COLOMBIA

GII 2018 rank

63
Output rank Input rank Income Region Efficiency ratio Population (mn) GDP, PPP$ GDP per capita, PPP$ GII 2017 rank
72 50 Upper-middle LCN 94 49.1 712.5 14,485.3 65

Score/Value Rank Score/Value Rank

Institutions............................................................ 62.7 61 Business sophistication.....................................32.4 56

1.1 Political environment.............................................................. 44.6 82 5.1 Knowledge workers................................................................45.9 42
1.1.1 Political stability & safety*..................................................... 42.4 111 l u 5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % .............................16.7 84
1.1.2 Government effectiveness*...................................................45.7 69 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ............................ 65.1 4 l u
5.1.3 GERD performed by business, % GDP................................. 0.1 58
1.2 Regulatory environment........................................................65.8 66
5.1.4 GERD financed by business, %...........................................50.0 21 u
1.2.1 Regulatory quality*.................................................................. 54.4 53
5.1.5 Females employed w/advanced degrees, %.................. 13.8 47
1.2.2 Rule of law*................................................................................35.2 82
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks...................16.7 64 5.2 Innovation linkages.................................................................20.6 103
l
5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration†.................... 43.2 51
1.3 Business environment..............................................................77.7 39
5.2.2 State of cluster development†............................................. 44.2 73
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business*................................................. 85.3 75
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad, %................................................ 2.5 71
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency*.............................................. 70.0 31 u
5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/bn PPP$ GDP........................ 0.0 102 l
5.2.5 Patent families 2+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP.............................. 0.1 72
5.3 Knowledge absorption.......................................................... 30.8 61
Human capital & research................................. 26.7 78
5.3.1 Intellectual property payments, % total trade....................0.9 41
2.1 Education...................................................................................... 37.1 94 5.3.2 High-tech net imports, % total trade................................... 14.6 14 l
2.1.1 Expenditure on education, % GDP.......................................4.5 67 5.3.3 ICT services imports, % total trade........................................1.5 45
2.1.2 Government funding/pupil, secondary, % GDP/cap...... 15.8 72 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP.............................................................4.4 37
2.1.3 School life expectancy, years............................................... 14.6 59 5.3.5 Research talent, % in business enterprise .......................1.2 76 l u
2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths & science........................ 410.1 59 l
2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary............................................26.0 94 l u

2.2 Tertiary education..................................................................... 31.9 64 Knowledge & technology outputs...................20.9 68

2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross...................................................58.7 42
6.1 Knowledge creation....................................................................7.7 78
2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, %...........................23.6 36
6.1.1 Patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP.............................................0.8 72
2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, %.....................................................0.2 101 l u
6.1.2 PCT patents by origin/bn PPP$ GDP...................................0.2 49
2.3 Research & development (R&D)........................................... 11.2 56 6.1.3 Utility models by origin/bn PPP$ GDP.................................0.4 38
2.3.1 Researchers, FTE/mn pop. .............................................. 132.0 83
l 6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP......................4.5 87
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP.....................................0.3 82 6.1.5 Citable documents H index.................................................. 15.4 46
2.3.3 Global R&D companies, top 3, mn US$............................. 0.0 40 l u
6.2 Knowledge impact................................................................... 37.7 58
2.3.4 QS university ranking, average score top 3*..................37.2 34
6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, %.....................................1.0 57
6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64.............................................2.3 45
6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP.................................0.2 73
Infrastructure....................................................... 51.4 40
u 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP...................... 17.3 19 l
3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs)....... 63.8 51 6.2.5 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, %.....................0.2 55
3.1.1 ICT access*................................................................................58.8 73 6.3 Knowledge diffusion.................................................................. 17.1 78
3.1.2 ICT use*..........................................................................................41.1 74 6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts, % total trade........................ 0.1 52
3.1.3 Government’s online service*............................................. 79.0 27 l u 6.3.2 High-tech net exports, % total trade.....................................1.6 57
3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................... 76.3 27 6.3.3 ICT services exports, % total trade....................................... 0.7 93
3.2 General infrastructure............................................................ 33.0 82 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP...........................................................1.4 45
3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap............................................... 1,431.0 89 u
3.2.2 Logistics performance*..........................................................25.4 93
3.2.3 Gross capital formation, % GDP..........................................25.5 35 Creative outputs.................................................24.2 77
3.3 Ecological sustainability..........................................................57.5 11
l u 7.1 Intangible assets.......................................................................37.8 81
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use.......................................................... 18.2 8 l u 7.1.1 Trademarks by origin/bn PPP$ GDP................................. 35.3 68
3.3.2 Environmental performance*...............................................65.2 38 u 7.1.2 Industrial designs by origin/bn PPP$ GDP.........................0.3 96 l
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP.......4.3 24 l 7.1.3 ICTs & business model creation†........................................59.6 64
7.1.4 ICTs & organizational model creation†.............................55.8 55
7.2 Creative goods & services.................................................... 14.5 78
Market sophistication......................................... 51.9 40 7.2.1 Cultural & creative services exports, % total trade.........0.2 41
4.1 Credit........................................................................................... 49.5 31 u 7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69...................................1.6 66
4.1.1 Ease of getting credit*...........................................................95.0 2 l u 7.2.3 Entertainment & Media market/th pop. 15–69................... 5.1 47
4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP......................... 47.1 74 7.2.4 Printing & other media, % manufacturing............................1.3 33
4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP.......................................... 2.1 15 l 7.2.5 Creative goods exports, % total trade.................................0.3 74

4.2 Investment.....................................................................................41.1 61 7.3 Online creativity.......................................................................... 6.7 64

4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors*...............................73.3 16 l u 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69............2.8 67
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP...............................................35.0 41 7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69..................................... 18.4 30
4.2.3 Venture capital deals/bn PPP$ GDP................................... 0.0 59 7.3.3 Wikipedia edits/mn pop. 15–69............................................. 4.7 84
7.3.4 Mobile app creation/bn PPP$ GDP..................................... 2.6 73
4.3 Trade, competition, & market scale.................................... 65.1 50
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, %.................................. 7.0 99 l
4.3.2 Intensity of local competition†............................................. 75.8 21
l u
4.3.3 Domestic market scale, bn PPP$......................................712.5 30

NOTES: l  indicates a strength; l  a weakness; ◆ an income group strength; ◆ an income group weakness; * an index; † a survey question.
indicates that the country’s data are older than the base year; see Appendix II for details, including the year of the data, at http://globalinnovationindex.org.
Square brackets indicate that the data minimum coverage (DMC) requirements were not met at the sub-pillar or pillar level; see page 215 of this appendix for details.

242  The Global Innovation Index 2018