qua orto ( messed ) seq vena a (yystompedti ( Se word) wmaouou spa ya (q)oqune voseg 9) umuswou sre 0 as palates eanemal tpteg . aypqued wy ABiaun 2405 wonenbe e208 aut ) sels so a -dnod sor s800jq uonses pur wowoyd soso ids year mssuo os ny, sus s Se aU0 8019 om Ot ej OR SOS SUD) 291 7 81g ut paasenda nna uns yes 9p SPIRE NE EPS ggTOlLuVd AUNTS 40 SUBSMNN rauwre 2 pun yan 2 apeunns ay 2 EH PONE > ave sayy suosau poe suo uo 2am 01120 -swonsesiv 3u0n ions ons sun voupe um A SHOPPY oe = eth tre dd cuunnawnus ¢ po ‘von uod € oA = PE WOH wheren gyesunaqiaug xgiomin 4. Hom 20h SESE Egy Soo “unows Sir obey ean 209 sees gree foe aang age eege 4 ssaoud yous 20 ‘sod ieomgue wor udu wood C8 ME cay gee 4° Mae te HX paved ane ye 3p |= 8 suokeg 20) to = @ ae © AR YIU JaguME LOCATE pale pe ue Any SHOES (ors) ype es 8 GR a tne ne 98 one Seni 8 “soso 04 puso os ood 24, 288 23 801939 acid os pot “enon yay wonepes ann play a} qUOIRED 2S “pas sy PRY 2! ays 19) ‘send sp pe SUOSau¥ 291 2 pu {ode 5101 -BulBu0j9q> red ent i -suordiy pa eno pus x82 “Boas 03224 2 ‘s3T01LUVd ANVANEHSTS SOISAHa HOWE ON HVETONN oeELEMENTARY PAMUILLES NUCLEAR AND PAATICLE PHYSICS - Mur)=1 et ‘Baryon Number y= 1 Basyon number is «quantum number for elementary particle defined in such a way thai can tke me) =0 =I or baryons, nan-aryos and anbsryon paris respectively For example, or ai(y~0 - a(3)=0 telow, baryon number given as: yon numberisevenss ft tusithe decay wraetiey 1 Baryon NonberB Pare Barger number roeeien, - oe : “Thee are two neutrinos, on is of electron type ad the ther of muon type, in order to conserve the ? PPr elecron and muon numbers Thi assumption i compile with the absence of decay ee o rrr “1 eon ad mos oes Ti nurten com we a aw : and Pp esese pa “ x a | ‘The epon ube the sum of electron and muon ombers ee 4 w 1 | 834 Isobarie ortsotopic Spin cba 7 a a i sve noice that they are all grouped into fais. Thus, the : BF allo cent : ro) same baryon number (0) but fer only by Fore"se"ssH" Yq WY, and, the Baryon number Bis zero because they ae nt Baryons, 83.2 Hypercharge (¥) ‘Quantum number, denoted by ¥, isthe sum ofthe baryon number B and suangenessS, Ys good iterations and isnot conserved in weak * the decay of moons wp Lepton quantum number L quantum number eor electron eOJ=1 a¥,)*-1 I For K”K® doublet, oe 0 aty=0 = =O 4¥,)=0 Fork" BY dobie | LED LED LED oe | \ \ The electron murber can have values | fr e"an v and ~I fore” and 1° jp Up Muon ber 2s defined i exactly the opposite way — 1 for pW, and 20 for al otber leptons ev, and, for aucleon doubleFa : ora <7 gdp jo 28s eran a zu pou pu oe edly pes S328 fy Grae 0 sa LO)S ee eee 0 edd - te aC2Is eo wo Os eye ye dee z-=Gas te 0 ores etytyedts 1- e(ons oor wo Oss ve weeden i--CDs¥ bets pore os Beye dew 1 «GDS eo oes aed eas oor wo oss a vee me das 3 sojonsed J0yo [8 40) 1 § 2469 WUD 2m S04 Je-Gis ‘I=sGvs “Guay unos se soonsed 2 cu pansatues 291 Keung SuonDea: Voronpold ew paasoo sg Jequm nun ssunBueas SSTOWBYE ABVANGHETS pega. ons | 8S ron Mise ors os tee of leo ons ees : dee yy spiusesg ow wor 8 OS sossaoond Keop ut squn tunuan jo sat 1 commutation reader i iguie0 Te sian of ena sige pon state 836. Chatge Conjugation (0) mecin wih ion found experimentally that every particle appears to have an anipai ‘opposite sign of elec charge, baryon number or lepton num Ty of isotopic spin. A unitary operator C, called charge conjugation wansorms a panicle 4 antparicle 4. More precisely Cla pum) = nylABim) - where ny isthe eigenvalue of charge conjugation operator C. The fact that Chas no effet onthe momentum, nor energy (since the masses ofA and ate equal) nor on spin shows: (cAl=[cRl=[cl=0 “These commutation relations show that he quanti 8.3.8 Time Reversal T «Time reversal operator T may be defined bythe equation Tian) = lan) ex) J ait conserved under charge conjugation. es 38 0, Band L we have reversal would simply bea aon-ansformation. =o ontzadiciory to the fet that momenta ané angular reversal. Moreover, we expect the energy 10 remain Them) = nk\-3-m) winete K isa complex conjugation operation having the propery Kis ik Evidently Ce a aetl ence the concep of take fom eq (25) which in tur changes the ime “Theefore, eigenvalues of charge conjugation are + 1 and~ 1. Charge cong cies interactions. served by the weak int ae Per cepeeaa ean te 8.4, TYPES OF INTERACTIONS Pow + y rout, Te numberof elementary panicle so far discovered is very larg. The interactions amongst these particles may be considered as We dret source ofthe natural phenomena. Only four fondamental rs known inthe ature, song, eletromagnetic, weak and gravitational are apparently the physical processes and strururs inthe universe on all cae of sie from 837 G-Parity tC anicommates with J, makes it inconvenient to ex the conservation of which by strong 1 jon tobe known and Since G depeads on the isospin operator ms ofthe gener Recalling the action of C onthe doupoe sopanued yo 6a jos 208 rama suonpz se uno y Us 30 syanb se gaye wr ns ve vous POUR EA ‘An S192 auponne saps wm sapan 6a YP sa san pase esas 05 wo! cape ses voyou tp SA HN f sem paranonsp sofa 9 20 see poeta saan © URN EE ‘dg sto Bp 9 oHEEM BATE AAS ay aes > 200 uegedee “yyssepndiy (ory “au, “y ovodu200 ny pe) ws08 duexo ue st ono i 009 (uly, 01 ~) 3) a8ue2 HOUS quunu voreg esq Sos x UeBming LORD gun yous 328 22000052 oyd 20 wosaus 1d 9 ep 941 J0 99103 5 1 HM ut py saousso Buon 3 uy womans way ‘oon 2p jo uore39d0 sess 32,0 E90 RE ofan weUOD ‘ones yooN-0112)9 4 aay supa aaewonsHe AE AEE oust i son 012 ates0dsos nas you 5 aeueds ia ‘suoqunay Josie 240 pue yo ade vows) slopuony) “gets 2 - fnguecde se ops sat 0 EES 82g aa ping 00 soot ( ~) B00 gL) 2 Pe us Ua 129 (= er MPH AAD SUE 2 —~-_EE Sonat “sarouva ANVANHTS ou {gg 1 camp Bs wonoe swoon aL {6-01 2 ge JOE HN" “paver 2 qed amseman sua, 8) aE VHD NE 7 01 09@ 51 uo fawonoape 248 2210) noesai aaudewosa[2 24) J 2)8U0x9 UY Lake (NN) ot ane 9g voganu ue-uoayhu, Lege’ sew debe gered “9 ‘wonresn snauewou322 01 parsers 29 sede Kew Te goquy od werodu ir rq m ose oy saves amie tony ons om nana orton ae Sai aan on sean geo J wn 9 a prod et Te pty ens spout ag 3 x30 3 vey 1804s su aay EE wesuoo amon 20y 5 PR} oid ew220 9g ‘aq, vopoesoat sp SurzuaeveD HesUOD| vossacp aL SY,UEN DL x19 = 9 WRI [HOHE iyo uiddans ay ajgeo219pun v9 p82 277d Keruawo|> Uo ‘sorgaHa STOUMYE ONY BVSTONN nea6 NUCLEAR ANO PARTICLE PHYSICS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES. a7 ‘Table 8.1. Elementary Particles and Corresponding interaction modes. reported that em fo the positron was nearly same as that for elecvon. The ps ‘but cannot exit indefinitely inthe presence of mater, The posion has same SS ee ron Posivon, ike leewons, appear as decay products of many heavy paricies, Electron : ' rk See reas Ret inaunce PAL Dro 108 peed be rence . . k . 5 oo * fe a 4 i led porn, which Iss " : 5 ailation propery, the posivon sido be the a . ani:paril thee. 8.33) etenrey “The positon was the Sst ofthe class known as atipartles and has been given the symbol € () Fifth Interact ‘fundamental iterations ‘beer represented by fe is an indication ofthe existence of fifth interaction ed 0 fat. Ithas been reported thal the force between two masses be t+{ie(ieZ eet] (830) ‘with @=-0.007 and A = 200 mAs is oegative, te second term inthe square bracket represents tepulsve foes. For >> 200m, 88.2. Proton and Antiproton postive rays from ionized ‘which the second elementary particle was identified, the nucleus ofthe common hyogen atom FSG he force one measures in a Cavendish experi less than the value of G for lage distances, 8.5 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTRY PARTICLES 4 Election and Positron proton came for the \r 1897 inthe fom ofathode ays. Theres massof he eco "prices have mass larger than parce poses an inns angular mone ald is spa. Ths he pa ofthe eleczon bas tmagiude ts spin carbave two possible coaiios, now spin ep opin down. The ras ofthe eee is 2818 x10" m Eton is ented in dion (ba rays and ia anyother dzay processes. The leon is completly sable ~ D. Anderson wile saying cosmic aye ings lod chamber tothe eleczo, but having postive charge This parce was electron or positron. PM.S. Blackett and GPS. Occhialini in England also observed 1933, 1 Thibod in Belgium i 1934, wag a araogemet of ossed mauec and elec els, Fig. 83 Experimental arrangement forthe detection of antiproton.85.4, Neutrino and Anti-neutrino ‘Ascisused ince othe exliachaptr its posibleo evo lations ofthe a of ns ‘cra linear and angular fomerta and spin by assuming the existence of partic 1 Resin Chas etre aero, pin Zero rest mass (est mass VEX parson with ‘he clecvon) andesagnetic moment sale han 10 Bohr magneton or nearly 20. also has tinguishbly diferent from it.The lear fom expecimeat $e they are iongituinally polarized wih ther spin axes ni Het fore; == L for (838) mate except tha which leads to inverse P-ecay. This iter “The v,and J, were postulated in 1930 to explin the decay The experimentally verified in 1953. Quantitative studies ‘neutrinos produced by the alternating Gradient Sy thowed tat there wee tito distinct neutrinos— the ele ‘oon neutrin v, associated with m-ecay. Thus there re four neuins, mame Ys Ye Tn 1975, anew heavy charged lepton (au 1°). vas discovered by Marin Pel andi “The bw addtional ype of neutrinos v, and aescited with his new heavy epion arefound to exist in addition tothe above mentioned four neutinos. “The neutrino js he only known particle that has weak ni "oo! in the sty of weak fores, since the intra Interactions, The scatering of neutrinos by neurons of prt steve of the nucleons. “The neural curent interactions of neutrinos have been extensive tering and neutino-po represent the newtinos as lectron-se0 ests and electrie charge of neutrinos are assumed to be 858.5 Graviton, Photon, Gluon and Mesons mol g). Such a particle has 3 massless panicle with 3 involve the waster of photons Lom: one body to anoter It ws sro inv plas quantum hypothesis o apply to ration inorder to explain 3 UL sooond 6g vo4d 341 ]0 1290 VORD yp won wang! aja of a0 Sana vy J 4Bi0u9anbyen © -qunysowou pus ABiau2 2038009 a8ins unaneds oea) . (100% ay fo xpos 299 80, eam rmsespraenal TS ga es "eu ‘vonoye 230158 0 Aah os 6.902108 rsp? 9900 =H SIN URNERTANL | os! ena yo sue 20 pause SHELA FEE ppm $L9OE ° if 2 1 esssgn 08 oa (ord _leuieo (E-4 oy 27 oon oganertepeny j= emuimustuanls 1 osoq 20S LEZ “9701 = 0008 “cpm ng oe ore ERT (<2 0s soa myopia wd OP ona sen Se pe UE pani HO AES Bye Hg, aa 1 HIP 4 yams fg 180120 1 seo na £91 570 jo uosaur- 24 T96L 100y 1014 “du ay soso UNO ssjeuoyd 2a 01 090 juainse=t 290 Sxoeioe oe umn ud 230088 yn 3im passed yu pau UOsew 21009422 re Uosau €J0 200085 Ss 205 asad nod pais S9sseU OID Hedeuste® gua ae sunt 24, 08982 SABES pe pe suo fe 3n0ua gossane stowed ONY wYATONN utI ime and energy release # coupling constant g canbe calculated as m te cas 10 J? which ie excemely close to Pec “he fact Gat both and jedecays ae the examples of the muon Ifthe muon is described by ave a magnetic moment of ene muon (= el/2m,) magneton in H2. The asymmetry ofthe muon decay gives extremely 85.7 Pions The esl f emia inves poconinteraion adi ie ‘Gocusin tat pions can be produce in Inbratory y thew tren of a acceratr. The amount of energy which “Artfil Production: After te discovery ish it. ‘beam an deuterium or substance topes. ‘A the present time strong bear of charged pions Fig. 8.4 Target meson used for anifcal production of charged tesons rpm (n+p) and deuteron may be considered as an interaction berween the rotan and one of the nueleons which constitute the deuteron. The posible reactions are pen(ind)~ pen(ind +p +p “The production of pions by gamma rditin ncdent on ncleons hasbeen sted extensively in the energy range fom threshold to 450 MeV and less thoroughly upto 1 GeV. he direct evidences, suchas decay schemes andhyperine, po yen eee Besides charged pions, neutral pion has been prodyced by bomberding hydrogen and deverim hotons. pepamtp rtd eins) «apd by ptoon-proton interaction pep—iespte “The soure of gaming ay ie generally the bremsstrahlung of eesrons ac Mats of Pion: The mass ofthe charged pion ca be determined by method a am-partcle, the vy must be and ime of charge pions was made by 380 MeV ofthe peed hence the average pion obainéd wasod. pu jun vias) 50 06S fora) uo wa 0 afzdg~2, 58 wo YOO osos poos qive stowed aL sau (U) #1 £8 pau SEM PUE A2H O55 ~ yo unndads ayn dumnoyd p22 pains oa a (4 53134, POE! aed aging Ke wan sy pO ot + 3 — 8) AD axe nededepee eeu ap ut paonposd 6] w spo 51 PU 2yqnq wnuziap © ut suo ansod Jo (oct “DPM zese +++ cg )aenrene +%+ FO) (wet Danese FCT ose 658 hese gs 1p pu. 2 Ye pases oy “uty pub 2 ‘Epued ppo puewpea 2a 002 sunt Sed paaaaevo9 sted ~) (os Jaen rsLe eee OT (cit An cote t+ AO) ae suojoea Aeop 24, "won 51 oH ued warap woy Boeds ‘ty put F- festroun ypie yates 4 sui axa opus t ang am 1 2g sousbensuByst ot AS82924 1 699 uogesasgo 24 (2) mee-Y so esp 29 ut 34 Jo wasads a SONSED FO is 20 pu uth 4 pnfsa Se apznd st 809 fied & aatonut s20p Keaop-9 e 200 yl Jo Kur oy pautago 29 ue A t | Jospudserpor sued J et son ora Snel 30 am aL mo nd A BINS LU'0 BL: 860 = exp pase sea A220 785 EI = "BUSA APH pu suse wo pu sina Ksop- 2 wanss Abs prsyede wnorg PUE _a a fo 950 260s 4514 ia me vosou a 2100 6s pixgunanywasks WD uy tBN pr sunge son plesau a Pu |=” or (@ “ + post =O pas sade su 4003 fo sey) se suoey ane, 4s) _ UP, vic tsche Gr Teigp yous epur doe a 0 sionpordesep 31009 Siam uoey ae vo 2 SUEY PUP ons vasoyo 288 Sinuno> 3529 Jo apt s3seu 4 3 Spooaposd sem aojoge xeyyo0/5 1 A059 29) ponuopard Sues wrog nahi sar YY PREY O(N hy wus 9 pauso}nd 9561 AH PE pagaosge an Kqunop pox sastnd 2anpox! pyrow suo faz oni 24 Aq ape Sem S00E4 JO wr nog su0ey m2} PUP ‘kesapuowy Jo s9pow ueuraopaxd om yy usu mune anys! 28H as SmIoUMWe AUVINSHETS ‘Sossatd 3TOULVS ONY BYETONN sxea cy NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS r=) eV ants belonging vatisresonanes The amon peak orespnds Tong THedmeertoanabmost sable pail Henceits decay des ot proceed rough he sore 2S eine us benconroedeBthley whee ispariciehasben obser inte Pome: cof protons by K-mesons. Kepaser - ‘Te nepal decay electromagnescally bythe processes ‘ate rey aeerse wperer “The two photon decay is more prominent and is evidenes th frat strongly Like the # meson, the 1? -meson ate eget that thas T =O and greater mas. The 3x-ecay implies tat so tbe decay isto fs, hence cannot bea weak process this confirms tha the jon is involved in deca: imes larger than that of x. Considering 1 decay mode contributes roy fof, obtained bs comparison wi Str, should be 10°! This corespnds tothe width ofl ‘aston etal. measured the neariant nase of he tet pions 4+) an found the mass ofr meson as 549.9 12 MeV qe ifr texhnique, the profuton of meson ion y+ P* i a cimaed he mass 5493 229 MEV for neta, The vais pbsed measiremens 6 tonsistent, The best estimate derived is 48.8 = 04 MeVic. serail decays et two gamma a othe pons, Rec ims 0 805 as 00 Fo larger Spin or lage is excluded bese it would est in mated anisovoP sey nck are not obsered. Tha itis ete toassign J = Otte pari ine te pion ina T=O sate necesariy ve, hence he pie must havea ar “Tne neural wth mass ~ 9570 +024 eV has also been observed. Being more maw in te time (5 << 2) However ilar mas aks te des nto an 1 x8 aan ae more favourable than he dey to photons. ks dian day mode (7 — 148 + andro but lot, fll with being only (0.29 4 005) MeV. coun etal. easute, ith 2 above theesbold 85.10 Hyperons Tiyperons ae the semistable paticies, having masses reate ths oteron was take from Greek work hyper, "mearing above”. Hyperon i i & rree® tk nonaeo stangenessminber S-Thehyperon ave ong ities 1D 66 ang SS ty photon emision or through weaker decay infractions. The know hyperons , BLE Fr eiranrperiees The hypeone pile wie ar usable 10" secre aed exe hypeons, observed a esonones Finer The st hypern wa fund in csi ay in 1987 by Races ad Hal nay serene tks fo cred pails emerging om poitinie of spatter The opie awn #shaped gr enlé be be explained yang a os oe ae pot dwn Fm th sy ud dzayed 0 fr psn and negative cast merece hrped pail enim the rns wee eid paon snd neve 9. rar ence for the enstece ofthe rst and bet knoe hyperon, This euro usetie porte was nan os lomb and denoted bs 1°. Bae the chorocerise appearance of er. For its production in laboratories, Feet homndikeané Whitemore ron synhreton} 0 enter rat 3 Ge fm he Boxkaven Comoro Haan SAN sree aerating hyrogen aa press 18 AOSD BY inamagpetic TOD gasses, Te ack of an ineident pon canbe S09 the chamber Tis end cine uachs of the negative ion and proton, T ans era pets, he neces ofthe prodution of ae neutral "was als suggested. The reaction is wpa Nee e decay react particle, pebably K*-meson, ofthe etetion A? =p #-BOt the Acdecay products were mad measurement have beet “The massaf ihe‘ yperon has been obiained from be pion and proton anges. 5 well a the opening eM reel so measured was 37-56 2 0.13 MeV Sever se of mass is 5.60 0.08 Me Je 2.63 £002 10" cers The spin of AS 0.04 wy As A® appears om by the rule 6S = 1 eabers. The ist of these has 0 predominant to be observed wa «decay schemes and three weak decays Bre pe ate NGL MeV 51%) 03 MeV (9% ante ty 4x cane tyy (2 107%) leponie decay 3x1) =r -rueman if of F'-hyperon i 80 # 004 x 10% see THe comepaaing MEET panicle denned by Twas also observed within Few 0 isthe discovery ofthe is desay scheme is Soames HIBSMeV (Mean ime 148% 107500) 5" -typern was alin preseted. Its soon ater viene fore xen of decay scheme is jean fe time 6+ 1 « 107s) onthe products of K"and E” capture ‘When such measurements Soot ye 8OMeV The -ypean masses come rom measures aid — 2 they sel mg.» 1189.36 + 006 MEV “Te and anges in he reaction Kapow Lt ot(i euro ws ge 2 BH yng pon en se PLA HENS fe aoe jo suids [08 LZ Ss: eS aney| a ees 52004474 9) HOP feeyre) song Buena Aa O21 as put a noes! Aun 2484 ORE A sqpromuenr uso noneam ons cae ai ws A pn vd gy pts 4 amusing 7—sp Aimplye AB resound oso soi pra Wz 20 "10 '014 enone ural Jo K3N039 20) OHO erecta use set nots sro S39 ak et ez psa ag ez pue_2 HO SD He aapaso sales Soe 8 0 1 sao = iy vanes tonenseruan 2g (20d J seer mona 3 s86 eApaNO) edu fo wonssH29 "yore ne 290904 5 Dede eat oee aeyeeey yew oa nano} 1521 pet 99 ao se a 58 PE 3p 08 geese pt sonud Banos an aN sip jo av oBapun po sary aa panvoge au soso oS, 003] HIN eyo suo po xo woqresat 249 pronoxd asad 296] qoesd uoqoy a swore 66! HD ean se oy yes one 128 .9‘sseu SU jo svoysen a ‘sana TI pas uaaq aney sassan01d XeD9p 2, DN OLE EHV ANEW ETE VEE eed asi AED9p Jo S9pou Umotr af “Uosaut x 3470U8 jars sanposd on S629 210 vorwanoyutspinerd ose . ay woULysusioo 98 - sg 5 apo Koop Kg gus sun posn aie poser sa e+ 2 OE 0 et sem aL YY B fq panera ot a en pseuen aoe EP “3 sn : TesvieH 1 sfseyp aon 24 jo 350830 Mr BCD F RTE uo siuawadia ay 1uawous oueu © mous sapou Ke09p LL" = 13 ren ai patsodéns wouwow Ssovsod Kay suoquuay ave sup “Fw : “202M 800# 9°76! og cvs (Bm {3H pueaTAO 6 Eos Je MIU Z # PPI ona ep ose est 5 aT AE area sh hsp a Kapono + 3d tebe 102 RE gecap sy 5908 i YoIYM VON . foo $F FE sos: Bee i Nz jose wens AgNEDSHOD HL PIA SOO yossewag p32n'D woe Re ee oe gd omnes und RL TH pred 2 94j0ss60 year we drs Sep pr bo aren sin sn na COFOOEIOANEND Y reravoiou & S22 ‘SO\SAHA 3TOLLYA ONY BSTONN ooo=” NUCLEAR ANO PAATICLE PHYSICS ‘Thus AS=0. Spin ang 4, Conservation of Porte tobe replaced by - notethat the pysial laws donot depend oo the Te for even pai sates foro party states an be expressed a8 8,5 (> fon, proton nd neutron ae taken tobe even. Then one Fin Fixed relative othe itinsc pate of ncieons. We m expressed as subscripts above the total angular momentum, i. tion of Charge: We nate that without exception citherno elec charge or the precise charge e. Tete sno varity, as there nd negative electric charges are exactly equal. Thenet elec charge of35y ce isalways conserved, apt ge t072 MeV “The word charge is wed in a broader sensei fundamental parcl physics. Apart from eecie it Q, one define the baryon charge B foreach baryon and leptonic charge / foreach lepto strangeness, charm and beauty have similar roperies and are considered as charg antibayons, Similar the leptons on 0. We must ote that thee ze actualy tee dierent types of leponi wth the tne diferent youp of leptons, eg leczon-psiron ("e) | Bac ype ofthese lepts are associated with 2 neutrino, viz fhe ectroeneuine (vy tne nbon nezio (and th au-neuine (9). The association ofthe ‘harged leptons with thei netrinos (ntl is expected to aie fo the esi iawof leptonic huge (eplor nrabe) conservation, All the neuino associated with eptos are probably mass 270 aa 7 airs. The lepton conservation lawsis probably of conservation las, one can isobsered rela tothe gauge invariance of the weak n understand why some rations dona take place, doesnot eur becaue baryonie charge wader “The sboverestion doesnot occur because ofthe non conservation 7 redo the “Tiyand y-meson ae od ie. Chy>'= -7>, ive = Iv> an Ce) i: breaks up into to phoons. Fr n? meson aso C party fora must be even beeau iy ever: : (eld isinvarianv under time revers ant undaw sound attg Jo vont fans ue SEE an ‘oussua opsudewona passe 39 U8 25941 hqui 282] queg Aiqquaunrg jo saurowwks: 198 pening 05 (¢= 0) 4 +2 — 2 499A die -E gee hey red ty oD sma kq 208 291 S29 ai 1 seg som U1 JO seus su ssavowens yo vopesasu0 2) '309P Ut yeas) U0 ponnesna 2m £9 paves 2@ ue 4 fou st ssousduens 5 | spansaswoo (sv @ soy (0) v4 =D RON —aa) Es = Te pee ea (conan) esos vtoa ues sp = 20ng2m puny a0 A100 T+ = Op oye sue au 6010 drape ye an Jt ‘ve sey gx UE, IBNOEAGO “F per 1 =5'0= 8 am 1 3 37920 OF eo woes su uso 24 Jo woundno> PN tah senusduens pau ase ups sm raniuend sa0ouens conitivd AMYINNETS do to ue Soft ‘gu (>= A) stoped uso ve jo aren we ondrun urdsost awes 2p 2AEY Sag 1 35 45 Sueuena) 21000 13g (3B) sor ea ae age son oso, mag W222 aia a J ry gunjeny ous ayo asnezeg srseu Sues dasio aso >a Aq unyoug sau esau 9) leitent y suauods ons in in f=] 10} {= =$ypue vores a0 5} ‘gaa -wdsos Joep 9) 0 SPF S910} 19]904 JO 398. oy spuy a0 v2 Uo] SON Ka ses 34) JO SHEE cdo fo wonans25109 % Jo sauadoxd an do any i Jo 29 ro bu st wovoe eg-si9per7 Se UmoUTY STE B wonedo evenut st (@x4-+3)p aed paseyo Jo vont Jo opens a po us pobunyy 240 soe fog aes 00) Jpn NALA SE = ‘S0ISAHd 3TOUNYd ONY BYTONN ' weAND PARTS: vsies ions. The elementary parties which iy baryons and vesons obey Bore Einstein statistics and the quantum ofthe inter nucleon Feld the above two groups onthe basis of ve different values i ror a system of more than one patele the isospin vectors can Be com canbe added algebraically. Asan example, cor tes of particular groups made up from the above two isospin doublets. The process of soopin muliplts rom a numberof isospin doubles, «ga above, can be achieved iat unitary group of rank 2). The generators of such transformations ar the he members ofa double, ep, and nae transformed into ly propose an extension ofthe scheme of iandhypercharge Y= 8+ S known 38 Later the higher syimetries, described by SU(A), SUS), SUC) and such other groups, wer ployed to study the hadronic behaviout ‘GellMann and Ne'eman proposed the existence of group of eight baryons in super ace ofthe simple isotope invariance assumed in SU ! have diferent values ei ‘masse but the mass diferen: ‘One can assume thatthe above eight baryons, formed asa result ofa very strong interaction, have all equal mazes (eight fold degeneracy in suangeness and cham): This ott symmetry is broken dus tothe acon ofa moderately trong interaction, whic depends on stangentss. Tis helps ins the sbangeneas degeneracy Bebween the groups of differnt values ofS within the super mute ‘each group ofS he charge degenee the components of same with ferent a 1 wm Sis ofthe onder ig. 8.6. Weight diagram ~ Y pot for the meson ott ugh itis net possible to discuss 'Weparicle predicated is twee of elecromag electroweak theory due having a mass 80.4 GeV! bosons were discovered at CERNpaveyo st uopbaosuoo ssausSUb (shy aSuens © poe aren’ ypeg soquin “poe (s20u0N09) ‘uospey au) 0199 2) eae ayo pas0dH09 90918409 01 ISO ses wage ssousuens pur Boy snow yapour9ue0b 21 syenbunop yyonbsnouea ka paysnsunstp sen Jo gov ABVINNETS np ann LE AED ousGuens) 5 sequne ume 31389 SU0IPE4 2 sqwen an sous 78 REL, Hn HUE BOF spn) 390270 500 day aia syn 227) S}eUBO yais0d o| 2 254) sdf (ayen Hy weed ) yeenbuve ue spoodseuoo 241) smn yee og “}> = $m 7 $8ze en Bue) 5299 =5 Pu r= 28 Ganop pan fsa Jo ssaua8ueasv pu £730 Brew soe az (Se) ip sqetoen eBoy (one 2) sdf an wy suo> sn nog paves °¥ sgcsp ne ae go ay 4 posn pe dy pu woo ‘pause BuO amap sora eu 20 ayes a A, "ay, en pao ae Spend HS aH ¢ . cooks A ee phen z 130g yrenbueerb 2 suosai 3 ney anny pu 5, £99 ann ‘spud jraody song jo Bu _swuynd &8 no ‘suon pu syn jo aussie 24 vod 3) 05 242919 suodsay a en suon 24 jewawepuny au jvons a Aq suoeaw UR su09/9n4 a pend aq asamibe woo Buca ay srepou ey awed BUMS ewaepuny au ana pu umn uy aney suo a og "wore a 18) Ome, 2,9 puo + syd word uh ovpow s4050q Pu _ 9) Sassa001d onap-109 PUD 2 ani puo seao0.d 6b of suovGoyp wowuhes, 19 Bs / ‘voseiu 24) io Bu Aexep-eoq voted put aumyox 208 4, pUE 4 840 20K C8 SE au UO suey weuionog pe quan HO So/SAHd STOUNYE GY B¥STONN aoe(Ra nnn neonates ens x0 NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS The properies 0 ‘Quark Type Charge,e —_ Spin———Baryon 3 nd symbol umber, B ven 28 we tryon is made up of tues quarks, which implies that the baryon number of 2 ip B = 13 (Table 83). The Gell Mant-N +1244 129) massno.= Baryon no. B+IDS) sinced=B 5 charge. For example 13+ 120) tables oe I ga Bray Se up 8 an 2 dove. ww 8 1R range, § ye ° 13 ce unique particles in nature having fractional charges that of proton, The ehigeo 3 = +1, which is charge of prt J or (we) ich agrees withthe spin ofthe proton. The Strangenes there ts no quatk involved. The strangeness ofthe prot ion (us) ofthe three quarks results into a proton. Table 8.5 gives quark composition of some 5 per thequark mode ‘Table 8.6 Composition of some hadrons Tider Quark Bayon Charges Spm Srangeness. $ composition _ number, B po wud ae set/aeet no udd S439, » PA fo. on ° wun hadrons could be specified by 8 combination of quarks and vas expected that tere would be an even Ire quatks. A fourth quark caled the charmed fo a nee quantum number, charm ¢ such that ute charmed gus The song f force between charged pat ‘Aserous problem with the idea that baryons same kind in a particular paile volte the exclusion principle to which quarks ought tobe subject since they Toget around t yn kind that can be manifested inabaryon have diferent colors, amie even i two or tvee ae otherwise identical. Such ‘way red green, and ble light combine except on this metaphorical level between to consist ofa qurkof on colour and an ves ieffet of encelng ou the color. The result We mist ote that quark color isa property tht erable inthe outside word.soyoqued patiey> vsbeng ‘nues20un 8190 ems jo 38040 24 J0 yasep pu ssunoy 23ne sep tue Ao J0 5 fo sun eed 0 s5U059 09190 PuE IO (030) snueatpOn> aut Suywofoh “podojanap v20q sey 0241 0.90 201 se wos pp ave Aug ‘ons peasega to op ‘passe aze yoy Sinb fenprapUl 2p 20 pom} pau nw 9 ABR poSGO Ue Jo SONU 28 2 penputsit gape 20 yy smgeuaw a Poy suonony axe pan aH sep tng dra ojo woueaseds (BUS est poe anes 20]09 Fepvy on u von a psSungpun ews) gg-+99+ xy UaNENQUOD nooo ang pueu2es8 "pa s10u2p @'D "29H ‘woos purgg+D0-Bu # voi pows 4 oonoduy pe poassuoo et 10I09 24 FP n= 9 190) ruowtpoueuy> 40340 24 > nop 5004 ‘ang jo posoduoo 325 2 2jdurxa 0g aun (aus __ be pig svfieg Cos an a8 94 es mae aes ay ase Wotsnsn> seg 6 24p EY! MO 34 ZN oquy ae syzenb sroquiny wnqueng 2n0}99 ~ (290) so1weukpowesuD wmUEND £88 oe SSTTOULYS AVANTE Eg presse suosog pu Sas gE 3 sxe amon) P sent (don suesog —— swoqusafuuniauat pus YonDmnb Pus sppow prepueis jo sapnsed Areuaaryg 1° 198 ' [ppow prepens a 2 Moma so yy seaorusy pu arb gc un soe voi oe ds ae BIND seus st 2ynued 200 © "0509 ye ‘sen ‘KeootfpSu0n> 01 SS0u Sons qu suet! apued Sno S55} LJ Ho ‘ny Surueuos ay suondy x8 puE SH abupury u3215425 22 JO 2899N0 ALL nds 2 yen ps soda 9882.09 mr Ol ed 34 UeD[aPOME edu progetinony pues ee aqui vue a4 30} puns V30 6 29H « Tero qruoneg Ss prune sifuens pinogoro- pruned % wingeoo én “pau sen ay 8 22a ase 2430 9900 ge 26 3} ¥ tana, pue ,AINEOE, UL 182 soisaid STOWE ONY BETONN aeNUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS savour of quark comes in thes colurs re sig oh 7 ifference between the leptons ‘and quarks. green de The popety of olor marks 3 ‘Table 6.8 se anomalous magnetic moment of leptons, Lamb shift suoge theory has acted 353 guiding theo 1. For examples in mids Fonts Flavour th Qua an Colour n= 1,23 a a a een ie - ; 2 % ° eros ean pvgeunin up t poo. ro jeed to er a aeovn sds a : a : | send geeraton 3m 4% Pos 0 \ a svange 425 As 2 v, 0 one re Delores oj. AS ied gettin SP , i oa eet embinion RR-+GO + BB is los cams Te vorhreared arg wish masta) co . 1 ok a eae { Grbottom — bi PsDy 4 a! Tamers te QCD i deserbed in ems of it suo. Tit con leptonic decays KP eH 98 ee exown a5 te charmed quark current in Kec, P= Mat of thew quark. The generalization of aba that due to this propery to effects similar othe modifi turn, everyquat is characterised by and ie different on pa B28 fn 2 onserves in song and eearagetie nection 2 8.8.4 The Charm imental evidence in suppor ofthe qua ese (hidden charm and (i) bare cham js considered to| be a combination (CC) of charmed * Not only do quarks come in three cola (or “avout of quarks have tO be included inthe scheme to supplement the : ofthe ones, he ed agely by analogy ribet oh befor ofthe, to. Apa ‘ “Te bare charm sit mesons (cd) with o owed «gm quant suber von. Te if nef se bse charm as corn Th sng ¢ bas C=-t. Soha quark as hag +e andamas 1.5 GeV an sent toe 1 than dors qe ina number of important popes, and hey 8.5 No tree Quarks 1s ferences isin elecichare (Table 8.8) Th 1g ewo tems, on proper ra * charges ae pote, bea masl a 0 and ae almost fee, Woen shen quarks a ‘ 1 peeases wey opal, imine at the quats start to seprate, ther dependent Pa. | mere and more gluons have appeared. Ths, he ata Tere nding the quarks becomes vor IEE __gemeeons The Kinds of quarks are general Property called colour (we rust remember that Gavou and colour biary dunks jut eannot succeed in Becopros oo tava se vpP nssio uss won 0864 vss ou ss U5 CHI () HARMS Brae dea @ weve yO vansay uous a9 yo woppH29f pu PPHAE HP suoysees Samer 2 f0 OME ‘na 600 fa Ses uo sppnied om UL Pa oy $208 ase SB0U9 SIL sary edrvonsaeenn smu sso Sa eave seus ana ay syd wonone 22 A jeneco = 2 Ya -(x9H OED vane eg sxeyam si WOH) gate pede ge seamen Sep 1 eS _ AAW (150-08 au a4 woo ng etdwerg, dag aq fo ann 99 a potsn HEP fo nan eR OP- LEE Naw eee =F ~ (an iso=") RI ISOX99 = Pu gg ='u cor "weit = (eseu 52012 sy oun) z 5 son sy onan jo s0u 312 CONAN fo anua your 241 04H 1 ney fouoma 0 a3 0) 01 oy eezep word of} “9 AGHEHS ‘panoyes esp 20 2909, puso oF t-0F 8D senso sorter Baumuuotzes pusuos (I+ 149060 saqunw uordoy Lae ee ve Swayne me aaye cmunoas “sdwers pono soppiqny savory sng nso mosaee + 61 1 1 ste, "appraised ete Codyaon rm ONS EEE ayoues OF ITO se comin HAMNER aodeded yd uonns a ddew . 1 hesaped :uogmos avosuoo agua wnnuonb ope yo doa us wy mous “¢aKSUEXS awed 2m oro sequin woe Jeg 0 sequin vordo7 tae ogee MO ge 3 Hompp om a9 02 500 ans gegeo ——aqunuuodeg 3 saquina words | 00 Ye es2p woig. :uounyos shee x sooap word w Ses403 xoqumu unworn woes 0 O42 OHS, “1 AIDEN SATA NVXE GGA10S uss so a, osots€ uo} oF en Su 3 OF'§ aun ssjnol0> mm sauiques genboue at ayajsod yond a24/ ox. O18 Tha ete pow void sean tenis au (vonneu 0) soovensp ae] Auatousns Sen sy-yanb eyo aresedzs 0 481209010] 0208 in yeang pron von i a ‘ane 01 suréaq Heb io) uovoud vaya 2589 91, sorsad OU ONY ¥aTONN sreed, as strangeness is conserved, Example9. Clos the following processes s strong, electromagnetic, weak ofttally forbidden ond stable whether the fllowing are copserved in cock process: () parity (),swangenes (3). lsospin( ‘rd componen' of isospin. rpaee Solu and (vi weak, Pay, sang “Bxample 10. Wih he help of Conservation lave determine which o he flowing rections ave ‘plowed or forbidden? Pott oaer Fane Bens psy? eer aasp (i naprest (ii) tna Solution o + on + + K°oxrong interaction), Charge gq 1 o 0 i: Baryon number Boot 1 oo Lepion number to 6 0 0 1 1 boon oat Srangenest S10 0 7 at 4 Obviously, inthe sbove strong interéting rection al the conservation lawe ae obeyed and hence it lowed n+ KY + KO (strong interaction). Chae a on) Oo B 0 1 1 0 a toe yt > + 6 ea (ea interaction). “ ’ ae a i. Mio a Obviously, a conserved 6 nee his reaction i oD ; ° + +P 1 1 0 coccording to quark model” saryon const ofthe quarks Since the quai sin is half, baryon of spin one. ‘why on ontiborgon of electric charge exo camor exist eccording 10 Quark aro srangeness, Te form a msoa of tra of lee charge 43 are required. However, there i no suc atiguark.cde Btu sun ano V Dos eon pus won ES _ruog ano 3 poy a Kop ju uss casing supine jaro ps Por oka, Jo uae 3A am 4) BLOUE 2180, Ky UST Sores pays 2 ys ator 200 50 209 9 ve onan "wooo amu 38) Boons 24 208600 4. - wBusnwog™ [~ Ls ="7pue vA aw 0= “7 suum sy ose Yl 20 ANH? OME SDP 1 0006 ASSP 5H UY aie 0 zpt0 Se ea Aap Buoy 0 pins wd ieuapey nouugo ssse09 Sense S00 274 tad 2a 0 041 22 curd an 0 Tevansun ou 9p 1 ng sso apse oeuawouny 3 Aysinons sue sun psc 0509 234 7 ae son "wg seq sone! sr npou a4 “sore poe sy san pr (gareed Lo + dopa ED ®) | tant fo yur Buyer Bins sms qn 2o4 fo urea munpur fStop SUIMSNV HLIM SNOLLSAND LYOHS se ‘SOULS ABYINENTB cy ssn 2089 59 pons BEN oes ABOU we wu yu to 4 s986eu 19 ONS moHBEONDS pue AH “skeop am ‘i squn we vevse pus wawou-oes | so apes aroun gu sum HH JO SHRI ! AaVIANAS: fj ate ase ee uokseg ‘yt-ontenb sBunyo sey yoedsuenb 9 pur in + “sujaiogy “|= s29qu¥ WOU ib wonog ey aftued a 290 says 1-00 fen 2829 sous8 Desy ‘toe sony Jo unssu0> oAieg © 9 ph ap | aed my fo manos sb tI = won0g 0 = Hey 2 = soquny sows" = ne saan ne gin) toquni sion fo suoeuquos Banc ay 4 p00 YA MAUEES | "yr ya do yo Joqune ea aojseuy sen dno Sey von sy yen da i sey ung soonmaoma pu seman jo dn peu 5 Ise ALY OS = puonuca aonucd oyjo uo sop yond dn uous oy “Sh AES odo gn soso ob Ue 209}, odo o au yenb pause jo wee Sap po en ens yo ssatebnas a 2S nb pouueyanue pu (= ue8 “Ta soenb ens 0 5191 WE pL do yu vos ; gape yonb 018) _pecoo ers seusuo as puo wang fois sadio nao yaarisy WL ae ~—+——; “Hpjo wip pus ssoueuen sSoisav TTOUUVa ONY UETONN ost6:12: thar do you understand by srongens?? ‘An A quantum number () associated with nd elecnoma etic iterton bat atin weaken S changes by +n weak (ofa pariceis he sum ofthe numbers of Sq the number of S qua. Q.13, Wha ore quark? ‘Ans Quarks isa fundamental continent of hans i. of par conerved in stone ns. Qua take par in sto i ranginess 0 or 1 and cham 0 0 #1 wit charge 3 the proton charg; down pin and magnetic moment of mua ation canrecting ther? WE soepin fi) banon requis? Give ane 13 Wie do he quacum numberof the assed sx quarts. Ey gua, 14, Dieu the terms charm, colour and vor associated with quik yon abe i Pay (i) Quantum mambers() Conservation ws flees a, What are quacks? Name varius quar (@u.2013) OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS © leptons) byperons ihe bose? (8) ouleons Ye) tans (8) pions. ectomagnticiteracion ong interaction s.EMENTARY PARTICLES ro mass panicles. (6) none of Reve cd) Squats (4) Top quark etm quark is 80 ark 0) Bubble quik (@) Blue curt,