopher S............................................ S363, S364
Choi, Young Cheol............................................................S372 Crane, Jonathan H........................................ S135, S148, S231
Chong, Juang-Horng (JC).................................................S281 Crassweller, Robert M......................................................S337
Chunyan, Dong.................................................................S413 Craver, Joshua...................................................................S383
Cihacek, Larry J................................................................S374 Crawford, Lauren................................................... S181, S426
Clark, David G....................................................... S122, S175 Cregg, Bert......................................... S182, S215, S334, S425
Clark, John R...........................S105, S354, S384, S385, S403 Criley, Richard A..............................................................S309
Clark, Matthew...................................................... S156, S387 Crisosto, Carlos H.................................................. S101, S386
Clarke, Jihong Liu.............................................................S171 Crosby, Kevin M.................................................... S235, S349
Clevinger, Elizabeth............................................................S92 Cruz-Crespo, E..................................................................S330
Cline, John A.......................................................... S187, S213 Cruz-Crespo, Elia..............................................................S392
Cobb, William...................................................................S416 Crutchfield, Elizabeth.......................................................S247
Cochran, Diana...................................................... S352, S424 Cuda, James P...................................................................S371
Coe, Michael.......................................................................S86 Cuello, Joel L....................................................................S150
Cohan, Steven........................................................ S142, S304
Coker, Christine..................................................... S192, S298 D
Collante, Werner R............................................................S416 Da, Kedong........................................................... S161 , S269
Colle, Marivi.....................................................................S363 D’Aquilla, Beth.................................................................S192
Colley, Micaela.............................................. S75, S326, S356 da Silva, Jorge...................................................................S148
Collins, Pamela...................................................... S205, S304 Dadson, Robert B..............................................................S420
Colquhoun, Jed............................................ S153, S349, S356 Dai, Wenhao................................................... S95, S261, S262
Colquhoun, Thomas A........................................... S122, S175 Daigle, B.I.........................................................................S334
Combe, Shannon...............................................................S115 Dal Santo, Silvia...............................................................S172
Conley, M. Elizabeth.........................................................S391 Daley, Cindy.......................................................................S86
Conneway, Renee......................................... S206, S215, S319 Daley, James.....................................................................S115
Contreras-Barragan, Beatriz A..........................................S424 Daley, Shawna........................................................ S162, S360
Contreras, Carolina...........................................................S124 Dandekar, Abhaya M........................................................S339
Contreras, Ryan.........................................................S95, S411 Daniels, Alex B.................................................................S143
Contreras, Samuel........................................ S361, S400, S422 Darby, Heather....................................................................S86
Cook, Amber.....................................................................S115 Dardick, Chris.......................................................... S84, S155

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S432 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Darnell, Rebecca L............................. S152, S197, S278, S279 Dragotakes, Alexander......................................................S292

Dattilo, Adam J.................................................................S118 Drakakaki, Georgia...........................................................S419
Daugovish, Oleg................................ S211, S276, S277, S370 Drost, Dan.................................................... S196, S375, S421
Davis, Allen......................................................................S304 DuToit, Elsa......................................................................S251
Davis, Audrey L..................................................... S152, S418 du Toit, Lindsey..................................................... S356, S366
Davis, Jeanine M.................................................... S129, S364 Dufoo-Hurtado, Miguel David..........................................S264
Davis, Thomas M................................................... S207, S313 Dunn, Bruce......................................................................S245
Davis, Tim D.....................................................................S204 Dunn, Bruce L........................................................ S161, S290
Dawson, Julie....................................................................S326 Dunwell, Winston C............................................... S282, S299
Day, Samuel......................................................................S421 Dutt, Manjul........................................................... S107, S260
Dea, Sharon.......................................................................S350 Dyrdahl-Young, Ruhiyyih.................................................S423
Dean, Deborah..................................................................S189 Dzakovich, Michael..........................................................S113
Debner, Abigail R.............................................................S317 Dzewaltowski, David A....................................................S241
Defoe, Phillip....................................................................S233
DeJong, Ted M..................................................................S155 E
del Rio, Hilda S.................................................................S379 Eakes, Donald J.................................................................S239
Delate, Kathleen......................................................S125, S411 Easterling, Mona.................................................... S209, S260
Deligoz, Ayse....................................................................S169 Eaton, Touria E...................................................... S219, S232
Deltsidis, Angelos I...........................................................S122 Ebel, Roland........................................................... S127, S128
Demchak, K......................................................................S195 Egilla, Jonathan N.............................................................S315
Deng, Zhanao................................................. S96, S137, S413 Ehlenfeldt, Mark.....................................................S310, S311
Denney, Audrey...................................................................S86 Einhorn, Todd............................................... S243, S388, S399
Dennis, Jennifer....................................... S89, S90, S91, S230 EL-Ansary, Diaa O............................................................S405
Denoyes, Beatrice.................................................. S207, S313 El-Hout, Nael....................................................................S148
Dervishian, Geoffrey.........................................................S119 Elkins, Rachel B..................................................................S78
DeVetter, Lisa Wasko........................................................S153 Elkner, Timothy E.............................................................S225
DeYoung, Alan..................................................................S236 Elle, Ashley.......................................................................S201
Derr, Jeffrey F...................................................................S282 Ellison, Dana.....................................................................S334
Di Bello, Patrick................................................................S227 Elsysy, Mokhles A............................................................S396
Diaz-Perez, Juan Carlos....................................................S268 Emmett, Bryan..................................................................S246
Dickey, Dave.....................................................................S248 Ernest, Emmalea Garver...................................................S194
Dittmar, Peter J.................................................................S374 Ernst, Taunya....................................................................S375
Dobres, Michael................................................................S136 Eubanks, Emily.................................................................S200
Doerflinger, Franziska C...................................................S176 Etxeberria, Ed...................................................................S351
Dole, John M..................S146, S147, S226, S227, S228, S288 Evans, Edward..................................................................S231
Doll, David........................................................................S135 Evans, Jennifer..................................................................S377
Domec, Jean-Christopher..................................................S344 Evans, Katherine......................S154, S155, S156, S160, S387
Domenghini, Cynthia........................................................S241 Evans, Michael R..............................................................S253
Dominguez, Leonel...........................................................S186 Evans, Richard Y...............................................................S285
Dong, Jinying....................................................................S245 Evans, William B....................... S99, S127, S222, S348, S411
Dong, Xiaoqing.................................................................S397
Dossett, Michael...................................................... S84, S278
F
Dove, Sue............................................................... S143, S427 Faber, Ben.........................................................................S211
Downer, A. James.................................................. S295, S409 Fachinello, Jose.................................................................S186

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S433
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Falbel, Tanya G.................................................................S343 Frantz, Jonathan M............................................................S159

Fan, Lihua.........................................................................S342 Freeborn, John R...............................................................S114
Fan, Xiao-ming.................................................................S395 Freeman, Luke..................................................................S396
Farag, Sheren Elsayed.......................................................S381 Fresnedo, Jonathan................................................. S385, S386
Farish-Williford, Hannah....................................... S161, S269 Frett, Terrence...................................................................S385
Farnham, Mark W.............................................................S129 Friedrich, Heather....................S296, S297, S357, S396, S408
Farris, Jarrad.....................................................................S228 Fritts, Rob.................................................... S108, S236, S389
Fasoli, Marianna...............................................................S172 Fritz, Vincent A............................................ S128, S316, S347
Fass, Joseph......................................................................S386 Fugimoto, Terrance...........................................................S295
Fatima, Shazia...................................................................S376 Fujiyama, Hideyasu..........................................................S218
Fazio, Gennaro..................................................................S187 Fulcher, Amy...........................S206, S215, S281, S301, S352,
Feibert, Erik B.G...............................................................S193 S353, S424
Feng, Chunda....................................................................S366 Furukawa, Hajime.............................................................S340
Feng, Fengjuan..................................................................S339 Futsuki, Daisuke...............................................................S308
Fennimore, Steven A................................................ S98, S135
G
Ferguson, Bradley.............................................................S426
Ferguson, Louise..........................S78, S79, S101, S418, S419 Gabler, Franka...................................................................S369
Fernandez, Gina Elizabeth................................................S343 Gaches, Whitney...............................................................S303
Fernandez, Rodney Thomas............. S104, S106, S215 , S301, Gadd, Teri................................................................. S96, S373
S353, S425, S427 Gady, Antoine...................................................................S384
Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz...............................................S142 Gajanayake, Bandara............................................. S167, S283
Ferrari, Thomas.................................................................S163 Galinato, Suzette P............................................................S331
Ficklin, Stephen..................................................... S159, S207 Gallardo, R. Karina...........................................................S229
Fidelibus, Matthew W.............................................. S80, S331 Gamet, Stephen J..............................................................S209
Fields, Jeb S........................................................... S324, S390 Gandonou, Jean-Marc.......................................................S230
Fillmore, Sherry................................................................S341 Gao, Rongfu........................................................... S164, S165
Fimbres-Fontes, Adan.......................................................S324 Gao, Wei............................................................................S395
Finlayson, Scott................................................................S218 Gapper, Nigel......................................................... S341, S342
Finn, Chad E........................................ S84, S189, S278, S312 Garcia, M. Elena...............................................................S408
Fisher, Paul R....................................................................S427 Garcia, Yessica..................................................................S113
Flack, Sarah.........................................................................S86 García-Paredes, J. Diego........................................ S392, S393
Fleener, Ann......................................................................S239 Garcia-Sanchez, Francisco................................................S170
Flinn, Barry.................................................. S161, S269, S270 Garfinkel, Andrea R..........................................................S383
Fly, J. Mark.......................................................................S414 Garner, Lauren C...............................................................S114
Fonteno, William C.......................... S205 , S253, S324, S344, Garton, Whitney................................................................S319
S345, S362, S390 G–ºarzon, Jose G...............................................................S315
Foor, Ryan M....................................................................S203 Gasic, Ksenija.............................................. S112, S384, S385
Forge, Tom........................................................................S213 Gaskell, Mark....................................................................S277
Forney, Kevin....................................................................S109 Gaxiola, Roberto...............................................................S164
Francescatto, P........................................................ S338, S389 Geller, Joseph....................................................................S121
Francis, David...................................... S86, S165, S174, S422 Gemma, Hiroshi................................................................S176
Franco Coronado, Juan R..................................................S359 Genc, Musa.......................................................................S169
Franco, Jose G...................................................................S238 Geneve, Robert L.............................. S215 , S253, S301, S353
Frank, Steven......................................................... S207, S281 Geng, Fang............................................................. S187, S246

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S434 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Ghazanfar, Muhammad Usman........................................S170 Grumet, Rebecca...............................................................S363

Ghosh, Sibdas...................................................................S211 Grusak, Michael A............................................................S365
Gibeaut, David..................................................................S243 Gu, Eun-Hye.....................................................................S375
Gibson, Kevin D.................................................................S97 Gu, Mengmeng........................................... S101 , S201, S222
Gil, Pilar M.......................................................................S393 Gu, Sanjun......................................... S274, S335, S420, S421
Gilbert, Jessica L...............................................................S175 Guan, Wenjing....................................................... S234, S345
Gilbert, Lindsey................................................................S115 Guan, Yingzhu............................................. S155, S156, S387
Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer.................................................S371 Gubbuk, Hamide.....................................................S116, S117
Gillman, Jeff.....................................................................S321 Guerra, Raul......................................................................S165
Gioeli, Kenneth T..............................................................S371 Guerrero, Kyle M..............................................................S416
Giovannoni, James................................................. S341, S342 Guevara-Figueroa, Teresita...............................................S264
Giurcanu, Mihai................................................................S223 Gugino, B.K......................................................................S195
Glenna, Leland..................................................................S244 Guldan, Steve....................................................................S134
Glenn, David Michael.......................................................S242 Gunduz, Kazim.................................................................S312
Glover, Benjamin J...........................................................S230 Gunter, Christopher C.......................................................S315
Glozer, Kitren....................................................................S418 Güven, Dilek.....................................................................S117
Gmitter, Fred............................S107, S134, S160, S260, S384 Guzman, Ivette............................................. S311, S317, S365
Godfrey, Jessie M..............................................................S419 Gylling, Steven R..............................................................S107
Goldman, Irwin L..................................................... S75, S326
Goldschmidt, Eliezer E.....................................................S153 H
Gomez, Celina.........................................................S113, S132 Ha, Injong.........................................................................S402
Gomez-Lim, Miguel A......................................................S125 Ha, Tae Joung....................................................................S305
Gonzalez-Fuentes, Jose Antonio.......................................S285 Hadziabdic, Denita..................................................S118, S189
Grable, Carey....................................................................S299 Haff, Ronald......................................................................S102
Grabowski, Michelle.........................................................S321 Hale, Frank........................................................................S281
Gradziel, Thomas................................................... S385, S386 Hall, Charles R.............................S89, S90, S159, S230, S427
Grajkowski, Ryan..............................................................S320 Hamanaka, Daisuke..........................................................S307
Granitz, Halley..................................................................S228 Ham, Eunhye.......................................................... S288, S372
Grappadelli, Luca Corelli..................................................S169 Hamilton, Susan Wilson........................................... S99, S414
Grauke, Larry J.................................................................S345 Hammack, Heather...................................... S217, S335, S354
Graves, William........................................... S118, S227, S255 Hammar, Sue A.................................................................S363
Gray, Dennis J........................................................ S172, S260 Han, Chung-Su..................................................................S292
Greby, Ken........................................................................S184 Han, Hangsup....................................................................S406
Grelen, Lori.......................................................................S401 Han, Jeung Sul....................................................... S288, S372
Grewell, David....................................................... S227, S255 Han, NaRae............................................................ S375, S376
Griffin, Jason J....................................................... S300, S353 Han, Sang-Wook.................................................... S307, S376
Griffis, Jr., John L........................................ S100, S228, S231 Han, Zhi-qiang..................................................................S387
Griffiths, Phillip................................................................S129 Hancock, James F................................................... S189, S312
Grijalva-Contreras, Raul L........................... S324, S366, S406 Handa, Avtar K..................................................................S376
Grijalva-Durón, Saul A.....................................................S324 Hanrahan, Ines..................................................................S229
Groover, Gordon...............................................................S228 Hansen, Robert C..............................................................S293
Grosser, Jude W............................................ S107, S134, S260 Hanson, Bradley D............................................................S135
Grossman, Mara................................................................S114 Hanson, Kristen.................................................................S336
Gruber, Barrett..................................................................S350 Harbut, Rebecca................................................................S153

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S435
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Hardner, Craig M....................................................S117, S154 Holness, Rickie...................................................... S335, S421

Harkess, Richard L............................................................S145 Hong, Chang-Ho.................................................... S280, S377
Harmon, Carrie L..............................................................S278 Hong, Dae-Ki....................................................................S275
Harshman, Julia.................................................................S156 Hong, Jee-Hwa....................................................... S256, S257
Hartman, Tim....................................................................S385 Hong, Soon-sung..............................................................S371
Hartz, Timothy K..............................................................S212 Hong, Su-Young..................................................... S329, S407
Hasenoehrl, Karen.............................................................S185 Honig, Josh.......................................................................S191
Hashem, Fawzy M............................ S254, S280, S318, S374, Hooker, Will E................................... S193, S199, S201, S296
S410, S420, S428 Hoover, Emily...................................................................S243
Hasing, Tomas...................................................................S116 Hopkins, Rick...................................................................S108
Hassell, Richard L.................... S115, S162, S345, S360, S399 Horgan, Thomas E....................................... S156, S157, S328
Hatmaker, Annie...............................................................S190 Hoshino, Takanori.............................................................S150
Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene......................... S209, S210, S404 Hossain, Macselynia.........................................................S267
Haubrich, Kyle..................................................................S227 Hossain, Md. Maksud M...................................................S306
Havill, Joshua....................................................................S128 Howell, Anna D................................. S211, S277, S370, S409
Hayden, Zachary D...........................................................S126 Howell, Nick.....................................................................S173
Hayes, Patrick...................................................................S326 Howington, Scott..............................................................S100
Hayes, Ryan J....................................................................S188 Howland, Amanda.............................................................S150
Hayward, Pat.....................................................................S302 Hoying, Stephen A............................................................S186
He, Dongxian......................................................... S164, S165 Hu, Bizhen........................................................................S174
He, Jianjun............................................................. S120, S152 Hu, Jinguo.........................................................................S188
He, Wei..............................................................................S359 Hu, Cuifeng.......................................................................S267
Heckman, Jeff...................................................................S202 Huang, Danqiong................................................... S261, S262
Heckman, Joseph R...........................................................S300 Hubbard, Kristina..............................................................S326
Heerema, Richard.............................................................S419 Huber, Donald J........................................... S340, S397, S402
Heleba, Debra.....................................................................S86 Huffman, Vernon...............................................................S211
Hellier, Barbara.................................................................S188 Hughes, Harrison..............................................................S327
Heinrich, Aaron.................................................................S373 Hughes, Tim......................................................................S342
Henrich, James E..............................................................S184 Hummer, Kim E............................................. S84, S313, S327
Henry, J. Michael..............................................................S332 Hur, O.S............................................................................S407
Henry, Mary E........................................................ S100, S191 Hustvedt, Gwendolyn.......................................................S249
Hernández, E. Israel Silva.................................................S226 Hutchinson, Margaret Jesang............................................S176
Hernández, Ricardo................................................ S132, S292 Hutton, Mark.....................................................................S129
Hernandez-Ochoa, Ixchel M...............................................S91 Hutton, Samuel F..............................................................S166
Hershberger, Amanda J.....................................................S358 Hwang, Byung-Ho....................................... S307, S375, S376
Hertog, Maarten..................................................... S341, S342 Hwang, Sunkyoung...........................................................S402
Hesterberg, Dean...............................................................S248 Hyun, Soo Jung.................................................................S138
Hettiarachchi, Ganga M....................................................S233
Hirst, Peter M......................................................... S244, S396 I
Hix, Raymond L................................................................S371 Ibrahim, Amir....................................................................S349
Ho, Thien............................................................... S209, S227 Iduhara, Miho......................................................... S308, S309
Hoagland, Lori....................................................... S356, S409 Iezzoni, Amy F...............S112, S154, S156, S207, S312, S386
Hodel, Donald R.................................................... S182, S184 Ikeda, Takashi.............................................. S283, S287, S319
Hoisington, Nick...............................................................S333 In, Byung-Chun................................................................S343

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S436 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Inglis, Debra.............................S223, S224, S237, S331, S336 Jiang, Lijuan........................................................... S270, S271
Ingram, Dewayne L..........................................................S216 Jiang, Peng........................................................................S290
Ingrao, Adam.....................................................................S114 Jifon, John L.......................................................... S125, S148
Inoue, Eiichi......................................................................S388 Jin, Kyung-Ho...................................................................S280
Iqbal, Zafar........................................................................S170 Jin, Xiaoling......................................................................S258
Irani, Tracy A....................................................................S427 Johnson, Andrew J............................................................S135
Ireland, Shubha.................................................................S115 Johnson, Charles E............................................................S320
Irey, Michael.....................................................................S350 Johnson, Daniel...................................................... S150, S252
Irvine, Aliah......................................................................S238 Johnson, Gordon C................................................ S193, S194
Ishimaru, Megumi.............................................................S397 Johnson, Paul G................................................................S183
Islam, Shahidul.................................................................S306 Johnson, Sacha..................................................................S237
Israel, Glenn......................................................................S191 Jondle, Robert...................................................................S105
Isweiri, Hanan...................................................................S379 Jones, Samantha E............................................................S297
Itle, Rachel A..........................................................S311, S416 Jones, Sarah E...................................................................S316
Iturriet, Rodrigo................................................................S243 Jones, Stephen.......................................................... S74, S326
Izumi, Hidemi...................................................................S397 Joshi, Ramesh........................................................ S263, S406
Juarez-Lopez, P.................................................................S330
J Juarez-Lopez, Porfirio.................................. S330, S392, S393
Jackson, Brian.................................. S104, S205, S253 , S287, Juarez-Rosete, Cecilia R...................................................S392
S324, S344, S345, S362, S390 Juarez-Rosete, C.R................................................. S330, S392
Jackson, Eric W.................................................................S365 Juarez-Rosete, M.E................................................ S330, S392
Jackson, Jeremiah.............................................................S115 Judd, Lesley A........................................................ S344, S345
Jacob, Cristian........................................................ S400, S422 Jung, Sook.............................................................. S159, S207
Jacobsen, Barry...................................................................S77 Justice, Allison Hope........................................................S346
Jacobsen, Krista..................................................... S206, S253 Juvik, John A.....................................................................S365
Jahanzad, Emad.................................................................S232 Jyu, Byung-Sik..................................................................S259
Jamieson, Andrew R.........................................................S189
Jang, Yoon Ah...................................................................S314 K
Janick, Jules........................................................................S82 Kaiser, Clive......................................................................S242
Jaworski, Elizabeth A........................................................S122 Kak, Avinash.....................................................................S244
Jayaprakasha, G.K............................. S124, S133, S234, S235 Kamal, Neel......................................................................S363
Jeannette, Karen..................................................... S200, S321 Kandel, Ramkrishna..........................................................S362
Jeffery, Elizabeth...............................................................S365 Kang, In-Kyu....................................................................S267
Jeliazkova, Ekaterina...............S156, S157, S158, S205, S304 Kang, Jumsoon....................................................... S280, S377
Jeliazkov, Valtcho................................................................S88 Kang, Shin-Mook................................................... S280, S281
Jeliazkov, Valtcho D........................... S156, S157, S158, S329 Kantor, George........................................................S111, S178
Jeong, Jighan.......................................................... S160, S378 Karlsson, Meriam..............................................................S290
Jeong, Sun Jin...................................................................S414 Karp, David A............................................................ S82, S83
Jett, Lewis.........................................................................S421 Karthikeyan, G....................................................................S77
Jha, Ajay............................................................................S192 Kaufman, Andrew.................................................. S210, S238
Ji, Xiaoci...........................................................................S335 Kaufman, Leyla.................................................................S210
Jia, Baoguang....................................................................S263 Kawamura, Takuya...........................................................S287
Jiang, Cai-Zhong...............................................................S123 Kelly, James D..................................................................S380
Jiang, Guixiong.................................................................S208 Kennedy, Colleen..............................................................S116

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S437
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Kessler, Michael..................................................... S227, S255 King, Cynthia....................................................................S210

Khachatrayn, Hayk.................................. S89, S90, S91, S230 King, Jacqueline................................................................S185
Khairi, Tamadour N..........................................................S428 King, Stephen R................................................................S238
Khan, Muhammad Mumtaz..............................................S170 Kirk, Steven................................................. S273, S274, S420
Khan, Shamim A.K.U.......................................................S177 Kleinhenz, Matthew D................................. S174, S240, S422
Khatik, Nisha....................................................................S406 Klett, James E..........................S215, S298, S302, S303, S304
Kibet, Leonard C.................................................... S318, S428 Kline, Wesley L...................................................... S222, S336
Kietikul, Trisha.................................................................S123 Klingeman, William E......................................................S281
Kijchavengku, T................................................................S215 Kloppenburg, Jack............................................................S326
Kim, Daeil................................S256, S284, S285, S323, S337 Knab, Amy M...................................................................S308
Kim, Doo-Hwan................................................................S256 Knepper, Caleb..................................................................S380
Kim, Eun-Young...............................................................S291 Knerr, Larry D...................................................................S105
Kim, Heedae.....................................................................S402 Knox, Gary W...................................................................S282
Kim, Hye-Ji........................................ S218, S321, S381, S382 Kobayashi, Haruyuki........................................................S413
Kim, Ikjei............................................................... S286, S378 Kobayashi, Hideka............................................................S407
Kim, JaeJoon.....................................................................S293 Kobayashi, Kent D............................. S110, S272, S282, S415
Kim, Jiseon.................................................. S289, S291, S294 Koc, Ismail............................................................. S169, S216
Kim, Jonghwan.................................................................S406 Koda, Hitomi.....................................................................S413
Kim, Jongkee............................................... S307, S375, S377 Koeser, Andrew............................................ S206, S253, S382
Kim, Jongyun......................................................... S143, S144 Kohanbash, David.........................................S111, S179, S181
Kim, Ju-Hee......................................................................S259 Koike, Steven T.................................................................S366
Kim, JuHyung........................................................ S255, S289 Kommein, Shreyas............................................................S318
Kim, Keum-Sun................................. S284, S285, S323, S337 Konkol, Joshua L..............................................................S322
Kim, Ki Sun....................................... S148, S254, S305, S407 Kopsell, David E............................................ S94, S113, S415
Kim, Kyung-Hee...............................................................S172 Kopsell, Dean A........................................... S129, S131, S292
Kim, Min Hee........................................................ S381, S382 Korir, Robert.....................................................................S428
Kim, Mok-Jong.................................................................S267 Kornegay, Julia L................................................... S158, S228
Kim, Moo Jung.................................................................S343 Korsvold, Kamilla.............................................................S317
Kim, Seolah............................................................ S323, S337 Koselka, Tony...................................................................S244
Kim, Seon Ae....................................................................S261 Koski, Anthony J.......................................... S215, S298, S302
Kim, Seong-Sil..................................................................S239 Koski, Ronda......................................................... S302, S303
Kim, SeungDeok.................................................... S255, S289 Kosta, Kathleen.................................................................S211
Kim, Seung Heui...............................................................S261 Kovaleski, Alisson Pacheco..............................................S197
Kim, Shin Young...............................................................S148 Kraikittikun, Patty.............................................................S306
Kim, Si Un............................................................. S375, S376 Krarup, Christian.................................................... S400, S422
Kim, Soo-Hyung................................ S160, S216, S217, S378 Kreis, Rachel A.................................................................S390
Kim, Soo-Ock...................................................................S160 Kritz, Karen.......................................................................S222
Kim, Su Jeong.............................................. S305, S329, S407 Kroggel, Mark A.................................................... S162, S269
Kim, Sun...........................................................................S138 Krueger, William H...........................................................S318
Kim, Sunggil.....................................................................S166 Ku, Kang Mo....................................................................S365
Kim, Taejung.......................................................... S255, S289 Kuban, Jacob.....................................................................S415
Kim, Young-Jin.................................................................S275 Kubota, Chieri.......................... S113, S132, S162, S269, S292
Kimball, Heather...............................................................S365 Kudo, Keita.......................................................................S167
King, Andrew R................................................................S332 Kulkarni, Akshata.............................................................S235

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S438 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Kumar, Prem.....................................................................S350
Lee, Ki Yeol....................................... S255, S286, S289, S378
Kumi, Yamanaka...............................................................S287
Lee, Kwan-Suk...................................................... S239, S260
Kuo, Mei-Lin....................................................................S313
Lee, Kyeongcheol.............................................................S406
Kuo, Yi-Ai.........................................................................S145
Lee, Kyung-Tea.................................................................S407
Kurtural, S. Kaan....................................................S119, S121
Lee, Kyung-Ui..................................................................S259
Kusakabe, Ayako.......................................... S212, S379, S424
Lee, Luke O......................................................................S374
Kweon, Hun-Joong...........................................................S267
Lee, Richard......................................................................S106
Kwon, Joon-Kook.............................................................S295
Lee, Sang Gyu...................................................................S314
Kwon, Min Hyeong..........................................................S310
Lee, Sang Mi.......................................................... S238, S414
Kwon, Oh-Keun..................................................... S329, S407
Lee, Seung Youn.................................................... S147, S254
Kwon, Soon-Jae................................................................S188
Lee, Sung-Hee........................................................ S286, S378
Kwon, Yeu Seok..................................................... S286, S378
Lee, Sun Yi........................................................................S295
Kwon, Yong-Sham................................................. S256, S257
Lee, Sunyoung..................................................................S402
L Lee, Taein..........................................................................S159
Lee, Young-su........................................................ S371, S372
LaBonte, Don......................................................... S129, S401
Leep, Daniel................................................. S108, S236, S389
Lada, Rajasekaran.............................................................S268
Legendre, Reeve...............................................................S129
Lak, Chris............................................................................S85
Leisso, Rachel............................................. S123 , S341, S343
Laminack, Kirk.................................................................S332
LeMieux, Corbin...............................................................S355
Lamour, Kurt.....................................................................S365
Leonas, Karen...................................................................S224
Langlois, Scott..................................................................S281
Leonhardt, Kenneth...................................... S137, S381, S382
Larman, Michael...............................................................S107
Leskovar, Daniel............S166, S167, S195, S218, S347, S349
Larson, Steven R...............................................................S183
Lester, Gene E........................................................ S125, S235
Lavely, E.K.......................................................................S195
Liang, Guolu.....................................................................S384
Laverty, Sierra...................................................................S416
Liao, Hong........................................................................S321
Lavis, Catherine C............................................................S300
Li, Changzhu.....................................................................S271
Lawson, Vince...................................................................S173
Li, Jiefa........................................................ S120, S152, S171
Layne, Desmond R................................................. S160, S328
Li, Li.................................................................................S342
Lea-Cox, John D................................... S94, S95, S105, S106,
Li, Mingjun.......................................................................S339
S111, S143, S144, S179, S181, S304, S427
Li, Peiwang.......................................................................S271
LeBude, Anthony..............................................................S281
Li, Pingfang.......................................................................S286
Lee, A-Young....................................................................S259
Li, Tongyin........................................................................S353
Lee, Chiwon W........................S161, S163, S310, S314, S374
Li, XiHong........................................................................S342
Lee, Hee-Ju.......................................................................S314
Li, Xinxin..................................................... S218, S321, S381
Lee, Ho-Sang......................................................... S238, S260
Li, Zhijian T........................................................... S172, S260
Lee, Hyun-Ju.....................................................................S371
Li, Zhihui........................................... S245, S258, S271, S412
Lee, Jaehoon.....................................................................S336
Liao, Hong........................................................................S218
Lee, Jinsu..................................................... S267, S340, S397
Lichtenberg, Erik......................................... S144, S179, S181
Lee, Jinwook............................S175, S177, S267, S341, S342
Liedl, Barbara E..................................................................S86
Lee, Jongtae......................................................................S402
Lieth, Heiner.....................................................................S285
Lee, JongWon........................................................ S255, S289
Lietze, Verena...................................................................S371
Lee, Jungmin.....................................................................S368
Lila, Mary A......................................................................S311
Lee, Jun Gu.......................................................................S314
Lilliston, Ben....................................................................S326
Lee, Jun Seok......................................................... S288, S372
Lim, Sooyeon............................................... S307, S375, S376

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S439
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Lim, Tae Jo............................................................. S291, S294 M

Lin, Dawei.........................................................................S386
Ma, Guoying.....................................................................S343
Lin, Jia-Ying.....................................................................S313
Ma, Shen...........................................................................S131
Lin, Shu-I..........................................................................S313
Ma, Yingmei......................................................................S183
Lin, Wei-Kuang.................................................................S412
MacDonald, Joanne E.......................................................S334
Lineberger, R. Daniel........................................................S204
MacDonald, Mason...........................................................S268
Ling, Peter.............................................................. S158, S159
Machado, Rui M.A...........................................................S279
Lippet-Faczak, April.........................................................S202
Machuca-Sanchez, Maria Luisa........................................S330
Little, Holly.......................................................................S119
Macias-Duarte, Ruben................................. S324, S366, S405
Liu, Guang........................................................................S286
MacLean, Dan...................................................................S268
Liu, Guodong....................................................................S247
Macnish, Andrew J............................................................S123
Liu, H................................................................................S224
Madbouly, Samy.................................................... S227, S255
Liu, Min............................................................................S262
Mahato, Tilak............................................... S213, S336, S396
Liu, Qiang.........................................................................S270
Mahoney, Lise........................................................ S207, S313
Liu, Yizao..........................................................................S229
Main, Dorrie........................................................... S160, S207
Lo, Hsiao-Feng.................................................................S313
Main, Jeffrey L....................................................... S348, S401
Loayza, Francisco.............................................................S140
Majsztrik, John................................... S104, S144, S181, S427
Lobo, Ramiro....................................................................S102
Makus, Donald J.................................................... S346, S423
Lobos, Gustavo.................................................................S139
Malladi, Anish...................................................................S197
Lockhart, Ben E................................................................S320
Mangandi, Jozer................................................................S196
Loehrlein, Marietta...........................................................S303
Manners, Malcolm M........................................................S231
Loescher, Wayne H...........................................................S380
Mansouri, Saara................................................................S366
Lohr, Virginia I..................................................................S202
Manthey, John A...............................................................S350
Long, Hongxu................S208, S262, S325, S359, S387, S395
Marcial, Edgardo Zalazar..................................................S226
Long, Lynn E....................................................................S266
Marini, R.P............................................................. S187, S195
Long, Randy......................................................................S277
Marino, Silvia R................................................................S312
Lopez, Johnny...................................................................S108
Marmor, Frederick................................................. S236, S389
Lopez, Roberto G..............................................................S147
Marsh, Lurline E.......................................... S254, S318, S410
López-Carvajal, Arturo................................ S324, S367, S406
Marshall, Sam...................................................................S207
Lou, Yusui.........................................................................S171
Martinez-Garcia, Pedro J..................................................S386
Louws, Frank J..................................................................S200
Martínez-Peniche, Rámon Álvar......................................S265
Louzada, Eliezer...............................................................S379
Martin, Edward C..............................................................S213
Lovatt, Carol J...................................................................S355
Martin, Jeffrey T..................................................... S126, S335
Lovell, Sarah T....................................................... S253, S382
Martin, Robert...................................................................S151
Lowe, Jeremiah............................................ S354, S394, S395
Martin, Sabine...................................................................S233
Lowry, Carolyn...................................................... S356, S410
Martin, Todd........................................................... S179, S181
Lu, Huangjun....................................................................S362
Masiunas, John B..............................................................S410
Luby, Claire H...................................................................S326
Massa, Gioia D....................................................................S88
Luby, James.............................. S112, S154, S156, S229, S387
Masterson, Kevin..............................................................S242
Luo, Mingliang.................................................................S270
Mathey, Megan M.................................................. S189, S312
Luo, Yaguang....................................................................S236
Matlock, Marty.................................................................S396
Luzio, Gary.......................................................................S350
Matsuo, Hiroshi................................................................S398
Lyons, Robert E................................................................S239
Matsusita, Kohei...............................................................S283

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S440 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Mattheis, James.................................. S123, S177, S341, S342 Mercado-Silva, Edmundo............................ S264, S265, S398
Matthews, Jennifer............................................................S202 Méndez-Aguilar, María de Jesús......................................S128
Matthews, Mark................................................................S403 Mentreddy, Rao S..............................................................S127
Mattson, Neil.......................................................... S170, S221 Merhaut, Donald J.............................................................S247
Maughan, Tiffany..............................................................S196 Merwin, Ian A...................................................................S120
May, Brandon....................................................................S395 Meyer, Mary Hockenberry..................................... S304, S321
May, Eric...........................................................................S318 Miao, He...........................................................................S413
May, Jeannine...................................................................S192 Michaels, Thomas E..........................................................S326
Mayer, Newton Alex.........................................................S242 Michelmore, Richard W....................................................S257
Maynard, Elizabeth T........................................................S390 Micka, Ana........................................................................S326
Mays, Neal........................................................................S408 Miles, Carol A................S185, S223, S224, S237, S331, S335
McAfee, Jason........................................................ S357, S408 Miles, John A....................................................................S418
McAuslane, Heather.........................................................S362 Miller, Diane Doud................................................ S339, S389
McCabe, Kenneth.................................................. S226, S255 Miller, Sally........................................................................S77
McCall, Ingram.................................................................S146 Miller, William B..............................................................S176
McCallum, Susan..............................................................S327 Milliken, George...............................................................S241
McCarthy, Michael...........................................................S102 Milliron, Luke K...............................................................S318
McCloskey, William B......................................................S252 Millner, Patricia..................................................... S280, S428
McCluskey, Cathlen..........................................................S356 Min, Byeonggyu...............................................................S402
McConachie, Ian...............................................................S117 Miranda-Sazo, Mario........................................................S185
McCracken, Vicki.............................................................S229 Mitcham, Elizabeth J............................................. S101, S123
McCreight, James D..........................................................S130 Mitchell, Cary A......................................................S113, S132
McDonald, Ty G...............................................................S231 Mittman, Mike..................................................................S207
McElrone, Andrew J.........................................................S214 Miyanaga, Masaya............................................................S287
McFerson, James R................................................ S156, S229 Miyasaka, Susan C................................................. S365, S408
McGiffen,Jr., Milton E...............S99, S100, S125, S247, S355 Miyazoe, Mikio.................................................................S373
McGranahan, Gale H..........................................................S84 Mock, Tyler J....................................................................S333
McKee, John.....................................................................S157 Mockler, Todd...................................................................S278
McKenney, Cynthia B.......................................................S201 Moggia, Claudia................................................................S139
McLaughlin, Mike............................................................S413 Molnar, Thomas J..............................................................S191
McMahon, Elizabeth.........................................................S245 Monfort, Amparo..............................................................S207
McMahon, Margaret J.......................................................S110 Montague, D. Thayne.......................................................S201
McMahon, Robert W.........................................................S293 Montas, Wanda..................................................................S135
McQueen, John...................................................................S86 Montoya, John..................................................................S249
McRoberts, D. Neil...........................................................S366 Mookerjee, Sonali.............................................................S312
McSorley, Robert..............................................................S423 Moon, Ji-Hye....................................................................S414
Meagy, Md J......................................................................S232 Moon, Jinseong.................................................................S402
Meier, Erica Jane...............................................................S249 Moon, Kyung Hwan..........................................................S160
Mejia, Luis E.....................................................................S426 Moore, Gloria A................................................................S263
Melendez, Meredith..........................................................S202 Moore, Jonathan..................................................................S88
Melgar, Juan Carlos........................... S212, S379, S381, S424 Moore-Kucera, J...............................................................S336
Mello, Simone da Costa....................................................S175 Moorman, Christopher......................................................S207
Melo, Anderson Martins...................................................S140 Moran, Renae......................................................... S187, S246
Meneghelli, Luigi..............................................................S411 Morandi, Brunella.............................................................S169

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S441
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Morris, Kerry A.................................................................S184 Nelson, Jacob A..................................................................S88

Morris, Wythe...................................................................S129 Nelson, Paul V...................................................................S248
Morrow, Robert C.............................................................S131 Nelson, Scot......................................................................S408
Mortaz, Morad..................................................................S322 Newall, W.C......................................................................S328
Morton, Frank...................................................................S326 Newman, Debra................................................................S354
Motomura, Sharon............................................................S408 Newman, Julie...................................................................S427
Motsenbocker, Carl E............................................ S125, S127 Newman, Steven Earl......................... S111, S217, S335, S354
Mou, Beiquan......................................................... S188, S380 Ngouajio, Mathieu...................S126, S215, S220, S361, S425
Moynihan, Ken.................................................................S103 Nguyen, Nhi......................................................................S345
Moyseenko, Jennifer.........................................................S174 Nham, Ngoc......................................................................S123
Muehlbauer, Megan..........................................................S191 Nicolaï, Bart......................................................................S341
Mueller, Lukas..................................................................S160 Nickum, Mark...................................................................S117
Muniappan, Rangaswamy...................................................S77 Niederholzer, Franz...........................................................S393
Murgel, John.....................................................................S317 Nieman, David C..............................................................S308
Murphy, Kevin......................................................... S74, S409 Niemiera, Alexander X.....................................................S391
Muniruzzaman, Syed........................................................S115 Nienhuis, James................................................................S165
Muse, Barbara D...............................................................S272 Nitta, Yoko........................................................................S308
Muse, Ronald R................................................................S272 Nitzsche, Peter......................................................... S91, S336
Myers, James R........................................................ S73, S326 Nietsche, Silvia...................................................... S135, S148
Myrteza, Haxhire..............................................................S357 Niu, Fanghua.....................................................................S412
Niu, Genhua............................S149, S164, S165, S206, S215,
N S252, S301, S353
Nabe, Takeshi....................................................................S308 Nock, Cathrine..................................................................S117
Nackley, Lloyd....................................................... S160, S378 Nock, Jacqueline F............................................................S178
Nair, Ajay..................................................... S172, S173, S194 Noel, Bryon J....................................................................S212
Nakayama, Masayoshi......................................................S319 Noguchi, Yuji....................................................................S309
Nam, Chun Woo................................................................S314 Noh, Heesun........................................................... S275, S406
Nam, Jung-Hwan......................................... S305, S329, S407 Nolte, Kurt D...........................S203, S297, S305, S371, S417
Nambuthiri, Susmitha........................ S215, S253, S301, S353 Norimura, Naoko..............................................................S307
Nandwani, Dilip........................................... S263, S272, S406 Norrie, Jeffrey...................................... S91, S102, S175, S334
Nan, Jiang.........................................................................S261 Nuessly, Gregg..................................................................S362
Nanos, George D...............................................................S338 Nunes, Cecilia...................................................................S350
Narciso, Cody...................................................................S351 Nunez, Gerardo H.................................................. S152, S278
Narciso, Jan............................................................ S350, S368 Nunez, Joe.........................................................................S356
Narukami, Manabu...........................................................S308 Nyberg, April....................................................................S256
Natwick, Eric T.................................................................S130 Nyirakabibi, Isabelle.........................................................S315
Navarro, Felix...................................................................S366 Nzokou, Pascal....................................................... S169, S216
Navasca, Dioreme.............................................................S238
Navazio, John P...................................... S74, S75, S326, S356
O
Needham, Douglas C........................................................S161 O’Callaghan, Angela M....................................................S309
Neff, Victoria....................................................................S114 O’Connell, N.V.................................................................S351
Neal, Joseph C..................................................................S282 O’Connor, Alison Stoven............................. S214, S298, S302
Neilsen, Denise.................................................................S212 O’Neill, Barbara................................................................S202
Neilsen, Gerry...................................................................S213 Obenland, David.......................................... S100, S102, S369
Neily, Will.............................................................. S174, S334
An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.
S442 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Ochoa, Kathleen................................................................S296 Panthee, Dilip....................................................................S165

Ogden, Erin.......................................................................S326 Paparozzi, Ellen T.............................................................S391
Ogundiwin, Ebenezer A....................................................S386 Paranhos, Lucas................................................................S223
Ogutu, Rose......................................................................S315 Paret, Mathews L..............................................................S282
Oh, Myung-Min..................................................... S291, S292 Parfitt, Dan............................................................. S102, S386
Oh, Sung-Il............................................................. S284, S285 Park, Bong-Ju....................................................................S291
Oh, Wook..................................................... S289, S291, S294 Park, Hee-Jhun..................................................................S407
Oh, Youngjae...................................... S284, S285, S323, S337 Park, In Sook................................................ S289, S291, S294
Oki, Lorence R..................................................................S427 Park, Johnny......................................................................S244
Okie, W.R.............................................................. S190 , S386 Park, Jong Kyun..................................................... S288, S372
Olmstead, James W............................. S80, S152, S175, S278, Park, Ju-hyun....................................................................S254
S312, S400, S416 Park, Kyoung-Sub.............................................................S295
Olmstead, Mercy A...................................... S119, S160, S242 Park, Moo-Yong................................................................S267
Olsen, Richard T.................................................................S83 Park, Sin-Ae................................................. S238, S239, S259
Olson, Brittany K..............................................................S404 Park, Younghoon...............................................................S377
Olson, Stephen M.................................................. S276, S423 Pasa, Mateus Da Silveira..................................................S388
Onuaguluchi, Demitrius....................................................S115 Pastalka, Tomas.................................................................S211
Oraguzie, Nnadozie...........................................................S160 Patel-Campillo, Anouk......................................................S244
Orcheski, Benjamin................................................ S156, S387 Patil, Bhimanagouda S..S124, S133, S166, S167, S195, S234,
Orr, David B........................................................... S199, S207 S235 , S318
Osborne, James.................................................................S416 Patterson, Bradley.............................................................S115
Osei, Michael......................................................................S77 Patterson, Sara E...............................................................S343
Osorio, Luis F......................................................... S187, S196 Pattison, Jeremy....................................................... S92, S187
Osuna, Pedro.......................................................... S149, S252 Payne, Alan.......................................................................S177
Oswalt, Chris....................................................................S351 Peace, Cameron....................... S117, S154, S155, S156, S160,
Othman, Yahia...................................................................S380 S207, S384, S385, S387
Overholt, William A..........................................................S371 Peck, Gregory Michael.....................................................S228
Owen, James S............................................. S105, S382, S427 Pearson, Thomas...............................................................S103
Owen, W. Garrett......................................... S205, S253, S362 Pemberton, H. Brent.........................................................S352
Owings, Allen D................................ S136, S183, S333, S353 Pereira, Marlon C.T................................................ S135, S149
Owino, Willis Omondi........................................... S176, S398 Peres, Natalia A.................................................................S116
Özkan, Burhan..................................................................S230 Pérez, Alma R. Solís.........................................................S226
Ozores-Hampton, Monica.................................................S316 Perez, Kauahi....................................................................S415
Perez, Patricia........................................................ S335, S421
P Perkins-Veazie, Penelope............................. S308, S343, S399
Padmanabhan, Aarthi........................................................S238 Pervez, Muhammad Aslam...............................................S170
Paek, Kee Yoeup.................................................... S255, S289 Peterson, Bryan J..............................................................S118
Pak, Chun Ho....................................................................S310 Peterson, Gary...................................................................S252
Palma, Marco....................................................................S195 Peterson, Mary..................................................................S278
Palta, Jiwan P...........................S131, S133, S164, S168, S366 Petracek, Peter D.................................................... S236, S389
Panicker, Girish Kumar.....................................................S128 Pezzotti, Mario..................................................................S172
Panjtandoust, Mahmoud...................................................S284 Pfeiffer, Anne....................................................................S349
Pannkuk, Tim....................................................................S427 Phelps, Ryan......................................................................S355
Panter, Karen L.................................................................S383 Phene, C.J.........................................................................S423
Phene, R.C........................................................................S423

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S443
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Picha, David H............................................. S400, S401, S402 Rana, Jat............................................................................S328

Pienaar, Johan.............................................. S108, S236, S389 Randall, Wesley................................................................S147
Pierzynski, Gary M...........................................................S233 Rankin, Aimee A...............................................................S199
Pillai, Suresh D.................................................................S235 Ranney, Thomas G..............................................................S96
Pinares, Ania.....................................................................S149 Rao, Jing-Ping...................................................................S397
Pineda, Joel.......................................................................S277 Ratnayaka, Harish.............................................................S115
Piner, Abbey E................................... S192, S199, S201, S296 Ravishankar, Sadhana.......................................................S417
Pirani, Ali..........................................................................S207 Ray, Dennis T....................................................................S252
Pisani, Cristina..................................................................S263 Rayman, Mike...................................................................S415
Pitts, Emily........................................................................S200 Read, Paul E......................................................................S209
Plante, Amanda.................................................................S414 Reddy, K.R............................................................. S167, S283
Pliakoni, Eleni D.......................................... S122, S338, S402 Reed, David W..................................................................S204
Ploegg, Antoon..................................................................S273 Reeve, Alison L.................................................................S370
Ploetz, Randy C................................................................S322 Reginato, Gabino M..........................................................S186
Plotto, Anne........................................................... S122, S350 Reighard, Gregory L.............................................. S242, S386
Podoll, Theresa.................................................................S326 Reinbott, Tim....................................................................S274
Polanin, Nicholas..............................................................S202 Reis, Sidnei.......................................................................S149
Poling, E. Barclay.................................................... S92, S224 Renick, Kaylee..................................................................S305
Pomper, Kirk William........................ S354, S394, S395, S407 Ren, Runsheng..................................................................S286
Popp, Jennie H....................................................... S357, S396 Ren, Shuxin.......................................................................S283
Postman, J.........................................................................S256 Renick, Kaylee..................................................................S203
Prakash, Anuradha................................................. S306, S338 Renner, Karen A..................................................................S97
Preece, John E.......................................................... S84, S101 Retamales, Jorge...............................................................S139
Pugliese, Paul....................................................................S200 Retemales, Julio................................................................S108
Pyne, Robert......................................................................S330 Reynolds, Dana R.............................................................S158
Reynoso-Camacho, Rosalía................................... S265, S398
Q Rhie, Yong Ha........................................................ S147, S254
Qi, Lingqiao......................................................................S229 Rho, Hyungmin.................................................................S216
Qian, Yaling......................................................................S379 Rhodus, Tim............................................................S109, S110
Quiring, Reg........................................................................S89 Ribeiro, Maycon Diego.....................................................S142
Richards, Christopher.......................................................S327
R Rihn, Alicia L....................................................................S159
Rabin, Jack........................................................................S336 Riquelme, Cristián............................................................S186
Racsko, Jozsef.............................................. S236, S339, S389 Ríos-Hernández, Ana Luisa..............................................S264
Radovich, Theodore J.K.........................................S110, S231 Ristau, Julie.......................................................................S326
Radunic, Mira...................................................................S268 Ristvey, Andrew..................................................... S142, S304
Raid, Richard....................................................................S362 Ritenour, Mark A................................................... S263, S267
Raines, Doug.....................................................................S155 Rivera, Leonardo D...........................................................S426
Rainey, Ronald L..............................................................S396 Robacker, Carol D.............................................................S358
Raithore, Smita.................................................................S350 Robbertse, P.J....................................................................S251
Rallo, Luis...........................................................................S80 Robbins, James A................................................... S101, S201
Ramirez-Sanchez, Maricruz..............................................S397 Robbins, Matthew D.........................................................S183
Ramos, Humberto.................................................. S264, S265 Roberson, William R.........................................................S352
Ramsey, Craig.................................... S216, S217, S335, S354 Roberts, Philip A...............................................................S356

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S444 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Robinson, Carolyn W........................................................S239 Salgado, Alejandra A............................................. S384, S385

Robinson, M.L..................................................................S309 Salinas, Natalia R..............................................................S313
Robinson, Terence Lee............................................. S79, S185 Salvatierra, Juanpablo.......................................................S322
Robles-Contreras, Fabian............................. S324, S367, S405 Sams, Carl E....................................... S293. S129, S131, S231
Rock, Channah M.................................................. S297, S305 Samons, Vince...................................................................S100
Rodriguez, German...........................................................S357 Sanchez, Charles A................................................ S163, S164
Rodriguez-Armenta, Hilda Patricia..................................S312 Sánchez, Eduardo Fuentes................................................S226
Rodríguez-Lerma, Gisela K..............................................S264 Sandefur, Paul.............................................. S384, S385, S386
Rodriguez-Lynn, Rebekah..................................................S88 Sandoval, Guadalupe..........................................................S81
Rohwer, Charles L....................................... S128, S316, S347 Sandoya, German..............................................................S257
Rom, Curt R.............................S296, S297, S357, S396, S408 Sanhueza, Sergio...............................................................S393
Romero-Conde, Antonia...................................................S212 Santos, Bielinski M.................................................. S91, S425
Roose, Mikeal L................................................................S107 Sargent, Daniel....................................................... S208, S313
Roozen, Jonathan..............................................................S185 Sargent, Steven...................................................... S400, S402
Rosecrance, Richard C......................................................S318 Sater, Chris........................................................................S123
Rosen, Carl J.....................................................................S316 Saunders, Lamont.............................................................S193
Ross, Matthew..................................................................S242 Savin, Mary.......................................................................S408
Rosyara, Umesh................................. S154, S156, S189, S386 Saxton, Arnold..................................................................S224
Rowe, Dennis..................................... S157, S205, S304, S329 Schabow, Justin E,................................................. S133, S168
Rowland, Lisa J.......................................................S311, S327 Schaffer, Bruce....................................................... S322, S393
Rowland, Naomi...............................................................S355 Scheiber, Michele..............................................................S136
Rozum, Jane......................................................................S304 Schermann, Michele A......................................................S233
Ru, Sushan........................................................................S160 Schiappacasse, Flavia.......................................................S288
Rudell, David R.............S123, S155, S177, S341, S342, S387 Schiavon, Marco...............................................................S332
Rudolph, Rachel................................................................S347 Schipper, Dale J................................................................S328
Rupp, Paul.........................................................................S192 Schlegel, Vicki L...............................................................S156
Ruter, John M............................................... S179, S182, S412 Schmalzel, Carl L..............................................................S252
Rutzke, Michael................................................................S339 Schmitz, Cari.......................................................... S156, S387
Ryu, Young Sook..............................................................S138 Schmitz, Daniel J..............................................................S240
Schoneman, R...................................................................S423
S Schrader, James...................................................... S226, S255
Saavedra-Arriaga, Ana Devi.............................................S264 Schreiner, R. Paul........................................... S93, S150, S368
Saavedra, Monica................................................... S144, S181 Schuch, Ursula K......................................... S213, S336, S396
Sabanadzovic, Nina Abou-Ghanem..................................S151 Schumann, Arnold W............................................... S93, S351
Sabanadzovic, Sead...........................................................S151 Schupp, James R...............................................................S244
Sabatino, Leo....................................................................S162 Schwankl, L.J....................................................................S351
Sadder, Monther........................................... S264, S287, S367 Schweigkofler, Wolfgang..................................................S211
Safley, Charles...................................................................S228 Schwieterman, Michael L...................................... S122, S175
Sakayori, Takumi..............................................................S283 Scoggins, Holly L.............................................................S114
Salame-Donoso, Teresa.......................................................S91 Scorza, Ralph................................................. S84, S153, S155
Salazar-Jara, Fredi I............................................... S392, S393 Scott, John W....................................................................S166
Salazar, Brent....................................................................S162 Sea, Sokrith.......................................................................S338
Salazar, Rene.....................................................................S326 Seavert, Clark F.................................................................S244
Saleem, Muhammad.........................................................S288 Sebolt, Audrey..................................................................S154

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S445
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Segura, Paloma.................................................................S361 Simmons, Hannah.............................................................S355

Sehloff, Joel Z...................................................................S320 Simon, Philipp W..................................................... S74, S356
Selvaraj, Abira........................................................ S100, S355 Simonne, Amarat...............................................................S140
Sembera, Jennifer................................................... S210, S249 Simpson, Catherine...........................................................S238
Seo, Hyun-Taek.................................................................S275 Singh, Narinder.................................................................S364
Shackel, Kenneth................................................... S285, S403 Singh, Zora........................................................................S177
Shahid, Muhammad Adnan...............................................S170 Sirianni, Rebecca..............................................................S120
Shail, Joseph W...................................................... S356, S410 Sirrine, Robert...................................................................S409
Shankle, Mark........................................................ S168, S283 Skinkis, Patricia A......................S85, S150, S368, S370, S416
Shanley, R. Andrew...........................................................S307 Sligh, Michael...................................................................S326
Sharma, Manan.................................................................S280 Sloan, Crofton R.................................................... S157, S328
Sharma, Sat Pal.................................................................S349 Smilanick, Joseph.................................................. S368, S369
Sharma, Supriya................................................................S211 Smith, Bianca....................................................................S235
Shaw, David A..................................................................S332 Smith, Brett D...................................................................S410
Shaw, Magee.....................................................................S214 Smith, Dana.......................................................................S297
Shearer, Judy.....................................................................S371 Smith, Donald E................................................................S337
Shelton, Adrienne..............................................................S326 Smith, Erick......................................................................S268
Sherk, Julieta T.........................S158, S193, S199, S201, S296 Smith, Harley....................................................................S243
Sherman, Joshua...............................................................S419 Smith, Rhonda J................................................................S404
Sherony, Caroline................................................................S82 Smith, Richard F............................................ S98, S212, S247
Shi, Kun............................................................................S258 Smith, Samantha................................................... S161 , S269
Shi, Wei.............................................................................S248 Snyder, William................................................................S221
Shibairo, Solomon Igosangwa..........................................S176 Sohn, Hwang-Bae.................................................. S329, S407
Shin, Hyun-Moo.................................................... S280, S377 Son, In-Chang........................................................ S323, S337
Shin, Hyunsuk.................................... S284, S285, S323, S337 Son, Ki-Cheol............................................ S239 , S259 , S260
Shintaku, Michael.................................................. S365, S408 Song, Jun...................................................... S103, S341, S342
Shinjo, Anna......................................................................S240 Song, Min-Jeong...............................................................S292
Shishkov, Laurel...............................................................S174 Song, Yang-Yik.................................................................S267
Shock, Clinton C...............................................................S193 Song, Zhibo.......................................................................S262
Shoemaker, Candice.......S238, S239, S240, S241, S260, S298 Sosinski, Bryon.................................................................S227
Short, Kathryn...................................................................S115 Spalholz, Hans..................................................................S113
Short, Stephanie................................................................S240 Spann, Timothy M................................................. S351, S357
Showell, Michael S...........................................................S293 Sprague, Christy L..................................................... S97, S98
Shreckhise, Jacob H..........................................................S391 Srinivasan, Chinnathambi.................................................S155
Sidhu, Harwinder S...........................................................S268 Srinivasan, Gowrishankar...................................... S227, S255
Siemens, Mark C...............................................................S371 Stafne, Eric..................................................... S85, S245, S331
Silva, Dilma Daniela.........................................................S172 Stafne, Richelle A.............................................................S309
Silva, Erin......................................S73, S75, S99, S349, S356 Stamps, Terrell..................................................................S419
Silverman, Paul...................................................... S236, S389 Stanley, Craig........................................................... S91, S425
Sim, Sung-Chur................................................................S165 Stanphill, Stephen.............................................................S161
Simko, Ivan.......................................................................S188 Starry, Olyssa............................................... S141, S142, S143
Sims, Charles A...................................................... S122, S234 Staub, Jack E.....................................................................S183
Simmons, Adam................................................................S297 Stearns, Tom......................................................................S326
Simmons, Gregory S.........................................................S404 Steele, Caiti.......................................................................S380

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S446 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Steenwerth, Kerri................................................................S93 Tepe, Emily.......................................................................S243

Stegmeir, Travis..................................................... S154, S386 Termizi, Ainnantul Ahmad................................................S117
Stein, Rebecca E...............................................................S232 Testezlaf, Roberto.............................................................S142
Stewart, J. Ryan..................................................... S253, S382 Thekke-Veetil, Thanuja.....................................................S151
Stewart, Philip...................................................................S313 Theroux, Marc.....................................................................S89
St. Hilaire, Rolston................................................. S380, S419 Thomas, Christina.............................................................S297
Stone, Alexandra.................................... S85, S87, S221, S373 Thomas, Paul.......................................................... S141, S179
Stone, Martin.....................................................................S355 Thorp, Kelly......................................................................S252
Stoven, Heather M............................................................S383 Threlfall, Renee T.............................................................S403
Stover, Ed............................................................... S101, S263 Thull, John R.....................................................................S128
Straley, Elizabeth..............................................................S363 Tian, Wenlan.....................................................................S251
Strang, John G...................................................................S354 Tillman, John....................................................................S243
Stringer, Stephen...............................................................S310 Tong, Jonathan..................................................................S266
Struve, Daniel K..................................................... S215, S302 Tornielli, Giovanni Battista...............................................S172
Sturman, Peter...................................................................S197 Torres-Robles, Hostilio.....................................................S264
Subbarao, Krishna V.........................................................S257 Towers, Victoria................................................................S369
Subramani, Jay..................................................................S213 Tracy, William F................................................................S326
Sugar, David........................................................... S141, S266 Trader, Brian.....................................................................S161
Sugimoto, Itsumi...............................................................S167 Traub, Jesse.......................................................................S380
Suh, Jeongmin........................................................ S280, S377 Trent, Mark.......................................................................S188
Suh, Jong Taek..................................................................S305 Trigiano, Robert N....................................... S118, S189, S190
Sullivan, Joe......................................................................S304 Tshisaphungo, T................................................................S251
Summers, Grace..................................................... S335, S421 Tsukazaki, Morihiro..........................................................S307
Sun, Youping..................................... S149, S206, S215, S252, Tsuruta, Hiroki..................................................................S308
S270, S271, S301, S353 Tuck, Richard......................................................................S89
Suslow, Karen...................................................................S211 Turner, Sam.......................................................................S409
Tzanetakis, Ioannis............................ S151, S207, S209, S227
T
Takeda, Fumiomi..............................................................S151 U
Takele, Eta.........................................................................S100 Uchanski, Mark E.............................................................S347
Takeuchi, Tracey Emmerick.............................................S295 Uchino, Toshitaka.............................................................S307
Tan, Xiao-Feng.................................. S208, S261, S262, S325 Uckoo, Ram M..................................................................S235
Tan, Yunde........................................................................S359 Um, Young Chul...............................................................S314
Tanaka, Fumihiko.............................................................S307 Uno, Yuichi........................................ S167, S308, S309, S413
Tang, Jing..........................................................................S395
Tang, Xiaorong.................................................................S258 V
Tarara, Julie M..................................................................S244 Vaiciunas, Jennifer............................................................S191
Taylor, Erin C......................................................................S97 Valdez, Luis Alonso..........................................................S277
Taylor, Kurt............................................................ S335, S421 Valenzuela-Ruiz, Manuel de Jesús............... S324, S367, S405
Taylor, Linda L..................................................................S391 Vallejos, Eduardo C..........................................................S340
Taylor, Matthew D....................................... S225, S358, S390 Vallejo, Veronica...............................................................S377
Teetor, Valerie H...............................................................S252 van de Weg, Eric................................ S156, S189, S208, S313
Teh, Soon Li......................................................................S367 van Deynze, Allen.............................................................S165
Teo, Shuan Hao.................................................................S276 van Dijk, T.........................................................................S207

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S447
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

van Iersel, Marc................S88, S95, S141, S142, S143, S146, Wang, Lei............................................................... S120, S171
S179, S181, S182, S203 , S426 Wang, Qian.......................................................................S258
Van Zyl, Sonet........................................................ S368, S369 Wang, Qin.........................................................................S236
Vance, Amanda J...............................................................S370 Wang, Qirui.......................................................................S262
Vanden Heuvel, Justine.....................................................S120 Wang, Ruihui....................................................................S270
VanDerZanden, Ann Marie.................................... S203, S415 Wang, Shiping.............................................. S120, S152, S171
VanLeeuwen, Dawn..........................................................S419 Wang, Xiang.....................................................................S401
Vanzie-Canton, Susana D..................................................S137 Wang, Xinjian...................................................................S359
Varela, Lucia G.................................................................S404 Wang, Xueni...................................... S215, S301, S353, S425
Vargas, Ana I.....................................................................S322 Wang, Yan......................S138, S141, S265, S266, S388, S399
Vargas, Jose M. Gomez.......................................................S97 Wang, Zheng.....................................................................S426
Vashisth, Tripti..................................................................S197 Ward, Brian.......................................................................S219
Vázquez-Barrios, Ma Estela........................ S264, S265, S398 Ward, Daniel.....................................................................S336
Vázquez-Celestino, Dalia...................................... S264, S398 Ward, Nicole A..................................................................S282
Vega, Sandra E..................................................................S366 Warmund, Michele R......................... S101, S150, S152, S418
Venburg, Gregory................................................... S236, S389 Warner, Ryan M..................................................... S377, S412
Vendrame, Wagner............................. S135, S148, S149, S251 Warren, Peter.....................................................................S198
Vercillo, Diana..................................................................S113 Warren, Stuart L..................................................... S300, S354
Vergara-Pineda, Santiago..................................................S264 Waters, Tim.......................................................................S356
Verlinden, Sven............................................ S206, S215, S319 Watkins, Christopher B..................... S123, S176, S178, S341,
Verma, Sujeet............................................... S112, S155, S156 S342, S397
Vescera, Mina....................................................................S275 Weaver, Geoffrey..............................................................S146
Vitoreli, Anne....................................................................S278 Weber, Hannah..................................................................S355
Vodak, Mark......................................................................S300 Wedde, Ashlyn E...............................................................S405
Vodovotz, Yael..................................................................S240 Weebadde, Cholani Kumari..............................................S112
Volder, Astrid..................................... S238, S332, S345, S349 Weeda, Sarah.....................................................................S283
Volk, Gayle.......................................................................S327 Webster, Theresa...............................................................S208
Vyas, Priyanka...................................................................S263 Wechter, Patrick................................................................S115
Wehner, Todd C.................................................................S131
W Wei, Xu.............................................................................S384
Wadl, Phillip A............................................. S118, S189, S190 Weidman, Robert F................................................ S145, S225
Wahb-Allah, Mahmouad.............................. S264, S287, S367 Weieneth, Laura................................................................S173
Waiganjo, Monicah.............................................................S77 Weiss, Micah J..................................................................S416
Walker, Stephanie............................................ S78, S79, S347 Welk, Gregory...................................................................S241
Wallace, Russell W............................................................S335 Wells, Lenny.....................................................................S418
Wall, Gretchen L...............................................................S233 Wen, Shanna.....................................................................S325
Wallach, Bret.....................................................................S244 Wendakoon, Sumithra K...................................................S340
Walsh, Shane.....................................................................S320 West, Todd P............................S105, S163 , S271, S317, S359
Wander, Michelle..............................................................S221 Wheeler, Corey.................................................................S192
Wang, Bo...................................................... S120, S152, S171 Whipker, Brian E................................................... S146, S248
Wang, Changzheng...........................................................S407 Whitaker, Bruce D................................................. S122, S125
Wang, Guangyao (Sam)....................................................S252 Whitaker, Vance M.........S106, S116, S122, S187, S196, S313
Wang, Jianping..................................................................S251 White, Sarah A................................... S104, S105, S281, S427
Wang, Kevin Y....................................................... S209, S260 Whitmore, Bonny Burns...................................................S295

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S448 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Whyte, Celia D..................................................................S279 Yan, Fangfang...................................................................S208

Wilde, Dayton...................................................................S290 Yang, Feixiang..................................................................S395
Williams, Annalisa............................................................S119 Yang, Mohua.....................................................................S258
Williams, David................................................................S239 Yang, Qi............................................................................S171
Williams, Kimberly A............................................ S382, S417 Yang, Wei Qiang.................................................... S195, S197
Williams, Robert...............................................................S127 Yang, XiaoTang.................................................................S341
Williams-Woodward, Jean................................................S282 Yang, Xingping.................................................................S286
Williamson, Jeffrey G........................ S197, S279, S400, S426 Yang, Y..............................................................................S208
Williamson, John D...........................................................S227 Yang, Ya............................................................................S395
Williamson, Keith.............................................................S107 Yang, Yan............................................................... S270, S271
Willingham, Cameron.......................................................S290 Yang, Yujie............................................................. S245, S258
Wilson, Barrett..................................................................S358 Yao, Shengrui......................................................... S134, S394
Wilson, S. Evan.................................................................S424 Yao, Xiefeng.....................................................................S286
Windham, Alan S..............................................................S282 Yarnes, Shawn.....................................................................S86
Wintermantel, William M.................................................S130 Yau, Frank Y........................................................... S209, S260
Winterstein, Michael.........................................................S116 Yeo, Kyung-Hwan............................................................S314
Wiser, Laura A..................................................................S248 Yildiz, Dilek......................................................................S169
Wohleb, Carrie H................................................... S273, S360 Yin, Xiang.........................................................................S270
Wolfe, Dwight...................................................................S299 Yoder, Aaron.......................................................... S220, S361
Wolyn, David......................................................... S284, S294 Yonezawa, Nobushige.......................................................S167
Wood, Dave.......................................................................S208 Yoo, Dong Lim.................................................................S305
Wood, Spencer D..............................................................S298 Yoon, Young-Ho...............................................................S329
Woolard, Derek D....................................... S108, S236 , S389 Young, Cassie....................................................................S267
Wright, Amy N..................................................................S201 Young, Kelly M.................................................................S320
Wright, Glenn C..................................................... S106, S396 Yousef, Gad G.................................... S311, S315, S317, S365
Wright, Mark.....................................................................S210 Yu, Qibin ..........................................................................S384
Wright, Robert D...............................................................S287 Yu, Xiuming................................................. S120, S152, S171
Wright, Shawn..................................................................S224 Yu, Yuan............................................................................S384
Wszelaki, Annette L.................................... S127, S233 , S336 Yuan, Deyi.............................................................. S387, S395
Wu, Ting............................................................................S339 Yue, Chengyan....................................................... S159, S229
Wyant, Karl.......................................................................S320 Yumbya, Penina Mueni.......................................... S176, S398
Yun, Hae Keun..................................................................S261
X Yun, Jin I...........................................................................S160
Xiao, Zhenlei.....................................................................S235 Yun, Seok Kyu....................................................... S284, S285
Xiaozhong, Liu.................................................................S236
Xiaozhong, Liu.................................................................S389 Z
Xu, Chenping....................................................................S347 Zajicek, Jayne M...............................................................S115
Xu, Jinghua.......................................................................S286 Zaman, Qamar.....................................................................S93
Xu, Ran.............................................................................S218 Zasada, Inga......................................................................S150
Xu, Wenping................................................ S120, S152, S171 Zeng, Yan-Ling.................................................................S325
Zhang, Caixi................................................. S120, S152, S171
Y Zhang, Dangquan..............................................................S258
Yalemar, Juliana................................................................S210 Zhang, Donglin.............S208, S245, S246, S258, S261, S262,
Yamanaka, Kumi...............................................................S319 S325, S359, S387, S395, S412
Yamazaki, Kiyoshi............................................................S308 Zhang, H...........................................................................S208

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S449
 Index of Authors, Coordinators, and Moderators

Zhang, Lin.......................................... S208, S262, S325, S359 Zhou, Shujun.....................................................................S137

Zhang, Liangsheng............................................................S172 Zhuang, Yan......................................................................S403
Zhang, Qixiang.................................................................S413 Zhu, Hao ..........................................................................S227
Zhang, Riqing...................................................................S387 Zhu, Sijie . ........................................................................S369
Zhang, Song......................................................................S270 Zibilske, Larry M..............................................................S346
Zhang, ZhaoQi..................................................................S341 Zinati, Gladis.....................................................................S300
Zhang, Zejing......................................................... S164, S165 Zlesak, David C................................................................S320
Zhao, Xiaofan...................................................................S368 Zorrilla, Cinthya................................................................S366
Zhao, Xiaojie.....................................................................S145 Zotarelli, Lincoln......................................... S175, S223, S242
Zhao, Xin........................S73, S101, S234, S276, S316, S345, Zwart, Drew........................................................... S216, S217
S411, S423 Zwieniecki, Maciej...........................................................S419
Zhen, Shuyang..................................................................S383 Zystro, Jared........................................... S75, S76, S326, S356
Zheng, Guomin.................................................................S164
Zheng, Ping.......................................................................S160
Zheng, Youbin...................................................................S206

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S450 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title
Chili Peppers: Challenges and Advances in Transitioning
Colloquia Harvesting of New Mexico’s Signature Crop................ S79
Advances and Critical Issues in Breeding Grapevine Varieties, Trellis Systems, and Mechanization
Cultivars for Organic Cropping Systems of the California Raisin Industry.................................... S80
and Developing Methods of Organic Seed Progress in Breeding Highbush Blueberry Cultivars
Production.........................................................S73 Adapted to Machine Harvest for the Fresh Market........ S80
The Role of Plant Breeding for Organic Producers............ S73 Breeding Oil and Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting.S80
Breeding for Traits Unique to Organic Production Mechanization of Tasks in Horticultural Crops: The Labor
Systems.......................................................................... S74 Perspective..................................................................... S81
An Evolutionary-participatory Approach for Breeding
Self-pollinating Cereals in Organic Systems................. S74 Workshops
The Value of Farmer-based Participatory Plant Breeding
for Organic Systems....................................................... S75
SCRI Project Directors.....................................S82
Seed and Plant Breeding for Wisconsin’s Organic Vegetable Ten Great Ideas for Your Master Gardener/Consumer
Sector: Understanding Farmers’ Needs and Practices... S75 Horticulture Program..................................................... S82
The Open Source Seed Initiative and its Potential Role in Contributions of Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist and
Supporting Organic Seed Systems................................. S75 Legend............................................................................ S82
Participatory Variety Trials: Value and Methods................ S76 Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist,
Wrap-up and Discussion..................................................... S76 Horticulturist, and Legend...............................S82
Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Russet Burbank: No Ordinary Potato................................. S83
Crops in the Tropics..........................................S77 A Vast Array of Beauty: The Accomplishments of the Father
of American Ornamental Plant Breeding, Luther
An Overview of IPM CRSP................................................ S77
Burbank.......................................................................... S83
Use of Trichoderma spp:, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and
Luther Burbank’s Plums..................................................... S83
Bacillus spp: in Seed and Soil Treatment....................... S77
21st Century Approach to Improving Burbank’s ‘Stoneless’
Grafting Vegetable Seedlings for Soil Borne Disease
Plum .............................................................................. S84
Resistance....................................................................... S77
Luther Burbank’s Contributions to Walnuts....................... S84
Roguing for Control of Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus
Disease in Tomato ......................................................... S77 Luther Burbank’s Berries . ................................................. S84
Host Free Period for Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus How to Get in (and Succeed in)
Control .......................................................................... S77
Graduate School................................................S85
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in Central and
South America . ............................................................. S77 eXtension/Ecampus/On Campus: Synergies in
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in India....................... S77 Curriculum Development.................................S85
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in Bangladesh............. S77 Eviticulture as a Tool for Educating Future Grape Industry
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in East Africa.............. S77 Professionals through Traditional and Nontraditional
IPM Packages for Vegetable Crops in West Africa . .......... S77 Teaching ........................................................................ S85
General Discussion............................................................. S77 Developing Topic Groups into Curriculum for Crop
Improvement: Evolution of the Plant Breeding and
Strategy for Developing Mechanical Harvesting Genomics Community of Practice ................................ S86
of Horticultural Crops: Simultaneous Short-, Development of Technical Training and Support for
Medium-, and Long-term Strategies...............S78 Agricultural Service Providers and Farmers in
How Agricultural Engineers Develop Mechanical Harvesters: Certified Organic Dairy Production Systems through
The University Perspective ........................................... S78 eOrganic ........................................................................ S86
How Companies Select and Develop Harvesters: The Problem- and Planning-based Learning in Organic and
Commercial Perspective................................................ S78 Ecological Agroecosystems: An Eorganic and OSU
Ecampus Partnership . ................................................... S87
Preparing Fresh Apple, Peach, and Pear Orchards for
Mechanical Harvesting.................................................. S79 How Public Policy Engagement Helps
Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing Oil and Table Horticultural Scientists.....................................S87
Olives for Mechanical Harvesting................................. S79
How Public Policy Will Help Horticultural Scientists . ..... S88

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S451
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

ASHS’ Impact on Washington Decision Makers ............... S88 Introduction to Precision Agriculture in Florida Citrus,
Engaging Congressional Staff............................................. S88 with Emphasis on Fertilization and Irrigation................ S93
Spatial Variability in C&N Dynamics: Vineyard to AVA .. S93
Sustainable Production of Essential Oils........S88 Site-specific Management of Soil pH and Nutrients in
Discussion........................................................................... S88 Blueberry . ..................................................................... S93
New Methods to Quantify Root Responses to Variable
What Happens When Your Growth Chamber Water or Nutrient Supply .............................................. S94
Lighting or Controls Become Obsolete?
Retrofitting Growth Chambers to Improve Teaching Online—What’s Working, What’s Not
Performance......................................................S88 Working.............................................................S94
Lighting Options for Growth Chambers............................. S88
Challenges in Seedling Production and
General Growth Chamber Lighting Obsolescence ............ S89 Establishment in Organic and Sustainable
Upgrading a Plant Growth Chamber Controller ................ S89 Production Systems...........................................S94
Retrofitting Growth Chambers for Improved Intensity,
Efficiency, Uniformity, and Spectral Characteristics .... S89 Create an Impact!.............................................S94
Speakers.............................................................................. S95
Consumer Research on Sustainability............S89
Consumer Perceptions of Sustainability ............................ S89 The Role and Importance of Polyploidy in
Plant Container Preferences for North American Ornamental Plant Breeding.............................S95
Consumers . ................................................................... S89 Taking Advantage of Natural Variation in Ploidy
Consumer Perspectives on Local, Organic, and Sustainable Levels ............................................................................ S95
Terms . ........................................................................... S90 Ploidy Modifications Enhance Flower Breeding for Winter
Environmental Incentives and Willingness to Pay Price Hardiness and Rhizome Production in Gaura ............... S96
Premiums for Environmentally-friendly Plant Induction and Utilization of Polyploids to Sterilize Nandina
Attributes . ..................................................................... S90 and Lantana.................................................................... S96
The Use of Smartphone Technologies to Access Gardening Applications of Ploidy Manipulation and Analysis in an
Information ................................................................... S90 Applied Nursery Crop Breeding Program .................... S96

Perspectives on Building Strong University– I’ve Earned My Degree . . .

Industry Research Relationships.....................S91 What’s Next? ....................................................S96
Plasticulture Technologies for Expanding the Sustainable Weed Management.......................S96
Season and Improving the Sustainability of Overview of Workshop Topics, Timing, and Speaker
Eastern U.S. Strawberry Production..............S91 Introductions ................................................................. S96
Non-irrigation Alternatives for Freeze Protection of Do Certified and Uncertified Fresh-market Organic Tomato
Strawberries in Florida . ................................................ S91 Farmers in the Midwest Manage Weeds Differently? . . S97
Biological Feasibility of High Tunnel Production of Discussion of Topic 1: Certified Organic and Uncertified
Strawberries in Florida................................................... S91 Weed............................................................................... S97
Ohio Strawberry Plasticulture Row Cover Management .. S92 Can Living Mulches Reduce Weed Seed Banks in Fresh
Market Tomatoes? ......................................................... S97
Practical Opportunities to Reduce Sprinkler Irrigation
Usage with Row Cover Technology for Pre-bloom and Cover Crops Influence Weed Management in Dry Edible
Bloom Cold Protection and Preliminary Observations on Beans.............................................................................. S97
using Drip Irrigation under Row Covers for Frost Discussion of Topic 2: Weed Seedbanks, Mulches, Cover
Control........................................................................... S92 Crops, and Soil .............................................................. S97
Modeling Yield of ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ Timing of Early Weed Control Practices by Growing
as a Function of Accumulated Fall Growing Degree Degree Days .................................................................. S97
Days and Practical Row Cover Intervention Physical Pest Control: Soil Disinfestation with Steam in
Strategies ....................................................................... S92 Strawberry and Machine-vision Intra-row Cultivation in
Vegetables...................................................................... S98
Potential Impact of Precision Agriculture Impact of Vineyard Floor Management Practices on Weed
Methods on Roots and Root Function.............S93 Communities and Soil Quality ...................................... S98

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S452 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Discussion of Topic 3: Physical and Cultural Weed Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence for the
Control .......................................................................... S99 Rapid, Nondestructive Assessment of Fruit Quality ... S103
An Industry Perspective on Nondestructive Testing of
Waste Utilization in Horticulture Walking Tour Horticultural Commodities ......................................... S103
of Related Posters..............................................S99
Horticultural Substrates: Current Research,
Challenges and Opportunities of Operating a Development, and Characterization for
University Garden.............................................S99 Improved Crop Production............................S104
Organic Agriculture in Southern California— Introduction and Overview of Current
Producing Organic Products in the Low Desert............. S99 Issues and Advances in Traditional and Alternative
Certified Organic Compost and Compost Tea Production Substrate Manufacturing and Utilization..................... S104
and Use . ...................................................................... S100 Proper Statistical Methods for Analyzing Substrate
Cost of Production Study for Organic Avocado .............. S100 Mixtures ...................................................................... S104
Organic Date Production ................................................. S100 Irrigating Substrates to Improve Nutrient Retention and
Organic Farming in the Imperial Valley .......................... S100 Plant Growth ............................................................... S104
Organic Vegetable Production in the Coachella Valley ... S100 Root Growth of Container Crops: Techniques for Enhancing
Short- and Long-term Effects of Adding Organic Carbon and Measurement ........................................................ S104
to Low Organic Carbon Desert Soils .......................... S100 Methods for Analysis of Soilless Substrate Physical and
Hydraulic Properties ................................................... S105
International Consultation, Outreach, and
Capacity Building...........................................S100 Intellectual Property Fundamentals and
Farmer-to-Farmer Volunteer Opportunities: University Current Issues.................................................S105
Lectures and Labs in Tajikistan Topics................................................................................ S105
with CNFA .................................................................. S100 IP Basics—Domestic Focus.............................................. S105
Career Opportunities at USAID........................................ S101 Current Events—Changes in the Patent Law, Legal
Study Abroad/International Field Trips to Increase Students’ Precedent, and What It Means to the Horticulture
and Agriculture Professionals’ Competitiveness in the Community................................................................... S105
International Arena....................................................... S101 Breeding—The Future Role of Public versus Private IP in
Hort CRSP Update............................................................ S101 Horticulture.................................................................. S105

Fantastic Fruits Grown in California...........S101 The Challenges of Using Alternative and

Figs: An Old California Industry in Recycled Water Sources for Horticultural
Transition..................................................................... S101 Use....................................................................S105
Pitahaya Cultivars and Their Production Potential in Southern The Challenges of Graywater as an Alternative Water
California .................................................................... S102 Source for Landscape Irrigation . ................................ S105
Persimmon Diversity and Cultivar Status . ...................... S102 Pharmaceuticals and Persistent Organic Micropollutants in
Reclaimed Irrigation Water ......................................... S105
A Speed Dating Approach to Career Pesticides in Recycled Water: What Are the Issues? ....... S106
Options............................................................. S102 Daily and Seasonal Changes in the Water Quality of
Irrigation Containment Ponds ..................................... S106
Current Techniques for Non-destructive
Quality Evaluation of Postharvest Horticultural Citrus Breeding...............................................S106
Commodities....................................................S102 Underutilized Citrus Germplasm and How to Obtain Priority
Rapid Agricultural Product Quality Measurements using Germplasm in the United States................................... S106
Magnetic Resonance Based Sensors ........................... S102 Breeding Citrus for North Florida..................................... S106
The Use of X-ray Imaging Technology for Nondestructive Citrus Breeding at UCR—Progress and Challenges......... S107
Inspection of Horticultural Crops for Defects and Biotechnology Facilitated Breeding of Improved
Contaminants .............................................................. S102 Citrus............................................................................ S107
Use of Electronic Nose for Evaluation of Fruit Harvest Transgenic Approaches to Improved Disease Resistance in
Maturity, Variety, and Quality ..................................... S103 Citrus............................................................................ S107
Real Time Inspection of Agricultural Products with Critical Needs of U.S. Citrus Growers in Scion and
NIR . ............................................................................ S103

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S453
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Rootstock Breeding...................................................... S107 through Foliar Application of Synthetic Abscisic Acid

(s-ABA)........................................................................ S114
New Innovations in Commercial Elicitation of Physiological Stress and Kaempferol
Horticultural Applications.............................S107 Accumulation in Soybean by Sugar Treatment .......... S115
Amperometric Ethylene Sensor with Interfering Gas Studying the Market Potential for Specialty Cultivars of
Trap.............................................................................. S107 Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, Cut Flowers............... S115
Drip Irrigation/Plastic Mulch Kits for Home
Gardeners .................................................................... S107 Genetics and Germplasm............................... S115
ARM Tablet Data Collector ............................................. S107 Mapping Alternaria cucumerina Resistance in
Optimizing Drip Irrigation System Uniformity with Cucumis melo .............................................................. S115
Proper Design and Management ................................. S107 Open Field and High Tunnel Screening for Powdery Mildew
Resistance in Strawberry Species and Cultivars in
Commercial Use of PGRs to Increase Color Florida......................................................................... S116
Development of Fruit...................................... S108 Two New Promising Cultivars of Mango for Florida
The Use of S-Abscisic Acid for the Enhancement of Conditions ................................................................... S116
Grape Coloration . ....................................................... S108 Agronomic Performance of Several Cavendish Cultivars
BLUSHTM, a New Fruit Color Enhancer for Apples . ...... S109 (Musa spp. AAA) under Plastic Greenhouse .............. S117
Reconstructing the Domestication Pathway of Macadamia
Teaching with Tablets and Apps.................... S109 from Australia via Hawaii and California.................... S117
Workshop Overview ........................................................ S109 Geographical Distribution of Genetic and Phenotypic
Teaching with Tablets and Apps over Wireless ............... S110 Diversity of Dirca palustris ........................................ S118
Students Keep Your Cell Phones On, Please ................... S110 Genetic Diversity of Ruth’s Golden Aster (Pityopsis ruthii),
Enhancing Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences (TPSS) An Endangered Species............................................... S118
Instruction with Mobile Devices . ............................... S110
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S119
Live Lecture Capture with Whiteboard Annotation
Applications of Acadian LSC™, a Commercial Extract
and iTunesU Delivery for Asynchronous Learning..... S111
of Ascophyllum nodosum Increase Yield and Improve
Accessing Real-time Data from Sensor Networks .......... S111 Uniformity in ‘Pinot Noir’ Wine Grapes .................... S119
RosBREED Fruit Quality QTLs: from Mechanical Canopy Management Reduces Labor Costs and
Maintains Fruit Composition in ‘Cabernet Sauvginon’
Publications to Applications...........................S112
Grape Production ........................................................ S119
Discovering a QTL: A Major Milestone or a Stepping-stone
Training Systems for Hybrid Winegrapes in Subtropical
into Practical Marker-assisted Breeding? ................... S112
Climates ...................................................................... S119
You’ve Just Identified a QTL for a Major Trait of Interest—
The Effect of Root Restriction on Nitrogen Levels and
What Now? QTL and QTL Allele Validation in
Gene Expression Regulating Nitrate Reduction and
Cherry ......................................................................... S112
Ammonium Assimilation in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera
QTL and QTL Allele Validation in Apple . ...................... S112 L. x Vitis labrusca L.) ................................................. S120
QTL and QTL Allele Validation in Peach . ...................... S112 Vine-row Groundcover Management Affects Pruning and
Marker-assisted Breeding for Apple at the University of Cluster Weights, Petiole C and N Content, and N
Minnesota and Washington State University .............. S112 Leachate in a New York Vineyard................................ S120
Pruning Systems and Canopy Management Practice
Oral Presentations Interact on ‘Syrah’ Yield and Fruit Composition ........ S121
Mechanical Canopy and Crop Load Management of
Undergraduate Student Oral Competition...S113 Pinot Gris in a Warm Climate...................................... S121
A Semiyearly Study on the Effect of Light Quality on Flavor
of Greenhouse Grown Tomatoes: LED versus HPS.... S113 Postharvest.......................................................S122
Physiology of Solanaceous Scion and Rootstock Seedlings Strawberry Flavor: Diverse Chemical Compositions,
for Grafting in Low Temperature Storage Conditions a Seasonal Influence, and Their Effect on Sensory
under Low Light Intensity............................................ S113 Perception ................................................................... S122
Comparisons of Auxin Application Methods and Rates on Development of Tomato Aroma Profiles during Low
Rooting of Perennial Cuttings...................................... S114 Temperature Storage in Air or CA and Recovery
Drought Stress Tolerance Induced in Ornamental Plants during Shelf Life.......................................................... S122

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S454 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Metabolomics Combined with Standard Quality Measures Screening for Bacterial Fruit Blotch Resistance in the
of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Fruit Reveals Aspects of USDA Watermelon Germplasm Collection ................ S131
Metabolism Related to Flavor, Crispness, Maturity,
and Storability.............................................................. S123 Growth Chambers and Controlled
Transcriptome Analysis of European Pears (Pyrus communis Environments..................................................S131
cv. Bartlett) Reveals Significant Gene Families and Shoot Tissue Pigment Concentrations in Broccoli
Co-expressed Genes Associated with Development of Microgreens Are Higher under Narrow-Band Wavelengths
Ripening Capacity by Temperature Conditioning ...... S123 from LEDs than under Fluorescent/Incandescent Light......
Lipoxygenase and Apple Aroma: Gene Expression of S131
Lipoxygenase Family Members in Apple Peel............ S124 Glucosinolate Concentrations of Broccoli Microgreens
Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Volatiles in ‘Rio Red’ Are Greater under Specific Narrow Wavelength LED
Grapefruit Juice . ......................................................... S124 Light Regimes than under Conventional Fluorescent/
Phospholipase Dα Activity in Mesocarp Tissues from Incandescent Light in Controlled Environments ........ S131
Fruit of Cucumis melo L. Reticulatus and Inodorus Comparison of LED Supplemental Lighting and High
Cultivars ...................................................................... S125 Pressure Sodium Energy Consumption and Plant
Responses of Cucumber and Tomato Transplants ...... S132
Organic Horticulture......................................S125 Comparison of Light-emitting Diode Towers Versus High-
Summer Cover-cropping Treatments for Enhanced Winter pressure Sodium Lamps for Year-round Production of
Vegetable Crop Nutrition, Growth, and Yield . ........... S125 High-wire Greenhouse-grown Tomatoes .................... S132
Compost, Cover Crops, and Mulch Effects in Organic Oedema/Intumescence Injury on the Leaves of Potato
Vegetable Systems ...................................................... S125 Plants Is Mitigated by Calcium Nutrition ................... S133
Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Organic Bell Pepper Yield Are
Affected by Rye–Vetch Cover Crop Residue Quality and Citrus and Other Fruit and Nut Crops.........S133
Plastic Mulch .............................................................. S126 Influence of Ethylene Treatment on Bioactive Compounds of
Assessment of Degradable Alternatives for Plastic Mulch ‘Rio Red’ Grapefruit ...................................................S133
for Organic Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Production Potential Non-GMO Genetic Solutions to HLB for
in the Southeast............................................................ S126 Sustainable and Profitable Citriculture in Florida . .....S134
Organic Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense): Effect of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Cultivars in the United
Intercropping Marigold (Tagetes erecta) and Mulching States ...........................................................................S134
with Sawdust on Controlling the White Fly (Bemisia Pollen Viability and Pollination in Sugar Apple (Annona
tabaci) and Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne squamosa) and ‘Gefner’ Atemoya
spp.).............................................................................. S127 (A. cherimola x A. squamosa) in South Florida...........S135
Fall Broccoli Production following Summer Cover Crops Evaluation of Soil Steam Disinfestation on
in Louisiana . ............................................................... S127 Early Growth of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Orchards with
The Effect of Beauveria bassiana on Parasite Fauna High Likelihood of Replant Disease and Confirmed
of Organic Habanero Pepper in Quintana Roo, Presence of Parasitic Nematodes ................................S135
Mexico......................................................................... S128
Ornamental Plant Breeding...........................S136
Vegetable Breeding.........................................S128 Historical Significance of Rhododendron Development in
Initiating a Hop Breeding Program at the University of Louisiana...................................................................... S136
Minnesota..................................................................... S128 The Ornamental Plant Trialing Program at Star Roses and
Regional Hybrid Broccoli Trials Provide a Means to Further Plants ........................................................................... S136
Breeding Efforts of This Increasingly Important Vegetable Breeding Lance-leaved Caladiums .................................. S137
Crop . ........................................................................... S129 Improved Floral Characteristics of Tetraploid
Estimating Heritability of Skinning Resistance in Stephanotis .................................................................. S137
Sweetpotato ................................................................. S129 Autotetraploid Induced Sterility in the Pink and White
Host Plant Resistance to Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Shower Tree ................................................................ S137
Disorder Virus and Bemisia tabaci in Melon: Status The Female Fertility of Triploids in Lilium—Euploid and
and Prospects................................................................ S130 5-Same-Genomes of Endosperm are of Ensence......... S137
Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Race Variation on Melon in Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Oriental Lilies
California’s Sacramento Valley.................................... S130 Transformed with Genes of Herbicide Tolerance and
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ............................................... S138

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S455
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Postharvest.......................................................S138 Applications ................................................................ S146

Development of Novel, Antimicrobial Plant Essential Oil Optimal Postharvest Handling Protocols for Antirrhinum
Treatments to Reduce the Postharvest Incidence of majus ‘Chantilly Yellow’ and Celosia Cristata
Botrytis cinerea on Strawberries.................................. S138 ‘Fire Chief’................................................................... S147
The Importance of Leaf Maturity to Shelf-life and Quality of Determining the Effectiveness of Red and Blue Light-
Fresh-cut Kale Stored at Two Temperatures ............... S139 Emitting Diodes as Supplemental Lighting during
Real World Evaluation of Packaging Strategies and SO2 Seedling (plug) Propagation ....................................... S147
Fumigation for Shipment of Blueberry Fruit from Deep Simple Morphophysiological Dormancy in Seeds of
Chile to North America ............................................... S139 Adonis amurensis Regel & Radde Native to Korea .... S147
The Effects of Low Oxygen on Chlorophyll and
Bioenergy.........................................................S148
Glycoalkaloid Concentrations in Potato Tubers ......... S140
High-throughput Quality Characterization of Warm Season
Firmness and Quality Changes in Broccoli Due to
Lignocellulosic Feedstocks ......................................... S148
Dehydration and Hydration . ....................................... S140
Phenotypic Diversity of Jatropha curcas L. Accessions
Evaluation of The Impact of Hot Water Treatment on the
under Warm Subtropical Conditions ........................... S148
Antioxidant System of Fresh Tomatoes in Chilling and
Non-chilling Storage.................................................... S140 Differential Gene Expression in Jatropha curcas In Vitro
Cultures Exposed to Microgravity............................... S149
Extending Storage Life and Ensuring Arrival Quality of
‘Bartlett’ Pears after Long-distance Export by Maintaining Elevated Salinity in Irrigation Water Reduced Growth of
Cold Chain and MA Chain . ........................................ S141 Ricinus communis L. Cultivars ................................... S149
Effects of Implementing Psi-light on
SCRI-MINDS Water Utilization and Hydrogen Production via Biophotolysis in
Management....................................................S141 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Strains ............... S150
Control of Poinsettia Stem Elongation: Height Limits
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S150
using Deficit Irrigation . .............................................. S141
Spatial Distribution of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Semi-
Subirrigation Controlled by Capacitance Sensors for
arid Vineyards of the Pacific Northwest ..................... S150
Citrus Rootstock Production ....................................... S142
Method for Producing Long-cane Blackberry Plants ...... S151
Estimation of Green Roof Stormwater Efficiency using
Sensor-informed Models . ........................................... S142 Characterization and Population Genetics of a New Virus
Infecting Blackberry ................................................... S151
Effects of Water Availability and Temperature on CAM
Expression and Water Use Efficiency by Characterization of Eriophyid Mites Inhabiting American
Sedum album and Sedum kamtschaticum ................... S143 Elderberry ................................................................... S152
Carbon and Water Flux Responses to Physiology by Root Restriction Improved Anthocyanins Accumulation and
Environment Interactions: Biosynthetic Genes Expression during Berry Development
A Sensitivity Analysis of Climate Impacts on in ‘Kyoho’ Grape ........................................................ S152
Biophysical Model Parameters.................................... S143 Plant Architecture of Vaccinium Genotypes as Influenced by
Implementing Substrate Moisture Set-point Irrigation Soil Characteristics...................................................... S152
Control in Cut-flower Greenhouse Production ........... S144 Comparison of Bud Development Across Traditional and
The Costs and Benefits of Sensor Networks for a New Cranberry Cultivars ............................................ S153
Cut-flower Greenhouse Operation .............................. S144
Fruit Breeding.................................................S153
Floriculture......................................................S145 Fruit Tree Domestication: The Evolution of
Effects of Nitrogen Rates on Plant Performance and Productivity ................................................................. S153
Nutrient Content in Reblooming Iris .......................... S145 Prediction of Genetic Potential of Candidate Apple Cultivars
Changes in Nitrogen Partitioning to Inflorescence and for Fruit Quality from Unreplicated Multi-location Field
Pseudobulbs during Various Growth Stages of Trials ........................................................................... S154
Oncidium ‘Gower Ramsey’ . ....................................... S145 Enabling Marker-assisted Breeding in Heterozygous
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Dikegulac Sodium on Polyploid Species: The Strategy Used in Sour Cherry
Poinsettias ................................................................... S145 (Prunus cerasus) ......................................................... S154
Paclobutrazol and Ancymidol Lower Water Use of Potted “FasTrack” Breeding to Produce New Plum Pox Virus
Ornamental Plants and Plugs ...................................... S146 Resistant Plum Germplasm and Cultivars .................. S155
Reducing Evapotranspiration of Pansies: Efficacy and Genome-wide QTL Detection of Individual Sugars, Sensory
Duration of ABA and ABA-analog Spray Sweetness, and Soluble Solids Content in Apples ...... S155

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S456 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Genome-wide QTL Analyses Uncovers SNP Marker-based Vegetable Breeding.........................................S165

Functional Alleles for Apple “Fresh Sensation” Participatory Tomato Breeding for Virus Resistance in
Traits ........................................................................... S156 Central America........................................................... S165
Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants.............S156 QTL Analysis for Early Blight Resistance in Tomato ..... S165
Essential Oil Yield, Composition, and Bioactivity as a Identification of a New Begomovirus Resistance
Function of Distillation Time ...................................... S156 Locus, “Ty-6,” in Tomato............................................. S166
Drying and Shade Effects on Native Spearmint Oil Alternative Splicing Variants and a New DNA Marker for
Yields and Composition .............................................. S157 an Allelic Selection of Lycopene Beta-cyclase in
Watermelon ................................................................. S166
Study on Spearmint and Japanese Cornmint in
Mississippi .................................................................. S157 A New SNP Marker for Allelic Selection of Carotenoid
Isomerase in Watermelon............................................. S167
Peppermint and Spearmint in Wyoming Can Survive
the First Fall Frosts ..................................................... S158 Isolation and Characterization of DREB/CBF Gene Orthologs
in Lettuce...................................................................... S167
Public/Commercial Horticulture/Computer
Environmental Stress Physiology..................S167
Applications in Horticulture..........................S158
Physiological and Growth Responses of Two
Community Engaged Collaborative Design of a New
Sweetpotato Cultivars at Early Season Soil Moisture
Children’s Garden at a Public Garden ........................ S158
Deficit ......................................................................... S167
Consumer Preferences for Longevity Information and
Morphological, Anatomical, and Physiological Adaptations
Guarantees on Cut Flower Arrangements ................... S159
of Potatoes to a Simulated Heat Stress ....................... S168
Dynamic Plant Water Use Measurement using Data from a
Managing Drought Stress of Oranges to Optimize Flowering
Low-cost Weighing Lysimeter .................................... S159
and Productivity under Sao Paulo–Mina Gerais, Brazil,
Building Database Resources for Translational Research in and Florida Conditions . .............................................. S168
Rosaceae ..................................................................... S159
Mild Water Stress Affects Water Relations, Gas Exchanges
Development, Testing, and Application of a Process-based and Vascular Flows of ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit Branches
Crop Simulation Model for Garlic............................... S160 during the Second Stage of Berry Development . ....... S169
Building Capacity in Public Horticulture through Strategic Chemical and Physiological Response of Turkish Red
Partnerships and Cooperative Education..................... S161 Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and American Red Pine (Pinus
resinosa Ait.) Seedlings Exposed to Artificial Cold
Propagation.....................................................S161 Temperature Treatments . ............................................ S169
Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Asiatic Lily ....... S161 Mitigation of Salinity Induced Morphophysiological
Development of a Rooting Protocol for Oenothera Spp. and Biochemical Effects by Seed Treatment with
Vegetative Cuttings ..................................................... S161 28-Homobrassinolide in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) ....... S170
Use of Unrooted Grafted Vegetable Cuttings: I. Effects of Genetic Variability of Citrus Rootstock Cultivars under
Healing Duration and Transportation Temperature .... S162 Saline Regime.............................................................. S170
The Effect of Rootstock Age on Grafting Ability, Re-rooting,
and Field Performance of Grafted Watermelon Plant Biotechnology........................................S171
Transplants .................................................................. S162 Overexpression of the Atshi Gene in Poinsettia (Euphorbia
Germination Enhancement of Common Honeylocust pulcherrima) Results in Compact Plants .................... S171
(Gleditsia triacanthos) Seeds by Scarification ........... S163 Proteomic Analysis of Gibberellins Increased Fruit Sink
Strength in Pyrus pyrifolia .......................................... S171
Crop Physiology..............................................S163 The Development of Cisgenic Grapevines ...................... S172
Use of Pollen Vitality to Monitor the Nutritional Status of The Evolutionary History and Diverse Physiological
Flowers . ...................................................................... S163 Roles of the Grapevine Calcium-dependent Protein
Response of AVP1-OX Romaine Lettuce to Phosphorus.S164 Kinase Gene Family . .................................................. S172
Variations in Calcium Requirements for In Vitro Shoot
Culture among Potato Cultivars .................................. S164 Vegetable Crops Management.......................S172
A Continuous Canopy Photosynthesis Measurement System The Effect of Biochar on Sweet Corn Production ........... S172
for CAM Plants ........................................................... S164 Biochar Added to a Potting Mix Decreased Bell Pepper
Steady-state Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement for Transplant Size, While Increasing Nutrient
Photosynthesis Research of CAM Plants . .................. S165 Retention ..................................................................... S173

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S457
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Trellising and Plastic Mulch Effects on Cucumber Fertilizer Rate and Irrigation Duration Affect Leachate
Production in High Tunnels ........................................ S173 Volume, Electrical Conductivity, and Growth of Gardenia
The Composition, More so than Yield, of Organic Field- jasminoides ................................................................. S182
grown Tomato Fruit Is Affected by Grafting and
Rootstock .................................................................... S174 Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf................S182
Commercial Extract from the Brown Seaweed Ascophyllum Research in Real Time: Integrating Social Media and
nodosum (Stimplex®) Improves Earliness and Yield of Landscape Research .................................................... S182
Hydroponically Grown Sweet Bell Peppers ............... S174 Genetic Characterization of Kyrgyzstan Fine-leaved Festuca
Cauliflower Yield, Biomass Accumulation as Affected by valesiaca Germplasm for Use in Semi-arid, Low-
Nitrogen Rates and Irrigation Scheduling . ................. S175 maintenance Turf Applications ................................... S183
Easy Tea Hybrid Tea Rose Study: 2009–2012 Results . .. S183
Postharvest.......................................................S175 Characterization of Erwinia amylovora Strains Isolated
Genetic and Environmental Variation in Southern Highbush from Ornamentals ....................................................... S184
Blueberry Flavor Components .................................... S175 New and Recently Introduced Bamboo Palms
Efficacy of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in Purple (Chamaedorea; Arecaceae) with Ornamental
Passion (Passiflora edulis Sims) Fruits as Affected by Potential ...................................................................... S184
Dosage and Maturity Stage.......................................... S176 The Growth and Evaluation of Some Mexican Oaks and
Starch Metabolism in Apple Fruit and Its Relationship with Other Trees in Los Angeles ......................................... S184
Maturation and Ripening ............................................ S176
Pomology..........................................................S185
Fumigation of 1-Hexylcyclopropene Inhibit Ethylene
Production in Climacteric Fruits at Ambient Mechanical Harvest of Hard Cider Apples ...................... S185
Conditions ................................................................... S177 The Effect of Summer Hedging of Tall Spindle Apple
Trees on Growth, Fruit Quality, and Flowering ......... S185
1-MCP Differentially Affects Postharvest Physiological
Attributes and Incidence of Internal Browning in Chemical Thinning of ‘Gala’ Apples with Treatments that
Cold Stored ‘Gala’ Apples .......................................... S177 Combine Sprays of NAA or BA during Flowering with
Metamitron in Postbloom ........................................... S186
The Effects of ReTain, Harvista, and NAA on the Quality
of ‘Mcintosh’ Apples . ................................................. S178 The Effect of Timing and Rate of Metamitron Sprays
on Chemical Thinning of ‘Brookfield Gala’ Apple
Diphenylamine and Conditioning Affect Disorders in
Trees ............................................................................ S186
Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Stored ‘Honeycrisp’
Apples ......................................................................... S178 Genotypic Variation in Apple Rootstock Cold Temperature
Tolerance ..................................................................... S187
SCRI-MINDS Nursery Crops........................S178 How Long Should Apple Rootstock Trials be
Development of an Advanced Sensor Network Node for Conducted? ................................................................. S187
Automated Monitoring and Control of Irrigation in
Genetics and Germplasm...............................S187
Nursery and Greenhouse Production .......................... S178
Genetic Control of Resistance to Anthracnose Crown
Wireless Sensor Networks for Automated Irrigation Control
Rot of Strawberry in Florida and North Carolina ....... S187
in Container Nurseries: Implementation and Economic
Impact ......................................................................... S179 A Single Gene Confers Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Spot in
the Lettuce Cultivar La Brillante ................................ S188
Sensor-Controlled Irrigation Scheduling for Pot-in-Pot
Nursery Tree Production ............................................. S179 Horticultural Trait-SNP Marker Association Study in a
Collection of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Lines ......... S188
The Implications of Minimum Stomatal Conductance
on Estimating Water Flux in Containerized Tree What Have We Learned during Marker-locus Trait Validation
Nurseries ..................................................................... S180 for Rpf1 Red Stele Resistance in Strawberry?............. S189
A Comparison of the Potential for Scaling Up Irrigation Characterization of Eight Novel Microsatellite Markers from
Viburnum rufidulum .................................................... S189
Scheduling Techniques: Substrate Moisture Sensing
Versus Predictive Water Use Modeling . ..................... S180 Adaptive Differences Associated with Neutral and Non-
neutral Markers in the Core Collection for North American
Water, Irrigation Costs and the Benefits of Sensor Networks:
Plums (Prunus spp.) .................................................... S190
Results from a National Survey of Ornamental
Growers ....................................................................... S181 Molecular Markers for Population Studies of Cornus
sanguniea .................................................................... S190
Behind the Curtain: The Support Component of Wireless
Soil Moisture Networks .............................................. S181 Population Structure Analysis of Eastern Filbert Blight
Resistant Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) Germplasm ........... S191

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S458 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Local Food Systems........................................S191 Virtual Volunteers: Expanding Extension’s Reach with a

Characterizing Polk Small Farms, as Compared to a Previous National EMG Social Media Certification ................. S200
Florida Small Farms Survey ....................................... S191 Seeing in Systems: Helping Community Gardeners Build
The People’s Garden Initiative: Case Studies on the Resilience and Reduce the Need for Maintenance by
Mississippi Gulf Coast ................................................ S192 Making Permaculture Connections ............................. S201
Global Sustainable Food Systems for Urban
Teaching Methods...........................................S201
Environments .............................................................. S192
Effectiveness of Online Laboratory
Designing in Systems: Using Engaged Design to
Experiences ................................................................. S201
Incorporate Permaculture Solutions . .......................... S192
Creating Virtual Nursery Trips to Improve On-campus and
Vegetable Crops Management.......................................... S193
Distance Education in Nursery Production ................. S201
Subsurface Drip Irrigation Affects Water Usage and
Yield in Acorn Squash ................................................ S193 Using an Extraordinary Combination of In-person
Education and Distance Learning to Help Women
Onion Variety Response to Plant Population and Irrigation
Producers Create Business .......................................... S202
System ......................................................................... S193
Climate Change Literacy in the U.S. Undergraduate
Cultivar Adaptability for Midwest Sweetpotato
Horticulture Curriculum . ............................................ S202
Production ................................................................... S194
Improving Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Productivity Using Different Teaching Methods to Enhance Student
in the Mid-Atlantic Region ......................................... S194 Learning of Climate Change ....................................... S203
SWOT Analysis of the Vegetable and Fruit Programs in A Syllabus Rejig: Aligning Course Goals, Learning
Texas ........................................................................... S195 Objectives, Assignments, and Assessment . ................ S203
Continuing Agricultural Education: Relationship between
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S195 Adult Learning Styles and Educational Delivery Method
The Effect of Terbacil, Root Injury, and Rhizoctonia fragariae Preferences .................................................................. S203
on Strawberry and the Development of Black Root North American Horticulture Graduate Program Survey:
Rot ............................................................................... S195 Demographics, Policies, Finances, and Metrics ......... S204
Genetic Parameter Estimates for Resistance to
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Comparisons Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf................S205
with Production Traits in Strawberry .......................... S196 Pine Wood Chips as an Alternative to Perlite in Horticultural
Extending the Strawberry Season: High Tunnels, Low Substrates: Physical, Chemical, and Cultural
Tunnels, and Targeted Supplemental Heating . ........... S196 Parameters ................................................................... S205
Specific Changes in the Expression of Cell Wall Effect of Vermicompost-amended Media on Container-grown
Carbohydrate Metabolism Related Genes during Fruit Miniature Roses .......................................................... S205
Abscission in Rabbiteye Blueberry . ........................... S197 Determination of Optimal Controlled Release Fertilizer
Effect of Rootstock and Soil Amendment on Three Rates for Container Nursery Crop Production in Cold
Highbush Blueberry Cultivars .................................... S197 Climates ...................................................................... S206
The Effect of Timing and Intensity of Summer Pruning Impact of Biopots on Landscape Plant Performance and
on Vegetative and Reproductive Traits of Southern Pot Degradation .......................................................... S206
Highbush Blueberry .................................................... S197 The Effects of Lawn Plant Diversity on Arthropod
Diversity . .................................................................... S207
Consumer Horticulture and Master
Gardeners........................................................S198 Plant Biotechnology........................................S207
Increasing Confidence in Diagnosing Plant Problems with Development and Preliminary Evaluation of the IStraw90
Diagnostic Updates ..................................................... S198 Axiom® Array in Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria
Making Meaning Out of Science: Using Nature’s xananassa) .................................................................. S207
Notebook to Engage Citizens in Exciting and Relevant Transcriptome Analysis of Vernicia fordii Seed in Three
Research ...................................................................... S198 Development Stages . .................................................. S208
Permaculture in Community Gardens: An Automatic Bioinformatics Tool to Detect and Discover
A Systems-based Approach to Engaged Design ......... S199 Plant Viruses ............................................................... S209
Organic Gardening Educational Materials for Extension Rapid High-level Transient Expression of Vampire Bat
Master Gardener Volunteers . ...................................... S199 Plasminogen Activator (DSPAα1) in Plant for Stroke
The 40 Gallon Challenge: A Simple Effective Educational Treatment with a DNA Replicon System . .................. S209
Tool ............................................................................. S200

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S459
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Weed Control and Pest Management............S209 Abscisic Acid Inhibits Leaf Expansion by Limiting Cell
Evaluation of Herbicide Damage to Grapes in a Unique Expansion But Not Cell Division in Arabidopsis........ S218
Growing Season .......................................................... S209 Growth and Physiological Responses of Bermudagrass to
Composting as an Alternative Management System for Salinity Stress . ............................................................ S218
Wild Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and Brown Algae
Organic Horticulture......................................S219
(Sargassum fluitans and Sargassum natans) . ............. S210
The Effect of Biochar and Fertilizers
Early-season Weed Control in Direct-seeded Onion ....... S210
Made from Plant Extracts on Crop Growth and Nitrogen
Sucessful Control of the Erythrina Gall Wasp in Leaching with Containerized Greenhouse Plants ....... S219
Hawaii ......................................................................... S210
Influence of Organic versus Synthetic Nitrogen Fertigation
Research on the Quarantine Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum on Sweet Corn Yield, Quality, and Nutritional
at the National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican Quality . ....................................................................... S219
University of California (NORS-DUC) ...................... S211
Organic Agriculture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ..... S220
Water Utilization and Management .............S211 Assessing the Suitability of Biofumigation and Anaerobic
Differential Susceptibility of Strawberry to Salts ............ S211 Soil Disinfestation to Improve Vegetable Crop
Performance in Michigan . .......................................... S220
Physiological Responses of Citrus to Partial Rootzone
Drying Irrigation Strategies ........................................ S212 Investigating Vermicompost as the Primary Fertilizer Source
in Organic Vegetable and Flower Transplant
Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Web-based
Production ................................................................... S221
Software for Lettuce Production ................................. S212
Exploring Best Organic Soil/Pest Management Practice
The Effects of Crop Load and Water Stress on Yield
through Farm Systems Analyses (FSAs) of Organic
and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherry Cultivars .............. S212
Vegetable Farms........................................................... S221
Performance of Landscape Trees in the Semi-Arid
Southwest under Three Irrigation Regimes ................ S213 Plasticulture.....................................................S222
Evaluation of a Vegetative Landform Cap to Reduce New Jersey’s Agricultural Plastics Recycling Program.... S222
Water Percolation ........................................................ S214 Impacts from Three Years of an Integrated High Tunnel
Sustainable Water Management Strategies for California Project in Mississippi .................................................. S222
Table Grapes ............................................................... S214 Deterioration of Three Biodegradable Plastic Mulches before
and after Soil Incorporation in a Broccoli Production
Nursery Crops.................................................S214
System.......................................................................... S223
Landscape Transplant Success of Chanticleer® Pear
Plasticulture Grown Cabbage: Effects of Plant Population
Grown in Three Container Types ................................ S214
and Planting Dates on Crop Yield ............................... S223
Plant Growth and Water Use in Plastic, Fiber, Keratin, and
Evaluating Visual Assessments of Mulch Deterioration to
Root Pouch Containers ............................................... S215
Predict Changes in Mulch Mechanical Properties ...... S224
Photosynthetic and Morphological Response of Abies fraseri
The Evolution of Ohio Strawberry Plasticulture Production
(Pursh) Poir to the Combined Effect of Irrigation and
(2001–2013) ................................................................ S224
Fertilization in Controlled Environment ..................... S216
Determining the Carbon Footprint of Tree Production Floriculture......................................................S225
System Components in Field Nurseries using Life Cycle The Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on
Assessment (LCA) ...................................................... S216 Growth and Nutrient Content of Container-grown
Dahlia ‘Magic Moment’............................................... S225
Environmental Stress Physiology..................S216
Growth Regulators Applied to Poinsettias in Production
Do Canker Pathogens Limit the Supply of CO2 for
Affect Cyathia Drop and Bract Edge Burn in
Photosynthesis? Estimation of Stomatal and Internal
Postproduction ............................................................ S225
Limitations in Maple Leaves in Response to Phytophthora
cactorum Inoculations . ............................................... S216 Evaluation of Heliconia Cut-flower Production under
Shading ....................................................................... S226
Biochar Amendment Alters the Effects of Phytophthora
Cankers on Leaf Physiology of Acer rubrum ............. S217 Developing Production and Postharvest Protocols for Cut
Penstemon grandiflorus ‘Esprit’ ................................. S226
The Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on SAR Plant Immunity
Responses to a Bacterial Wilt Infection....................... S217 Development and Evaluation of Injection-molded Bioplastic
Container Prototypes . ................................................. S226
A Soybean β-Expansin Gene GmEXPB2 Involved in Root
System Architecture Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Identification of the Rose Rosette Disease Agent . .......... S227
Transgenic Arabidopsis . ............................................. S218 Global Gene Expression Changes in Response to Bent

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S460 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Neck and Petal Blueing in Cut Roses ‘Freedom’ and Acid (S-ABA) for Improved Quality and Harvest
‘Forever Young’ .......................................................... S227 Management . ...............................................................S236
The North Carolina Cut Flower Industry: Results of a Downy Mildew of Basil in Illinois: Occurrence and
Production and Marketing Survey .............................. S228 Management . ...............................................................S236
Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Verticillium Wilt
Marketing and Economics.............................S228 Tolerance of Grafted Watermelon and Tomato in Field
Partial and Enterprise Budgets for Growing Hard Cider Production in the Pacific Northwest ............................S237
Apples in Virginia........................................................ S228 Efficient Intercropping for Biological Control of Aphids in
Relevance of Apple Quality Traits for Consumers .......... S229 Organic Lettuce . ..........................................................S237
Consumer Characteristics Affect on Local and Organic Intercropping to Mitigate Salinity Stress on Watermelon:
Purchasing ................................................................... S229 Halophyte Performance in a Greenhouse Pot Study ....S238
Look at What Is Important: Eye-tracking Research on Plant Human Issues in Horticulture............................................S238
Displays . ..................................................................... S230 People’s Psychophysiological Responses to Tropical Urban
Market Viability of Native Central Texan Plants as a Food Tree Pruning in Hawaii ................................................S238
Source ......................................................................... S230 Exercise Intensities of Gardening Tasks as a Physical
Gender Analysis of Labor and Resources in Greenhouse Activity in Children and Adults by using Mets ...........S238
Vegetable Production in Turkey .................................. S230 School Gardening Program for Improving Social
Economic Potential of Producing Tahiti Limes in Southern Relations of Elementary School Students ....................S239
Florida in the Presence of Citrus Canker and An Evaluation of the Fayetteville School Landscape
Greening . .................................................................... S231 Project ..........................................................................S239
Commercial Development of an Underutilized Fruit Crop: Can Locally-grown Crops Replace Nonfat Dry Milk in
Purple-Fruited Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) – A Case Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Foods? Innovative Malnutrition
Study ........................................................................... S231 Solutions for Haiti ........................................................S240
Career Exploration of Horticultural Therapy
Produce Quality, Safety, and Health Professionals ................................................................S240
Properties.........................................................S232 Integrating Schools, Community, and Family to Effect
Mineral Nutrient Density of Cabbage in Response to Sedentary Behavior, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Cultivar Selection and Nutritional Regimes ............... S232 and Physical Activity through Gardening ....................S241
Enzyme, Temperature, and Processing Effects on the
Percentage of Juice Recovery and Anthocyanin
Pomology..........................................................S242
Changes in Blueberries ............................................... S232 Impacts and Outcomes of Integrated Pest Management
Extension Programs in Umatilla County, Oregon . ..... S242
Field Based Evaluations of Trace Element Transfer from
Contaminated Urban Garden Soils to Vegetables ....... S233 Ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen in Peach and Susceptibility
to Peach Tree Short Life ............................................. S242
Developing an On-farm Decision Tree for Fresh Produce
Growers to Assess Risks and Prioritize Implementation Impact of Nitrogen on Vegetative Growth
of Food Safety Practices ............................................. S233 of Mature Peach Trees in a Subtropical
Climate ........................................................................ S242
In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Annona squamosa Leaf
and Identification of Bioactives by Fruit Development Alters the Vegetative and Reproductive
LC-ESI-MS-Qtof ........................................................ S234 Shoot Growth in ‘Hass’ Avocado (Persea americana,
Mill.) ........................................................................... S243
Studying Quality Attributes of Grafted Specialty Melons
Cutting Type and Time-of-Year Affect Rooting Ability of
using Both Consumer Sensory Analysis and Instrumental
Hardy Minnesota Prunus ............................................ S243
Measurements ............................................................. S234
Developmental Sensitivity of European Pear and Sweet
High Throughput Screening of Pyruvic Acid in Onions
Cherry Floral Buds to Sub-zero Temperatures from Late
using Microplate Reader ............................................. S235
Dormancy through Petal Fall ...................................... S243
Electron Beam Irradiation of Fresh Cut Cantaloupe under
Developing Autonomous Pruning for Specialty Crops ... S244
Modified Atmosphere Extends the Shelf Life and
Maintains the Quality . ................................................ S235 Propagation.....................................................S245
Microgreens: Assessment of Nutrient Concentrations . ... S235 Impact of Location, Seasonality, and Iba Concentration on
Rooting of Prunus angustifolia . ................................. S245
Vegetable Crops Management ......................S236
K-Iba Concentration Regulated Rooting Quality and Plant
Growth Control of Leafy Vegetables with S-Abscisic Vigor of Prunus laurocerasus L. ................................ S245

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S461
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Light Quality Affects Microshoot Growth of Apple Genetics and Germplasm ..............................S256
Rootstocks: B.9 & G.30 .............................................. S246 (339) Flow Cytometry and DNA Microsatellite Analysis
Fine-root Dynamics of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Detect and Identify Triploid Pyrus Cultivars .............. S256
Rootstocks under Replant Condition .......................... S246 (340) Identification of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars
using Newly Developed EST-SSR Markers ............... S256
Plant Nutrient and Horticultural Waste
(341) The Verticillium Resistance 1 (Vr1) Gene from Cultivar
Management....................................................S246 La Brillante Determines Resistance in Different Lettuce
Pepper N Uptake: Preliminary Field Study ..................... S246 Cultivars ...................................................................... S257
Soil Surfactant Increases Nutrient Use Efficiency and Yield (342) Development of Novel Microsatellite Markers and
of Tomato Grown in Sandy Soil ................................. S247 Construction of a Microsatellite Database Containing
Biochar Increases the Ion Exchange Capacity of 288 Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Commercial Cultivars
Potting Mix ................................................................. S247 in Korea . ..................................................................... S257
The Effect of Nutrient Ratios on Plant Height ................ S248 (343) Genetic Structure in a Core Subset of Pinus
Quantifying the Impact of Macronutrients on Substrate Massoniana Lamb. Germplasm .................................. S258
pH . .............................................................................. S248 (344) Genetic Relationships of Michelia L. Species Revealed
University Campus Composting Programs: Initiatives for the from ISSR Markers ..................................................... S258
Future........................................................................... S249
Human Issues in Horticulture....................... S259
Incorporating Wool-waste into Compost to Develop
(203) Determining the Effects of Mutual Interaction in
Alternative Compost Products .................................... S249
Horticultural Activity on Acceptance of Children toward
Children with Disabilities and Improvement of Language
Capability for Children with Disabilities .................... S259
Poster Presentations
(204) Hydroponics Program for Improving Work Adjustment
Bioenergy.........................................................S251 Skills in Students with Mental Retardation ................ S259
(205) Determining Metabolic Costs of Gardening and Typical
(288) In Vitro Pollination and Pollen Germination of Moringa
Physical Activities in Children . .................................. S259
oleifera Lam. Growing under Sub-optimal Growing
Conditions in Gauteng, South Africa .......................... S251 Plant Biotechnology........................................S260
(289) Comprehensive Functional Analyses of Expressed (314) Purple Citrus? Utilization of Myb-related Transcription
Sequence Tags (ESTs) in Jatropha curcas L. ............. S251 Factor Genes for Anthocyanin Production . ................ S260
(290) Variability in Salt Tolerance of 10 Sorghum (315) Marker Free Plants using Bxb1-Mediated Site-specific
Genotypes..................................................................... S252 Recombination Driven by a Seed-specific Promoter .. S260
(291) Evaluating Sweet Sorghum Germplasm for Maturity in (316) Clustering of Differentially Expressed Genes from
Arizona . ...................................................................... S252 Transcriptome of Vitis flexuosa . ................................. S261
(292) Lesquerella Yield and Oil Quality Response to N (317) Gene Regulation Analysis of Alpha-linolenic Acid
Fertilizer Rate and Irrigation . ..................................... S252 Metabolism in Fatty Acid Development of Camellia
oleifera Seeds .............................................................. S261
Floriculture......................................................S253
(318) Characterization of Ferric Reductase Oxidase (FRO)
(001) Storage Time of Pine Wood Chip Aggregates Affects Genes in Populus tremula L. . ..................................... S261
Phytotoxicity and Plant Growth .................................. S253 (319) Expression of FER-like Iron Deficiency-induced
(003) Use of Plastic Trays to Reduce Irrigation Demand of Transcription Factor (FIT) in Populus tremula L. ...... S262
Biocontainers .............................................................. S253 (320) Cloning and Characterization of a Stearoyl–Acyl
(004) Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Trichoderma Carrier Protein Desaturase Gene from Tung Tree (Vernicia
Application Influenced Growth and Development of fordii) . ......................................................................... S262
Poinsettia ..................................................................... S254 (321) Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Commiphora
(005) GA/ABA Ratio Affects Breaking Dormancy of wightii (Guggal) Germplasm in Rajasthan using RAPD
Uncooled Herbaceous Peony ...................................... S254 and ISSR Markers ....................................................... S263
(006) Breeding by Interspecific Crosses and Its Bulb (322) Screening for Avocado Resistance to Laurel Wilt using
Production in Lilium spp. ............................................ S255 Shoot Cuttings.............................................................. S263
(007) Evaluation of Bioplastic-coated Fiber Containers for (323) Tomato Genotype-specific Biomarkers under Salinity
Greenhouse Grown Plants . ......................................... S255 Stress ........................................................................... S264

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S462 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Postharvest.......................................................S264 (135) Root-knot Nematode Damage to Low Desert Bell

(383) Use of Gamma Radiation as an Alternative Method Pepper ......................................................................... S273
for Mite Control in Postharvest Storage of Garlic Bulbs (136) A Sampling Network for Insect Pests of Potato in
(Allium sativum) cv. Perla ........................................... S264 the Columbia Basin of Washington and “Potato Pest
(384) Effect of Nitric Oxide, Microperforated Packages, Alerts”.......................................................................... S273
and Ionizing Radiation on Postharvest Quality of Mango (137) Field Chili and Sweet Pepper Cultivar Evaluation
(Mangifera indica L.) cv. Manila . .............................. S265 in Central Missouri....................................................... S273
(385) Storage Life and Eating Quality of ‘Bartlett’, ‘Comice’, (138) Watermelon Variety Evaluations in Central, Southeast,
‘Bosc’, ‘Forelle’, and ‘Anjou’, But Not ‘Starkrimson’, and Southwest Missouri .............................................. S274
Could Be Improved by Modified Atmosphere (139) Multisite Evaluation of Pumpkin Cultivars in
Packaging..................................................................... S265 Missouri ...................................................................... S274
(386) Respiration and Quality Responses of ‘Bing’ Sweet (140) Growth and Yield Comparisons among Sweet Pepper
Cherry to Different Atmospheres during Cold Storage Cultivars in South Korea . ........................................... S275
and Shipping ............................................................... S266
(141) Muskmelon Production in Southern
(387) Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and New England . ............................................................. S275
Irradiation on the Quality of Blueberries under S
(142) Herbicide Activation with Drip Irrigation in
imulated Commercial Transportation and Retail
Celery .......................................................................... S276
Conditions.................................................................... S266
(143) Influence of Exogenous Uniconazole Application
(388) Effect of Preharvest Bagging and Postharvest
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Treatment on the on Grafted Tomato Transplant Production .................. S276
Fruit Quality Attributes in Cold Stored ‘Gamhong’
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S277
Apple............................................................................ S267
(108) Mow-down and Tip Pruning Management of
(389) An Objective Method to Measure the Peelability of
Citrus Fruit................................................................... S267 Primocane Blackberries in Coastal California ............ S277
(390) Controlled Atmosphere Storage Reduces Deterioration (109) Nutrient Dynamic in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Rate of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit ...... S268 (Vaccinium ashei Reade) ............................................. S277
(391) A Link between Water Quality and Bacterial Growth (110) Developing a Genotyping by Sequencing Protocol
in Christmas Tree Stands with Postharvest Needle for Linkage Map Construction in Black
Abscission in Balsam Fir ............................................ S268 Raspberry .................................................................... S278
(111) Friend or Foe? Bacterial Nitrate and Iron Reduction
Propagation ....................................................S269 in the Roots and Rhizosphere of Vaccinium corymbosum
(324) Use of Unrooted Grafted Vegetable Cuttings: II. and Vaccinium arboreum . .......................................... S278
Shipping Trials Report ................................................ S269 (112) Vaccinium arboreum: A Rootstock for Southern
(325) Artificial Seeds in Asiatic Lily ............................... S269 Highbush Blueberry? .................................................. S279
(326) Plant Regeneration and Somatic Embryogenesis in (113) Fertigation with Micronized Sulfur Rapidly Reduces
Amaryllis, Hippeastrum Hybrids, and H. papilio ....... S270 Soil pH in Highbush Blueberry . ................................. S279
(327) Micropropagation of Four Species of Hellebore
(Helleborus) and Their Commercialization ................ S270 Waste Utilization in Horticulture......................S279
(328) Micropropagation of Corymbia ptychocarpa . ....... S270 (293) Survival and Persistence of Non-pathogenic
(329) Micropropagation of the Relict Genus Cercidiphyllum Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7 . ....... S279
(Cercidiphyllaceae) ..................................................... S271 (294) Reducing Cadmium Phytoextactability by Coal
(330) Somatic Embryogenesis of Symplocos Bottom Ash ................................................................. S280
paniculata ................................................................... S271 (295) Relationship of Soil Organic Matter and the
(331) Micropropagation of Lycium barbarum through Stability of Soil Carbon .............................................. S280
Single Nodal Explants and Seeds from Mature
Plants ........................................................................... S272 Computer Applications in Horticulture........S281
(181) Use of Simulation Modeling Software in Support of
Vegetable Crops Management....................... S272 Container Nursery Process Improvement in the Gulf
(133) Light Source Effects on Hydroponically-grown South ........................................................................... S281
Miniature ‘Little Gem’ Lettuce ................................... S272 (182) eBooks: A New Platform for Extension
(134) Weed Control in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Outreach ...................................................................... S281
Moench] in the U.S. Virgin Islands.............................. S272 (183) iPhone/iPad Apps for Extension ............................ S282

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S463
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Environmental Stress Physiology..................S283 Light-emitting Diodes.................................................. S290

(225) Analysis of the Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Growth Chambers and Controlled
Transcriptome under Drought Stress .......................... S283
Environments..................................................S291
(226) High Temperature Inhibits the Expressions of
Some Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in (002) Growth and Antioxidants of Cherry Tomato Seedlings
Strawberry ‘Sachinoka’ Fruit ...................................... S283 Grown under Monochromatic Light-emitting
Diodes.......................................................................... S291
(227) Temperature Effects on Sweetpotato Growth and
Development ............................................................... S283 279) The Effects of Duty Ratio and Intensity of Pulsed LED
Light on Growth and Photosynthetic Rate of Lettuce
(228) Physiological and Biochemical Evaluation of Freezing
Grown in a Plant Factory System ............................... S291
Tolerance in Three Asparagus Cultivars in Early
Spring .......................................................................... S284 (280) Growth of Lettuce Plants Exposed to Air Anion in a
Plant Factory ............................................................... S292
(229) Changes in Cold Hardiness, Carbohydrate Content, and
βß-Amylase Gene Expression of Prunus persica during (281) Cucumber Seedlings Growth and Morphology under
Cold Acclimation and Deacclimation ......................... S284 Supplemental Pulsed Lighting using Light-emitting
Diodes ......................................................................... S292
(230) The Effect of Deacclimation and Reacclimation on
Cold Tolerance, Carbohydrate Levels, and βß-Amylase (282) Blue Light-emitting Diode Treatments Act to Decrease
Gene Expression in Prunus persica ............................ S285 Kale Leaf Tissue Zeaxanthin Concentrations and Non-
photochemical Quenching, Thereby Demonstrating a
(231) Diurnal Root Zone Temperature Fluctuations
Less Stressful Light Environment................................ S292
Affect Strawberry Water Relations, Growth, and
Fruit Quality ................................................................ S285 (283) Investigating the Incorporation of Microbial Probiotics
in Hydroponic Lettuce Production in Ohio . ............... S293
(232) Establishment on the Application Times of Foliage
Spray with CaCl2 for Water Core Reduction in (284) Cold Acclimation Attributes among Three Asparagus
Apple ........................................................................... S286 Cultivars under Controlled Conditions ....................... S293
(233) Identification and Characterization of the Causal (285) Shading Rate in Greenhouse Affects Indoor
Agent of Gummy Stem Blight from Melon in Performance under Different Light Intensity in Mentha
East China ................................................................... S286 citrata .......................................................................... S294
(234) Observation with a Laser and Optical Microscope (286) The Effects of Several Light Sources on Growth and
for Emarginated Fruits Surface of Paprika (Capsicum Development in Petunia and Torenia .......................... S294
annuum L.) .................................................................. S287 (287) The Effect of Low Light Intensity by Dust of
(235) Phenotypic Correlation between Yield Components Greenhouses on Tomato Productivity ......................... S295
and Responsive Genes under Salinity Stress for Tomato
Lines . .......................................................................... S287
Local Food Systems........................................S295
(059) Lead Uptake in Radish Cultivars Grown in Lead
Floriculture......................................................S287 Contaminated Urban Soils .......................................... S295
(009) The Effects of Tree Harvest Season and Storage (060) It’s a SNAP! Reaching New Farmers’ Market Patrons
Method on Plant Growth in a Pine Tree Substrate . .... S287 with Community
(010) Development of New Integrated Biological Control Collaboration . ............................................................. S296
Technique against Western Flower Thrips Infesting (061) Permaculture Solutions for an Urban Community
Chrysanthemum in Korea ........................................... S288 Garden ......................................................................... S296
(011) Optimal Postharvest Handling Procedures of (062) Community Building: Growing a Model Farm to
Eremurus ‘Line Dance’ and ‘Tap Dance’ .................... S288 School Program with Community Partnerships . ........ S297
(012) The Effect of Growth Regulator Addition on Bulb (063) Good Agricultural and Good Handling Practices:
Cultivation in Interspecific Hybrid Lilies ................... S289 Compliance By Everyone?........................................... S297
(013) Harvest Time and Cold Storage Duration of Lilium (064) Economics of Growing Microgreens for the
Oriental Hybrid Bulbs Affects Their Morphological Local Food Market . .................................................... S298
Characteristics and Sugar Contents ............................ S289 (066) Evaluation of the Consumption of Fruits and
(014) Evaluation of Two Different Irrigation and Fertilizer Vegetables and Socio-economic Status on a Native
Applications on Dianthus ‘Telstar™ White’ and American Reservation in Kansas ................................ S298
‘Telstar™ Red’............................................................. S290
(015) Induction of Variation in the Petunia Mlo Gene for
Nursery Crops.................................................S298
Resistance to Powdery Mildew . ................................. S290 (039) Evaporative and Transpirational Loss from Three
(016) Field Performance of Transplants Grown using Nursery Container Types ............................................ S298

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S464 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(040) Production of Ligustrum japonicum in Composted (072) Watermelon Juice Supports Recovery from
Algae ........................................................................... S299 Strenuous Exercise ...................................................... S307
(041) Influence of Time on Measuring Container (073) Comparison of IgE Binding Capacity
Fertility by the Pour-through Extraction ..................... S299 and Expression Analysis of Strawberry Allergen
(042) Cyclic Irrigation Does Not Overcome Low Water Fra a 1 ......................................................................... S308
Holding Capacity of Juniperus virginiana-based (074) Varietal Differences in Transcript and Protein
Substrates for Greenhouse Production of Levels of Strawberry Allergen Fra a 1 ........................ S308
Rudbeckia ................................................................... S300
(043) Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Christmas Tree Public Horticulture.........................................S309
Harvest ........................................................................ S300 (206) Public Horticulture—Public Gardens: Is There a
(044) Comparison of Irrigation Scheduling Based on Daily Career for You? ........................................................... S309
Water Use or Plant Water Demand of Container-grown (207) Southern Nevada’s Outdoor Education Center....... S309
Woody Plants .............................................................. S301 (208) Visitation Survey for The Crosby Arboretum in
(045) Impact of Container Material on Substrate Heat Picayune, Mississippi . ................................................ S309
Buildup in an Outdoor Nursery . ................................. S301 (209) Distribution and Characteristics of Children’s
Gardens in the United States ....................................... S310
Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf................S302
(022) Attractive Plants for Minimally Irrigated Small Fruit Breeding .....................................S310
Landscapes in Colorado .............................................. S302
(351) Parthenocarpy in Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium
(023) Turf Fertilization Effects on Seasonal Nitrogen Levels ashei) ........................................................................... S310
of Autumn Blaze™ Maple and Kentucky Bluegrass in a
(352) ‘Nocturne’ Blueberry: A Winter-hardy Hexaploid
Mixed Urban Landscape.............................................. S302
Hybrid with Ornamental Fruit and Superior Quality .. S311
(024) Green Roofs from Locally-available Materials . .... S303
(353) Impact of Interspecific Hybridization on Anthocyanin
(025) Effects of Pre-emergent Weed Control Products on Accumulation in Blueberry Species (Vaccinium
Container-grown Herbaceous Ornamentals ................ S303 spp.) . ........................................................................... S311
(026) Green Roof Substrate Durability: Particle Size
(354) Estimating the Chilling Requirement of Southern
Distribution of Five Mature Mid-Atlantic Green
Highbush Blueberry Breeding Selections ................... S311
Roofs ........................................................................... S303
(355) Identification of Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum)
(027) A Trial Study of 11 Kordes Rose Cultivars Grown
Genome Introgression with Microsatellite Markers
under Low Maintenance Conditions ........................... S304
Developed in Highbush Blueberry . ............................ S312
(028) National Ornamental Grass Trials 2013 ................. S304
(356) A Standardized Phenotyping Protocol for Strawberry
(029) Comparison of Volatile Flavor Compounds in in Rosbreed ................................................................. S312
Korean Native Chrysanthemum Leaves ..................... S305
Vegetable Crops Management ......................S313
Produce Quality, Safety, and Health Properties...
(144) Development of an In Planta Monitoring System of
S305
Phosphorus Content in Tomato ................................... S313
(067) The Track and Scat Fresh Produce Safety
(145) Prediction of Radish Growth as Affected by Nitrogen
Handbook for Southwest, Arizona .............................. S305
Fertilization for Spring
(068) Phytosanitary Irradiation Maintains Grape Quality Production ................................................................... S314
under Simulated Transportation and Distribution
(146) The Effects of Air Temperature on Yield and
Conditions ................................................................... S306
Phytochemical Content of Red Ssamchoo and Red
(069) Antioxidant Potentials and Inhibitory Activity of Leaf Lettuce Grown in a Plant Factory ....................... S314
Orange & Purple Color Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas
L.) toward Rat Intestinal alpha-Glucosidase using (147) The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Glucosinolate
p-Nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (PNP-G) as a Concentration and Yield in 28 Cabbage Varieties . ..... S315
Substrate . .................................................................... S306 (148) Tissue Elemental Content and Growth Response of
(070) Decontamination of Fruit Surfaces by Combining Lettuce to Hydroponic Solution Concentration Varied
Treatment of Infrared Radiation Heating and Ultraviolet with Cultivar ............................................................... S315
Irradiation . .................................................................. S307 (149) Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Processing Sweet Corn ......
(071) Characterization of Anti-proliferative and Antibacterial S316
Properties of Sulforaphene Obtained from Radish (151) Effect of Grafting on Roma-type Tomato
Seeds ........................................................................... S307 Production in Southwest Florida . ............................... S316

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S465
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

Undergraduate Poster Competition..............S316 (303) Enlarged Olive Fruit on ‘Manzanita’ under Arid
(193) The Inheritance of Plant and Flower Traits in Conditions ................................................................... S324
Rose . ........................................................................... S316 (304) Heat Determination of Growth in Pistachia vera
(194) Phylloquinone (Vitamin K) Variation, QTL Cultivars....................................................................... S325
Identification, and the Correlation with Carotenoids in Genetics and Germplasm...............................S325
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) .................... S317
(345) Collection and Evaluation of Tung Tree (Vernicia
(195) Microshoot Proliferation of Geranium
fordii) Germplasm Resources in China . ..................... S325
magniflorum ‘La Veta Lace’ . ...................................... S317
(346) The Open Source Seed Initiative . .......................... S326
(196) Stem-water Potential Reading Variability in Olive
(Olea europaea) .......................................................... S318 (347) Collection of North American Plums (Prunus spp.)
for Use as Germplasm and Genetic Resources ........... S326
(197) Persistence of Urea in a Coastal Plain Soil: An
(348) An Economical Molecular Tool for Genetic Identity
Incubation Study ......................................................... S318
Confirmation in Blueberry .......................................... S327
(198) Free Radical Scavenging Activities of ‘Marrs’ Sweet
(349) Characterization of Libyan Olive (Olea Europaea L.)
Oranges ....................................................................... S318
Cultivars using Morphological Data ........................... S327
(199) Changes of Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Concentration
(350) ‘CaroTiger’: A New, Late-season Peach Cultivar
in Purple Color Paprika Fruit during Ripening ........... S319
for the Southeastern United States .............................. S328
(200) Waste Wool, Cocoa Hulls, and Clover as Organic
Mulch Alternatives in Tomato Production .................. S319 Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants ............S328
(201) Secondary Shoot Proliferation in Hosta ‘Honeybells’ (168) Field Performance and Medicinal Constituents of
and the Isolation Plantlets Free of Hosta Virus X ....... S320 Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia
(202) Commercial Food Grade Cinnamon Products Varieties Grown in Eastern Washington ..................... S328
Inhibit Mycelia Growth of Four Fungi In Vitro .......... S320 (169) Mint in Mississippi Nitrogen Fertilizer Study ....... S328
(170) Comparison of Anthocyanin Contents in Amaranth
Consumer/Commercial Horticulture and
Sprouts According to the Different Cultivation and
Master Gardeners ..........................................S320 Low-temperature Treatment......................................... S329
(210) Citizen Scientist Master Gardeners Conduct (171) Characterizing Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient
Landscape Plant Variety Trials . .................................. S320 Uptake In Situ over Time in Wisconsin Peppermint and
(211) Regional IPM Webinars Reach Large Extension Spearmint .................................................................... S329
Master Gardener Audiences ........................................ S321 (172) Identification of Host Resistance to Basil Downy
Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) ................................ S330
Crop Physiology .............................................S321
(173) Source-demand Relations in Varieties of Basil in
(296) The Effects of Plant Hormones on Root Growth and Two Protected Environments ...................................... S330
GmEXPB2 Expression in Soybean .................................. S321 (174) The Effect of Population Density in the Yield of Two
(297) Laurel Wilt Differentially Affects Xylem Sap Flow of Varieties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Grown in
Three Avocado Cultivars . ............................................S322 Nayarit, Mexico .......................................................... S330
(298) Increasing Root Zone Ca+2 Concentration Will
Decrease Uptake and Transport of Na+ and Enhance Marketing and Economics ............................S331
Plant Growth of Pistacia Species Grown in (056) Estimating Value of e-Xtension Grape Community of
Saline Soils . ................................................................ S322 Practice Spanish-translated Articles . .......................... S331
(299) Analysis of Cold Hardiness, Dehydrins, and Their (057) Economic Profitability of Growing Lettuce and
Gene Expressions during Cold Acclimation and Tomato in Western Washington under High Tunnel and
Deacclimation in Four Peach Cultivars Open Field Production Systems .................................. S331
(Prunus persica) . ........................................................ S323
Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf ...............S332
(300) Evaluating Physiological Efficiencies of Branching
Structure in Low-intensity Tart Cherry and High-density (030) Green Roofs: Water Recycling Effect on Water
Apple ........................................................................... S323 Quality and Soil Chemistry . ....................................... S332
(301) Measuring Soil Water Potentials in Horticultural (032) Conversion of Tall Fescue to Seeded or Vegetatively
Substrates at Very Low Water Potentials .................... S324 Propagated Bermudagrass and Seashore
Paspalum ..................................................................... S332
(302) The Effect of Artificial Pollination and Growth
Regulator Applications on Olive Trees under Mexican (033) Does Propagation Method Impact Survival and
Desert Conditions . ...................................................... S324 Growth of Below Grade Planted Trees? ..................... S332

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S466 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(034) Granular Fertilizer Formulations Affect Nutrient Apples during Controlled Atmosphere Storage using
Uptake in Perennial Ryegrass Turf ............................. S333 Biomarker-based Technology ..................................... S341
(035) Full Sun Landscape Trial of Caladiums in Southeastern (395) Evidences from Individual Studies of Ethylene and
Louisiana ..................................................................... S333 1-MCP Treatment Prove that Volatile Biosynthesis Is
(036) Urban Tree Selection in a Changing Climate . ....... S334 Regulated by Ethylene in Apple (cv. ‘Golden
(037) Early Germination Response of Lodgepole Pine Delicious’) . ................................................................. S341
Seeds to Imbibition with a Commercial Extract of (396) Postharvest Treatments to Maintain Quality and
Ascophyllum nodosum.................................................. S334 Control Diseases of Cut Flowers ................................ S342
(038) Daily Fluctuations of Chlorophyll Efficiency of Dark- (397) Fishing for Biomarkers: A Multivariate Approach to
adapted Rhododendron and Kidney Beans ................. S335 Scrutinize the Combined Metabolome–Transcriptome
Profiles on Our Quest toward Biomarkers for
Plasticulture.....................................................S335 Postharvest Apple Disorders ....................................... S342
(052) Adoption of Plastic Mulch and Drip Irrigation by Small (398) Reversal of the Petal Senescence Process and
Limited Resource Farmers in North Carolina . ........... S335 Ethylene Responses in Carnations .............................. S343
(053) Effect of Biodegradable Mulches on Environmental (399) Storability and Phenolic Compounds Profile of
Data Collected from High Tunnel and Open Field Organically Grown Blackberries ................................ S343
Settings . ...................................................................... S335
(054) Grafting Influences on Fruit Yield of Tomatoes Root Growth and Rhizosphere Dynamics ...S344
Grown in a High Tunnel ............................................. S336 (249) Determining Root Hydraulic Conductance of
(055) Leafy Vegetable and Herb Production and Costs in Container-grown Plants as an Assessment of
High Tunnels in the Arid Southwest ........................... S336 Root Mass ................................................................... S344
(250) Mini-Horhizotron: A Non-destructive Technique for
Pomology ........................................................S337 Observing and Measuring Growth of Developing Root
(089) Apple Rootstock Response to Prohexadion Calcium and Systems during Production ......................................... S344
SPAD Readings in a Non-cropping Year .................... S337 (251) Rhizometer: A Technique for Observing and Measuring
(090) Changes of Cold Hardiness, Dehydrins, and Their Root Growth and Their Influence on Substrate Physical
Gene Expressions in Response to Deacclimation and Properties In Situ . ....................................................... S345
Reacclimation in Peach (Prunus persica).................... S337 (252) Root Traits of Twelve Pecan Accessions of Varying
(091) Quality of Bartlett Pears Subjected to Phytosanitary Origin .......................................................................... S345
Irradiation Treatment Followed by Commercial (253) Assessing Root Characteristics of Cucurbit Rootstocks
Distribution and Simulated Retail Display ................. S338 using a Simple Germination Test ................................ S345
(092) Differential Effects of Deficit Irrigation and (254) Axenic Culture Growth Optimization of Adventitious
Reflective Mulch Application on Two Clingstone Peach Root Promoting Endophyte, Piriformospora
Cultivars ...................................................................... S338 indica . ......................................................................... S346
(093) Morphological Characterization of Early Floral
Development in Apple, Pear, and Cherry in the Vegetable Crops Management ......................S346
Midwestern United States ........................................... S338 (152) Black Oat Cover Crop Management in Watermelon
(094) Boron Phloem Mobility and Boron Levels in Leaves Production Systems . ................................................... S346
and Fruit Are Altered in Transgenic Apple Trees with (153) Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Pigment Content,
Decreased Sorbitol Synthesis . .................................... S339 Photosynthesis, Growth, and Yield of Cabbage . ........ S347
(095) Turning the Shaded Side of Apple Fruit to Sunlight (154) Biofumigant Performance of Four Brassica Crops in an
Exposure Increases Favonoids and Total Phenolics in Irrigated Chile Pepper Rotation System ..................... S347
Both the Original Shaded Peel and the Original Sun- (155) Modeling Environmental Parameters Affecting
exposed Peel of ‘Fortune’ and ‘Mutsu’ ....................... S339 Processing Pea Yield in Minnesota ............................. S347
(156) Cover Crops and Tillage Systems: Three Years of
Postharvest ..................................................... S340 Impacts on Soil Characteristics and Sweetpotato Yield in
(392) Developmental-dependent Responses of Beit-Alpha North Mississippi ........................................................ S348
Cucumber Fruit to Ethylene Are Associated with (157) Cover Crops in Conventional Tillage System: Three
Re-Dox Homeostasis .................................................. S340 Years of Impacts on Soil Characteristics and Sweetpotato
(393) Leucine Catabolism Affects Acetate Ester Yield in North Mississippi .......................................... S348
Production in Bananas (cv. Senorita) .......................... S340 (158) Living Mulch Cover Crops on Small Parcels for Urban
(394) Assessing Superficial Scald Risk in ‘Granny Smith’ and Small-scale Applications ...................................... S349

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S467
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(159) Comparing Minirhizotron and Soil Core Methods Propagation ....................................................S357

for Measuring Root Growth of Melons under Deficit (332) The Effect of Nitrogen Application on Bud Take,
Irrigation ..................................................................... S349 Scion Growth, and the Level of Endogenous
Cytokinins in Shoots of Trifoliate Orange
Citrus Crops ...................................................S350 Rootstocks ................................................................... S357
(103) The Effects of Huanglongbing and Foliar Nutritional (333) The Effect of Auxin on Vegetative Propagation of
Treatments on Orange Flavor . .................................... S350 Idesia polycarpa Maxim ............................................. S358
(104) Evaluating the Effects of Controlled Release (334) Clonal Propagation of Stem Cuttings of Spigelia
Fertilizer Application Rate and Watering Regime Marilandica, S. Gentianoides var. alabamensis, and
on Photosynthesis and Growth of Potted Grapefruit S. Marilandica x S. gentianoides var. alabamensis
Foliage . ....................................................................... S350 F2 and F3 Hybrids ........................................................ S358
(105) Seasonal Production of Phloem Tissue in (335) Micropropagation of Ostrya virginiana (Mill.)
HLB-affected Citrus Trees .......................................... S351 K. Koch ....................................................................... S359
(106) Microsprinkler Location in Citrus . ........................ S351 (336) In Vitro Germination of Ostrya virginiana (Mill.)
(107) Results of Providing Weekly Data on Citrus Tree K. Koch using Gibberellic Acid as a Substitute for
Cold Acclimation to Florida Growers ......................... S351 Overcoming Seed Dormancy ...................................... S359
(337) Development of Cutting Propagation Techniques of
Nursery Crops ................................................S352 Deutzia amurensia ...................................................... S359
(046) Plant Growth Regulators Increase Branching of (338) Rootstock Age Affects Grafting Ability and Rootstock
Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’ and ‘Jane’ Re-rooting of Grafted Watermelon Transplants .......... S360
(Little Lime™) ............................................................ S352
(047) The Effect of Selected Herbicides on Growth of
Seed and Stand Establishment .....................S360
Aucuba and Flowering of Scaevola ............................ S352 (245) Evaluation of Seed Treatments for Sweet Corn at
Sixteen Locations in the United States ....................... S360
(048) Use of Biocontainers in Pot-in-Pot Nursery
Production System ..................................................... S353 (246) The Use of a Photoselective Film during Lettuce
Seed Production for Improving Germinability ........... S361
(049) The Use of Topflor G in Knockout Rose Container
Production ................................................................... S353 (247) Delayed Seeding of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo)
following Spring Brassica Cover Crop Incorporation
(050) Transplant Establishment of Container-grown Plants
Improves Seedling Emergence . .................................. S361
Produced in Eastern Redcedar Substrate .................... S353
(248) Bioassay of Pythium and Rhizoctonia in a Peat-based
(051) Increased Chlorophyll Efficiency of Dark-adapted Substrate Amended with Pine Wood Chip
Camellia Foliage when Treated with Chlorine Dioxide Aggregates .................................................................. S362
or Hydrogen Peroxide and Blended with an Ionic
Surfactant .................................................................... S354 Vegetable Breeding ........................................S362
(364) Evaluation of Lettuce Germplasm for Response to
Organic Horticulture......................................S354 Bacterial Leaf Spot ..................................................... S362
(075) First Year Primocane Yield Data of Advanced Thorny (365) Genetic Study of the Banded Cucumber Beetle
and Thornless Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Selections Resistance in Romaine Lettuce Cultivar Valmaine ..... S362
at Kentucky State University ...................................... S354
(366) Measuring Selection Progress in Onion Germplasm
(076) The Presence of Genetic Modification in USDA after One Selection Cycle for Reduced Iris Yellow Spot
Organic Certified Corn and Soy Food Products ......... S355 Symptom Expression .................................................. S363
(078) Identification of Phytohormones Present in (367) Screening of Cucumber Plant Introduction Accessions
Vermicompost Tea and Their Effect on Growth and for Resistance to Phytophthora capsici ...................... S363
Yield of Tomato .......................................................... S355 (368) Selection Progress for Reduced Iris Yellow Spot
(079) Location, Cropping System, and Genetic Background Symptom Expression in Onion ................................... S364
Influence Carrot Performance, Including Top Height and (369) Participatory Evaluation of Broccoli Varieties
Flavor, in the CIOA (Carrot Improvement for Organic Grown under Organic Conditions in Western North
Agriculture) Project .................................................... S356 Carolina ....................................................................... S364
(080) The Optimal Time to Establish Late-summer Cover (370) QTL Mapping for Quinone Reductase Activity in
Crops in the Great Lakes Region ................................ S356 Broccoli with Hepa1c1c7 Cell Lines .......................... S365
(081) A New Economic Assessment Tool for Organic (371) Differential Response of Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
Apple Producers .......................................................... S357 Cultivars to Taro Leaf Blight ...................................... S365

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S468 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(372) Managing Downy Mildew of Spinach: A Genomics- (222) The Effect of Clopyralid Rate on Annual Strawberry
based Approach ........................................................... S366 Production and Black Medic (Medicago lupulina)
(373) A Promising Breeding Strategy for Improving Tuber Control ........................................................................ S374
Quality in Chipping Potatoes ...................................... S366 (223) Influence of Trichoderma Application on Seed
(374) Productivity and Quality of New Onion Varieties Germination and Seedling Biomass of Jamaican Scotch
Bolting Resistant in Northeast Sonora, Mexico........... S366 Bonnet Peppers ........................................................... S374
(375) Evaluation of Segregating Tomato Lines for Salinity (224) Heat-Induced Inactivation of Seed Germination in
Tolerance ..................................................................... S367 Canola (Brassica napus), Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus
caudatus), and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) . ... S374
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S367
(114) Patterns of Variation for Sugar and Organic Acid Crop Physiology..............................................S375
Composition during Berry Ripening in Cold Climate (306) Physiological Response of Non-acclimated Spinach to
Wine Grape Cultivars . ................................................ S367 Repeated Freeze–Thaw Cycles ................................... S375
(115) Understanding the Causes of Flower Necrosis in (307) Changes in Aliphatic Glucosinolates Synthesis during
Grapevines .................................................................. S368 Early Seedling Growth and Insect Herbivory in Radish
(116) Chlorine Dioxide Sachets for the Control of (Raphanus sativus L.).................................................... S375
Postharvest Decay of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Table (308) Quantitative Analysis of the Major Aliphatic
Grapes ......................................................................... S368 Glucosinolates in Doubled Haploid Lines of Radish
(117) The Influence of Post-veraison Foliar Potassium Plants (Raphanus sativus L.) Obtained by Microspore
Applications on Table Grape Berry Quality . .............. S369 Culture . ....................................................................... S375
(118) The Evaluation of Different Cultural Practices on (309) Comparison of Glucoraphasatin and Glucoraphenin
Scarlet Royal Table Grapes to Determine Postharvest Content from Radish Plant during Vegetative and
Quality . ....................................................................... S369 Reproductive Growth .................................................. S376
(119) Impact of Yield Management Practices on Vine (310) Polyamines Alter Fruit Size and Shape by Regulating
Growth and Fruit Composition of Oregon Cell Division and Expansion in Tomato ..................... S376
Pinot Noir .................................................................... S370 (311) Glucosinolates Distribution during Growth and
Development in Radish Plants .................................... S376
Weed Control and Pest Management............S370 (312) Daily Light Integral Influences Production of Steviol
(214) Biology and Biocontrol of Lewis Spider Mite Glycosides.................................................................... S377
(Eotetranychus lewisi) in Strawberries ....................... S370 (313) The Influence of Temperature, Amino Acid, and
(215) The Newly Sporadic and Major Insect Pests Polyamine on Pollen Germination of Pepper (Capsicum
of Orchard Crops in Gyeonggi Province in South annum L.) .................................................................... S377
Korea ........................................................................... S371
(216) Hydrilla IPM RAMP—Starting a Statewide Extension Environmental Stress Physiology .................S378
Project ......................................................................... S371 (236) Carbon Gain, Biomass Allocation, and Water Use
(217) Improving Pest Control Options through Split by Garlic in Response to Elevated CO2 and Nitrogen
Application of Insecticides using Spike Wheel Liquid Availability . ................................................................ S378
Injection Technology . ................................................. S371 (237) The Effects of Fog Moisture Treatment on
(218) Development of Native Natural Predator Chrysoperla Reduction of Water Core Occurrence in Apple . ......... S378
nipponensis (Okamoto) for the Control of Mealy Bugs, (238) The Effect of Water Stress on Leaf Aquaporin
Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley), at Five Flavor Expression in Sweet Orange Trees ............................. S379
Berry, Schisandra chinensis Baill Orchard in (239) Sound Practices to Effectively Perform Electrolyte
Korea ........................................................................... S372 Leakage Assays ........................................................... S379
(219) Studies on Biological Control of Yellow Tea Thrips; (240) Interactive Effects of Hypoxia and Salinity on
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Perennial Ryegrass and Alkaligrass ............................ S379
on Five Flavor Berry Orchards; Schisandra chinensis (241) Varietal Differences in Physiology of Drought
Baill, using Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot Stressed Phaseolus ...................................................... S380
(Acari: Phyto ............................................................... S372 (242) Initial Evaluation of Lettuce Collections for
(220) Bark Beetle Flight in Relation to Lodgepole Pine Drought Tolerance . ..................................................... S380
Host Chemistry: Another Case for Coevolution? ....... S373 (243) Remotely Surface Reflectance Data for Irrigation
(221) Biological Control of White Mold of Snap Bean Scheduling of Southern New Mexico Pecan
with Low Rate Contans Applications ......................... S373 Orchards ...................................................................... S380

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S469
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(244) Using Sap Flow, Stem Diameter Micro-variations (277) Transplant Height Control and “Transplant Shock”
to Assess Water Use in Grapefruit Trees under Water- Reduction with S-Abscisic Acid (S-ABA) in Vegetable
saving Irrigation Strategies ......................................... S381 Production ................................................................... S389
(278) Physiological Investigations of Chemical Thinner
Floriculture......................................................S381 Efficacy in Apples ....................................................... S389
(017) Temperature Affects the Development of Brown
Spots on the Leaves of Oncidium Sharry Baby .......... S381 Plant Nutrient Management .........................S390
(018) Evaluation of Oncidium Intergenerics as Potential (266) Buffering Capacity of Substrates with Varying
Cut Flowers ................................................................. S382 Amounts of Compost and Limestone ......................... S390
(019) Biocontainer Use in Petunia xhybrida Greenhouse (267) The Hydration Efficiency of Two Pine Tree Substrate
Production—A Cradle-to-Gate Carbon Footprint Components under Dry Conditions ............................ S390
Assessment of Secondary Impacts .............................. S382 (268) Processing Tomato Response to Nitrogen
(020) Bluing of Hydrangea ‘Endless Summer’ Sepals Is Fertilizer ...................................................................... S390
Influenced by Timing of Aluminum Sulfate Drenches (269) The Ability of Plectranthus parviflorus and P.
or Aluminum Chelate Foliar Sprays in Three Different ambiguus to Regreen after Micronutrient
Locations and Production Systems ............................. S382 Deficiency ................................................................... S391
(021) Water Use and Cold Hardiness of English (270) Urea Hydrolysis in Pine Tree Substrate Is Affected
Lavender ..................................................................... S383 by Urea and Lime Rate ............................................... S391
(065) Wyoming Brown and Gold Fresh Cut (271) Content of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in
Sunflowers .................................................................. S383 Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) Cultivated in
Substrate . .................................................................... S392
Fruit Breeding.................................................S384 (272) The Effect of Osmotic Potential of Nutrient Solution
(416) Novel Carotenoid Pathway-related Gene on the Yield of Hungarian Wax Pepper (Capsicum
Expression Patterns in Citrus Leaves and Maturing annuum L.) .................................................................. S392
Fruits............................................................................ S384 (273) The Effect of Osmotic Potential of Nutrient Solution
(357) Application of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers for on the Yield of Yellow Pepper (Capsicum
Fruit Soluble Solids Content and Titratable Acidity in annuum L.) .................................................................. S393
the Arkansas Peach and Nectarine Breeding (274) Mature Prune Trees in a Commercial Orchard Did
Program ....................................................................... S384 Not Absorb a Measurable Amount of Potassium Analog
(358) Application of a Standardized Protocol for Fruit Applied to the Soil Beneath an Adjacent Tree ............ S393
Quality Phenotyping in the Arkansas Peach and (275) The Effect of Foliar-applied Acidified Iron Sulfate on
Nectarine Breeding Program . ..................................... S385 Chlorophyll and Iron Contents in Leaves of ‘Chandler’
(359) RosBREED: Functional Allele Distribution for Walnut Trees ............................................................... S393
Blush Development in U.S. Peach Breeding
Germplasm .................................................................. S385 Pomology ........................................................S394
(360) Application of Whole Genome Sequencing and (096) Unique Fruit Development of Ornamental ‘Teapot’
High Resolution Mapping to Characterize Brown Rot Jujube .......................................................................... S394
(Monilinia spp.) Resistance in Peach [Prunus persica (097) Searching for the Next Pawpaw Cultivar: Unique
(L.) Batsch] ................................................................. S386 Germplasm Selections at Kentucky State University.. S394
(361) Comprehensive Assessment on Quality of Fresh-eating (098) Field Establishment and Vigor of Kentucky State
Jujube Cultivars .......................................................... S387 University Pawpaw Advanced Selections . ................. S394
(362) Phenotypic Diversity of Individual Sugars, Soluble (099) Inflorescence Traits and Pollen Germination
Solids Content, and Acidity in RosBREED Apple Characteristics of Castanea henryi ............................. S395
Germplasm .................................................................. S387
(100) The National Strawberry Sustainability Initiative . S396
(363) S2 Progeny of Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)
(101) Pomegranate Variety Trial in Southern Arizona . ... S396
‘Osa Nijisseiki’ Having Self-compatibility and Their
Homozygosity Estimated By SSR Analysis ............... S388 (102) Regulation of Floral Induction in Apple ................ S396

Growth Regulators in Fruit and Nut Postharvest.......................................................S397

Production ......................................................S388 (400) Cultivar Differences in Gaseous 1-Methylcyclopropene
Accumulation in Whole and Fresh-cut Apple Fruit..... S397
(276) The Use of ABA and AVG to Manage Fruit Set and
Cropload of European Pear.......................................... S388 (401) Quality of Fresh-cut Pineapple Cubes Treated by
either High Pressure or Thermally Blanching . ........... S397

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S470 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(402) Evaluation of Quality and Sensory Attributes of Purple (180) The Effect of Composts on Field Soils Affected by
Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) Harvested at Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger in Hawaii................... S408
Different Stages of Maturity ....................................... S398
(403) Study of the Application of Technological Alternatives Organic Horticulture......................................S408
to Increase the Shelf Life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) (082) Groundcover Management System and Nutrient
cv. Manila . .................................................................. S398 Source Impact Physical Soil Quality Indicators in an
(404) Harvest Timing, Crop Load, and Preharvest GA3 Organically Managed Apple Orchard ......................... S408
Application Affect Postharvest Quality of ‘Lapins’ and (083) Cover Crop Mixtures Build Soil Quality in Organic
‘Sweetheart’ Sweet Cherries ....................................... S399 Hop Orchards............................................................... S409
(405) Grafting Rootstock, Scion, and Field Holding Effects (084) An Evaluation of Organic Fertilizers for Use in
on Seedless Watermelon Fruit Quality . ...................... S399 Container Media........................................................... S409
(406) Effects of Postharvest Heat Treatments on Chilling (085) Effect of Late Summer Cover Crops on Weed
Injury, Diseases, and Quality of Tuscan Melons.......... S400 Management in Organic Vegetables in the Great Lakes
(407) Effect of Harvest Delay of Southern Highbush Region.......................................................................... S410
Blueberry on Resistance to Impact and Storage (086) Nutrient Content of Field-grown Organic Heirloom
Quality.......................................................................... S400 Tomatoes as Influenced by Poultry Compost and
(408) Extending Cassava Root Market Life in Liberia Mychorrhizae Application .......................................... S410
with Improved Postharvest Practices ......................... S400 (087) Organic Production of Sunflowers in High
(409) Market Life Extension and Fruit Quality Enhancement Tunnels ........................................................................ S411
of Navel Oranges ........................................................ S401 (088) Vegetable Yield and Soil Quality as Affected by
(410) Suitability of Two Instruments to Determine Organic Cropping Systems ......................................... S411
Skinning Resistance in Sweetpotato ........................... S401
(411) Postharvest Storage Affects Sweetpotato Water-soluble Ornamental Plant Breeding...........................S411
Vitamin Composition .................................................. S402 (376) In Vitro Chromosome Doubling of Prunus
(412) Differences in Storage Quality of Onion Bulb as laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’ ........................................ S411
Affected by Harvesting Methods ................................ S402 (377) Breeding Heat Tolerant Abutilon ........................... S412
(413) Application of Two Different MAP Systems in (378) Characterizing Crop Timing and Quality Traits of a
Order to Prolong the Shelf Life of Romaine Lettuce Petunia integrifolia x P. axillaris Recombinant Inbred
during Marine Shipment ............................................. S402 Line Population under Different Temperatures . ......... S412
Viticulture and Small Fruits..........................S403 (380) In Vitro Callus Induction of Dendranthema indicum
var. Aromaticum, a Scented Chrysanthemum ............. S413
(121) Muscadine Grapes: Evaluation of Genotypes and
(381) Variation in Nuclear DNA Content and Chromosome
Field Fungicide Applications on Postharvest Storage
Number among and within Caladium Species . .......... S413
Attributes . ................................................................... S403
(122) Failure Tests of Intact Grape Berry Skins and What (382) Haploid Production through Anther Culture in
They Tell Us about Berry Cracking ............................ S403 Saintpaulia Species ..................................................... S413
(123) Determining Survival of Lobesia botrana Larvae in Teaching Methods ..........................................S414
Grapes Processed for Wine Making to Evaluate the
Risk of Dispersal ......................................................... S404 (184) Development of Teaching Aid for Leaf Function
and Evaluation of Its Impacts on Student Academic
(124) Utilizing Pruning and Leaf Removal to Ripen Grapes
Achievement ............................................................... S414
and Encourage Cold Tolerance in North Dakota ........ S404
(185) Do Plants Play a Part in Student Satisfaction?........ S414
(125) Applying Precision Agriculture Technologies as a
Problem Solving Tool to Improve Small-scale Vineyard (186) A Webinar Series to Provide Advanced Training for
Management in Western Nile Delta of Egypt ............. S405 Iowa Nursery and Landscape Professionals ............... S415
(126) Flavonoid Accumulation in Wine Grapes .............. S405 (187) An Undergraduate Independent Study Project
Developing a Golf Course Tree Inventory for Audubon
(127) Evaluation of Two Sources of Organic Matter Applied
to Soil and Their Effects on Grape Production ........... S405 Sanctuary Certification ............................................... S415
(188) Introducing the Flipped Classroom in Several
Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants ............S406 Horticulture Courses ................................................... S415
(176) An Efficient Protocol for Direct Somatic (189) Fruit Quality Measurements in a Segregating
Embryogenesis in Medicinal Tree Murraya koenigii Blueberry Population: Plant Breeding Training for
(L.) .............................................................................. S406 Undergraduates ........................................................... S416

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference S471
 Presentations Listed by Session Name and Title

(190) Understanding Student Perceptions and Industry (165) Fruit Yield and Composition as Functions of Grafting
Expectations for Viticulture and Enology Careers . .... S416 and Irrigation Regimen in an Organic High Tunnel
(191) The Use of Creative Nonfiction in a Floriculture System ......................................................................... S422
Production Course to Introduce Concepts of Plant (166) Production and Quality of Grafted Watermelon
Conservation, Industry Internationalism, and Consumer Cultivars ...................................................................... S422
Motivations for Plant Purchases ................................. S417 (167) Influence of Grafting and Planting Density on Fruit
(192) How To: Making an Informative Video from Start to Yield and Root-knot Nematode Control in Tomato
Finish............................................................................ S417 Production ................................................................... S423

Temperate Tree Nut Crops . ..........................S418 Water Utilization and Management .............S423
(255) Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Drip Application
(128) A Reduced Early Season Irrigation Schedule for
Method on Pomegranate Fruit Yield and Quality ....... S423
Southeastern Pecan Production ................................... S418
(256) Container-grown Lavender Affected by Oxygenated
(129) Efficiency of California Trunk Shaking Pistachio
Irrigation Water ........................................................... S424
Harvesters ................................................................... S418
(257) Response of Mexican Lime to Partial Rootzone-drying:
(130) Feeding Preference of Conotrachelus retentus on
A Water-saving Strategy ............................................. S424
Black Walnut Tissues .................................................. S418
(258) Strategies for Reduction of Irrigation Applications
(131) Characterization of the Relationship of Manganese for Bare-root Strawberry Transplant Establishment in
Nutrition to Photosynthesis of Pecan in the Mesilla Central Florida ............................................................ S425
Valley, New Mexico .................................................... S419
(260) Seasonal Water Use of Southern Highbush Blueberry
(132) Investigating Physiology of Salt Processing in in Florida ..................................................................... S426
Pistachio ...................................................................... S419
(261) Identification of Plant-endophytic Bacteria from Bell
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown under Different
Vegetable Crops Management ......................S420 Production Systems and Water Regimes . ................... S426
(160) Symbiotic Performance of Diverse Cowpea Genotypes (262) Comparing Hydraulic Properties of Soilless Substrates
on the Delmarva Peninsula ......................................... S420 with Natural Soils: A More Detailed Look at Hydraulic
(161) Grafting and Number of Polyplastic Film Layers Properties and Their Impact on Plant Water
Affect Yield of High Tunnel Tomatoes ....................... S420 Availability . ................................................................ S426
(162) Effects of Grafting and Landscape Fabric on (263) Seasonal Landscape Crop Coefficients................... S427
Productivity of Three Organically Grown Heirloom (264) Containment, Remediation, and Recycling of Irrigation
Tomato Varieties in High Tunnels . ............................. S421 Water for Sustainable Ornamental Crop Production:
(163) Low Tunnels and Shading Influence Total and Results of a SCRI Planning Grant .............................. S427
Marketable Yield of Bell Pepper Fruit ........................ S421 (265) Use of Rainfall Simulation to Determine the Persistence
(164) Evaluating Extended Season Head Lettuce Production and Transport of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in
in West Virginia . ......................................................... S421 Runoff Water ............................................................... S428

An asterisk (*) following a name indicates the presenting author.

S472 HortScience 48(9) Supplement—2013 ASHS Annual Conference