ABCs of ECGs

Shelby L. Durler
 Objectives
• Review the A&P of the cardiac conduction
system
• Placement and obtaining 4-lead and 12-lead
ECGs
• Overview of the basics of ECG rhythm
interpretation
 Intrinsic Firing Rates
• SA Node
– 60-100
• AV Node
– 40-60
• Purkinje Fibers
– 20-40
The Paper
 Waveform
• P wave
– 1st deflection
– Atrial Depolarization
 Waveform
• QRS complex
– Ventricular Depolarization
• Q wave: 1st deflection below IL
• R wave: 1st deflection above IL
• S wave: 2nd deflection below IL
Waveform
 Waveform
• T wave
– 1st defection after QRS
– Usually positive
– Ventricular Repolarization
 Waveform
• U wave
– 2nd positive deflection after the QRS
– NOT next P wave
– Recovery of Purkinje fibers
 Normal Intervals

• PR
– 0.20 sec (less than one large
box)
• QRS
– 0.08 – 0.12 sec (1-3 small
boxes)
• QT
– 450 ms in men, 460 ms in
women
– Based on gender/ heart rate
– Half the R-R interval with
normal HR
 Rhythm Interpretation
• Develop a systematic approach that works for you

1. Rhythm
2. Rate
3. P wave
4. PR Interval
5. QRS
6. T wave
7. QT Interval
8. Other Components
 Rhythm
• Regular or Irregular
– Atrial rhythm?
– P-P
– Ventricular rhythm?
– R-R

V V V V V V

A A A A A A A
 Rhythm
• “Paper and pencil” method
• Caliper
Rhythm
 Rate
• 10 times method
– Number of R waves in 6 second strip X10
 Rate
• 1,500 method
– 1500 / # small squares between R-R

1500 / 20 = 75
 Rate
• Sequence method
– Large boxes between R-R
– 300 – 150 – 100 – 75 – 60 – 50
 P Wave
• Evaluate the P wave
– Present?
– One for every QRS?
 PR Interval
• Measure the PR interval
– 0.12 – 0.20?
– Is it consistent?
1st Degree Heart Block
2nd Degree Type 1 Heart Block
2nd Degree Type 2 Heart Block
3rd Degree Heart Block
 QRS Duration
• One after every P wave?
• End of PR interval to end of S wave
 Evaluate the T wave
• Present?
• Normal Shape?
• Normal/Same Amplitude?
• Concordant with QRS?
 T Wave Morphology
• Ischemia • Hypertrophy
• Electrolyte Imbalances • Idiopathic
• Hypothermia • Benign
• Positional
 QT Interval
• Beginning of QRS and end of T wave
Corrected QT Interval (QTc)
< 460 ms < 450 ms
 Other Components
• Evaluate for ectopic beats
• ST segment changes
• U wave
 Atrial Rhythms
• Any rhythm originating in the atria
• Generally initiated by SA node
– Intrinsic rate of 60-100
 Normal Sinus Rhythm
• Rhythm: Regular
• Rate: 60-100
• P wave: Upright; present; one for every QRS
• PR Interval: Normal
• QRS: Normal duration
• T wave: Following each QRS
• QT: Normal
 Sinus Bradycardia
• Same as NSR
– Except rate <60
 Sinus Tachycardia
• Same as NSR
– Except rate >100
 Sinus Dysrhythmia
• Simply a variation in SA nodal firing times
– Respiratory pattern
– Normal variant
– Deeper complications
 Sinus Arrest
• Same as NSR
– Except at some point the SA node fails to fire
 Atrial Fibrillation
• Rhythm: Irregularly Irregular
• Rate: Varies
• P wave: Fibrillating
• PR Interval: None
• QRS: Normal
• T wave: Normal if present
• QT: Normal if present
 Atrial Flutter
• Rhythm: Varies
• Rate: Atrial: ~ 200-300; Ventricular: varies
• P wave: F (flutter) waves
• PR Interval: Varies
• QRS: Normal
• T wave: May not be present
• QT: May not be present
 Supraventricular Tachycardia
• Rhythm: Regular
• Rate: >150
• P wave: None
• PR Interval: None
• QRS: Narrow
• T wave: Normal
• QT: Usually decreased
 Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)
• Ectopic beat
– Originates somewhere other than SA node
• All components are the same at NSR
 Junctional Rhythms
• Rhythms originating in the AV node (junction)
– Intrinsic rate of 40-60
• Occurs if the SA node fails
 Junctional (Escape) Rhythm
• Rhythm: Regular
• Rate: 40-60
• P wave: Absent; inverted; after QRS complex
• PR Interval: None
• QRS: Normal
• T wave: Normal
• QT: Normal
 Accelerated Junctional
• Same as Junctional Rhythm
– Except rate: 60-100
 Junctional Tachycardia
• Same as Junctional Rhythm
– Except rate: >100
 Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
• Ectopic beat
– Junctional complex occurring outside normal
expected location
 Ventricular Rhythms
• Rhythms originating below the AV junction
– Intrinsic rate of 20-40
• Occurs if the SA and AV nodes fail
• QRS complexes will be wide
 Idioventricular Rhythm
• Rhythm: • Regular
• Rate: • 20-40
• P wave: • None
• PR Interval: • None
• QRS: • >0.12
• T wave: • Discordant to QRS
• QT: • Varies if even measurable
 Accelerated Idioventricular
• Same as Idioventricular
– Except rate: 40-100
 Ventricular Tachycardia
• Same as idioventricular
– Except rate: >100
 Ventricular Tachycardia
• Same as idioventricular
– Except rate: >100
 Torsades de Pointes
• “Twisting of Points”
• Type of polymorphic v-tach
• Rate: 250-350
 Ventricular Fibrillation
• Rhythm: Irregular
• Rate: Impossible to determine
P wave: None
PR Interval: None
QRS: None
• T wave: None
• QT: None
Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)
• Ectopic beat
– Ventricular complex occurring outside normal
expected location
Asystole & Agonal Rhythm
 Shelby Durler
Paramedic
[email protected]

Sources
• Life in the Fast Lane
• EMT Resource