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Golden Age of The Moor Ivan Van Sertima PDF

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Golden Age of The Moor Ivan Van Sertima PDF

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Golden Age Mor Gdited by Suan_SUVan—Sertima> eter SARIES_ NBbopos 1S SO tlh dele 7 W718 02-218 comma Laie ‘Second printing 1993 CCopright © 1992 by Joumsl of Aftian Cilatins Lt, The. All ihts reserved_underIntrmstional and Pan-American Copyright Conventions: No pa of ths Sook may be poduced or satel oy form or by any Means, electenic or mechani, inulin. photocopy, ‘ecording, or any information storage and rerieval system, Without pot Permission in writing rom the pubic, ISSN: 0770-2495 ISBN: 1 3co00 1.5 Printed inthe United Stats of America (Cover design by Jacqutne Patten Von Sertina JOURNAL OF AFRICAN CIVIL yout GOLDEN AGE OF RACE AND ORIGIN OF THE MOORS 1a) The Moor in Aiea and Europe: Origin ad Definitions Ivan Van Seria Lib) The Moor in Enropet Inflcnces and Contrib Iran Van Seta 2a) The Moorsin Antiquity James Bronson and Ranoko Rashi 24) The Empire ofthe Moors {Am outline; based on intersiew and summary) Soin Ison 3. The African Heritage & Ethaohistry ofthe Moors FALL, 1991 ss Iackgroond tothe emergence feats Rerber and Arab eps, fom prehistory tthe lamic Dynasties Dans Reyna os MOORISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION 4. The Moor: Lit of Europe's Dark Age Wayne Chander 1s “Moorish Spain: Academie Source and Foundation for ine and Secen of Westerm Europea Universiis Inthe Middle Ages Sone, ime Bey wa 6 Moorish Cutare-Bringers: [earers of Elighenment os 7. The Music of he Moors in Spain (AbeAndals, 711-1492 AD) ‘Origin of Andalsian Musical Art [es Development sd Iftacace un Western Caltore Yess Al as The Moors and Portugal's Global Expansion 9, African inthe Bieth and Expansion of slam Mamadou Chingls THE SCIENCE OF THE MOORS 10, Caw: Slence Academy ofthe Middle Ages Beas Lumpkin and Stam Zier ‘The Egyptian Precurwe to Greek and “Arab Seence ia) The Jadgement (©) Supplements othe ladicment wan Van Seting 12, Am Annotated Biboprapy ofthe Moors NAUwE AD, James Ravel Biographical Notes a6 Contributors x0 32 a ass Altican Genes Bott (Aba-Abd Lah) surrender oe Spanish (Grama, 102), ‘THE MOOR IN AFRICA AND EUROPE van Van Sertima 1, Origins and Definitions 1 i penerly assumed hat the movement of AMfcas ino Europe in| significa late numbers and ilo portions of el power sd a car “ni he Mastin invasion of Spain n711 AD. In AFMakiay Hise he “Mokamonedan Dynasties Spain, howevs, We ler fet seh at aMicied Spain abou hee thousand years 2g, «cts ht es a Jowed not lang seats by an ivason fam Afea. Th of corse, rething Io do wit he medieva! Moos, wth wich tis book i prnatly onceed, but WoMDh aig here Becute it actually etblihed at Sncent African dynasty in Spain, a fact that i omited frm the ofc “The drought ht devastated Spain, however, it deseie hy mmber of ‘Spanish historians. Pero de Mena i Lito de as Grandes de Eopana, published in Sev in 149, aes the oughta 170 B.C To--Khato A Malar (i is major hist wor, arate by Pascual de Gayango!) Ewonean iia cee sean bythe itoducton of atley ana farms. Te Mao {ereabo know rier sil mec; "For seven enures he media ‘ootor Europe swe cey hg ty tac tor sch, Vinee {tom aswell section of dead odes was pation nthe anomie ‘teal and women wells men verte ope se he mest Seat uel operations They amased much information i th say ofthe ection a th human ody andere dsc, ‘Moorsh Sain ao excel in cy pling: he sophistication ofthc sites asasontingAccordins oon isos, Cordova chad 71 moses ‘nd a plc ats the numero howe he pt ad woe wee ‘8,0 and 200077 ofthc common pene There were -upwarr of 000 shops Wate om the mountain at aed toh ey ot quar ofthe yy means of aden pipe into ats of diferent ‘apes: made ofthe purest el, he net sive or pued bas 3 el no Wat ics, carous tanks amazing vers an fountains of Grecian mar ‘Me™ The houses in Corona were it condoned in summer By “ge ‘owly aang duh esha dou fmf goon ser bos Aleve chosen forthe perume, warmed in miner by ht a comeyed ‘hough pins bee i the wall: Bathrooms spo ot and od ater 8d thet wee aes i et ihe ssn pers Tis at sfimoresive wos appeared tins amp pou at ite tes aio rand pce such ashc otal! Aaa wth 1200 Goo Sicha we dean ele Seends th orf asd poole A xk Aitcan Moor nam Zaryabernprsenaive fe lve aNd ar of Moor cure Zara ns “renaimance man before te Renisance He ered the sounty of AcAndult i 8 He was illed i ota and lens. 161 eth of Mana icy Soin fs Golden Age othe Moor eterated msiian ete for mpring the ite by adding am cara ser akng ein al aod as for fovndng wren whoo of mae A ‘SaGE Fella moscan,s Zarya whom asparagusoves ny thank Fle natucon of hs dezay to Europe. In ado. Zs xed a oe wa, moreover ged with so mich pentane abode anna heats esheets efGher im a man of is prolecion who was more gecrowsytloed snd Sines. Kings and great people tok him for a patter af manners and ‘Setaton ant hs name teeame forever cbse among the inant of Sedan" Zayab evenly was an nnovatr within sone eles “Bayan naa ae fashion nthe mos ccd court of Earoe in he any har the nnd century He -w the Rbion of changing es or flor seasons ofthe yen intend of fron to was the castor bore i dye Beeps contowseur of foal and nk ands accoutrements He inrduted te fasion of ing seed on cial rend fon wld or diver Some of zarabs fans were very May pled: according one Foran “He was lnovnedtougiout Span andon one oxadion when ect to Condo the Suan hms show the respect whch he Rl [oe aya rode ou mec him “i in conuton of ndvass sah sary, Sp Nurs. But mist he Beauly an neath 2 soso plgue wan spreading “Jes so a» een ts um bean adit in slaves According 0. B Irving bone he years 786 an 09, "Fan apd Jeera Sve Germans wha tad teen on prtoner. onthe Frank rire, Thus “av” and" became interchange [eri The the ranks ad evs] made young ba ito conus at Verdun». Te sven wee driven ftom Frac to Span In great herds Hecate, When they raced hse howl inp or concubines Many women were ao import rom Galva, for thr Bonde appearance tact the Ara gentlemen, Saves ‘he mezchats hilly Cheam a Thsslave ade chang the racial mi in EARS. The ws of Eropean omen as concubine grad tenes the completion of Moors pan Thou the various process Mocs Spin bene more Casi odthan spel eve. wseltys blond omen, whee Sire ‘cise 1 Spin; WEB, Dubs tes that ring the fthcetry “te Moharimedan rls of von were basing wht ves y the emo tho Chanater = Golden Age of the Mone seperation ne any wenn eegeny mar thactwould consume in tine all a te cont and noeweser seo ‘chandler m the continent, and playa mor len he history of he Spanish Moors sated ear, nay ofthe Berber ies a Ben cnt te cece rece he dover" "The consequence of mans wars in Noe Aca Sr Wen fo force down certain err tes pon the coafne Negrolnd= Thy eventually mined wih ack Acars who osu the Same terres Ths fsion rows ino being some ofthe most prov Timed feome caso desen who wert he meaning Seiad the fe “Fomine memo ms Tom Khalire, “the Mob Themim (or Nearer othe Yo had been inte Sandy Dor" “The Mott Tyemim formed seven odes of he aartwestr desert and curing te gn ofthe Umayyad youth) were powers ma tlm obeying eer Kings wich ule ia what came te known a5 the “Ter cn othe hone fis emp ack eer ofthe name of Vhs In Tirahin ig ston, Rete to eons hub from thet {tational Aca cn 0 lm. nd hte ere 00 Nab They were inignous Aan ole" "in och Sag ae hs pigs o Mesa, and upon his taro oust ‘ack with hm forthe istraton of his people religous ede fbn Ya Tha va ead ord tn nsnctand conser Yahya opie bathe incest thy tomas am sep wits the aes ah see) ts ispines oly served to agerovate them: aly they elle and cout Yan Th isn an his llowers ef and esate theses onan land in the Seagal River were thy led else, “They became kag a A ‘Muriun, which meant peop oh bt ist word ta sae Corrpied in Spanish Amora” Time his Communi atactd great names of peopl and “when thi number reached one hoesand Ton Yas esac a ligous war ais thurs nom mos conor This tin they met st id oe “he imo cote umber oF Sidanese nested no pl tal con over them. Among the converts wat the King othe Ma “ingoo In 1082 with Yay serving Genera the Dan to conguer West ‘ca and when ter puss wee thirty thousand one. Tn Yin n= “ated Sats wtsh was is home and Bean to move near twars Moree which he ao conquered” "However misfortune plate the Aorist thi psd “Yaya id in036and was epac by is rots Abu Bakar" an the filling year ‘the dems fn Ya. Ab Bakar Forte conc ule had Sempie whic “wend om he Senge a Wet Aiea to Moroeo on in 06 dade ake ov alone he soutec as ftir Dest Em vin and Abu Boar haem home to tee on leigh rch Golden Age athe Moor Spina a TPE Chandler a ‘estore unde onto of Yast to Tain, Yusuf was Abu Baar cousin fn natural was Back Aico, DuBois deserts hms "Yes thst Icader [the Almoravis, wae himself» Nepo. The “Roudhel Karas Moorish work, decries im as Roving woolly i? and being byw colar" Yul proved to bea wise and capable ads “In he yea 082 usu Ind the foundation af the twn of Mooceo with his ov hands, and no ons leva desare the independence ofthe northern kina of which Sisto become te cepa Tha, Back Moor appropetly ound the By the ea O82, Yusu ha long Bee halla he supreme rer of the ‘ortester portion of te Afican Pate, But inthe intron fom 10829 ORD much haa transpired to the noth an south of im. To the south in 1076 Abs sae had tacked sche, sn lag the Empie of Ghana, Iringing 1 aco ne thers of SudaieAMca™ and tothe north Spl Alonso VI ook Tl and “sore to ve the Arts to hea st Gitte "Yas contet with the empire a extablbod ie is omdand pp catty never once contemplated seat oo AAaul. Bat within heater ‘a oF 1H hundred of Moors and Arab had cked ek to Af to ‘scape the tyranny of alfonso andthe pesesion by he Chins These then "vith ean her vend oro in hr eur bad come Yas {plore his rotation Final i 108 the Governor of Seve ALMare ed came and begs asinance against the Christan. Yusf consented and Smad oe ofthe os formidable amen see by ete rab or Moo Its Sted that when Yusuf rowed to Spain there was o tbe a he weserh ‘Ser that nas not represented iba ab as he Rs te a the people of Spain had eer seen cums uno fr the prone of mounting slr Being that Ys was bac, and the western portion of ea Was to predominant Hack, it was onl tera that the core of those eels would be ck The author gs ont “Forming the army which ought 2Zaakshin 1086 ere thousands Backs armed wih Indian swords ‘This base drove the Chestian forces out of ster Sap and id the foundaton for Vesa Spanish Empire Yusuf marched onward to Seve, where he found the sta ofits nha tans aboram. "tstikes me,” he commented, “that this ma [meaning tbe Xing of Scie] rong nay the power whieh hasbeen ced fs hands osead of sing histo ote good adnvistation and defence ‘this Kinadoo he thinks of nothing le than stishng the ravines of is Dsons Soon afew, Yas let Spies urna Alc, Laer be was inrmed by is Generals that he [his arm were doing the whole of {he bing usa the Chane “whe te Rings of AVA remain Sk pensar a oe Thisinfrted YusuT an be nde his Generale congue the Kins of oe Golden Age o the Moor Chandler vs Spain and st in thir pace Governors oftheir choosing. Tit ofciy ‘thse inthe Tied Moorish Dypasty of Span, he Alora ’A Flor L Sta exis, "Once more a supreme Sulla (st) upon the throne of Abdul is Conguest and the dynusty which he founded mast he regarded aan Alcan conquest and an AfScanGyasty The Almoraids Fang in Spin were det he sme race tat wich ving Po he ‘Netesublsbsd Kingdoms along th eure of te Nigra te Seneal>™ ‘Yon rus both Spain and Ae unt his death ip (106, when be mas succeded ty hisvon. Tins the Almoraid dynasty continued io reign ith {out cour. one Ala and oe in Spain. or eas the Amora eared om the splendor tht Bad lays chara tsrad Moorish Span. All ues wore abled in Alea and Wade Nout ished The Amon pigs was one of ea eospeity a Fearing bat Tas or aly a esntury™ usu son, cing inxpeinse, lot he toe Ssthe Aca dominion wa onertrown 182th Spun dominion ll the year ater in 148, Tis gave eto the second eat Aca das 19 ful Sun and the fourth nd ist Moasan Dynasty ~The Alma ‘Under the Alchades ho alk il from the western igs oF Aca Moorish ploy in Spain we well iain! Great moruments wre com strc the mont estare big the Tower of Sevil Grand obseatoisss ‘sel assplendié mosques were ult “Afcan rule in Spain masa ts sumat Inthe Almohae peo during which he sets phosphate ile tt reiched is matty, ARWALWalldNomimsed om Mohamad iba Rashi, bar been Hi the West the name of Aeros. He was a ‘Ntsan who ved ia Spin Tse ware numero outstanding eam fs in Spin thouphout he Musi period and eae of tem no Eu ess country came slow t Spin in terms of ultra tian" “hvstoes ined from H26H9R, ste wie a celcated medical seni, js, Theologian and aszonomes"™ Many of his works bres oftheir {hesence, wee transite nt several langusee ade developed 3 so By which came ta he known vere. ‘oertoes hea as hel Blo the tom for the dynasty of the Al tmokads had grown extremely pase ait the vss in which hey at {en accustomed. This eve ae incentive t0 the Chas orally the [epons and ade the Moors nce aod forall “tte hat 9 ls at tire milion Moor were Baisod between the fil of Grepagn athe rt decade of te seventeenth enter” Valera lt the Cran 1258 ‘Cordovan 235 Scien 126, Though the st yay Had prise rom Spanish sai in 1280 andthe Moore exe from a land rae by te ‘allure and wisdom, th infuence na fin Eope school of matics haem a pilnophy fortum hundred Jeane °At the momenta he oa expulsion ofthe Moors ftom Spin te Cale Cara Ximenes ‘ordered the destacton of the traes "As one author 0 balay 16 Golden Age ofthe Moor cis, “The migued Spaniards new not what they wee dang... The iniels nee ordre to abandon ther native apd pctrequeconume 0 tome te hated breeches of the Chins, wo ge up bathing ad ap the dit of thir conquerors. The Moos were banished and for a while {Cran Spain shone ke te monn, win a borowod Tih, then came the ‘cli andi hat dares Spin ie proelle ver since" So ended the Emi ofthe Magnificent” The Moor fad role Spin for 80 year “Ours have given a ifleren anny of the Moorish Expres scl makeup and history, According to many European hisorians, allelic Moors ere acl nyo ite Moors howe ancestry ould supposedly be ace troush olive skinned Aras to Europe Rencl or exam a. Though historian Joba Crow ackaowledges that "Afi bop athe Pyyness” es quick o quai this sae men (On the flowing page i a picture of some descendents of the Moos the ‘son ote crows persesive unite European schol "Yons Tebbn onion atthe Borde! Outs Tobe, Chad, Ethnology they ae & link tetwcen the Berber Tucregs andthe Neos af he Sudon Ths the subjects “nk a racy mised group, the Berbers. and an entirely ack troup of Sodanese negroes Tn spite of heir parentage. homer he women ‘drs and have ned ears ™ For thse historian, oo the aes, much sto begin rom hese elaborate constructs The theme unding sl these nconsiencies i tst Tuck Aficun peoples rom ther achievements, Ths the ancient Egyptians ances, aides and cients par exelence, are Mediterranean ses; the {Ghanes Kineomone of the moe sable and doveloedin Aa ser Ep {nd Kush, was miserinded by 4 whe roel dyrsty “The Kinglo of ‘Ghana auf coniderable age, having ha wenty-wo kins before the Ha tnd se many afer. The ring dynasty was white bu he people were ack “Mandingo OF sacha tatment there eno pole wy to ses Ht tnd whose reign aye te el of iions of pepl, re el to De white Srsvarthy but never ach. each cna he ace and hs ison Chandler 178 Golden Age ofthe Moor already boenacknowlaed as bring blck Afcen, This ate valves the ‘sgration othe accomplismens ofthis lack Alcan ciilzaton, ‘another tac of Europea Role bas ben 0 amore Aca civ- zation atogeicr “A History of Modern Worl” polis 9 950, serves {top example of tie approach, This 92 page ook devotes grand oa {L4 pans to the history of Aca, or aero the try ofthe partion af ‘atic following the 805 conference at Belin As the ext states on pa 639 “teen years the eae continent was parcel ou with the exception of Ethos and Libera The remainder ofthe continent eanged to ne ofthe European poners. The flea of the cover appurnty unin ives he ‘thors deinton ofthe "world mentioned nt eth book desi {sa bilan and highly readable istry of Modern Carpe ia aterm onal ting "The sme tx ila serve at a example oils another Bindspot of European Retorns The authors, who were cated and taht at) {Teague Schon are mare ofthe impact of Europe on Alia, but not of an ‘atcan eipracalcrrent of aluence. Thus the European olniation of ‘ica newt. bat the lfuence fence Egypt onthe Geek Roma ‘zations igor completely "Fis ea ha aempted to anscend the abt inherent in “scone ing” Alan history. Naposon oberon that History i 4st of ies {ced upon particulary ap in ation to Afar hstory. The chalenge oat by this rar was fo sf trough te prejudices dicased bows provalcut in uch of the vaabe materi, hile tabborny purine Frowiedgeate opestine sours, which seemed tobe the last acces ‘mks te lnorance, baton and predic ly pes of wath ean thetragt ahivemens of Afsans and Alcan cule Thisssay has ey tracy pac emphass on the rl of Mack Aticansin Moons ization father than the cilnon aes sole Daring the ezareh To ths pape, Fomever bose cler that Moor ciiaon ini entiety—had su fered the epsof the word on accu fs Afican heritage. nan attempt {ove the record ai gles of Moorish acivemens in general have tren ncude ‘Moorish ciation sold ae is place besides the other pet Afean or Alticn-infiencedeatres—Egyptia, Harapan, Kosi, snd Olme. Al ‘Andes ad speci vle 10 py in hnory. Afr te Roman Empires Sap, Spain wali verted gone dy the rsng ea of Moorish clue. ‘Sturatd with the wisdom othe aes, epeised the iver ba sa formed a Inahty wate. Thi ver of Moors cvzauon, tough tba, ‘egenctted he surrounding abd that was medial Eurape, hes ushering a {Puen sci of clr att. Thus throug tee pio he enasance ihe Moors conta lnk Recs the ancient lations and te od cmon Chandler ates a Golden Age othe Moue Sri. Soe ft roe Ya ae Cg a TH nen rm Mea mee cons min thE. hart ope en chandler i a kn ny oe MOORISH SPAIN: ACADEMIC SOURCE AND FOUNDATION FOR THE RISE AND SUCCESS OF WESTERN EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES IN, ‘THE MIDDLE AGES Jose VPimicnta-Bey “To a ube f Western historians the er “Moo” conjures pan mage of 2 trtrowy and fanatical people who thetened Css and even ilenon” fail. Such “ede” followers of Mohammed are often ‘carly myopic Wescn schol a ile meta fice Solis ‘Cho turingsh cous hong ander poinence, sey Trove super cla sibutsoft eps te ongore, Sans {rags Haare weld pbabyinapee the "Moor a he fon ntl, whose neat adnate eds Shakespearean characte info fhe Bachnes of tragedy. This image the Moor war obvious} conceived Swine pgche of Bia's erry genius Wiliam Shakespeare, and ‘Shukspesr was pany aeteston ofthe persion of English sce hat Sine. Alough bth ofthese ected images he Mor cry eens brah hia great ea mre ois ey ‘Wer clasp hn choral dragged its feet om he ae of thohitrcalsignfeane ofthe Moor Very it ay ee feed win he ‘esto ts ot ese fhe wo exter Smaps mesioned abe. “The Moor’ egy obscure fate Noweve, so ues is sic Ihe hor) a cevelopment of Western ciizatn, bul the, tothe Jgemoet psd’ por hin ct of eos) a is great nla! The veers an ni ai pei of ever European trans seems {Shiv prevented most contemporry hss fom presenting amore thor ‘ugh snl bined iw of he Moor ad am expec a they rel 0 ‘Chan Europe While most igh School and Clee stars ar familar wt th Cl cal Reaiance of Europe complete with Greco-Roman erties the Storing =fowoibonhsecve atte sci Remon ‘i uope wn tok lace Gry te -meieva” ei the 12h ana 3 ‘argc nny epi, this tensa For ind Europe's Sei ESigmesmene’ efi many Alcan Most fact we that he ey foundation and struc of- Were Science and Academe bu apo he euthon a hese people known or Moods influence primar ce ne Westie Tern pnt nro be onamed "a Andale" by he Pena Bey 1 Mooi and Anh conic a Sosa cy soba Sety pce se hee cen iaoelege wih tee naam and people hd preserved fom the eles of Remet Eenph ae ee Ss ay rc ee ce ‘new areas of science and philosophy. Initially, Arabian nationals hed ae the contributions tothe culture and science were not simply Arabisn abioey Abi would amines the Ingage oe ecaea hea meek included. Needless to say, not al ofthe achievements of Muslim eruditinn ee iaceably Afcan Dut a6 ball show, macho he seemife sealed ae ‘rin ft in ery re a Na ‘ino dna ang ts rEg ple Pe oe ‘espa oft cksingeetot Andes upon Geeominon st ee ‘must visualize Africans (so-called “Blacks") as among the main civilizers. Seralhionosneesianordiwcipiaeraitalee ates tlc lnc presence whi Wan ony Toes ees fencer nse psc eel nee ed ‘iia stant pea tag ei sdeccae cr neces ofthe ars tio th eaomis c eesoee Foley tha cena the scl an as ene of Anis ole alot snumberg een heen ee fen Conana wil note vcn Ana wl eel Cn Exo Ant jsp they ol fers poche Eero metal itn to sate ch os thematic lgage papel nde eens Wheto ‘ln he Ene Chr il be bcs som Srey aon Ct Sa’ Ate Xan sh of alr Seagte ose pa apt a Meoeh c then Alonso's translators woul hve cei ten es aed an red Eup Sls so Aso ith Rose theo et Thoma Ag open ff Eos eect ‘ame comico wi Moo oie. he ane fey ote medieval ropes’ nya anaes apo, Mec ‘chotp iene es pts Spi ok ems freer Cup's sq tinsel i witccatine sud Tetina oyunu ele Stee Mow (an oer to-Egesn, epe) f Aagaiy wa he ‘tn ane pean tein ice thio uate pagesson of apn sce wank The frets Mec asi Crs Bape sine tel vena See esa say etl Eo sos lnc pe Mesa slash ‘itr forthe evelopment of her om universes a seis. European Islamic peoples ‘lan omietnd and Cr 1st Golden Age ofthe Moor ‘The Question of Eticiy Losmores del huest todos vests del sige 0 panos de coor que ganar as earas dlosnepas como lap is mono dels ra ‘ego como I olay “All he Moossh soles were cessed wih sk and [ck woot hat had beea for cau her lack faces were ike ch ud the mont Handsome of them was lik (ak as) cooking pa." “Tose were the words ofthe then century Spurs march Alfonso X (aso own as"The Wise) i desering the Masi Invasion of Spa in ‘he eighth entry At he eof the ivason the term "Moors ers) ‘sere tone specific Afian ee (ational) progp ven Gig th ti ‘lls it appre cared tht sme singe meaning. Bt byte endo Europe's “Remuseance” ers tha taken om several aplication. Toy, tulle rersemtations often come to mind wi ooh th temo {ar "Moorsh” Moo Moca hax even Boome a yon lor nA or “Berber” aswell ba gneral er foray and ll Malis of he Mile ‘Ages The mere peseaceasichconising ambit suoundigterology ‘nd usage may actualy provide some insip into Row mast Westerners hare ‘tosen o remember te Moots at ther astroun media culture. Foe Inlight oe general dnase which Wester store have typically hd for Ahkeskinsed Atticars of ay ere pose at mach ofthe contosion Surrounding jst whats Moor was, may be thers Il by West Scholars who intentionally sought a hide or mistepresen the tah epuding the hisory and curl siifieaneof "Black in western csilization. “Tins Burkard distinguishes himself ith 2 Yori well detailed and Instat confession ofthe Moorish rts a este Europe's intelectual 1nd cultual development Borchardt revcls thsi text Mosh Cle In Spin (eas by Ais Jal NY. McGrail Bak Co, 1972) Yet German-born historian lapses lo & rae tne when he contends is Foreword hatte reftene “Arabic Spain wool he more apropite han Moorish Spin” snc the Musi inhaans spe Arab: Why i tere ny need to isconeet the espn “Moorish rm Spin Interesting, Burckhardt does x ow or why Adal bers caret be know iat and foremost a8 Moorish Spin. onal, he tellus ser that "Moe Mors comes fro the atin em Mou which cans "BLACK"?DARK incompesion! Ina numberof histories the Moots medieval Andals ar ofen associ wth the "Hebe popes of comtemporary Nowth Afica(Mgh9). Several ‘Western nistviansfeqenty point bow he phenotype ofthe more rsern-ay "Bebe" olen bears a great esemblance ote cipal ro ean” Fir skin sight o sil euty ha and ale noes, re ommonly rescaled nthe predominant stn fhe prsen-ay "Berber ‘Thee phovypia "erhes” ae regarded nota He only Iypes uta the Pimenta-Bey i unchanged descendants ofthe sos Moors ofthe Mite Apes. Hat is {hs appropiate fe there nly one standard shentype fr tat eb Moor was and? Have the Moors"Bebers always heen pinay eee “White” phenotype, ris tise res nt only fier ieee tg ‘ofa ltr Earoen seademin which effectively imposed is popec ‘he itrest of sow ail pole? [sil] “The ter Berber ss believed 1 hve come fm the Lin word barbari ‘which the Romans used io eategorize ll the ingens peoples of onan, {nd wesem Alto (Mauretns) who essed tet invading peat Following the exablishinent of the ‘eigion of Isa Inthe i cet, ‘Arabian ational sai to ave then adopted te Roman em ano ‘designe fortes incigenovs Maghrib peoples, which the ow enamine Intradeand war The Afabe ae sai thave steed the eeene nly sly and arbor bese Berber ‘Cheikh Anta Diop presents another assessment ofthe term “Reser” and ‘he origins fhe Mos. Dr. Diop coon that th em "Reb ety Joga vied othe term Ber which inpies that he "Here" wer fog He wri ‘hea fhe word eter was poady of Ne ier ha Ino He continues: suid Signe pepe at jean wow np ecre + Toes role? De. Diop also goes onto say that the Moots are descendants of “post Ist vades "He sates rig tom Yee he Mo) ogre ye Nh Dr. op may or msy oot be corres Bis assessment of he rig of he word Bere However, wha ceo be guested athe era by wich ‘rain Aficn nse peoples ave boon peed inthe category of “Bees ‘nother importan quo show lang hee has Be sd 186 Golden Age othe Moot ee ie 1 wasabi dsappointed with Dr. Digpoa his re sseament ofthe Moors Forsanannho soften analyzed word nd ter signicanee, Dp fled 0 nares ite etymology of he word "Moor" Wayne 8. Chair nis ea "The Moo: Lig of Europe's Dat Age” sors us that he Eaglish word Moor rgiall comes rom the Grek adjecve Manos” whic ically ‘mes black o very dark in olor The Roma woul lier adopt ihe word AS aseforenge fr the blackskined inhabitant thy encountered i Af ‘Renn, we real hats was fe ancien Romans who called he ete region ‘fnoriwesten Africa Mauretania” News ony, hs tats rom he Tain eh ae ofthe ack sinned people ‘On te iste ofthe Moots coming cially fom Yeren in he seventh eur, Drop fs tele ys tat Yerien "wae Nspo Ehopan colony and femained so sal the bith of Médamned* He alo informe tht Oe! {Ge the langage of Abysinna “i lving ermnt ofthe ance ln "age ‘of Yemnen>™ With regard to the Arab” element ofthe Moors 308 Alri’ slam cltre, Dip systhat"When Mohammed was rm Arsbia serra Negro clony with Mecen st apa" He athe ele Arab Tors inlodng he Prophet ited wi Negi blood, Alleducsted Arde Ire comseius of tft” Dap even scsi ancient Kemetic prcies ‘st worship which sangely resemble some major elements of sami trad tion All these face compe us reevaluate Ihe slgnfcane of Dis nal inference nt (1) the Moors nd Berbers re enogsivocally ones the sme and (2) tes people, Moors eer ar foreign Ai, sn heefore onaltian, We wil come back o Bop ater Richard Broce sheds sional ight poe gis ofthe Moots, ante apparent synonymy ofthe te "Moor" with “erbers” Akhough Brace oes’ special sty wheter be considers “Beer io be synonymaus| ‘vith "Moon," one cn tee the cmslation when Brave wes: "The Berbers ‘Camco the Maghrib a lst enya the second milenivm BAC, sixteen ‘Enlurisbefore the Ara congue it jagged ta hey eae rom the ‘east petaps the Red Sea or Eg emis ming) possibly tre." Brace lo maintain that thelr language ws Hitie"and rele to the ance yp. In uscossing te vail foundations of Morac, Brace says nothing of Moors” pretering i oly the erm Berber” But race's esgnation of the "Berber" language seam” mos ling it thereby ascites the people with dsintly Aca rns. "Tssigicnt to note that he term "Moahiarn isveyfegueny wed by medievatera European writers to dese the “Moor” isbn of northwest Aca or Mauretania Those who are fami with bth he Ko ‘band the Bible would recognize he rleeases "Mab" Meaite” The ‘escendans of Moa the Mabie, were an ance people who ocepied ‘Sgueant portion of Palestine (See Gen 3638 & Exodus 1515) Te em ‘ill pove to be even more signin a we prose, commonly be ctegortacd as “ere” Noe the dane Acid fre 186 Golden Ae of the Move In dicasing the entrance ad amine of i's Tih century invades tn te Tbesan pont, Spanish sear Erie Sond wis poli ido frst oh cage chy toh aot Sordi erly implyng st he term “Berber” ané Moor areas fly synomyrnis, since he maken reference t he eth trm Moorish =the {gui oo for which the country of Moroeco mas name, and the and ‘Hom which he "Berbers entered the erin penis Bat rds ip cation is smethiag wich Tam ao fully confab wth Hig of Dr Diop's contention that “Berbers evidently have some cultural and “ac ‘connections o Europe Dip for exanple, thks ta he ane Awaba, {@Moreecan ci) sounds very German” thereby suggesting Some Eat ‘san connection othe history of northwesier As, Josep McCabe was Earopeans Americ historian during the 1920's and 40's who spoke very highly ofthe Moors ae their ultra nluenos upon ‘Westen ciation diner, th world. He sae “Theory ofthe Moo nd hi emit nice uma 9 Wile dicusing he ethnicity of he Moors, McCabe writes that: he Arta were seed amonpthe Moon (Bla — thought eter Siow se merely may he totes) a da ey Snes wih ape (Be As Eee Although one might be replied by McCabe's seemingly oxymoron reference 19 "Berbers" a9 “athy While” one mt agin conser the ‘esi of several presenta "Herbet” devised phenaypen ad comples- Jonas wel a Bop reveltons of Earapean conection to those known ‘Berbers However, McCabe suis hat he MOORS wet (ate) Bache Reroes as we Se by his placing "Blacks" in qooaions and parentheses next to MOORS. The pct that appears to be developing reparig the ‘elatonship between "errs" and Moore in the European tid so of {rdston of colo sna to What the U.S and Several European (Earopean ‘Sonlled) soc did with Africans of varying mire td phenotype. “Terms ike “Quacoon.* “Octo *Malat,- “Cele” & "Mest," all Temi uo Eaopens- Amerie atm (al fo oflen access) ode "peoples of Atstan loadancesty, The povon of sha Pigmentocracy, as Uncle Jobe en calle, ha evidently Been even in he scolaship” Pinientaey i of sever European wrierson te Moon 1 Begionng appa sha, Derbi io "Alor wha Mua” “Ouaton or "Oscrne eas ‘opin no Ot soe Unie Sates scan th cri he Noro pele, Brace peak nly of aoe Hewes > race's ofthe ter “whits odo bse lage apn the gn of some of he Bees Bat {would goetion the citer which ae ‘tajoriy of Berber” peoples have ben designated as “we by such Scholryagroment. Wht (& Whos) nn Su ge i fhe “Beret so phenyl no-hmogstss~ arcs when ne contrat te dap ofton-homogcrly iw xen t Brace ad ‘Bineatenton he fcr? Attoophone ms engi th pence ot ame Ightsknned Bebe" peopes in medieval" elas presen Moses (4 te Maghrib in gency It is exeely ects) To recor the ‘Sl eatenzstionof ac presen ol velar he pops of designating ighskinned Contemporry “Berbers ihe pedoninant Dhenotype ering th ara ith medieval Anda! The popes of FPesunfay Marc imal un amalgin of cn, A, Ear ean Hood. In assssing ll ist es be mint of 0 major fas (1) “inca ood has amit inthe se or mn fhe fein ong stn ‘thuman setlemey inspite aely mien’ whic pled heise poly caa Auap ae inn fan apace Europe pope was alin etches ‘rent Now, how would nds wih sch aGnintures be sed fccoring tothe prestige of “ace” inthe US. and os Eoopean! Fmcenic tate? fore amecring is question ew ase he serbia foundations fhe Arion people (eH, ‘We hme acay noted tha the Resi rg of he” people and tow dominant he Aico phenyl he ine {lhe Auk Ppt Mahan Whe seghng the soli of the famed Spnsh tran Miguel Asi-Plcion, James T- Mose to ales {othe considerable ocala creation that exelent betwen AF ‘Singnd ribs tw -byindsting siaoo Arabic Palos ino Euapean hough Ase was na see Alanine Eaope™ Whether Monroe Gd his ntetonly cr sabamsclousy it asplys te dese of Syroryity(gemiseay)iatecnAtcas ands HGH ES Erpcan sche can ecogae. ‘Dp ld ofthe msegenaton which tok pce for may cet tetwenn ne Kir and he canes (ehhsorpeoned AS pope, stich herey graded he Aram De Diop imps, mere a the 0 Golden Age o the Moor gue 2. This Moroccan ge wld commony categorie as “Arab in ‘ofa native “berber” people af Morac. [Tour book: Morocco Pimientatey a sce of ntermaiage in Arabia bins wane ad Becomes les apparent {Ghenowpicaly?) by the seventh century he pred of he cassia the Religion of am. Bul woul differ wih uckaninpiaion Als ‘he famed eleventh eon of te Enyclopei Branni ssomevtar sees (91D totter some insight in He kame Arsh mentliy and soci og they he etry, jot pro i Ween. Wi by Bie ‘mcmorige wake esr, he ee nad oh soni pint Sp nce oc pa i Even ay we can ay sth ey of smears Een St Avast Asner the US Pine Dan Bs Sua Nee Grn Aneesh pe sea oe) ihe race scat hs sem orto Ries es fe trou cay be petedund sceped on 9 of Aetna estan hacks nero wor wa se ome! Wa ed he thon har we bn os uns sah) ha ean the wesc nek ped sap cur spon of Moy ‘lowrmoder wo toe lyase me age whee Nove ned pelos show when aver “Maal as ns?) Jato geoph he we fen SOCIALIZED INTO SEEING? Rave cpanel el af crenata naming th arson ofthe Asay of i Ar hee tha the sro or may ofsison of pony rn ply ap ot einen conto an store herp pea ee ‘in spears sa spe Wh fly ote pam ca nro othe roe licen tone A ee aon of aida t,o oe mi ie Ube dens of cle ees be Anda Allen (Mow) sd he ‘ein aor he usin tc neon ts roan ‘oy Saal cof tess st ey he es (rnc) ‘ctv efEaocent tense Whey oscil Shoe he god meses of jude siya WE proaco ns aveecpy esc ane wich ne abt 50 Shree The kn ofthe ple wan ened Ans 9 othe hr realy 00 yee el ote ap ae of soni srymore tan the nc funda of» pce vie Mone. Ove mi ‘Sith pinch inte page en ae ‘Nomuotee tgon tates Ames ya colar fom Be 192 Golden Age of the Moor sincenh century onwards, This assimilation of race and culture wtinatly ‘ulmisted in Mic. Te hire consis iniviulanntelgey Ssert tha the gerne aint Empire ofthe Azteca was hort of Spanish fallare on Spanish peopl. Similar, one could ot Took a the present Mesican resin: Salinas, and state that he she met peal example ot ‘what the alent Aztecs builders ok he: One mut ake ino aos he sloriereliy ofmiscegeration wih osColunbian Spanish Congr. ‘A look at many medieval Europea representations of “Moors” io a titrate, reveal that the Moos ada wide a range of pst prance sso Acan American ay et when ne peruse sch book of Healy $s those of Charles A Fox-Daves and James Ftv, wi elation ‘too i becomes evident that he standard ors Moor wae most en ‘ery ark skin and wooly hr. Fr anther major example, we neon #0 ‘beers he word of Shakespesre=illano [go nga, terry rstion (ot Shakespear's liabetan mind ys cdl to Otel’ thers “Even sow, nom, ery now, a ld Black rm ping (copulting wt) your wie ewe (ACT, Scone I), Even Roderign a Venetian, fers fo ‘Oibeto“ke Mace as hicks” inthe same scone Cle what a MOOR ‘Phenotpieally represented for English society io the early 1600's ha a olton with odays so-called Blacks” Wha grup hasbeen a0 despised throuphout European donated history for thee ul ps? Without a dou ‘Aricans. We can alo see another stereotypes reaction of Europese toward “Black,” wit egad to marriage ot inimacy between Buropean ‘women and AMfian men. (n spit ofthis evusion, 2 powerful contrary "trston exit, ae the history of intimacies between Earopetn men and ‘Arisan women tes). Tn ealating now te predominamly Acid type ia Nonh Afi gave vay to an amalgam of phenotypes many of a Euroa cs, we MUSE “Somiderthe ste, moa geno desnetion of many ren peoples Tet as remember that afer the defeat of the Mons in Europe, he most disney Afraid types would have been the pimty tage of Earpe's ‘erat and atthe atonal for this ay bave bee se mucha onsets ot the poycho-rcial neuroses Gscned in Frances Cree Wel’ heres” ‘sin simple mater pee Peraps,the sverige European min, he ick” Aicans epteened paleadoned Europe's gece iverson and emesis. Consequently, rach Blacks had wo te syscmatcalysupressed oahiated Iwo ase hat thea of Euopean miliary damnation and hegemony, coupled wth is Plmenisrte worldview of "igh sper.” compelled Nors Acan focitic ino pleing 4 premio upon Kghncs of shin. The dose othe Exopeon phenotype, the beter. The sme ptologes wick Alin ‘Anica avenged scsaling petro for igh shined mats ad pring Gorse "phen the ace’). dominated the cloned peoples of Non Pent Bey i X's 18h ceaary teat, Las Cts CLAN thi ‘omiestrip tke istration shows a Cabaie Lady seducing Moor to 2 {rap.Sheluresthe Moor withan station her daughersi-law'se > toturn he coupe inte herson ad he authori, The Moni burne ve fd the daughter spared bythe "Vig Mary i Golden Age athe Moor Alves. Bain spit fal his, many ofthe orignal so-called “Berbers of ‘Morocco, wo resemble itnly Afro" Mack” pools, sl vive Shorly, we wil ee the grounds pon which Europstn scholars hive se demic jsifed he use of he tem “ere” In dicusing the impact of ane of Moorish Spin’ wo mort significant Atican Dynasties the Almoravis, lsh medieval De Lacy O' Let tes stat he dyna primary founder, Yahya Iain was eo areal Berber tbe of Lana” ONE of THOSE LIGHT-COMPLEXIONED BERBER RACES fermphss mine] sucha an sil be sce Ageia and axe apparnly nearest aki othe Labs they re represented in ance Feyptn painings > ‘O'Leary semen cel tha tee wert) drk-complenoned (Back) Berbers! The fc tht his leh icon, wring i 1922, would {ee i ezessary to qualify descrpively jas what geno) pe of a“Berber™ Yahya ahi was sional sues that Oey was ocking to eno contemporary “Negroes ofen rumored tobe relly comet wath the Moose) trom ay corlton to the great Moot ofthe medial io. teresting O'Leary dos mention ane of them significa ofthe ‘Aimorsids, Ys ashi te rer who suceeded Yahya and expanded ‘he dynsy's Gominion in Aftica and Tera Ever the mont a" Bok” ‘Scholae no deny the importance f Tashi, or atep to potay hn 2 rally “white” (liecampesioned “Berber, a8 Tshtn’s htc Sgnifcance and distinc Aicanfextores ar too 'wll docunenta sch ‘Arabic sources Rou c-Karon® Conseqerly, O Leary choses of !mainstangely silo! o he sof physic! description of Taeiin ands fellow “Berbers” although he does inform gs of how Tasifin extended [Almorvid"Berbe™ dominion “om the Medttanean othe Senegal” and tha tether” Tain wan 9M Prince ‘A Morocan end of mie who seizes In Linguistic, Profesor Aziz Loi preseated me wit some rae neresing information pertain othe “Berbers” of Noth Aca ad thoi, Profesor Lat, who teaches t's Moroccan universiy,polted ut that Wester scholarship he prima ened the “Berbers on lage grou nl, while consciously or ‘orsciously ignoring the eit diversiy of the “Berber speaking communi." Cling The World's Mejor Languages, ete hy Comris, {Lat also points out that many ofthe "Bebe angesges exit Kemetic, Koshi, and Semi vis, revealed ether morplogy pines ad ‘wortarders® Alfiough some “Borbes” have beea linked to Cale and Noni opins by 2 number of French writ of he clonal ering, Lat kmonsates tat hepa’ of "eter origin are more Hiei Eas ‘Arcan and Kush eer th olling beer eins: 1 The Dra Valley of soubar Morac agly ropa using been Inhebted fon before the fst Cana element fhe 10 century By Pimintaey ie ty a Cush pople whose descendants, the Harn, epresem one of the {ange "Beer speaking tic group in Morocco "D) Sever Moroes family sumer: Koush, Kouosh ahd Kashani, for example all dence Kushite Ethiopian origins (Umigh st tha ah aloe ‘vient explains the origin of he pps aothAtoean fond “Cova Coos ‘whose mame evidently sues an Ehiopian eri) ').A prominent ills Misa, ea the cf Fe, ius connection toentern Alin a4"Mira" (Msi) iste mine vento Egypeenel oy the Ethopinns Kents. ‘Non do Prof, Li's dings suport my ciation bout he yn onymitybesween “Better” and Moor (Lunt Togs ha “Noor ven ‘ymolgially designates an Afiol phenotype), baiting evel tions mae betacen the Moors and ancett Keates "This somthing ‘which willbe expanded up ater. Perhaps oe ofthe most revealing observations of Pr Lf was whe he Infrned me tht here fe no Berber spesking communi Moose ody Which il by ay name ote which seven dna elated, honeclly or morploglly othe fet Berber” Ths Trcian ‘esination for what was say “nave” peopl. ‘Close historical ingury and hsiriographal analysis eal he “ail” reltinship betwen te Black Afrinn ofthe eighth cnt (emury ofthe ‘Moorish invasion) andthe historic! Moor (ibe s-aled “Berber") ho tered the Tein pei an pofoudly iniosncad rope A Tok a ny numer of Europe's hooks of Healy (x. Fox Davies) o een the ‘Stato evened within the Boke ofthe ae great -A Rogers, provides ‘he pict evidence of what many + Moa was. Why do European eho ‘sho dich Noth African ening lt aes te queso of why Moracen called WOROCCO, or wy Magrinias calle MAURETANIA How ean one sgl ut mh ater cies of Moroso, row mixed with ler rasan present him or her ya cassie example the henDyP, tehich dominated in “"meseva” ns, ding the Moos oseupsion ol Sou i . Before closag this section, Let vs lok at «few more referees 2 ‘bsrvations whieh European wire mae eguding the Moot who enter ‘Ansan, se many of he commnis fe gle revealing "The Tah cettary European conser Joba Poy. said of he west Sudan: "This part ofthe wore nab especialy by the Aiea OF Moores preys aie hich aa of to indy us who tee Moores, and Negroes or blake Moses" From ti uae we ear wo primary things (}comsiderable aumber ofthe isn peoples ofthe ‘restr Sudan “propery refered themes as" Moores — rege of ‘shete they were ight or dark In complexion. We can safely sa i = ‘Slealy goneral ference which hey ued ( aceped) when aeEOi2iNg 196 “ Hen Age ofthe Moor themselves. (2) John Por, thi especially pigmentconsious 1th cent. ‘pean, chose to divie the Moores pint bsckes? Negron” a whit "ams" inspite ofthe "proper" reference whch hese Atcha oli exlly acooped for themselves MOORES! Again think of US story, ad ‘he Euro-American dvsions of Attest Atsed people which makes let ‘since betecen mult” and "ees 'A European Catholic Pies’ account about the Moocsh invasion of 710, wen in 754, makes cer tht the Catholic Eutopeats of ths ery ert ‘cngnizad a aference beeen the Moor inthe Arab Bu stn 8 my Inpesio hr ths ference wa probably ned cual masiestatons (Ce Tanguage ess, mane) and not oii penoyace.” Taken From the "Conia Tsdwtana Hispana ad anu 758” reat ane i srs i oe ‘am incursancibs simulque et plerasquecvitaesdevastantibus vans He SRS creme alae taara ee SSS ooasec ames White disussig the sows Moorish conqueror Taig ad his 710 invasion, the “Chronicle of Alfons I of Astras (856-91) cacy sg {ess some Lind of synonymy becen the Moors and Chaldeans: Within his document fom BS, Alfonso I (aka sce cls” “famous in leaning” wits: "Oui dm Asari peoeinen oer em rude oopendee, in leo eu amen ett Bree, er qvendi acu Pelsgen Imanfestum est cons Calderu"ramn: "When the [Ta soldi] reached Asura Inending to take hn (Play, 4 Calc Moca ike, va ville called Brce, Pelayo was tld he Chae pl 8 fen." Whieits posible tht his eference was eat ae allen it Isaloque posse that his ext eval sas thal the Europes he medieval peiog were well avare ofthe “rac” (& istrcal?) eonnectons beeen Affie’s Moors andthe ancien eilvaton ofthe Chaldeans This Inter posiblity shoul atleast be consisted parla since there is stove evidence to support sick contention [As we proceed with ne lowing sections lt ds Keep in mind hat any references mae to" Moor” "eters and even "Arn by westerns "es should lagly be peresved as equvaen terms fo all of Andi’ Predominanly Aiea Atco populace Cpeopes of clo Fr in spite ‘Ot some medivaere desripves of Cauasld Muslin & Chita person erst bulk te Andalsin society wat most evidently Aen Aro Pineata-Bey wr ver the sled “rhs more accutly Moos fram Ati sorte MTestm Suan rpon The fo tha his odie! county aca oy Tnembed as °MOORG aswell he eer dcsion egg ae {Xi her's Malm newcomer old vlc isco Social & Educational Reales of Andala: ae et {siete htcmcaemgte Sh dehitiecpecaaiec ts eesti The igh ad esived Arb sam ing the prod Deron 8) (net conurstof Epp and aout 700 ADs" Andis Meors a ome {he cov wi ery liu lant phisophy.AMHOHEN se ws Golden Age of the Moor ‘Muslin people conquered and coi! Anal, thy allowed the Jews 'nd Cathlies wo contin practicing thee especie ft To sessing he !reatment of Jews under Muslim conto, O'Leary sues tat thc pape ‘contin and increased under Moorish ule, Very often they be hightoneg Bostions and cil service jobs. O'Leary says that the Murabit (Mo) ‘lets "ook no measures agai Christin or ews" The Christan and Jey suffered almost no persecution a! the hande af the Moslins. Toe Masling, weer, fired ery porly under Christian dination, Im conta McCabe commen upon sone ofthe more exteme examples ‘9f Catholic Css nserance. He memons the “brnng alive of women nd yout, an the tearing open ofthe eles of acca heretics before lhe oromds’” inthe Christian West nh wrgs Mate cers Spies that Moorh toss aly —ifever rivalled hoe Cabal, [Nediess to sy, the Moorish ocapation of teria Hispana scone by ‘mos evaluative histories a vay more culled and indus than the puny had been under the Visigoths and Vandal (wo Germanic tres). Vives el hath Hsp provinces were taanly devastated by Be Franks and Suevi (European tribes, ther principal eles sacked an dee stryed the countryside zed withowt mej" Sevecl histones eco he the enance ofthe Moors a 710, as welcomed by most of te Tian rasan clases and Jews, wh had ben ail subjgsed by te Visite ‘liarchy.S 8. Imumudn's work: Some Aspetvaf The Soca Econom and altar History of Masi pi 711-1495 oppo ine hei Brace msn that “Arab imperialism was not bred op til sae ‘remacy I enered by force at impressed i ule becane appectaed ‘what found od ido fear hat fees would become ised by oad ties" Tolerance was very much he ered of Moorish Spain. Comer Islam was not foced Few Jews converted tlm athe) enoyed esd, Of worship andthe right Ive by ter oun csoms ae law The Chit ‘Rabo’ had complet jurisdiction ove the Jewish srmmenity Aa esa he ‘Jews prospered in varus tds and they “were parca ste fhe slve tide,” writes O'Callaghan Iwas’ et the Sig ofthe Alors inthe eleventh century, that the Jews endure any note pect ad ‘begin ecng note Cistan dominion of Anus swells ter ale Jands” One could wonder if Jewish persccion under the Amora had Something do withthe conserabe wir nolvemea inte emleverent ‘rade Sil the Hwish presence In Anal exemplified by uninerrpted prosperity for mos of he 70 ors year of Moorish col. We might te that was only geoeraon ater the Almorvide with Andals now under African Almokade como, that perhaps the geet of Jewish losaphers, Moses Ben Maimoa (Maimonides to rex rominee, “The constant waslate etween Andnan Mai and Cstan gas Ia Kepl ihe ve tae ave nthe Mederanan, O'Callghan ls tha Pinata ey ” See cs ret sane) cn become ere rs tail center ce Seaman ocradee gare poe eno okt ec ata ss ‘ae chef cnt eae oe ese anata ses at ‘ons rials loping of tr hands an fet andy Mania “Alfonso LX traditionally had thieves hanged, drowned or = ve mec etc some Be eter 200 Golden Age of the Moor of wheter th Masts ated with he Cale patie o mt ¥en in Mosinee kingdoms te Css wer le to Conc to aay Esthey sf, olong + Mastin wt ove The Mocaibs wet Cutbols who ha aed the soi casos ofthe Moos an Art inating the ne he A anne. They nee ey inert nthe ora nae and were alo pa of fecy wile tintin tle Crit faith Av ely te Nears have ben {epee Wester chlrs ssposeninga sng legac Colca fis case: But Vises offen ster ew fe Mabe nos {tat one of Emperor Carlemape's major bjs ose te Mor fone by aking Sarge, which was an iportat Mora ‘edoat however: 778 Callie led ects te Many tf 10 cooper sit he Cathie Emperor, Vives concedes tha the oars re prima ahsb pp They sso they ould ain» grt dea y reining in lve ste wh he Mow Like the ews th Mors we ened tron gale cop wth thera mage down awe Agan oly nas aving Moshe stds Monti curt hn icon ‘Ono the ot ltretng als of Christian Spain's meeting wih Moorish nam whe eval thslgiol hy ele “Adoptcnian, ‘Ths tery nas mained hy Fel shop of Uns, nd lipase stool of Toledo. In temping tthe Nin stcm fhe CGistan Trin tse seve decent Ch wae apd by lhe Father" andherty heme the Sono God Such aero te con tre her Pope Haan Charlemagne, an sever oe Cale oils These Cai adr appaety alse ont “Adoptions ‘easeriey tose lsmbelis held bythe Moor that sun -e insta metal Pept appointed for isne Mion he Un versal Father-God (Alla). Clty the Church could ot allow sch las pheno rr outweigh inp he actos of es) Fun and Egon contcd to cape Adoption unl nc dessin he cary yar he ithceasy ‘With the fs tee cere of Mos ale the vst may ofthe ease to haben ving wut of the Dc rn tbe meer elon She peninsula, bd almost al of he peasants ving south othe renee inthe enter region, ha cnoverts eam Tiphenoneaon wo pone ‘er sic nthe ite with he advo ot Cate ecnguet and smo of he "Moros" dsignaton for Moore under Calico fat) int Crsian Spin ® Byte th cet nam as very mach ingioed within he netork of hi fomeryCatle Hipage ‘ck ad sm bce the con he msjory- Nalin of Eon ‘Svea Morahan A lod old nyt pegs and pon ‘Ste of eng win a bc te, Zoe msn) wesc Pixinta- Bey an isomer tot aE ac Hecistactsctse meterear cao) a0 Golden Age a the Moor coresponds othe aad o Provencal oes “the numberof soph, arly five 10 sine, a common fesere ofboth Arabic and Proven ‘omposiions Tae use ofa messenge: between to overs esc aloet, {nd the general heme also pit to a orem uf Moorish Arb compo tin Tits Burchard to contends thatthe sey concep of "charc Love" is born of Moorish ifleaces. He informs vs that even the Tamed Afonso X Ce Wise") composed his catgut the Virgin Mary. wig he Moorish ol shi meel Barca su pins ot oat Mons cure exit a song intaence on whoring Souere Frcs andes Snow Een) pou of uy eve we sein iti Fc Wiha af Rte, tS Wt McCabe wits of te abundant sade of Andls, nd he kes there uno an erly Petadse- No db hi -Paada” as made even more heavenly by the prescrce of lines with ruming water, Ths saa innovation made Hs sppeace inthe cis of Msn Spin sobeine tefoeh nh century the es of ween Eoope woud ns ‘ees or sve enn acme.” alsin ce even had ae “pve, phd (oan ely rine by he ml fhe ea cet writes McCabe." He eames these isos Andis ces ake {Pass and London some six enue ae, MCAble eof scent entry Pais and London Foul an contami watt weed longo i stagnant poss om te amped sues» Anes even Nt Postal service ade moj os wer dad with tenes bles of Seiten The ve ly and ings of ooh an Arb ince po ae pean develope can be son nt word of various Europea nngases ‘ic derived om the Able Cj nfs “Enl hs many nds ‘common usagesuch cies sugar, lemon yp aac Stal ypher, alga, arsenal, si cee and aga wh ans ‘eevanc oman edcavor inthe ars nd cat When one eee thatthe Wie mpi sich fom adnate Eas oe Aan the Wes (ncldig portions of lads, Chin, Aighanstan, an, essa OF coure chef Altes athe Hay Lin) Ries tose how Mesa nlc cool ecome 50 rly planed win Enopean- Wesel te Sly was even dominated by Moors and Arabs fr ve wo unde Years and Cree was ruled by them for one handed and ent. five, At Teak the Muslin empire was even ore immense thn fe of eter ‘Aen he Macedonian Cie Grea? Rome tei woulfoly te natural for te eatoreof the Anlst Moots i hve haa ery xesivefafuence upon western Europea ciizatn, a ts gifted Af {n/Asate society wan geogrpacly based Europe sll td ae ‘Cady avi Cristo Carpcan mia Pinenta-Bey 203 Agricultural Improvements ‘The Moor and ther Islami peoples of Anda intadaced a kinds of otcukural thos and yes of plants, us ad vegetables, which were ‘italy usknown ouside of frie and Pes,” From Aca nd Asia cane tie (su in Arabi, aro” in Spa" nF), appeared on Spanish "ver bass the eth century scoring othe ecords af Arb bin Se ‘ecretary othe ule l-Hakem 1 (961-976) Coton had Been toc Iberian sin the ninth entry (gute Ary algodon “Spot Fe) On ‘Andalusian si the Moor alo grew several ypex of medicinal heb (he utara on) fom Alice. They were ser abut a Spaish ‘regions like: Seba Elia Shula (Sita Nevada) and Gua. Thiscte five was otviously tied to thelr mee! and parmscologial ski and Freres: The gua of the hes was sd al hose grown Indi ard “Aula Danis sch Tb a Wai, hn Bass, tb a jj and Il Awan condicted spel stds onthe roduti) and quai ofthe land ho Basal parttoned the land no ten siffeen classes secorng parcolr characters, and tayght farmers ways ineeang the ferty [thir lots Geological tis were dane i drt Toa sweet water below the earths srface. Wide prea wse was made of te waterwheel or “Sharan which the Romans knew about but had ize very te. The Moors du canals nd chanel hich iit fm ds ad provided water forever thousand mongucs, places and pubic tas Some of the most ighlypodutve and were st Saragos, Mri, Tudela Marcia Ti) li, Malaga, Love, and Baghah* ‘Shiies of the Inesan soil along withthe Moossh ition of aw methods, plans ooh aed manures, beled 1 dramatily increase the tera the ein land. Te stabe wseven may yh Mow a even the land foes rigation® But ot ony Ancs's Masts Increase the pacity ofthe si nd iotace new vegetation, he a {ered inte since of fond peseaton and storage, At Saragossa, wheat ‘ets preserved fora longa oe nd years. Moorish mods of pres “ton and dying enabled sch rsa i plums, his and ales ‘eine for several eas on a Awan 12h cet) was tans he ttre in goat. dtl butte Procter preserving ive, CO Saris Before tring to the main fcis of his essay is necessary sy 2 it spout cone etn mot peat sig wd med ‘Andoan What makes hens Dynastar expect signfcan sha hey WE row eaily can, and tha hey bot Rad grat and sive pact {ponte sciences ad plowphis of Andalan sce. These two DSO {oath Almoroids a the Amoeden if wry indie pessoas Upon 24 Golden Age othe Moor ‘psi and imately, weston Euopesn society a developmen O'Callaghan ‘eters tte leven century and Almoravi contol she "Golden Age or Andats. For although the Almoravids (and Almohades) ae sometines ‘egated a5 theologically conservative the flo and asc acy af the county ed ot depreciate a ret I a th elds of paso od ‘iene were parca tejovented dering th ine ofthese dynastic Ta ‘dion, Catholics an Musins would mx even noe ely in such Moorish ios cies a Toledo, Saragos, Torosa and Lisbon. Unfortunatly for the Moors, it woud also be daring this period (1th cet) that the Hispano Visgnthic Catolcs would secute miltay contol over several Maorsh lis of erition and esta efi center oe anslation af Mesh “The Almoavds had rigiatdin the dese of athwest Africa. Wayne ‘Chandlers that ni and religious eos northern Alcs a pushed ‘many “Beers” dep int the souher desert There they eacuntred more Unmixed Acan pepe wis whom they thee Ieermarted The fs oe {vo peoples produced the Alora nd thet Mabe Themin (evre of he ‘el who cine a repuaton for beng fecey shld slg, The old Moorish work, Roudl- Kara, cscses te entry of the Alora ato ‘Ansa, and it describes the Almoravid exer Yosut tbe Ta, a 2 lck-kinoed ican. Yan ad entered Anal upon the reget of ‘Sevll’s Muslin goveror ArMetammed n 1086, Yasue neaing amiss eid f various tn goupsey”frm wee Alia After Vesa nd his men entered sleAndlus, is sid that he Beare angered the zoel indoence ofthe Muslim Kadeship and lack af miliary support ven by te presiding Masi rulers. Yusuf was concerned withthe Hans milan power of the Cahalic armies, Consequently. be decided Ta take onl ofthe out hme and he apo his wn fllowes over ‘or, Vasu suoesfly posted Alfonso VI an is Cathlicarn oo he ‘Musi testis ht Alfonso had won.” ‘Wit eared othe are aiseuson concerning Moorish exhnology, tis ‘esi to point out tata Spanish soy for Aloravi 9 Moab, hich again draws our steton tothe Iba people. andthe vided phenosypie (and stove") comeaon which the medieval Europeans made hee the ancient people ofthe Bile andthe Aimoravid Aca, We might also reall another synopyes for Alora: Mbit or Marbout ‘hich phonetically eortesonde to Moshe/Mosbilaru ‘The Almohads assume coo of alta afr 4 ite more tan & tury of Alnor Gomiation Hemy Coppee refers tothe Alskade a5 “pure Aiea" i conta to the Almoraics, whose blood was (Hm Coppe's viewpoint) more mixed withthe Arte’ Like he Alors the ‘Almohisdes als ale om te western part of Ate an ea which ‘des the peoples of Chan, Mal Senepl, snd Songhny. 0"Caloghan Plenty a Indiates that he Almohaes displayed a priciest in pisapy, ‘The Almoade rulers ensuragedscholry dues beween he ateeeeg, ‘Aste an sore otlodox tna telogian mach as a hase (algae x European called hin) Teach hstvin aneas L- Gan ieee he casera tore of icc pul ica et ‘Amohade ile Goma sys ha the Amos idaaged anes furulsand sought = nor elt sppoach wo tnowllge, Gabo cy Tarde th Amadis here was peter cpus upon hse Sing tal cvs tt were ot onetd tows egy Me gots on ead the render ta it was unde this any thal hap he rete Moor Andstaan thinker Mourshed” represent by men sich “Aver owl dassed sho. educational Realities & Intellectual Achiever Ae eter Seo tS igre ac eg ca Soe Set Se Se a a Sit GONE Sar cuore ta Sehcrutehemn Sime ray wn Sree mt es oe Renstatiaeain uansamen ewes Teepe! Sst i hs no ‘Sant Satria evi crcl mate cos of be Arb pega B Het ge err nae Fear ecco] 206 Golden ge af the Moor Fortunately forthe Christan European, thi sor of knowlege which was x0 omion to Moorish Andals, Would eventually mike is way thoughout (Christm European societies, “The Andalusian Muslim esd withio a ecety which esposed the great Jinprance and arty of tnowledge, Such eminent Isanie scolar the tenth ceniuy blest Thm Abd Rabi ote tens on education an Importance. This Eastern scholar defined cdeston and know edge aye pillars pon which es the axis of eligion an the word” He conan Theta] ing mano et nde ‘iene oe aye pote heat and eee a Ie he mele pomon who mt epayi s caeg ree woul he mst sup of ngs se AS ae ‘The ipl Ansin’s ean for sch an ook s Rabi’ was quite ear mami “Te election of bods wast exh opal by bu pon with pepe gee "he Ansan Mo's forsee paris was ad ar beyond the physi borders of he sot. The tech ems fhe ‘stole (an aston device invent by the Moos Arba td he ames fas sili tir Arabic ngs cven inte Wes ewe sal Seite ae was alo during he welt cont tha European nul exhibit irene terest ain ecg. Foreign des fo he ‘omnes of At, ca and rope wou fas a Anes Were {in Farge tinker ach a Addo thy Pa of veh, Rober 6 {Gs and an hers rosie smog the Noor wh te att leaming fom ten. Cato Anda lke Domes Conga ind ugh Sat, ad Sens ike Aba bes Ea, epesent ats ere ae counts Europeans who were ected at amc stuns in Moh ae Chee sats th be ase core of Mae Eapt, esa, Abia 44 Sri emaneda ours of spon ncn pape aendoors aso he i fe een ey cng nas sh ihe Airaid ral) Andlslan stands ad bee eed ang {their comparon wih the of he Eat Conseuen te Andlsen Moors sought fo exced the snd of th Eastern Coe al ares and ies Ansan professionals atans lamented ove oe bet hat hy were sl not vag prope espana ce Fens simply deca of ther mest heaton’ Akin of peso {togance existed mong Eaters hy ed te fh hey wee ‘Siem ofthe nnn tick hd produce ome ofthe param Ancen Pinenta-Bey ” Tetons asa we Valeross, who made considerable use of primary Span- sce acter data Rion ‘began persecuting the Greck teachers. Persian rulers welcomed these ae *Nalicoss menos Haren Ras (86-0) ads sucese Man ‘Baraat ltl trwuing Se rsa Inu nt 208 Golden Age ofthe Moor Hasings Rash adresses th various ways fn which wesem Europe recsived the knowledge ofthe acon. On the acquisition of Ars By he ening teins ey, conscquec he opeing ‘betconmunctioar whe stag meonrssa itera toh ane of ene sng ne ote ot Inti versions oer Sy or Acai" ‘As we continue, we will aout beter sense of the great amber of ancient ‘nd contemporary writings which came to Europe hough the Moor of "While may be re tha the Moors of Als my hve acute some uniguely Greek knowledge though te oppo the Abbasid (he ling Syma of Bagh) the Oreck inmigantvan here lo even tebe ses the Mors sey posses re whl he maj of Earopeantisvian say thy allege aquired fom the Grek. ‘The Andulsians were cojoying the fl ower f tee cvilization ney ‘wounded yea before the west tase Catholic aisha congeted fn ramacked he cy of tht own low Chriss of Byzatom, dung the 13h ena ao stands reso ha he reputation of Moors Span nd the openness fer society, would have ated sta rom all ver Euope Ate al western Europe had much ese acces os han toany eer pa of he eastern wor, lading Byzumine Gree. I woud ake much more ses berefr fr hbk of Grek an ame scholaship ‘ohave entered in wster Europe va Moorish Andis and ew intelectual striae nay woul o could iste this fc. “Aliiough afew amie ues were annoyed by eran ideologies which surfaced in a Anduls, the socey remained 4 sronghold of sens td Pilosophy Few, any Andalasiae were ever fre oe the cout) ik fer for their ie, bene of their sei or pong Wwe, Yee was ether common forested Greek oe Chistian Byzantine tape pecan and ever de, nen hae, how dons ‘ould seular knowledge bo a society which wa 0 often vent cpposed to? Equally recvant the fat that Ie pre-Chrisan Gree of ange ‘were aho known fat endured sl censors! Conscuety.ife are {otetieve tht natural scene Arson peso wee the pofucts fof make Greets andi we ae to asep tat wet fie pr of thet Indigznou society then why were the scent Grek scholar a en fee Scoala? Theres some Nbtorams mba sted is same guest {hereby concluded tat “Greck Piss actly a misnomet Such Pinatas i scholars contend tats itl more thas he continuation of acient Egyptian fescings, crete by Epyp's ova Aca pres. The late great intllecul historian George A. ames; wrote something which very profound ia lation othe ancient Keres (Egy Pans) and the ‘nodal Moors He tated she pone Na Ati wet te eghout fhe yin an ‘nS ac yon tre emp mie ehh ey {pred hgh conser porns Ata Ast Mer arp Sinthaaicate Sede ie penton amon ee ondentiaios James also elaborates up wht Valor hid slat 1 caer coeering the Byzamine Ease ann, James sles tht othe eis of Theodosts| Inthe fourth century and ter of Jost (529), closed dowa the emples of the"Fgyplan Mysteries” gh wells the plosopicl sehools of Greece The esl ws a inlecaldrknese which descended ove eilized Cvsan op and he ete Graeco-Roman wos I ated fr nearly seve ent pet andthe Grecks were forded no pen opportunity to improve up the Steen Eytan knowlege ames pon vt thatthe ancient Greeks had tionally migaced to gyp fore purse f eduction and they Ba ben doing his eer since tie eran vio a 525 LC BY ting ancient sourees, histories y Pliny errors, Sta, te starch, James sought establish hat the wiry ‘the Hellenic thikers was an impor from Egype Tames reminds us of Ancient Greece's habitual expulsion he resdet eho. Aratagras Was Inited and impeoned by the Greek ators and he had to eseape back ome to Tonia Plato and Arse were fore toe Athens under get "spiio, ind of course te fate of Socrates fs well Known to tudes of atop Classics James seks to ewabish that hese men were no the standard teacher among Grek aad ot ove she wih a indigenous Greek education. James contends tha these men were harassed and pushed I the goverment ot the Grech cyte fo ltaducing foreign aad sous tacts, In alton, Jes pons othe igh mpracel pracice ‘hin: Western” academe, of absinthe suo of as many 36 one {housind ferent hooks on various subject Arte” aes live that ch Royal Egypt ary wes immediately ansched san oats by the Gresks upon he ava of Nexans si sm hen tks were aptrein Eg hey of leaner and ‘rest ced) 1 Raman amy ml ome 1 Rone Hence, we se acter primary path hy which Europeans acquire ancient 20 Golden Age ofthe Moor ‘a ao ight ao diet he ae tw tuck Aen (887) by Marin Ber, bik sk bli he Alok Dino cs Ck isp eee He cone evidence of woul apr ha ifthe M Secret anything om the Grek, wasn many en saeng whe the Aen hd een posed James ma “ue During th Feo Ge at Roman inva age umber of gyi Ne mony tothe eset an moun eon byte Fein despa ohesteeneeracia nem Ieihecihh ty AB, oon ese Marca seh As ed St wh oye yin ae wk itehoged common prt anf system ee sea a ents ofan whic he Gt wad cei Soa en ‘Serhan Kai he ho ee a pecuitsnilay in reich Dr, fan Van Seria i ia Sn lh Ss ge i ha ee icra terest te ipo rate he oneness Ss nl gat Rima ois" ee Egyptian erudition and culture. bed eee the credibility of “the Groek mieacle” after voting the prevailing tendency Brinacmsdatrehgsrnat tain lee iver Geto Egan weer es casos es aan scorn ovate a ‘should always bear these things in mind as one reads of Moor a noch oped eon Pimintaey aa Areas of Espertne Among Andalsian Moors tn acensing he gene atu among all Malin of he “medieval” 3 feat ean ls shat phys (hin a Arai) were > Tee most al of sient and of greater importance tan pisepe. we alan wash ese, al beat fhe diet ifeseving Pee ee mel sciences "Matin bad tesowed onthe a of hang ater al gh sos value prio“ Appopately.ithe Bld eel eae he Acalsan Moor male rerible progres sid ase Gree-unned Masi phsisns of Pei (Nestor) ian lmic maton" Moorsh acne was based upon expe eso ata) nina carton, Mah ha Gran surgery, and cutraon, meine was tghly ecw veel calee smc nih exensiveiingand cote of onda Phy ins re emicly tained eins whose cond and cade reseed WeEiteon indnss nselfancre,undetndlng, and dicen. Te sla’ fe and lh be short nd heroes were away 0 Be Petey aso wore wheat, Eachpsiin had fo pss» iesing eet oto: egaming hs cients Choe nor of Pee Etropenshesing pete a ht ime tage ed pon Samm and amulet; scilly nd polly povetl clergy owned won Seopa medicine, they ing the eld nthe ads of aes 2d SERGE Pemap the est common form of teapy among te medal Fitopean west of everg the sk wih od-ueking eaten orto (aw ote. ‘Turan efered a compen wi Moorish rane in paola selotogy (sy of dese) rape, suey and phnmaolgy. TEs were uiten by Moorish possums dering srs sexing ol he ‘Scum a were eed dtr spelled in pias cbts, op {Bamcogy an eaten of eri and tuo Imamada tus tt Mocesh scien were cven importing monkey skeletons fom Aca foruse in dsecton when condom preveted the ws of caer "For the Andsluian Moar, soll ener was conser vie. The ‘eon ine foes elf an ons Write more ome Wa PPO Tow ot ons enor! The angen Kenic ceed "Keow Tne 8 ‘ery much he eed of Anas rom he ommone tthe Caliph, is ws Ui pny psp ofthe Anda Moni, Rees soc be Calo “iat Raanl operant on esta’ on ebcsions ‘Ara ime when tot Catan monarchs could pot even wit tron meth alps (Khai) of Moorish Spun were offen schala, The ‘Ciptaaim (O07 ads penoal ia of lm a ailon Sa SSS cessive boon fair ith much fines, NCES insu fw even afer Europe bad ete’ Mooi an Arh a Golden Age a the Moor academic gf she aid very tite with them at Fin; cighyfve pers of Europe would sil be itee the cightesnth cena. MeCabe sae hl significantly roe than ity percent of Andslslans could Yea over seven Inde years earlier When we consider he huge sume of bookshop ears i Cordova alone (20,00) McCabe's seemingly high etimetes on ‘Andalsan Mercy ae given sept ‘When one evaluates the general tts of Europe dng mos of its med ‘al petod™and even the emus shih oles a hs To ask Wha happened to al the scholarship and wonderfl cata acyusions fom [Alia and the Ea? I would appear that the Catholic poe ony ek 2 inerest in EaserwOviewal Knowledge snd scene, in ot to compete foielly and socily with the Moors sn oter Mastin and wien Ie ‘Moots islamic teat iminished, od Cataie Europe ieest Monte ‘ives ht this was eran ta of Catolie Spl, ‘Monroe asserts tha the ass for eng p entre for Arabi sais Was anattemp by Cato powers coun Islami expansion. Teron faa stan setae ‘Seer ets might a that thes ofthese studs bythe Spanish Cato itimately ‘made their way io the Earopenn nations. Wit egret the temps conversion fhragh the useof ucla argument etre pole), ‘ces nat clery evident, preully when oe walsh esas of the Bray oerie “lagoon” and the tendency of the Moor toe Caeticoatoted reson, Some medieval, like Rash, eguentyelsimed tt the prinary reason for Cathie Europe's intrest in the tsa and stay of Nance eats, was forthe purpose of convering the Mors nt Cathes. Bat we ke noteof the type of work which wasbeingtamlated, we seca mc ‘of Europe's focus Was upon ArbicMoorsh scenic aad mathemati texts, This fa does ot offer much spp for he sseton i the pia ners of Catoicdomiated European ois was simpy the peeling ot Meine ately, counties roughout he word head fhe greatness of Moorish ‘Andalusian, Foreigners knew of the hospital (bares) whieh ‘weropen oa repeat nes silty t py an ie ilestons legs ‘ormadrass One example ofthe ype of eartum af Andsncan te seen nthe educational prescription of ba Has (94-1063), Harm nse Cot {at-bom Masim who badesuablished ose es with he ler atta Rahinay lot Canova. Haz had writen texto the prycholoey Of the legal Pimien a Sie terns oes oes sume 3 ony ingineheot rer ets oy ht Hse eer prs with ou om hte teem eee Reo as Sor sce nots kage of Propel rdons Seperate titan neat raat tr eT ae Stent ual equed an unestandng of vas oer dsiplins. The fant ete Set ad Mos ofthe eadon of Aral rested within rw cetr nd 8 a Golden Age othe Moor posses (in the tem entry) 1600 mosque, $00 public tabs, 213,077 Pie class homes, 6,300 manson, ad 80.45 shops. Weather hares sid of wo Moors iar. garda ad ann Water. He popultion ‘ets estimated Between bal milion to one milion residents Al of thse figures come tou frm the seventeenth cetury scholar ofthe Maghib Malka wo cnalted the madera Arabic recone ‘Anwar Ceje els tha the Andalsian Mons (and Abs) prods in the Arb language gre! Tertue, covering every sje! kro ip medieval ime religiw studs Ianguag, histor. bles es, geography, ‘eticine, mathemati, stroman, phiesopy poetry" The es of (Cordova and Seve were intratioaly kao fot beauty Scolatip Sn culture Cordova is ai o have had some 20.00 bookstores nd the Paks historia, SS. Ahmad leu that books were ery expensive, Tags de othe principles of “supply and demand.” Spl pat the large number of bookshops gue lower cost ede alae fusing. The County's ran cer posteaed tines he nth etry, complete ‘wthruning water, This cere before any oter European eon "™ "Anau alko had by he tenth entry postal system of swift hose td Tihs ret The Moo nto io Fao ate tte gin stn Side of Afric: Unt ts deli sound te 14 centr, he Moos wet the ‘hckbore feather, metal nd wood-worKng as well ashe poery sk and ‘wool weaving industries. The Moers had even setup municipal eglations {orthe various trade In reference to hirarchitcetue, MeCabe atest the Moors, "cated the tnd of ater decoration of houses a paces {wa height unowa elsewhere ia the word" Ta contrast, medieval Chie. tan Europe wa steeped inh qulor apd leknes of scene abd ella Ignores Te case ora ofthe mesival Euogcan wat mostoen dank ‘cold with ihe floor envrednanimal and umn droppings Is only Ser the coming ofthe Moor (tater Muslim peoples) 0 wes Europe, tha Christian trope begins o resemble an indastaus Chilton in he "Anda reputation sea fr and wide, Many Europeans rom tsi of| the teri peel began crossing the bards inode stad the wonders ‘of highly las people and het society. Moorish choos ad bookshops sree open tll those who eee the land pesetly A # tel the “ration of men soc ae Abu Wal Toa Mobammes fm Rosh, Abs Bakr Fin Baja on Sina Able nd ter, hese increasingly popular in ‘Wester cls of academia, prc! among Cle. ‘Abu Wald Ton Monummed Tom Rishi, Leow to mont Europeans as avers” was orn oe dsingished Cordovan ay i 1126. bedningushed hel ea physician and mathemati, Ton Rash spe ois areitture, (oor book] any andoraate 216 Golden Age the Moor ‘nh of isle studying hse act sophia wings whos sur ‘hip is commonly stised to Arte: Aveecs ought ate harmonies lations whch existe ewes gion and ance pas by Paap his most dominance ws pone Caloie Cas Scouse dopa, anda we sls tr, fet nding ante ot inte works he prominent Cs nk, Thomas Aus, ‘Aso physician, Aeros eneyelopeic medial et AU Ral eal Tb (Genres On Medi, came the cei for beige scan torecognze tha smal col only be Sonate once Te ext Gercbod Andie wth Sted ang te fant of eat Be Seals disused vars dicae sn th symptoms parma, Physio, anatomy and penonal yg tn 355 he tou wan tall Ino Lan unde he tile of Coliget™ Also Lrown os Corcoran, Be sey fh tx ws eq fos eda dep Daeg “Aoi nowned Moons sant was Abu Bas bn Bah Avempace ‘Borin Suapnn e108, Avnpace was ih aural occ, silsopiy and mathematic Boe hs eth nT136 he ha writen oa the dsepines js cd, wells oo mae His bok Solty Regine isa iteration clas ad is phlosophicl writings were ested ino sever Fue lenguapes an pomp inte sve schol She og Euope Tey Sina (080US7 ss now "Ace," was foeanner bath “Avene tnd Avec Ate Roane Man Atco nt eed Dlysiclan who ha ako mased Logie bythe ge of futesns fe go espe for oiling many Grevkatbued piosopic! seme Dating theca 14h century, Avicenna meds eins nde ees Primi Corns and Quarts Canons, bce vo he Sad eto licensing physics st Menplicrs medial shot Ar Bologna: he staseryof hsmedeltext"Canon was eurd fo censog* Inte ed 1 Geology, Avie efomed si cath an usec ofthe Earth ‘tvs inhi, nthe stn of ks sled tany of te Earth's mince ™ Svc i wing were ae Erpeas an sed exteniely t Ween universes i” The Catholic Europeans ners a Moots eon aparcay exited lost fom te ve beginning of Mooh contol of Ter, Valens Aincveed vga! 10h cetry manatrpof Arabic extn he Cale Imonasery of Sana Mari (mRipol), The Ate teatses enced sch ‘epics athena ol onomy and mene The eens ese ‘Arabic ean revels Catle Europe's cay ers ne ah a “Moor seholanhip in spe ofthe ft ta he sli ethos ere stom malian ar besten Cop ai ex, wn clon of Moors waingson natura sins asim, cmpason, md Bem What een comps Rip Knowing i we cn ony hy. Pimient-Bey a Se ee ‘ubotica;” and often refered to the Moorish schools as schools of “ée pica aec mene erat oe ta Foli Seis ft vader Chor patos Lt she Moors were ‘ne tenth century Corin’ Co ity al ow ty Mas wee eds andy Ge nly won ie esi iS Euopen academics & Church patos we rot res is medeal Ltn xt vey he Cau alo ote of how the Moors Tey Spl andcharns which cold tru the cloos an winds an sen ore Re a th hes) a erst edmond ot lrve” “Abe” (A) {Ei teseer mas be meee othe emo one oe ae Cie who are hs sgt a oi comic 1 be fae sng, Fr eve 5 the Cotes the Mor wi Sbviouly pteened their seo or page via of Slit ‘Govemea he Counc hiset mands hist God for nt asitng Ni ina bate agate Moore ‘He hn ces the Coust™you have not kp your pr fhe sala asiswansndio me Yourade pact wihine "tse rate elit Tira tevecnt” Cale of hive oars his Supreme Lard, esi ‘Sch amanner “Wenn conser the poll nd ocospsiul hrea whih the Moors pone o Calc Europes thro aes the espe anor eos ‘ich many Europeans rhe Mocha aering.While any ates ated te ely! fon ofthe Mors, sevel Fuopeans timed Noi ato nd tn, Een th 18 sy ash Cabniching Aono Vi Ges in Moorish tea a fie wires one STthom asa Moor Zabaydsh, dggher af Seville’ Moorish re, Su'amid) There nsevenan enrenacerplcal group br of arpa Ime anche fe Mons ae mene ete, Wee Cat Iberans Sanat) who had adopted many ofthe cass of ‘tsa take pol, ncn th ae guage. Tse Ae Speaking Cais prove tte er signin tenn of Mor Shwe iain Eorope pee MSc Murs pal and miary power gan 6 wane Ans 28 Golden Age a the Moor ropcans mained tee nts in Moorish scholarship. Cahiers set ou ante Arie ext. Perhaps the ex Bown Citn European fatton of tation was Alfonso X Ce Wise"), Alfonso X suppoced & cool” of taeaors st Toledo dering the 15h century, an ahoagh we ‘now tht the tration f Moorish treatise hid Been ging on at east arly nthe Oth entry, Toledo became the major eee of traaluton for {Chin Europe, Beease of Alfonso tet spp and Gian backing, Toledo became rte prodictve in he I3th century hh her cetera {camino throghoat Earope, such a those at Barston, Taran, Leon ‘Segovin,Pamplons, Toulouse, Bezies. Nafonne and Masel. ‘Nfonso was ly “Wise” for engaging ie cha etepise wating and suying Moors scholarship. Alfonso umassd this Taedan “schoo {tansiator- schol from England, Ia, France at several ther European lands These men ral semi dist (moraly Isr), pole il and recreational reatses rom the Abi ito Latin into the develop ing Spanish vernal aswel ater European languages, ike French “The Works of Andalusian scents Ike Abdul Rakin bia Ibague bin ae aisha, who ad write teat on opibalmology which outine the ees (of twllah yp the eve, was vated (Ulmel-Basr-wal nor (Oph: ‘mology) an spread trough! the academe tations of Earope,* Abu a-Qasioy Khalf Tha. Abbas sl-Zahrwi (236-1013), also Know as “Alea” was 3 rowed Masi physician and cout decor 1 the ‘Andalusian CaliphalHakam I" Aboleanis wrote am eneyelopein of mes ine and suger eile a Tas nti te vlume work were sections fn canterzation surgery (nelading dete dscanion onthe Gestion of ney stones sx well a pktaimie and dental sri! procedure) and section or atng acres One of Alfonse asl, aliam ames (Gear of Cremona, transla he tee! it Latin ant eva the standard {ex forthe insracion of European surgeons" New eons of the work ‘weresilleng published and wired cers ater at Venice 1497, Base In St and Oxford in 1778, The fous medial schools at Montpelier (ance) and Seo (ay) wed the eat for ining physicians, complet ‘wits sper ilstation on the dettion of Kine and blader stones nthe supa iasramente hich were oe used. Another fa Zaha ‘works seuss the preparation of drags sigan, animal ervatves and ‘mineral compounds European scholas waited his ito Lato a Liber Seroris™ “At Marwan Tb Zh (know by Baropeans ae “Avenzon) was Avec media teacher, ad this telth century Seviliam born Moor condaced Cigna resenck in Berpeatin, tors and abscesses, whl sing as ‘Shurphysicinto bath he Almoreig and Almobadcouts His work Kitab Tay cacaseed min an pharmacology hws ast 0 Several igure. An anatomic ‘Musto medical tet Tiber eben “vom Tashi aan the tusteaton af the buman body a 20 Golden Age athe Moor Euupesn anges, An Ilan aor ned Parcs sed ‘no ain in 18h, rte Lae of hay home ‘ous tens was medal wkend ia sa ilo wad end hese blanc of te Anin lors and ay western European a eae 10 megnne ol og oct though Medial Epes wee nied te weit ‘Moisi fn Kas who decuc tTh Page Dew was cused y ty unseen coapon ns ane Rosh Theft of ison ecome cle his nso nts Acwbocanbinies conto ced tie dhe "an ‘Avote:Andlsan Moot, be Kati (136) espoused he same con fn ery. Yeu the mas o Chic weer Europe onset oy they simply perecived the plague as the direct han of God.” To my Sale 0 medieval Europes Sans eva pr Moc egy contagion. Asta Kaow, medieval Europeans lls oe see teens ron” et an rou he aa ts 1 agin penn be sv pono a aed “The medi knowlege of Moorish Anda was shared wih al os who sought Lest on mee wee preety econ one tas Blyscimndial scents varow ners nt Ann Tee ‘ho tend thar ad coped lhe oust wee ed sds (Gaza, 'As rey many on Muslin sadents Coles aed Sane side aperise of hel Moors Prteson. nastier aa that lewish ppl acguted the knee of Ave] Mas a args law car Ai joe tena he ‘oy in Si Lanka the Gople fay deseans ols famed Meese sets, Bakr ‘Mohannet Tow ABST Mal Toy Tl al Nea broly eet ancestry bck os Andlsan psc Dvn 1 4 Wadsh (township of East Gray at Man pada om te Unies of Crdovaandbecae Chet Physica, Coun nd Sooeny sai Ab ak Ys a Maca ety wes by the 2h etry Andi Moor bie icdby Europes in academic cies ah asa welgowacbonn, known fbisdscver fin suphrandto muaieass Merckens ‘ingen alsoeen almanacs sn inp ces ‘elorewenter Eupes acho sen te od ae Pama Aargnaclonns tno ayant Spanish (AL-Andale for example). tngngss ot Anticand Pirnienta-Bey 7 seins ferences Europeans ay ad ny aces to Mosh oi te nnd oe eis oligos mere esr sn Greaney seine te Mum wo in a ain Leesa cha sy "Wheel abe ews nd sere eds fv tnd id om Cristina te ands of isc i vey fone care mon ine opposte Sesion. ‘A se ih any Caewhisians ok ose 0 Be pele li cmteporais. Ast one Ans Mis ter tnorn ocala abu he cnn ce wih wich Christa ta wpe wer able to act and commander Mors cholashp. ns aa Maumee (2h cst) wrote Books of see 2a Seta ocr Cans ec on tn of Ow a ec ey nd Hoa fe and ae aor sein enw ti bho, Hc hey az he work of Mos hough be was a Catholic, King AMfonso X (coronated in 1252) engetly et uasiion of Seti recreaonal, and piso wr icon rien by Avan, Avs, and Pesan Most, Unit Ske peemaes tepid she of romaine paced me ee toragy tc Earopen center Afonso wasundoutey "Wi de avn rm Church dog ands is Cae es xo sah calito, He ecg the stl of Moorish sha sae netig he compe “bck tio f Cate Eats, see ee Einar Alot was oo the fst oes sul pa enrol ad anton. Also X wa cco ingest ofan eh ade ced aa ey rear cmatoy Raimundo of Toes, wes acualy 2 Foch Sue Patt Suave 1125-115) who ad stem Anis weet Sth stl ene re god of Cis’ Ghote Ewopss nate pores? There wat abo coud wit famondas Bhp named Mhac Tes wo Ge ha eat a nt aoe eat oma Tle ™ Tey evedas panos rae re cri Vener and tot Tivol Patan fag wamttel Monch tense on matali and tog. P's fimelunaton: Lberembadoru was ated on gst 5, 115 The He eee Mzonomcay aswell ie lal pees of mest wa eenng hich was completly foreign ote Scena sae tind oft wane argc : ares mee hn jason was going oma thee “elancanerSheciess acon European, Goi of Wits ho Tea ce fey oft Mouse seers we Tomy stenony and mate, obese Kaw 8 am Golden Age othe Moor Earopean sade a te quran Gece placed te cy’ selene ana slogide ton ofthe ie of Bola, Sc td Pat ‘Wha war common among al here Eropean ies war theese ae by ‘erocatomsot Morand oer Mi sexiest Tragiot ‘hemeevt pd ever open tusnrscolas woud eer om {tants uch ae Tle wa seo precios Moo man ‘Oils nso Tle hee known pty Mich Sot A Scotian yaaa, Set Cae a Taleo a forty yee eo the ign of Alfonso, Chas H, Hanis ele wht hs a edoton a imtery, thy 1217, he ceded ‘he tami of 8 Moon ‘Steno an mabe tex Sos tation of wring he wt scents, s-Dir append ss Apeaga “On the Sphere" o0 ‘Asp I 2172 Ths Enopein snr aay squedepuation 2 Teen schalay at «rn of a get farliany at th wok of ent and An schol, Even Seti! wot ier odes fd Liber parclaris, merely Se th scenic observations of Aca te ike Alumaccr, Jafar, Zac, Mishllak, and 3 momber of other ‘Andason hiker “Michoe! Soa's major emphasis tended 1o be upon the writs of the Ccardovan born Moor, Abs Walid Tn Rushd (Averes), Aveo” con Imenaries (evaluative assessment) on Aisttchan-atribved tet, were af primary imerst to Scot and his level patrons. Varese informs us that Score ransaion of Avene works wore langely response forthe e= lahishment of Averoism among medieval European iklecaas. As 3 rl [Arson texts were of majorite to Cable scolsicim daring this time. The Cres wa sceking to recone ancien teachings witha peng ogma of the Vatican, andthe sty of Arioinatibued texts was, therefore, x ey face. The enrince of Scot's trasliions of Aver Commentaries on Aritole, scaly upstaged the previously dominant ‘Avice, Significantly, Avicenna was another Ansasan Moor hose Plilsophical and scenic wrdngs od been very popular at aropeat Unverstiesandamong European hikes. Aviceas's popu was thereby replaced Averoes asthe Chutc-Sate of medieval Europe sought to make ‘Astheoogieltenes more anal and standardize Even fer Alfons X's Gath in 1284 the rant’ “schoo” at Toledo conned Hisbretheranlw Sancho of Aragon Archbishop of Tole) and Snather Archbishop, Gonzalo Gaeta Gade, bth continue to pon the ‘Scoltyanltion at Tol Dot men poses manana nsclenic ‘Works vale from the abc nd they evenly wed ost ofthese texetothe Cathedral ary rely rotor sap that te surplus fourteenth ‘fury mass stn o he fever coping std ng st aslaing ‘Shid teincd st-holy” Tol snl the en of at cet.” The famed Pient- Ber isa Pe ee A wobe we iseatons of MeeyotMetiee, it Tesi owing ime Museu of The pzabrasegeaet rats Robert Haris sin we "a ra rom the Moorish planing thi Ape the Kt ee neal ivan a olden Age of the Moor Sangh cleric Ramon Ll (125-1915), woud receve considerable og: ito for having mastered the Abi {be Iam ath, many Cate Earopeay rennin ineiney nee the Matlin sciences an culture lima te lesan Oho feted socal and intl pogres wine Wise Tere was ert was ignored by he Wenem European ans" {bn satan’ conpendam on ssronon, a Batans ooo eee imenary by Al Whe Ridwan (CAbenrdions") on alt The Ree in Latin te il iter maga ef compe de tata rea ‘Alora X wis monali a be tamed Can ee ft ngage of Ctlie Sai Howey hs meee Sere seal ened tomas grate mca cnigharen ene {ite Chinn tnd Acconing oP bebop re as books offence forall Chron Emp. Alone seuss Cassin tyra swell he lei, whch & my he sea ee Srnish veri for asaos of Maur rigs ae oe ne teks leete aS hem eles tasaons te amd nn er Euan igsnen Peron A, rice ha he ra (comment) on ihe et of eae Motanmed i Pare) evarshd in enh fom te Cie on Saving been ouigialy taste fom the Anh Aiee Bonaventura of Sea, compte the alin May of 268 a ens Aciencesof Andale" Alfonso X prod Moorish rion at every opportunity and hi actions ad great impact upon the fture of Chistian Spun and sles aia western Europe, namin suggests thal the Spanish unveser at uence (oundes 1214 by Alfonso Vill, Salamanca loaned Ltd aay eee {ounded 1300 by aime tin Argon). eral primaiy cable Re Specific purpose of tang tbe Arbitration ne tan oe ns Pimient-Bos founded at Joo sa: “Te fat nvr Chita Spun was founded ate Tons Vl nthe hitch cea and he eachers employed “Soak Pen the estabtishment we Mp enc an Salamanca pete Alfons X the ‘Row lan Xe upraseteprtnte n nasa gate appr. Laas growth, wee, may ave ten Sea See hen Toon arsne notes the pera in which most of Europe's oldest and finest Since ath etme ey meu Tae me sieafic omering of Moorish Andabs an the establishment of ss log (2) {iso Menpetier 1a Oxtr(En) 130 les {23 oslo (F) 122k Nepis 1224 Pad Ins Rone (0) {os Salanans (Cas) 1257 amie Es) Ep canon) J cason tte ation st Epes cee Oa pnay Sano coach he Mons ho ‘Scoping Eon The eset of hs famed Eup “vee ng se me hs chlor ying be ws of Month nai ain rein omy. Indcn, cant simply be sie 5 oi ccf North nat polls of wen edema ane emenai, sore Spor ae rei sor olor wah he 3 ‘Nabe bigs Aaah oqateoson. tse pa Ma tte fe, ean Cage i, ant Dec hana ‘exec em grit sa) ada a) te 8 onan tm nel soy oe Me Zar (aoe veriun lc eutnng te oar mont ofthe Com, ans apd Pesan was sane Tato Inthe th ery ad ToS Mew ee “Aloo Tale (ater Alfonso Xa 226 Golden Age ote Moor ‘evs by a ngishnan raed Jf Ligne, and ly mad ks way to Oxfordin Expand vis te English Basho, Willa Reafcal Chose Hence, we se aoe example othe ipa of Mos ecole throughout the meee! European wor ‘There no Gab that he ede ween Europes were ue the setting Amis Moors Begining wih mimo depen spe Ani res ate Ih cn Epes ie an aed the tent ofthe Afican and Arb emg o tena, Even + Caos oy ‘ed in Moorish Andalas. Before ascending wth Papacy omned vo Syne I) the famed Frenchman Gee of Auras (cna ad tele io Aso stiy the Mosh sSeacen™ Ts th eects chronicle Hisria Ponti! by Gono e Mest, Gono ko Geert ae ote study of he bel as and mathemati a Sev hth Moos had rnp cho edad ose Sins {slo credited with having int invoducedArsble numeri westere Europ." ‘Moorish Medical Expertise and European Acquisition: ‘The medial expertise ofthe Atcan Musi cme primal tothe West ‘athe countries of Anat an icy Appropriately, bth of hese counce 'e well noted or tetAticaizaton dng the medical period. Pot oe Entry of te Moors an Aas, many medieval Wester Europes tion. ally conionted phys illness wih “prayer, hay water the tohing of ‘eli, and pilgrimages to Boy places Except fos few hes when Sve ‘sed for dressing worse wa actully vey litle whic ould agi be one by th westers European "healer" Meanwhile, Moorish expr Surge, pharmacology and medline, were well Kowa bythe elie and scholar few of Catholic Europe, as well as thse abvenurons coment ‘who ha sjoured to the stows Anlesie ‘Ab Marwan Tbn Zak ("Aversoa”) ws the Seilin-bora Moor who bad ben th rea Ton Rass media iaxraco.> We remomber hat Avent ‘wot widely aciimed tex on tumors, aces and herapeice wie serving aba cout physician to Both he Amani and Aled cout Hisiext Kitab al-Taysr, which covered pharmacy and mation was unl imo Latin (as The) in 1280, and wat sod at the major (and nowy *stabtshd) universes of Europe One French isan Pas! Lint Infos ws of how for cena, the medical wings of Moor scenes uch as Avenzoa (lb Zuhr), Avice (Tn Sia), Aver ln Rash) ad Mesue, were tring printed at Venice “with marvels rosin” Ave 1495, 9 Parisian printer, Plere Caron, pubis a her dconary (CArboleyre) composed etext from ml wears by Moors chs ‘Avitona am a Shlan-bsed Atay kone 42 Consaion Afeance a -rhe book woul be rein years ater under the Franco cenis ie of soon Franca 5 © es nor inthe eth ety fn Cate He sl in rani Aas 2 yaad ae ster tar nant on mee Sac, Fores ison, See Sueno Tay send 15, bogs hegre and vate ms ujpa Cue Emouagd ty 2 Eropean pat amd Desi ers tcame Pope comninn sci Knwie whe aon Fe ty dese ena nans cece eon of ws Aes cn wer of a pnized in the twentieth century, In 1930, the Eighth International Con- re nino Mie eed at Nos Casin ay, amon Ep latay the sonbution of Constantine, whose redial infos, the ‘fonument sey sed 00 yar _ ‘ery cers mney of Mouth netic works eau conan cea egies Europe mx resigns meri 131 seGan cane da Coun in Vee, ore hey prone ones te nang Arte sis fe Unvenie of Rome Fo Bat Osta Samar Ang, ream, Avro Cingeral ase Conor rete des Earns cee ane Fosie & Mompait, Cros ot Pra Pat ‘Meh ctl a Pv nd Bena Sew Boing we a tee hes or Mons edn shir apecve univers Een tein sb cer afer he Moos hd nt con Sia al ther wana ph pfs ed Sly, a Salamis es, > ASV essed to an "Ant ve Neer Dun he wee Cooototrne o Moorsh rig and care, Salas ‘Sine chine Ne echt bo Says tes ha there Spears arsecpsay among dof mee Nees ine show fe swt fo hi, ee ony fr he ae ‘re Bt eee ise os wales ad toi so Snr rsp se, nb eres of Vata domi police sod nama wmeswenesy, she sscmatally ted 10 eas 2 “Rine of er Morishita Moorish Impact Upon Hatian Kingdoms: Atti onenballedy western "he Stabe Abies” wea tamed gered earns the 12h ceny. AFI was “acean bor ne ly of ean 10, an ewan dune a Corona ie Ale Ar er veld wo Sic re he sec of he ova rater Roger He Roger twas kbp for his great na Golden Age othe Moor Mootish and Arb cue, pricy tet siences, Lis was commie Soned by Roger const get sir gabe Completed 1139 Tass lobe listed counties, ses rver, desert and major cet a even ‘oad His parthioned his lobe nto Seven Zones fine wr n ston, ‘ri wrote acnenpaion geography book eited Nicht al mash tray tag, later Be kaon 38 The Book of Roger H. The section the bok eating with th Avican contin: del pon the custo aos Aan ropes, nladng thet commercial evi, rial product th fa eof ticular" Like his grandater Roger I (both of whom are refered to athe two bupized Slane Holy Roman Enero, Frederick Ito Sly wasn Infatsated with he eure a wisdom of te Moors Frederik whe fled From 1215-1250, surrounded bins with Maslin basa vaseda $9 ines was his interest in sac eles hat he wes popula bee bea clset Mastin Frederik Il founded the Univers of Naples fn 122, and thre he establishes carclun which emphasined Mosh so sin lo fact, under Fredrick theologies all allan vaca tics under is ominon ceased completly! Moorish Medicine a La became the sovereign dips. No theological ful woul be sch at Naples uni 1363. Prior ois ascenson to the Spanish ings, Aoss X of Castile even esblibed academic clanships wih hit Imperial cos lemporry Pedtick Il Air Pededek's deal Re conic 0d hs Toledan-hased scholars tothe Silian kings se ambassador ofAneluien ‘Moorish scolarsbip. One sich ambassador wit Jn of Cremona fed European student of Moorish rion =" Tac eames Europcar eek ney 1's cour were frequen educated ouside of Cthle Europe The most {amous lian mathematician ofthe perio, Leosrof is, wasn Fesck's ‘court and he ad been edad in Afton 2= Following the Moorish physicians of Andis, Frederik sanded ‘mec ieasing in 1231 troughut his Kingdon He required at medical {ade aaa “Royal Liens” before Beginning ther patie.” Tht brought boat a comprehensive epuation of physictans surgeons aad phe ‘macht thooghout Sieiy 2" Even afer Fregerk’s dein he pomnage Moorish (and Arb seboars andthe sud of Arabctets Conined Both of Freeriek’s sons, Manfred and Cares, emsined atoms of Main seb ish reerck I had amassed gute numberof books by Moura rad ‘Arab scholts ad, upon hs death, bs son, Charles of Anjo, ve many af these to the Vatican sits One ned ot spel ut he ny ad hi cance of heat France and The lnuence of Moorish Et rnch academia and ultra development owes ahenty debt Moorish no Pimienta-Bes site of 4 can. A Momo, ely mea chon ou Steal Sao tamed works by Avene nd Cosanie sea tans, we sn et of yf et ee ia ea oa cgi de Joi ng atone te Fm ch ne One note Agno ads ey of sagt “My sn ma itn ae Spa Moma tog rested among the Moors" Thee ly the oppotniy ee area steenth century European historian, aacogte slg denen orth etal den ected SSEEEE Long rn eure porch re exes ichman ny Hews tsa be Mbt ae See ayn ean ey res ceitin Ltt pean nn ng ema el oom three Ysiof he Mn on enstatonn women, andthe rainage of SOURS SS tne epi ha og Seth ta pn emo i ay ee, een hn ts sow he ray te ‘Pla eats whch proce stg psiloc anys canes, rncesnay up eyo Heel rn eo suc tone thiol Moss a en fe ee LE aaa ene) ‘Mra n 737 The own eine urge Nor potato and Mee wrth Mam me ig sgn ee of he aa tr oes se pe ome cra cn wi Be Neo Hew ie fuser ete asa but pean nh Pre on see ‘pepo ees a (chi) ae TS Tey eting enw core Foo be ners Yet lve mach he Dsl ad ga) ate of oes ye & See ue comune in cones Moos we ele ‘tn i pep eta gat wn Thebes ainms sma > {hi Nabe Pec setae Monet beled oh TENSEI y Mors tons Lewes on oor mesial Tew bg pe Mone aes te he a choise acer Uni oa wets ea head ce se Uy ‘Wet arsine fred Ca sedan ice mn a ett insese ce Sane TMi pio mre cxcmive mes ede 20 Golden Age othe Moor ‘AM Chats te books of Cosmin Acanus,Asecs sn Avicenna Ser eel end Unless ke Oat alk Sn trac Moh un, ech Cnr ed 4:3 fatal cnr for so fom Ean, Ness ake Germanic states, Burgundy and Finland?" renee i Tote wlth cemty mow Egil an seat ad sled nt fats ean Ton changd eve me Eagles ‘hy cla he Pech shanandtente Fag vite pee snd enalshsoiey acquire peste seen ieee say bd vail ranch compen ots Uns ofan Raha je Ushenty [Ono wx wal Ini pty vee oP schon ante o Engh "= Ue Mena en Coee a Bolo nly, Oxford i mt rt = Cal ae re ‘ened saervon of Vatanctoneddece Cones Pon Eoean codec inctio wre she wat rsh ea ine the Chics pal detiingsarctns alae ot iss a Oxf ns mantel Adu Se Marsa? wa es lta Ao he Mena at Mi ae ‘at eae of ance! stl hat sere + gave dete kn ae ithe omg te Monta Ne Whee eae a soe ish chat ands antler mena ner oa Sli ern (he tahoe ae) wer ade ee {rian Erp ote meds cn A Eopean Cae ae ak ons obese etacd be old ab mt meinen he Ean was far nth he ogg of he Se ease hc saris very wel te meal Eaope' edmatf Water man nape ihe thetcenism of he Chae xen hn epee te anos fr Ss en tt SoS cing Supreme Th fa eno cae ‘hie amen of Char poltyie ecred6 a ne med renanss Oe : Rushall excass Mite Age Europe's emphasis pon so and seat iowedge ofthe natural word Hewes The Cane bebo recone the spa i he mot reso the nla, sees ot fm Needs o Sy the aceses wee ceri not Mourshiog sng Europea. Bot klong the coming ofthe Moos, Abe and stn Persans, inlets ght sho ower the Europea nation. The wae {esac of Moors scl wan indapesl ts upon whieh wenn cress nue cul home ts nd ncans Chen {nd ewih strc alto wes Europe he wines ie Piient-Bes ofthe Andhasan Moos s wel hows bserations on Makin ais ties European scars hn veel tough Chan Eo leg Abhi tem toe ni acu eamings Even te ee sere ieors of fevered Earp thinker sich Thomas Agen and Lona co revel an legal epeozcy ponte ead o te Mos ume and earoied Tomes Ags (1228-1278 fa een amet- ict fine (ont the Doman Over Tis an orn ler fis. se Mt Casio ad hen Feder Unity 0 Naples, wii Meek tine cream" Antal of Agu’ sxc wi Mon rns cove dpendace opm Aver" comments sei Thi tis vie fat Aga ed Aveo evans of oe eatin ets adr anchor he Sopra of Cale ests fr sic he steve The Spin horn, Asin Fee ated dn Meniaots bad esubiske alton of eas putts baer sll onatoos of Moor ad Jun piesopi eee hsway lw Cabo Nor wee a0 lithe eae ‘Shue hs btn mh onan, Te Ors ‘nate oanzaon pve anasto several inporan eats ein (hai the Us of Nop) whch be he aed aise Mintle so ins development more atom Cnn Seto: Chee fect even more lean that Roger Huon, Miah enn svn of alc Shlain, ws» mea ger Bacon Frcssan moni tan Ensim wba as oni tate led 1298)" To essing the gl signee of Roger Bacon, tact ste do {woud simply qualify Lacroix’ semen by ying tat is erence 0 “one seve Europeans fr Andi Moors wer at provides the cals and foundation forte very 13h cemury moverest of whisk eon apes ‘Stange, Bacon isometines iid by arpa stra for having ‘cen ty sere nih Moon scente and piso concepts an ‘hrertions Ye the fate ces of Roger Bazoa was that theology and Poop ha to be stad plolgiy and sera. hie ara ‘Senco bs spouted mites depen“ Ths ey Moon conta sounds very remoable and acetal to me nf, ‘ocon warhighy sce y scient and he wa en comiered ahead thi ime feast compare wh is Christan European conempone- ects pial oded for Na alchemical ls and hes reed as Golden Age of the Move ‘win profucing unpre made phosphors ands." Hr wats Dering shar hic eae Engh sen Mrs Seite es ‘McCabe informs ht Bacon pen almost wey year under some sot the Dy tt, ronson hited in om ‘aig owing ac Bor hinge wal even Se ned a ‘rand unin tighzenh cae Ere ough cesta eng) ‘ope nt Bacon sbi eeired y some eablshment rary thecrmersve melt Hasings Rl css lt a ‘ating do wy sto Penecnn ortega pany ‘Serene Engh afc ace dy nang tw brit Bos Senger Rasa te hava sep" elo and Unsntenae chance he dies om Butowing Boos fea fan os posting chart medal Earp, tsa ee Sete tit it woud te ve cnt efor Engl savas meld nsrate that snpng ow Enis’ wean ory ‘Tremor ky ht aco sa emery Cae an pa et rset sen, Hes os ne Rw {ruldon was sil ober exes fr parte Othe ike Michael Set wor wept eri: wee ae und ed Cena at wich hee of tc tn Moor scene ed fila The ba medeval Erpen of conde ane, which we wil mestion, 's Ader Bah (1805180) n Engl fe 13h cet cs of ors ere sadn Pasi an Ci [ac ano Stathers Mio One st Adc wy Kn to ‘thot a Rw viene Ada wings creed sah ses "Stegeeome sop, ony, pillnph, od seem In swe Popular cous mnraes ed cvs hse te) theimowdgeof-ha Ania aio remove mf of espe os unten or paps ply an una dees opmon forte Mom peope wo bu laced tim The werk used he Post oF pensar macht of crn annals eed gh Vise neath nial ealing fm lrete ne Rumor fet ‘peer of mo dle ee ms on hs inman anderen he ns otter endear ees ero {tes beans ones rela any esd ees Sf Anda col, and remember that Adlon Mots wee Farell exe a both se dpe oat scence sn mee Trove is sible cement of stele ce ee te ‘Malm countee she vas nw te fav Se Witch i fr senso pena ae rhage Mosin cron sind sey sera cigs ie ie pes Pimient-Bey 23 sessment ett atari mar Se es ds re inte Pan Sete eth eg ecient ey se ann Seatac tt ct * Concha: is eay bas eed the eteive ipa of he Acie ein ots a ey Eaapen non oe naval eid The ca ae espera of he Maus mpued onthe etl 29d aera oro areas: We ave sen bow A, ih 8 choo Slr pn i mere, Ste ston st ere reimany ropes herbs, We recal he NUD Fae ing of he Banden of Mors Spa she al een see eect we eal at he icin sce of te Cate Guha oe of nar Meu set wa ary eats Yer hyputy sai vide x the extensive cera eae ach nd Msn schmitt edation a stack nts of Wenersintleceanm a Atl of Bath Fear ad Roqer Bacon, The bow coctxon of tht the Chr cps he tena iret gan y sch a bance SS aoe ai, Power Cre iieasrecognzed hat hey [E's ase te Van's plea and sail utr th misc of fein kee Iie Mons of Anan These people the Arab ad Feta Mine ce Sige heaters Ye x eaters te Tete sot wim peatsoces lining comforabl ab vs opeaing ‘Sosy wie rms nd jt bth es enitchaice and hey wer ight herein western Fate's acy ‘ee Comute manele Cale es sh Feeik Scand foes Cae enaged the Mos an ped no he shah echt he samy of wos ghlevel Cale Aone, en the ‘iS snd dents Wsuseuncs themes wih Moor and oer seth eae cove rton fo he reer g0 seaman Cake Kings Cen natn sah he te Hits, soo spent up he pcos y whe arpa Cts old Tete See Sicens und lmwlegeot he Mos. Unde om0 %, a Golden Age of the Moor “Toledo cusped the er aa centers study and translationt Barcelona, Tarazona, Leon, Segovia, ad Pamplona, ab well as mona cetes of trnsinton ike Rio Even French cence sich asthose st Toss, Beets, [Narbonne soe Mase coul ot ep up with Aloo Toledo Stags, Mera be ceatues of cota action, ane scenic aelage were Moos, Euope's muses woaldulimately temas ioral of mich ofthe ‘Moorih eration, The use of a-hukleol san anise ad prope! habits of personal Bysene for good health, would largely disappear frome Europe's social memory ual Charles Lister intaduced amiss sever cers ner ‘Within th sores of such selecve European sociees s Freemason Rorirasiniom, and even the Stine, one can find lego remnants ‘wick reveal thecomicrable toil de ofthe West to Moorish Mest ‘rd, nfact, spel references to the"medeal Morsh conection 0 Mason canbe found, Even the nae Mason” ret ono «Mor. Exide, the Church grew stoger trough is infamous Ingustion andthe inal downtal (by the Toth cent) of Moorish power in Exrope, he {Church could more esl ster conta thin Europe society. Traian sly the ial postare of the Chareh was town member fo ny 89 from Moorish scene practices and phlosoptien onc, however, ‘wae Catholic clerics who would eventually bing mich ofthe knowledge of the Muslims in the Church and many educational cetera te West Bat then again, any itll reform had ome fom within the Church ade, Since the Chureh bald such great power. The Catholic Church war the politcal, soca religious foundation of medical Earopean soit "At several presi hsloy the Vatican dplayed te noteworthy tolerance wards the sd of Morih scholarship by fe members, Bu fo the most pa, the Church Oficial and the Clee! Elite publi fowae ‘upon the secular wisdom invoduced bythe Masi peoples, inspite ofthe fac that many Clerks ad themselves studied Monts esac and pilose pes. asasif thse men waned the Caoic masa emain grant 0 5 allo easier conto ofthe soit. Such Catoic Bureaucrats ofthe Period evidently fel hetened by a community which was being tht hoe Tertionaie sth ataral woth reso and ht personal condo ‘nsocsety. Moor society an scolasip ws espousing a iaering sich epi, and many European Catholics regarded ths dangerous Hence, ‘many sadens of Mooih rcton had fo ake tei aegied wares unde. [round ot ace the fate of European lets ke Jordan Brno, wh was bured forthe heretical conde of embracing Patel doctrines reading the nature ofthe Goe-Fotce and Man Handbook In The History of Philso- ply by Alte E. Ave Barnes & Noble, New Ya, 195). Panes 4 Sermon nosy Cin Eon eta win ease Pinon Bey igure 7. This pltoril shows fe of fecha ast oregano an Arcam Moot or sealed "NEEM 26 Golden Age of the Moor Bano was asseng Moovish (aswell as Kemet) plsophical an ligous pinche with which became contact daring the coure of hi stud, "etus nat fogs hat Moorish Muslin radon eacompssd th teachings of the atcent Kemtes Egyptians. Thee are many historical conelaons| Ieewee he Moors and he ancien! Kenites. Appropriately thse European rations sere the Catholic Church was les pliveally power, such rane, parculay the soutem regions, were able Yo beef fhe mat Fm the scholarship and calturaladvanees ofthe Muslim people The highly fuvanced lbigersans (aso known as Cathas) at Lange i Souther Franc offers gnderample Michael Brady disuse ths enc omminity ins Iceman Inertane, an descibes ow. nthe tincenh century, he Pope Isnebed genoa Crane gai these me, women Sd chen who were lalla heretics Asin, the communis iespraion appear (0 ave been the Moot ote south, fom te meaty orders of Ama, Ie contrast, Catholic Spin’ "Recongist” (econgucst fom the Moo’) and Ihevligius fanaticism and itleraee promoted uinaeiyaffecedSpi's progres. ‘Monroe fells ws of how the economic and politic! interes ofthe nee Catt Spanish wate compe Spaniard i dextroy many Mecrish ane Serpe thal the Cangusadoes segue fer Ihe al af rama i 1492 ‘According to Pascual Gayangos, Cardinal Iimenez de Cispeosoneted he turing of nary eighy-thovsnd books inthe public squire of Granada, The nga isi To have ase tat since the Books were ln Arab, hey ‘were Kors and therefore dangerous Reason tates ht he books were ot all Korans andthe Cardinal knew that. His ston played ot ost ‘eligious bigotry but haved forte superior Mor cate which had ‘heateed Cathie Earopean hegemony a that tine, Who knows what geal erature and sete know edge wash in he fies? Ut eal he {geil need fran Arabs” a Salamanca (es thn twenty eae fer this rent), in one to rejuvenate the Meling medical profeion of Spanish esi. In sum, tbe meicval European had several means of acquiring the wisdom ofthe Abdalsian Mooe: Diet toy at any of the countess Moors ches (narasasor universes ike Cordova nd Granad, the purchasing books InAndales, sch fom Cowovs's 2,00 recorded bookseller, nection {om Moorish Teacher at European schools ns an ute the Irian fenimala the extensive standardized use of tanlted Moorish txt a Europea instntionsas wel snsacion Fm Moors Jewish a (Chris European teacher. Inged, ll thous modes of sequstion Wee tmpoyed by crus medieval Europeans who recognized the pris 108 beaiy of Moorish eration snd ealtareAltkough hie the Cal cviny Sometimes led such Europeans tapped by th vacating and unpredicabe {nda of te Charest, Moorshand Msi sehluship si proplid Pent ‘get reemy commander Js instration of theo ‘ely (General Ras, oe a Golden Age ofthe Moor Alien Morason Tour bot Pleat Bey 2 swestem European socis far beyond the dark oe uo whieh afer he Toramed biiance of Greece and Rome, so many had fallen. I propelled them beyond the dik age within which aCe Ete, even when give the fey to an Enlightenment, ep the masses imprisoned fr centres, -Anwat Chie, Masi Spi: ls sory and Calta (Mineias The vases Spain Tasty Als ali NY Wayne Chas "The Moo Ligh of Eate's Duh Age” ha Van Seria ca Posen In Eo Europe Osu Brust Nis Tamacton outa Glens Ana Dip. rhe pu inf itnton Tsar by Mest ch esp nEwre ih hp Aion Presence I Early Europe. 84, © Dionne To. tht 1 REA iat Moc, Algo Mh agent CNS: Pete vali hp 15, 1a vag ru Te rn aM Sa Spin (Gin Kan: Hale James T Mone, ct In Spanish Scholarship (Leiden: ES. wi ism Bs #A ge Second Rave Peetu eM Rog 1967. "Wil Sep’ la ltl y But Bost Golden Age o the Mowe Ose dri ena Paap 2-0 a anti Atey Re eee sag eo ‘he me Rec of an Ants Sa cee Ot pie nc fk BA he Gln Fae of The Meo: Lao Oxo ey 3a Sah nas ads Spin 1) sepa ol 71-150 Wain nn Ptr a sf ie ss a ge On ay of toa ac Cl Uy "3. hp ae Spain 134, 46, Outta ad Sf Geert BME ek chitin Si. “4. Chejne, p. 185. " Leet OLE ae gen Po He ry. 2A wah pg CS Sod Mat Sc cl hs x 2h ae Vem Vv Aprons oT ry of Spl Tey oma ine a Uthenty af airs Res a “Snr Mn tra onan 38 8 OE iy Md 12 Seieeniicoraear sees ae ies pprowches To The so Spain. Cling sr of Mea Spa a7 apenas y 2, Rober ge Bars, Mops and Crsaers fe Mdranan Spi: C ‘etsy: Vasa Repo Tog. nem Sm Ca SS ce ort Care ane E isl He es ST soo Mabel Sens “Chit Mtn pte. tad ae oa Babar Maorih Caren Spain. 87 Mccabe the ora Chest Str p18 Pimienta-Bey a FB matnigua res Mewes ene oere i Gola agentes me sewn a es in Me eat facil Pe an Serine Ain Presence In Bary Europe, 168 1 PR eri te reigenaipenbetite ater Se BE agen ft nko Ce! yf sno Fehr Pe tena anes nce sfonde RES Oh mmo ctatnatnnn emp [nal zr Senet rare I The Mile Age And Me Renaissance OES ea att 4g lcs Cara de Told (ai Gs Sie De eee aeons BM Ee te ron ie sc en cece (totiprGeonee GM. men, Sten Legacy (Landon: The Asican Pbliation Soci mea 4 Vein Fon To (a Rea ae Golden Age ofthe Move ieee tate Sam nn contin I na elena Ce sete dma et Ca tonne aon Ese LRRD sn apt on se a 126. Abi, The Moorish Spain, 9-101. 1S et ac oatonne nl se ay “Musi Spain, p. 148-9, - avenets 1a i a nt ya itn pe 137, Sond, Moorish Spam, p32. Rett ilwnmnn BERS A schon Na se ap nna a ty Muslim Spain, p. 149-50. me . Ra gar 1 ao eal dE etna Ce Ay Muslim Spain, p. 150, > 7 TE caught ‘a emmeneneeet td aa, Some is of he Sco smo an Car sry of 130 chee! iain Sun 3.316 EE Rat th lei oftarpe Te Ae 12 PimientaBey “ ‘shimamui Some Aes of he Scio ml wn Cara isn of Ma a its Valco "La Coren De La Taesiones Cos De nen ent Bligh Si Taal Wren vl? 6% reopen tion Snel 159 tol Some Ape of The Saco Ecomamic on Cala Hy of suing PHA eh iy of Me See 12 ‘ae Tel eveife 8 Proctor, Alona X af Coste (Wesport Conn: Greenmoal Pres ed» 3816, Te A ak eu 250. 1 er ora komm ok Cl Hy of stint eh pein sui. 3 ava Te aor Spi 0.28. Me coe tn 8 Tainan, Some Apes ofthe SoioEcmoml and Cal! History of snl a et etn Syn. 3. Peimedin TIO. ahumeaaya Sian Moor Physi alee) ToT Shale sg i anc Cll ame Sms 10 1979-1982 (Combo, San EtetShage ps HEARN i wc oy fine 81-8 Nr po gaa, Hor of Meio Sap 313 10 Nalco, Les radios rls las mami df Bie canal deg "ats Ss eth ry of Medina Sie. tenant 1B Met iene fae 8 fe Ne AS TE Vita Zs duces viene ar marae de a Rice cules Peers sien 18 a Golden Age of the Moor 192. p16 193 Pe 10, 194d, 195 imamuin, Some Aspe of she Saciotonamic and Cll Hs ‘Mason Spain 137-8 [he Ss rhe owning of he Spnch nies ten Lev ud Salama, fs Mons eto ad ee ‘Spon Scolari 9 305, lista Sead Litre Ia The Mid Ages and The Renan "i Ge at Sa 350, 198 Pty, Aja of Cat 9 198 Mecabe The penta of rsh Spin p28, 239 ls her t Memra sere ipl ai: a Re Acilnls Beta: Wstyp sees pet SI licrona, Suro OP Hay 408. nt Sc Sec an ra nT tc Ags and The Renee». ae “1 exit sen ag ef ei Cat a of 3 Imamedtin pei 0? 1a Sec and Leva a The Madde Ages and Te Renan 308 ume Jongh Wa High Pinto Meo! Culue (Frege NY: sks fortes Hes 18h. abo chcdm case ee} can i Sst Th to Mer cc 9° cit in Scere oh pil neh Te Haart eaneraes 210, Wah igh Pos of sea Clare. 88 211 Mone andthe Arab Spun trp, at2 Lat Seer dra nthe tego abd Te Renn, Bats Sete hry Medal Snr. 243 218 a. a eene ete Pm ancaustgeatipsn: SS beater SMe nication cane ES eitoncencyit a a She 227 Lat: See and Lear Me The Midi Ages and he Reman, 2Es.0'Catghin, « Sistay of Masia Spain p50, Pimient-Bey BISRIEEA Tawn tgs etn SRE A cumin aS Gist one See nt cae Fare and Lerten Te Ma Ags and The Renan, > Barts Sec and erate tn es ns mansion de te Bbtce eames EET tnvrary Ens Medi! Mor (esp NY Boos For seater a FRERENA Sats nt ory of Media Sener, 9.8. 3 hp tn pa 0 se Stina 7 i Pe of onl Can 028 3 MSNA Fe a pancho Be, Sere iterate I The Mile Ages an The Raa. SEL eno of Mn ein 2, Seas cat om ayo Mek eee SEM. By ses ees and Porm ond eran ater, 198, PS agin. Fee tam And The Arbre Span Scholosi.913 siogeaphy Primary Sources: Aofog e, Menaalere E,aen s Dot Sect Segl aadeta Oe sn 81 ET ond Mes pn Wore ng As iS “loc Coal de Fd af Como Sup Be Tesco 26 Golden Age othe Moor ‘Wal 23. Madr: Escuela De Extdhn Madievales C1 Comnon De Late Meera 1953 Secondary Sources ‘Ara. The Mori Sain, Kachi Pkt: xo Kesh Gh Pose, ‘Avy, Albert Hanthoa Me ior of Pao: A Chrono Sar esr ough 80 80 To the Festus NY Bane Neale et ‘era Manin ict then The Arca Roof Clam aor vt Nee ‘Brus NJ Rages Uns Pes BovilE W-Th Goln Prado The dare Lamon Oxon ives Pre 88 Bex Rd Moraes, ers Pla Emp Cie: Pei cin Sr an gps neo oe ee Mas ‘enhar MaCaarnSin Tso Aals NY= MCh am eesti, Mn Cues x Moran Su: Clee ‘hg Awa in Hey nt Clue, Mina: The Urey competi Abort The Origin an Ean sory of hive LY. Site Some 03 a Co ik tn ge Pte Te Arby a 1 Dg Te Ace inf Chto Ted by Mee Cok (GevtatyLanc ete) Rand Vermeer Chae Teese ou Da Chen hr of May aE may AY a Fc Te uc sy fan Ros, Tana ain Chats Homer Amery fe le Medieval Hiv Books For ibe rs 193 eee Sut The History of Wel cece: Fk Uns Pal Imaruisin, SS. Some Aspects of The Socio conomi and Cult Heo Main Spain 719 tee Bi oe ee ames Ga GM Son Lf. Laon The Ati Poin ei, 1972 Te or een ene eh Lew ej The Min Discos of ope. Y= WW, Noon Co, 12 MCs Seah Me Mort Canon Sin Cd Kn Hei screen of oarith Spin, Lend: Wars & 0. 15 chp Tec Bid Sry en sag hc is And Aes Mots i and Th rah Span Scholars, Lien 2 Bil 190, Penta Bey or capa ough. Ait fatal hace Comeies Pe ors De any. Arable Tag ns Plc Weve Tso. and: Keg Veen aur a pc Rae apene cee Wes cee ein! ene ee Bin aso ts ff Ran Oxtrd Univesy Pres 1958 aoe we eee ee Seed ge Lt ie ae, ae ee a edie Pecan Hela Rog 92 Sons Spe NY: Cow onsen - SERENE MAIR Pe Eah rie Sew Bomick ri ge reso stp omy lsat Fe ce mre Frapon NY: Baa Ft Dee oe ante: Vein Fin Tomo! Mas eal Academia Tie Mid ges oH & owns cians) To The Sila ing Moe's ayn SMS a Msg) pL Colon 1S Laks agubeveneeme se ra cin en it Papers Weking, Funes Crs. "Te Cres Thesy of Clor Confetti ad Kal : ‘cheats et em hn Ter Ab Malin Hea of Not AE Ae ef Acar Aencen ties Temple Use Miscllnsou: Skeet, Willa, Otel, Davi Bevington io. Batam Books, Pied 988 MOORISH CULTURE-BRINGERS: BEARERS OF ENLIGHTENMENT Jan Carew Literature doesnot die uses its restos cme the f become he victims of genocide and silence ofthe gave, and nti is crests ae erased om the me cat ldthe minsseye and calene in bonfite. Ath begining ofthe Coban a, hosands of ks tha he Moos ad elec ove tures price, les masirieces tha ther geographers, sce, es, horns tnd Blilosophers had writen, and tomes thelr scholry hod tasted were womited to bones by Preis of he Holy Ings. And to cap ths src. an estimated three milion Moors would ently be expelled fom Spano freed to conver to Catholics. The burning of howsanis of books andthe expulsion ofthe Mocs wasa tel ste Renaissance which Seldom ackoowleded by Euocenichisrians scholars Andie lating irony is ta the Renaissance would not have been possible witht the Semin etura infusions of Moorish chai, ‘The Fall of Granada on ansary 2, 1492, marked he cof eight handed ers Moorish stzetaiy onthe tan Peinsla. “Accvdingtteton, "he valiant General Musa denounced te surrender th at tv roe ut of the Elvira Gate never reappear"! And o Janusy 6, for days ae he Formal survender,Feunand of Aragon and eels of Casi rode it he ie! an ok he key oth Albuns, at marvel of Moorish arhtsture, San Red whownestodthe Mohair than mete hake ‘Eurocentric peers describes it thus: iam Together wih ie hens des ofthe Geel ston, perape association peer aise rho we ca eve test weds the Ener Chases Va ike ot fm a aon of heal ofthe Ace heh {eectw Hina hetnaines incerta a Sie dre amres melons cares aa moter.’Aisha, ha repraced hi ites saying. “Weep ikea woman for ‘Thatyou could ot defends a man ner he tems af eaptuition the enguered Moors wool ein hr con cst and eligi feeds snd woul e ed account oay to {trown judges [an Christin women marie to Moorsand ues who fa converted to itm fom Chrisianty would not be eomvered pint thw" ‘Toever-a decade ater, Queen sels of Casi, wins figs ely and peed for confiscated Moor and Jewish proper, owstpped that of irtoson, svat his cement was sel tm who pp the {ntamous Spanish Dorian, Tomas de Torquay 3 inguisto-gener Shc uo sige he det oding exponen Mares ST, (92. From the momen en Hd ion toe be te of he Moors as sae. Tou only bs mero me fire et cameo Be {oral expelled Andi come en yess att. This reste esas ‘aati of treachery an acter that was adopted bya ofthe European fntonzrts who came in he wake ofthe Spish, and it would endure thoughout the Columban em "th nowsandsf volumes commited he ames officals and agents ofthe aly Ingiston embodied he est of bic and Henig ‘Tih nad beefed omit eat Binns by fot ured Seep in the Seuve sit Atsen Compara the Cesta pisples, ke Gal, eon, Caste and Nava he Mors Aas was reson buble cnghenmet, Atte when he nostic provinces St Marsh Spun conned senting no hsm of volumes he hearty wonastenis and palaces of Leon, under Csi ae, rumbered oss by tie down, Unt Chin ours Moos ee ‘Secon pilsoph'saheraicasorpets oa] ata per when [histoan| fw Maypan of Coan could write 4 sory of Spin itn fetus, ely, dead and weotserved, all ht leventhcenry Leon Tul offer were he fifteen pase and imprecise pugs Samp, ay to ‘ens. Infact the pay nombres the Christians did possess ‘reat all vena or Hull was tle wonder hen, that in 139, stan weny ys afr inaacon of pits o Spi, lo ‘Amon de Nebr, Paeingaphr royal 9 Ones lela, poised Stimanen agama ofthe Castillon language, he fst sich work ever ompled fr arpean veal “Wasi for el sid to ave asked. when Neb ook wa presented to her by aol sour, "Your Majesty" the corer is Tepoed tha answered "Langsage vay the companion of empire"? uti Mons al sresdy bn orci. Ae ras a hat be cet shat language could te the companion of am same ini setching eon tee eotnen* 250 Golden Age othe Mowe On Oster 12,1492, nine months ster she Fall of Granada, Columbus landed o he Beaches of he Taino sland of Gain. Thus, Spa came that ithad discovered ‘new word, and embarked upon ashamefl cure ‘of genocide apts Indigenous peoples of the Armes tha ade Dit ‘toc against he conqcred Moor pale by comparison ‘Coming the Iberian Peal in he wake of he Vans and Visigohs, ‘the Moors had ove et lng tenure, cll the land they called “tl ‘Aral a name which deed rom the former desigeaton of the bean ‘Penis the "Land of he Vandals Bt nce he Reconquista Ma ended, 1 unified Spain seemed Beton moving Backward in the fate, With the {dof Moorish power the Spanish na nly wet on hok-buning spew ‘heya ied ers every Vesti of Moorish atl lene re ei coniiousness. The Holy Ingusion wit linpeza de sonar (cleamng af the [Spanish blood), is ear, and is al-encompassing and teenie tentaces reaching it the lives of the highest an lw in the nd et shoot de-cving the Thevian Pensa, And the pemccton was ost, ‘wrenching inthe lves of Spain's pineal euluretinge te Moors and the Jews: But the Moors, who were more numerous and who were expelled Tater han he Jews ested long aller he fall of Grae, le ind and en me vl eon Hse on he ‘ecUinnya), jie hs action by Scaring. We en Sp ne ‘Serle for nine hana yea Weare nota e ees bla kinaon: or Spas shen cea woe Ths parc ebelon wa us at Pili Had clon em ‘Don Juan of Austria to put it down, ae ahs ‘Baten ones ou our a Jose econo of at anton period beeen he ie of Sp power an teil tet fe oe {hd the exon of tr, ome ma fan in at seer te os ‘Moo go lew” lend toa unloe hl fpe, They wee blk he procs of pall mintusnNen Aer od Spon an ony et ington wl teem nota Dung the fng ten a er, “the Moos ad sta pater of scl symbiosis net kant ements Tews tw cls anatogos othe Mocres [stn unr Mah ue wa 0 {pea th Muda or Msi ng ute Chto le For emtres Mision Chstan os a ved shh siden in snany sans inca hat ues air nr pat iy or Chin a rt ew The ching te Pops oad eed encyclo Mi ‘uh encgy we al ony psc ba oy paced, 2st carew ‘he pee of Maa an Jes foe nd te gi ani snarsxulsonpaveodded momentum a he estitonaization fin rn Suisse te Reenpste Nod this Peat European phe recon Pesan an (wt agit Dk md bows, Wve TST the aco Cesniy and reais eed eet thy iy rath, Mian power ted fom Ca, ato he Hina inmitouh the Mile Es andy it te ile Val. tt cree i of Neh Alt, teched down 0 Dax Salam in East Aen ‘St'entantar ths Ghana Wes Als And ena serfs of Heels tostech om Portas Alani es, through te Renan Fenians ove the Prenses ad ino France's Rion Vay ad ‘yond "his ast and comple sani ala td acl ea aioe sialy viewed though spc of eigousnlerance a ‘2iTetwina y taco chs Ever he nr ne dese re ec lpn an tecture unercore coma sugle werete come ners wi he Bnd acl perceptions, Won ssh at and tami or-Min’ our) amuse) have ‘Satter of he pra comextal incr tam inoue ote flgon Began y Mutua nthe 7 ctnury alumi te adjective rte tothe prea charcer of he ‘Spo whit ton eesson son at fllows sinc end sien ie noun, retro person who san adhsct of I, and lin te adjective winch ees rom the oun fer the iat “husr fs Masim,anvarous oth ciation fam, The dition fRinentte tw a om led ‘fo tanm Sanh Baber *Mc” anaes," ave lio undergone seu penutons “An egal refed toan bao be Arb fens nha spoke Arb Passe esearch hs pied the fat hat nv he lt Ebi col ha the Csi wee he creat Aruban fan ta] cet Mert sighs eles tofnccuveme oawesr oo the penis rom sce they pred tovtard an easward over Yee, Haramaut and Ora" "We he “Arun therefore, gant pend westwards into Egypt and act ie Red Safe meas sorbed inthe ack ow ge ols of the peoples fhe Nile th Sara the norton Mieranean Tha Mle Ester calonic scterd sco fe nore im of AVE. AS WED. Do Bor pomed on “The tem Arb f apple 10 any people Proenin lan_rchaentng as cere tha whe the as Calum vate sorte nic igncans an ison misleading” urn bol Arsin were a Mes ough Hlth hee wh Etope deep othe Manin resece Sia mettre Moon a peroneriging i Mae, 22 Golden Age othe Moor and “Bb, again a vey impece tm sing topo Staran ‘etch ann Soh Aton gape ely hosed pe ‘er fly eae) Mat They ew coed hake ‘ecpofte gon sexne nen Ae ae os nd Antwan thy ha some Ara amie rsa eg pd fehl, ep ‘ote ialy Aan be Beers Heaps Mon ene Pose shed sor wee psn thtaing yt cng Se its the Moor who, coming sues waves for eit comes fermen ip ps te Spent ange clan pe aad Eatpean cen poet or teopean solr te Hori milepons in Europe's retaonsip withthe Ano te Sutzos an the Moors here Cueshe Pl onsninopl othe Tne athe a of Grain ote Cael er of Sin, Ths evens at lcd ins tnc-vap whi fac has esc) {lv of ry wh doe mage aon ed {nda peel eneny of he-dvou Chan Anlmtnnceingeay tven bus ike Cie we patsy defied a Sold of he Ce ening oso tsi harried ts og ot ‘feos salever Fie Commande beta dea ene eto ‘rereoning he adenine of he Alter’ me fy) et tn pin ie fren with Mali proap pps ote Aor In the wale oe Cs rate dehy Ronee elmer roomed the le foie Spin sd Pug an ince» casing ee ‘Alone Vi serie mea Tus te vco of is egean Spe, {ss bo wna oa its 4 enzyme es rough so magi by Sirhan, Span ad ther Ean ‘Stans have oerhenares, esped ate ofamesr abun ng Sih ninsgeia ces veo ‘tie same tne bower, sme Arai scolar, wedge sao fom of be Eucla te gles see a in again hem, teone race senses when log aa Be ‘Aca Insite peer wl y pede Se a thy have eehped + moped chaise ea td sng to Ge and Me Ener Cz wile owteg ‘emendscontbutn at Aa male 9 aichisson ‘Wien he Phe Mamma do Melina so oH os dete {slower cessed eRe Sensibgen psec Ss it gnc pups of te comered we Aca The Mastin ein, therefor, wan ited sought get Afro cleans of he Ne Vee tpn, he Reb de Fata“ ay ane “These scent cioaom provided tar hrc, clea Sd Spiriual news rom wich message nds ann content Would be ‘meausy seated ond ci - as caren i story nt justice hat were Tn down inthe Hoty Koran And these par “ it of the urbane and decadent ‘Ryers uvough Moroes fr south as Ghans whe in Earoe hit ‘after the Fall of Granada, the rainbow array of colors and racial types tt one chatacters ey cise ieejuarun iar towg rs ast Golden Age af the Moor “wae Sharan bes ik the Sobjos, Berbers, Tarps ete — ee” and “rating phen fr inpl-hinded and onda. Somehow, ‘he mest booty and murderous of European avenues ate never Aescribe being ce’ or wae Evidence of he Moor eivilizing mission ate stewo ats the Teran Peninsl itn fc ecase of the Moorish conquest andthe Moorish ling mission a the faonal Earpean ts a kingdoms wer abe tect hel energies for ihn monet hemes to yng he ery Philosophies and scenes hat wou propel hem out of thelr pe Species ino uncharered seas and atoss ow continents ofthe imation. Allough there were many isances when some peed Arai tee ere translated np Latin ar Ronee lngunges andthe rsa de roy Christian pan caried oa systema an Mooi program at the Recongusa, Tog benefiting grey rom he sini, the pir sophia and the IterayFanovatons bought to tem by the Moots he Spanish and other Europeans systematic wipe out ny and al eens to the ret inflence the Moors fad onthe wbrequnt development ‘Novtte wes ths more evident than nthe erature of ont Moorish Eve The Arab bought the works of Dyssse Hypa and Casal Geek back to Europe by using nto Arabic the Grech wasltions of he Egypt ex aswell he works ofthe Gres thinkers femseves, 3 theniing and improving upon her Unlike Chesian helograe wh bad Scholar from consieing esos ofthe prescbe eles eons ‘the day (ale fl afl ofthese reson), sa accommodated new ‘teas wh race and acnized lero ‘Mosim schola hd foun particular fascination in the phisophy and science ofthe ery Gree (train tet dt othe Espn) and afer antag he tens of Arvo, Pio Polen. Eu Heres, Gate, Hippocrates and other, they amazed nd improved upon them, singer weniger an otc a ‘he vat errs hey ved andthe pyle aces and peoples wih whom Shy ded ea ad gone sich sed {heized and expanded upon the know edge fhe Ehinpian and yp ‘85 Pens the Gra the ness the nn Ate ‘eto oad esp inthe tere ad apple cences evidenced ell in Moorh mathemati, medicine, tony avgaton, and new concepts fl ay ad py. Te uty fens ca ‘ras sch, that fo eats Arabi was common seeped 5 he ag {chou tom Ee, Asinand Aca and te Mews cca cees Sn Toledo, Cordova Seve sd Granta becane Mecano ering. For {rte too he leaf Eve and hei wethe courier ad merchant finesse on Moorish phils snd surgeons o ce tem of thet ‘oot amen Ang they Joiged those ving meal Specals by thei Care 2s hit a ot ter oor, vente the Recon (the wring of Spin ‘et in Moos congcresy, hisn rales commie sre to {fete Moor schol to the Kings, bcs of profound eset for fhe toowtedge and experi ‘Nh sec nd ovsnizatna bites tanformed tices into xray advance won cetrs Neely wee thr public and priate uligecsetay posing but heirarchitecs and planes crested cies {hu hs ot whicn hod never Ben sen before in Europe. Some Hsorins meh he Mer of Span unite hl ood th and om the Seer itedomn wore esctaly oun pope Bat hs statement sony ttt ond cesta be qual, fr cites eq coun copale een repopulation fr Moor ee te oct ron i he ye He ne cay ao inte aun. They Sted the wap of aaa with tr lend ones bushy old ny do his ess the seroundng coun ‘Syd wskep eile and pone wth vanced aia sn iigton ‘Pema, resets, gues spitnte stage faces and fice ‘Rika waspotaton and ding networks. The Moor abo ough te ‘Duntyie moti chs ih ants prdens pk esis ours sean fonant soppy a pre wer. Te gues in Moots ce, fo fuotcan pivteocs we knw "pure iting rm with wch {Decrbe tow xg btn marvels ‘itaene Mon cits came tw be know for hei partial ote ‘cousin tous and cles, Seville =i asic and mus Seumons-Teledo ace ay desing bral sed acomon ‘Ear of ihysoptisicaed wan manger and vbr ae serial ‘Since land: Moor cies ete oto ei pblc hosts, font ba, Ugh tevoughares, hua col using wate, mage ‘pious monuments te Banear of heir ogc, gardens with xo flan ad even are xa bd, bd Desay designed foun. (Se faue 1) Tn Kalan (132-1606 poised 3 7slume history of he wold in 125 elle Te Boot of Examples and Colleton rom the Ent ad Sascuen!Ifrmation Concerning the Deys of Arab, Nowra, aed Borers tn Ke wat fs develop te Theory ofthe syle ‘crelopmentofsaity when given soy Hours for atime al hen ket umder te weight o he pop, xy and rowing ineticecy. Ststbn Klan wh opgesed athe es mek fore ie a Yaty ey witha nome pophery with th cy eprseting th song {rleavingaed medion andthe nmaie itrland osramcing the hm St of eh eament [pope tepid by ban cle} “Slisnto beta hss, be Ratu ecame one he ates ofthe ‘Senco econ nop. pola Slee wan Pani, Golden Age a the Moor caren ast and his rudtion was such that up 40 the present time, is bitday is xebated by omic and on slam scholarallocr the word lis id Shu persuasive writings, he formulated sysems of cy planning and dealt ti problems of ar pollo, physical layout, ong edcation ond ty Soper forts and cence. Moorish saniry engineer cy planes doctors andpublichealthoficils anders that hgh ple esi standards could only he achieved wen there was an edad and respons cizems. A pen del of atertion, therfore wa a to icucng the ia tat tec public Heth Began tit good indivi baits of personal hygiene by ich ad poo alike, The Sinaest Moovish villages, hamlets a fowns had pai bathe As the Feconausta prorese, however, night Cahaic eet ha the public Tacos andthe fl wee old that lt abiaogs were sina. In 1568, Philip shane pbc bas un then foun inthe smallest of Mowrish towmvand vile” [ins} delivering body bow a Misti aon "Aucesin of plague and fans fll upon both the Spa cies and countysie asthe Reconquista pogesed und the Moors were diven Ot, The countryside was then devas by Bilge and marl esses er Color finds wore epuded of fod rots and vst for sheep and sale ering lf le and ncaa. The plages that ‘vagal Spunish and ter Euopea ses the centay afer Colombe Fiat Voyage wer gven ample opponuny Yo go onthe rampage amongst populations encouraged ty ter preltesto tive the adage tht ines eto gliness,” Paradox, European Mtns blame these plagues on the sypis that Spanish males alee caught roy Taian’ women. But Using the victim, especially when eliocide bas cose tha he vc ‘aot speak bck, tllecual dishonest psine in whichEurcere ‘tos he indulged for conture, Av Ricard Fda prcpeve chat fellsus "Ablation anda purifiexon formed anal of ah with he Je and Mosk ith whom leantness gins... Ximene, (0 sMerwasbocame 1 Cardinal a shies Franc, indices Ferdinand fd fella, a he conquest of Granada ochse and sls the Moorish athe and) Fre, not water, became the rand element of nguboial puiscaton Eventi most implacable Spain enemies showed hat he Moors were sper agscltral seein forte had caved mt only he ele ‘wens, bt had tought the eof "ry farming” to the big, Neok mest 2 vale of new cope like cera eats and peas of Vartus es, ol Sten, and vines invaluable source of tena cter iaepsa Pron of March : Golden Age ofthe Moor ‘prand most athe fig ees break ni ka = he ons of Vanes fag Seucane plone toc ais pes nace Other crops inated by the Moors iced 3 variety of herbs, the ‘orange wien wae it own in Valen, hence theo Vlenca ore) pomeyranats, bananas, coconuts, Maze and ee. Here, fr example et poem by Maou the Grarmarian an 10 cetry poet, eulgiing 9 ret Stale wheal a moto, These water whess which wor inkaced by he Moots, were vals sures of nergy fr migatin, the grinding ai, se (Se figure) Se nd ea ron of ing nar, ‘Of deeper of tan brian yelows out seh made Scop of per an mot oPmea “The Moors had respect fr Neue ht hordes on oly, wil the Spanish fe that tare was impregnated with iden anagem aes hat ldo be conguered and exploit. The conmology which concived of Nature and all nau ores as bingeing” wat an inal at he (Chur teachings. Forests were invariably depicted at eing dct and menacing the home ofwidbeasts an visits Converse inte Moosh ‘slog the forest wasa place of ip andencnaniment Aste Recon progressed, he Moor ove and esos fr ter emtonmea was aces Inglydepced by the Spanish conuerersas event of hei teng here, esas and infidels Centuries inter, Gatea Loe ssa the eatve ‘Vision ofthe Moots a eypsin of Andale is poy and plays, When he wrote aout he forests of my Mesh he showed profond understanding ‘ofthe forgaten Moorish bel that fre wers, i fot, the “ange” he [A the zenith of Moorish power, alAndsls, ta nd of many cits, stacedseholar trom England, France, Gerinany aly tert of Earpe, ‘swells fom dan pr ofthe Muslim erp. Alter in Mongol ecnqurs too anda benefited from the illest co ferlzatn of Mas Schola eing from he wrath of Ghenge Khana is descends Many ofthe European cols caret erm Aric so hat they soukead ‘snd populaias the rowed acquired in Moorish cetera smog ‘heirowa elately ackward people The Moorish of Tle, which as feconguced io 108, became ermucopi of newly dncovered earning fort ‘enighted population of Europe beyond the Pyrenses, and Crain flrs from Alphonso VII (1126-1157) onward encouraged the establishment of schools of ransaion and af AraicOretal sts In onder to este 2 ‘en ow of new scolrship no ter Kingdon cares 29 200 Golden Age of the Moor sis iniguig that onthe one han here Have Hen he is an bie repos slander ected athe Mos ser the Fal of Granade in 1893 ‘While on the oer hand, there was the imtiable appt of European scholis for Arabic work in mathematics, astronomy phys, alchemy, ‘atural eines, and philosophy, nat to peak of erate and muse. Bah ‘Thomas Aguines (1225-1272) and Danie (1265-1821), for ehample, were ‘reat anita anéan- Ar, Agi, however, conta eee a ‘ab scholars and Ara ought wth profound espe, and Dante chose put Musi scolar, such a Salah s-Din Iba Sina (Avoca) and bt Rushd (Averroes) among the ret thinker of anu on hs Dine Com iy Te great Arab pilsopher tba Rus (known a “Avetoes” in Exo) had peraps he most widely acknowledged an profound elect cm Western Tough. Boon and reared ie Conova in 1128 the time of the Almas (ihe darkskined, Saharan Moor) Averroes ws best kro fis asl Tons of Aristotle. His ame became so closely Tike with Aston Pivlosophy tat whole schools of psesophy were st up o Pas Pada and Bolognn to prea" Aeroism: ese lop, he was ab exteely infantil aa purveyor of aw medical Knowledge, nf, Averoes Was 2 renasance scolar Tong before the Reaasance: he was pet scents ‘hlosopher,hitorsn ard mathematician, (See ge 3) "Bu Averoes might very wel have livedond ded in cur it were nt fortwo fotos cucumstnces: the patronage ofthe enlightened Mootsh ruler Abu Ya"gub Yusuf and theese support ofthe Spanish Jewish philosopher Masa ha Mayr (1135-1204)lk0 Kiowa a Maimeonios) Thanks Abu Ya'gub Vasu, Averoes’ work was publish nity sght ‘volumes, And tanks to the Spanish Jews ann parca, Maimooiles, who ike Averoes, was also Dom in Cordova, the fst schoo Aversa vas established) Te impact of Averaespilosopice was such ta hey tied to provoke debate thoughout Europe forsvea cetris fe ‘ah "Much er, Cervantes vngasrid the snsnthandsevenienth cen the Spanish "Golden Age," would dein poverty bucaise of indent rors Despite bis monementalconnbtn othe Spanish angus, erase Ucar, Cevanes was gored pit rst ike the Aceop of Toledo, the Couatof Lemos andthe De of Bear who puto he hat Sought n'ai. By conrast, daring the scceson of golden ss that sm hdinspited, geniuses ike the Asean Ziryat and Ibe Khaldu, andthe Arab ‘crows, hd unlined sources placed hei dspsal and were aclaed Sed rovered by highly educated an enlightened role “There canbe no denying the fac tht Moors scholarship snd Moorish ‘ute aa whole tad a eleta pple om Erope. They moved in ‘Sone as om centr of lesan othe mows Bakar tee Oe a Caren igure 3. nobleman of the Gonraga family (Se thelr om gore 8) 2a Golden Age of the Moor oninen. Tet geographers and mithematcans measured gk dnances ‘sccrtly for theft tine. Without he improved Moorsh Ar sabe, the tec sa andthe avances mae by An in avian aston ed the ruta sciences in ger Columb woul ve bac nape of eqirng te rodent aed Inprtec mvesonal sl hat he ed dang in orsoyageto he Anes eave the fling westrorerto ech China and laa wouldneverhavecrlzed i ond aped inthe tam of medal sper he wy Clue nd washer helt slowly biped Come Moos Senin encorged ot ona orang of shoe ‘ez, bt ali theboaderingof homansc expression Eure emery from the toes of the Dark Ages. Moorish Spin Seca ara ad imetecuat Mecca where all the pet mance and led texts were ‘lec, trated nd laste, apd where lr om rand ide ‘hl gabertoperae the, The raves symbiotic ltnsip btwn ral and ten pot. song, ui rythm sesh pats nd finaly. pono Murs Sp provided thc modes ht woud subequal ame of te foes tary works appear on the Esopean conic The mach ued Spanish Silode oro GolenAg) sith is fecund up of era sb he cetne work, oflen depicted a4 peoomenon that happened bt isl n pane cocoon. Te tut, however, ht it had fot inthe Moor Jew Aran alts ih ibid ep he Sih ee long ater tk Moors and Jevs wer rly expt fom Spin the Spanish nd Porupuse who ad becn ongutea oso many cette Mosh ined tbe es and become the songero othe Meus mt lyn be erin Feil et so i Alc oman. Andalsio! ooh cultural infec need praound nhac onthe wings ot {evar (I847-1610, Spa's rte hry Ties And xe Anlst eorishnfuences wer turer srengincd by Avra caf infers ‘cui during he yeas he spect Noh Aca va pone fa rsh Tier who, brass of Cranes wit and creative inellgene que at Kiswel efucated Moorish captor acer and admiedwronly assed {hue wo woth area "es ioncthttohs ,he Spis in sr omelndand the mesico (span Afscan and Ameinian cial ius) ang lament fa ‘Aor coatine make ery poses ep fe ad dea bank uconscas mene of eset Moorish Atica Ctrl and ail itn Rear at crs er thy ae forever ready shor he bc ie Vii ss ces ath an ‘Nodak and ced Mane “he cry onscaor wing n eARS ws ft Bi pe: 2) scene ees nd geoph, Nal sa nop phil oun Carew oe stan marcas pein aetna Rem Ray arctan Sat dceirarinrcae stat deypse net ra oe Od tnt ane i i cn Neston ‘ny wee unas ore asa he Moreh te sick s e Soot Eth shout Se ce sehokerar 268 Golden Age ofthe Moor tio of al-Andalus row trom its eatiely all Arband Moorish te with the rdkion of convetd Aabicapeaking Chriss or moved sac hat ‘he former Chistans (Le. Malis comvens) mae up the majority ofthe opslaton, Ton Gorman, an 10h century sven and poet who used both Arabic andthe Ioal Romance dilests his work, was exremely poplar nd id mucho seat thew formsthvoughout he eon As sino fromthe {rudonl coal lve son thse ain Guzman abated Seta! ‘The minnesongs,o cout Tove pees tha fit appeared in Provence wete so doubt inspired bythe inmate conte between thi region and Moorish Adan Prince William of Aquitaine theft town pot foul lve tows in vlgar Latin wae itt in Arabic Andis ein ht Dante's “Beatice” em rom his Moorish contact ‘The Chanson de Rolond composed inthe late 1h centr, allegedly Immonalzed Charemagne's expen against the MislineldSaomghold of Srgossa in 78; however the poem filled with funy and wish Tullimen, i sho, the poetic Heence that the or taditon acsded 1 voubodots of ta age of awakening othe heany of language std sng. [Another peti recon the Arabic Pema del Cu. witenafund Toe Served the same occurences; however, this poems was hth ego ad hitoallyaccuate, Cervantes’ Don Quote wih ie stores side of store Isimpregatd wits yin an folk eget fom Anda, That oi Comnichete, Don Qubote de Minch, while on his dee, confers that he was mesmerized by what he descied ax “hose profane ric dealing With Koighterranty.” True enous kin books of chivalry went ack #0 ‘Amadis of Gal, butte Moorish ales af eau lv, he songs theless hich ad tooched Cervantes imagination in Anda, gave an inmediaey to is ale of he mad and elanchaly knight who ted at windmills (Set Fre 4) Defoe’s Robinson Crasoe was ley nln by hn Tut’. 1105 1185) work Hayy tbe Yagson Aine, on of Awake) Ths, pl the ore current srs of shipwrecked mils ging the rounds in & new age of Siscovery and exploration enlivened an expanded Defos'simagnation. The Hispanic Moorish diana the pares novel had 9 pond inure fn English wes ike Fig nt Defor Besides poet, alvAndalus offered Europe new kins of songs, musi and ance. Poetry Teds isl 0 musical expression and othe we of myths ad the rigtims of speech of srl an the Andlisins through tee ‘thick the rout othe pty Tbe Quzna, a well knows Cordova Soja pt of he ine, mae hi ing vein ao he elon resting iepoery hich beoen accompanied ith ete or dru Singing ih "he‘Andatsun syle il rexngnaed tay 4 ungue fom of tpt Carew us (Scie wile a Figure 5) Figured Afian wife the Gonzaga sue 266 Golden Age ofthe Mooe reaive eypresson and so th Namengo dance, Those Andusitn tdi tion fave travelled o fr comers ofthe former Spanish ripe, Their "yt il td inside the cleo he gypes andthe ocr of Lace ‘An Hors, the Argentinian wrt, despite sent lai to Being de Scendant of Visigos (ony a pari wah), axed to ave is Andon Secretary Sig is pose back oh. ut Boorsh Spin also gave Europe ew israments wth which o pay the music ad to aeorpany te songs td dances, such the ae (AM, Sp aa) and he gitar Agia. Sp guar) The most impor figure inthe spend of Moorish muscl and poctie expression was Abu Hasan Al ta-Nal (788-457) eho Was more commonly known as "Zyab acause of his ack compleson In Aric Ziya” rele fo id ith ‘ack plummage>* rjab was Born Mesoptana and roght vp areca in Bagh, Originally astave ofthe tous main shia Mail, ome sores tellthat ya's musical lets so opened he Caliph Har l- Resid at Mavs Became jelous and wicked bit lecng the county. Aner Side ofthe sony sath was petio of cil ware and iyo chose tae stam to sate He and is aml di le Noth Africa where he ok tp esierce inthe cour of Zyadat Allan Ii Osha an ane ofthe major Muslin ies in Non Aria Hs Afi eign na hi prolonged sojourn In Aca undousedy played an important cl a his musi Jevelopet So when heal sted n Cordova in $2 he aviation fa Haka and sibsequenly thao Abd at Rahman Il ane crave lowering wos to manifest sets “Ab abba I wae 30 delighted fo hve Zia in {Cordova that he gave him fried arson flsand sped, nleing 200 dinars per mon for himself 20 dinars eden of his our sonsyabonu 3.000 gia per ont nd SOD" 00 dias or spel eligi esa “Zita remarkable and varied accomplishments inthe inh cnry ‘emi one of eer lack tits muscu, composes writes ho were © funcion with diincion in Euope io the face of almost insrmonble tales many exnries Inter. Znyb was te foreruner of Soi, te (Chevalier Gorges, the Cheval a Aldi, Alexander Daas, Pann and oes His tena stretched fom music ough the intestinal ‘isons tobotny an cherry He ited with having ow thousand Songs by heat and having develope » new fvessnge te the presses for of today's gla, He was the into found» conservatory of ui a {Cordova and his studenis wero spread bis sped teschings eve urbe ‘hough their ownconbutns aterm he century. He roduc new res Sle using different colored parents o match te season. Ande eeted faisves ogo with theatre. He ranformeleting habe ad he ital of Serving meats by asl claberate decatos a th able a eating fo In urns instead Of having iil down onthe ible at he same ine He LL are = "Asse te igh favors ne Cordovan cour of Abd Rahman fortune, uerines&fondamental difference betwen slavery inthe [lame ‘inate bearer ne subject male or objec of concem expressed in work, 8 Golden Age o the Moor easy acts 10 writings and istand acount of he splendors of Moors ‘hes andthe weal ity, vaorand ized accomplsiensof Moorish fuer, Oucen ath he Fs, otto speak of the burgeoning and increas Ing intact English mercattclse was keen oa maintaining eallhy trade wih what they called the "Barbary coast” (2 NowhAcanftoral "sching ftom Moroso 0 Tansn, andthe amie wold ofthe Madi fancan abd Mile Eat in gener. bn atin to Shakespete’s wealthy and powerfl patton, the Ea of Usk, the Bard fm Stratlord also had many [rerun ads fra whom he could mi information abot Morocco and {he Moors, Sakespere also knew Master Roberts Liza's bse to Moyo and Merzok Ra the Moroccan anasto Landon ‘Wl, Auden described Shakespear's The Merchant of Voice, a one of| the Bards Unpeusn Plays and then he went ot ain he eal word eo Rated is ttlly without ution, oo love oll incon.” And Indeedsin The Merchant of Voie one of those nfferent workehal 3 est ‘tris ocean gui of pening, Shakespeare's porayalo he Prince {of Moron, stant in laringconrsto Shock, src caricature of Sear; an, in hist ply, The Tempest o Calan, a deformed sybel of the colonicd man. Tae dark complexion Prince of Morooo is noble ‘eves immenselyweithy and powerfl and he shes the same sats #4 ‘itor for orin's and ihe Prince of Aragon. Shylock, o beter ands too evi in be tre He more a a metaphor for sey and vnaliy than @ human being, An, Clon, 2 halt bor i the imaginations of cals European explores nd colonies = rast symbol hat Shakespeare Bor rowed Shakespeare, a ay-a-bome, endowed withthe creative imagination of snus explored the mot dian reaches ofthe earth, though the wring of ‘ther Buh aso iver, echoed some of hele peas. By debs fog Shylock humanity, Shakespeare diminishes hat the Duke of Aragon, fn ihe Prince of Merc ss well a his rivlzes But Portia and et Iigh-bore sits From he momen! the Princ of Morocco makeshis entrance witha Nourish of comet he draws oa stenton to i Afican origin, Wa this rally recessary? Mie mentor mycin Ths yo te arthed Toten am ghar ant mw re ™ “And wien he, the Prince mst pick one of tre caskets, Pot els him as ‘hgh she dterring to hin ard Carew 8 onc of tm tis my plore, Pra {foe hee ht tena yr “The Moor choses he wrong casket and bows ot pracouly Torker ove ‘An Pons, who sin love wit Basi, dls with sigh of le, ata of campeon choose me so. ‘Bt Porta’ final comment on he Prince of Aragon s moe wenchant and ‘Thus hath he cole inge te math (rthese dere foo When hy do chase hy hve moby rose ‘And, Nei, er equally cil, malicious and wordly-wise wating ‘ioworan ote, ngng and tng oc dey. “Hanging and wiving?” =the Renisance was for men, Ewopean mea, and ‘ot for women of ny coe Tho urine and cviized Moorish oierance hat allowed women to win a Freedoms or theses, was ow replaced by aera, anda ines, murders male tolerance ad CaUEMeTs were hate be acd tothe rich and power The Prine of Moroes was Black, but he was also as mucha power to be reckoned wth asthe white Prince of| ‘Argon, With he vent the Renaisance ip Spinjwomen the cos ‘ie ground they had pained during centres of enlightened Moods ue The mings the Spanish Golden Age are ire ih sof wife mune [Nhs inode seve hs "hono "had he igh to murder his wife The ‘Sispctet her of inde Bt these murders were notsimpyinvidal as ineied by peschopaalogical obsessions th sus of power aod contol ‘ver ater human beings. They were spell cordoned and encouraged by 3 ‘rae dominated Church and Sut So much forts new age of enlighten: ‘pent By cones, as Flora Shaw points ut, {Mecca wom ee nt conned ie Esc heme but olden Age othe Moor So, notonly were Moors, evs, Inns, slaves of very colo and colonial subjects in general, Calbenized, so were women td afer the Recongasa, they ha Wo fe ragged hace oo te tare with he est ofthe sje reps or sort span of ine, the Moor wasnt demonized in Stakespeare's England, the Jw was. But late, when the Alani lve trade had 0 be sited the African became the iti of rien demons, The mabe ‘Move wa labelled n"Blacken Moor apd even moe contumely and rai tre wer heaped yon is ead th hat which the Jew had aed kbown for cenfries. Bu thi ete glaring cotton how could te Blok Moor te equated wih tbe Moore who bad cvled Spain and Portland ted a aia connecting link betacen Earop’s past and ote? Tis ‘Sonraiction wis ened by means of rac donble-hin thal became he alla ofEarcentric sels. Fyng nthe face of ah tee scolar proceeded atte everything goed ahd noble to the White Moot apd "erything evi, malevolent and savage to the lack Moors. This scizié ‘Seti tas enable hone Euroerie scholars to Kep their cit ihes Snir racial anaes intact. An intresting example canbe scen in the Way thatthe famed “Lond ofthe Negra of Gunes" Manss Musa ie Mandingo Mas monarch who led Mal from 1307 to 1332) was depicted the rtp ofthe 14h and 1S cers, (See Bere 5.) "The Moorish gold ade was wll established ad vt t the eles of| roe from he 1th contr onwards, Rene carga egal ne importance of lecating these ci! linkages, nls Manse Masa an Ms Matin Kingdom on thst up On the famed 1378 Catalan map drawn 6 ‘Abaham Cresgues of Majorca, Mansa Musa (also known 2s "Musa Ma") thus depicted," monarch sesed on throne nal toes and 2 own, [holding] asepreinon and andthe ters gto god Mansa Mi End his kingdom appeared on the maps over prod of aly 200 years ob through ht podated by Matin Walscerler in 516, cven hough Mansa Mus moet dig in 1332 But the European racist mide had great ‘tet tn econeling i pedi world-view withthe at hat tis lack ‘Man les was eq, fn esther and more peru tan teow “Thus ver Be years of map production ferent cartographers tied 10 reconcile hs ificly by ching Mansa Musas age aft to cote) nore be European eno and sutmequely to take aay his tapings [tpowerandprenige Angelte Duet of Major's 339 mappae und Ie fs tme at Mansa Mos spears presence the monarch wih shot "hy beand—mre closely aprosimating the "image of + New. Laer rogephers fing neomfoable thats portant ler wa sa 8 Carew Figure Sono the Gonzaga fey (Mode! for Otto. m mn Golden Aze ofthe Moor open change is eat the og, Dwing nso Eaapean eo src ahowgh his skin remained dark. Ply. aogaphorssluion ‘oro Mara Masa seed ona Bie, coed and bed ‘ih terol ot downto abt cat, anor sak wled tore" cpesema in eping wi he pada peep of ance mind. ‘Wren fe hear Abid th fos neath centr Aficn Ameren sor, ply te part of Shek ta Se Retard er Caropan capi Algerian. Sateen’ s cance ade aniprened Syiock she mp igure hews an anime adenine ‘man big cup na wsbet acne. He sowed how te wa ‘be sundry se Geen ol pace and pach then eet Saline my =i dona Ma {Rte same bead) edo he sme ting her ee Rouge od fn eo wu exited and anounced sing souseran ‘irsan ‘Alpe so dle te a pat be pay. Te pened ews ‘Cart Rani presented Alidge wis glee pee saying tha as the it meth ey ad besa prayed wth gm nat pegs St Pevribrg ete AW cg inthe ges eave of Eaope sb lad sie whe it pape wee lives In Ame fa en tate puro fs wc Spock wi demanding war Paap ef ‘hint eda pra tn places ae on huan tend. soe ‘hat Shylock ws phigh Gene rmennn wa avn ie {he sive mare sn enum tad n pond of efor ri Between he cit carte of Splck the Ten nd elif he pe smart back ine, were Shakespeare sswisthy Mowry The Pine of ‘occ, Olan Anon in Fit nom adel ste cota tn inte Earoan mand” Stakapears coco © te “Mor war a ‘thats nprecons een ugh ie oraylot ie Pinot Mors Sn Obl ght se one gst The Pie, espe 1 daquensvwals of tov fo Poin ou gc whee hopes the wry ete For ima cz sopiset the viel prt an thane pn oflove Ahogh senor aed Foret clo ated inom At far abe was conrad she wa ghors,weled and !Miscive Blas he ce fs powers te ches fn wee ie {var andbe ol ok nd Ce hee eats rom wore of ny race, olor or ceed. ws snd wel tht nares hn, asin tel, ough, ea profes) ser sed sla ete out. He cameo decade wedjewse Venice he cana of an eglesyes open mu of hie campsite isncively Te Pactra Sibane cy cenbenohoundsrousnc angus wee spawecdendey es a ints yal Cou cles, would ate ce hough te wiles ofthe Hes of ‘Mu inmetily aa ad him aed ad buses. But Obl, ough ‘eilletimtslag's vile igus aan Almoravid Gener would bard ethsen "a nate cee prone fo give reign 10 blind cone om He ha feral ug apis ouwited and deed ever foes, eee would hs have hada 6 ehdone, ately wi phoma ‘Shysealcourage, but ao with alle inelgece, coming, god Jagumentandasopes sem of in (Se fue 6). eerottwavaoanupeted Aran mat and histagcenennter ‘win Desdemona be war eving Ihe Ante egend~the farther fe Wak wate ibc selon cath and the dreams of pope te weaker, ‘ects ad elverable fe heeame. Thin irvine genera om The oma hertore, brought down by a andy Hive. Shakespeare, edith an eer carforhe winds of han bowing cos Renate {tone ecated teop is Othello anarchetypalsjtel of x able Aca ‘Sho etched an brought low by a clever European wht, A eae lke Pance t Morocco woul have sai fi, tht was to0 noble or ows gu Basar tom te considerations: Oto also the sol Terrened matin a ew ag of rots human Bigs, wander sd Se in ene bs Aan pera iiss fll and becomes te Mea remtascenct to cntean an ena Desdemona, He never one ‘roxanne Asn woman to thete im, ignoring bk tr, he eae han wither ase of place, bert of cou ail and ln ‘isa psa outbust he ore an pte age agai irs tsa ec theo of acc otsana oye ety his ve fran teal and nots ish-biod woman be ha "Gentes Spa's Skene, eco he so, rd oiesofarADas, (andi be ean of Moots Spal, is novels pty a plays {fehadieantetiingecnes of Mooesh msc inthe Alsace odo, Adin he sats, he imposed and spotancans “arrow ong” wd ‘Thvting laments and te poignant nts ad enced hs coscowsess Tania Ripe and at homern Spun Theale knight eran and cory love which ses Don Quixote were fired houpnesry ile of the Moors mie experience Far, inde Throughout the ac wold ther were toed tty be eerie res of gh, wich ste enced by mysticism, a nthe cane ofthe Chvisinn rds of igh Ther mat waste Arb expression wa reaing] ene Nini chvaous vires of feinness chat a erst. come ieuor gen soon coos—ove nda crea etre ne an thetame thing! aa Date “fe Sunes Skespete covered ish ime between Srtford-on ‘Avon and London, were Stine, bl the word of Hs magnon ‘Notpased most he pe, Covantn onthe ther hand, was solder of a Golden Age ofthe Moor fortune» King's mesenger,» purveyor othe fst in Andslssrequsiton- Ing supplies fr the levee Armads. He had ako been prisoner of he ‘Moor in Algiers for fve-an- half years a inmate of hors prison thom Hewasa wandererinancpachof nc witha! aseneaf pace men ‘who had ea themselves of frm women, fais county and wh ved aa ‘wold of teams and the wilds antasin But Fra rik of ft, Cervantes ‘wouldhave wanderedeve farther andlont hie in he wide niference of {he Spanish Empire Fortunately fous, hs pion fra job overseas 4 oon offical was ume down. Forfa he Bee ppt, Daw Quite, ‘he geal sane Knight of la Manchwoul, potpm never ave bee crested ‘Ot, Columbus nd Don Qviote ae inexonbly oked ost, Oto was a Aca, an Almay, sho Ra vaulted oer the Pls of Heels {an reeased Europe tam eal dom smeival ackwaréness. Otel ‘vas alo an upooied Aicengeiesringing out of Shakespear's apc rary lamp Bu in saping hii a character forthe Elis tga the Bard om Stator had inaveremyde-Afcanized Otello, He pote him as 2 man loge—no mother fat, no extended fay =A ej al ‘upon the earl ike «agent fom an soi? "Te the, Othello, Columbus, Don isos, wre mop witout see of place, They were like hat carer in Greek mytbology who was domed frist suspended berween eat, sky and Sea These mate archeyper of 2 Fools age were mew witht be eflding wrth any, sngth ad ‘vadom of women Dering the de of Columbus alleged ove sa devotionta Spin, Charles ‘Mcouiy wat spl Home To thi ugh anaes county ian stot macho orsrage-sedbe weak td ‘Spl aor ay cost ly asap be pr ‘Ando tly and Spi, one coulda Portal Engl and France, Tis ‘man Columbus waste acheype of th ew bengal ease of place ne witht rosin speck ofthe arth tate oul cll hs own He eer, remains ie aspect oho down the gs But he abel of rootless’ cn be pnncd with ea fait upon those her acetypes— (thal and Dom Quite the oe Bsc, tector wie, Bat bh doomed ‘olive trough epochs of homelessness. Caliban, apa charac eee by Shukespeae sth detavmed and meatal scared sol broter af The Prince If Moron, Aron and Othello. The fest ofthe Moors dered tbe Eopean vison of Aa and Afvicans, A mutton n file and pejdiced aga hn pct afr as ts oop of clo ad tbe jie. ms Catalan Map of Charles V (1375. 46 Msa Mal [Mansa Musa, Lad ofthe Negroes of Gulne, from a panel of he thc Maur Boil ome ‘Stare The Golden Tee Fe 76 Golden Ae ofthe Moor Poets, Shelley one declared, hold up minors in which societies ca see ‘themselves, The Monish pots eld yp thse mis or almost ili, tnd Europe, seuing ered and stumbled forward fom the Mile [Ages ime the Renaissance. But once she, Europ, continent mamed af ‘woman ut dominated by men for milli, bad aiid the ‘most ang of "atone she was forced by mak chains otar er ack with _spoogis to Shakespear) so the ar ‘Senge base eres by wh oe dt sen Notes 1. Jan Read, The Moors Spain and Por Totowa, Ni: Rowan sd nl 15 538, 2 hn Reap... 5 Tenens Op Cap 8 iat Se, Te Congr Parade New York Aled A. Kot 1360, 1S Te Anbienamen and wads en am ain oes eyo sepot ee ci tn we Wy A et ‘etto sme teeny sch thea gan" wh ee (sed rene hea ed 3. Snead Op Cp UI Wane Chane, “The Mor Lipht of Europe's ith Age” in Vn Serna he Aen Ps ar arp, Nw Benes, 15: fanfbad p. Ci.124 12, Ata G Chase Min Spi: aio an Cale, Ming | agi pm 15 ane pl: 124, 16. fui 19: a Burt, Moorish Caen Spin, New York: Mr i, 1972 HE seoejcnm ncn ‘Hayes, ed, The Genius of Ara Contin, Cambri: MIT Press, 1978, p. 73. m care os pe om on res PEER opis an De eee tw SES nema teen Lees 2 Eamonn {Th Baer Op ih 1 ee a be Sig DR Se ams ecm te sate Me i ae a ETE on aan 3 ELW'povll The Golen Tae of he Moors, Lonéon: Oxord University 2 Ne ace nti 2S ieee gear ‘THE MUSIC OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN (AL-ANDALUS, 71-1492 A.D.) Yusef Al ‘These Spal of le tise hes teas te cal bod which ‘my homto preserve tc need but Ho to aso sed Ive ening pop tough ehcp ‘ech en ait er Eee ee re ‘Sot gtto the Anda Mood who manne en aseon rehome persia pig ih Epa cope, ERS ce pts wba seis row sein Anco ri on Spin ‘can music is us perceived as being one-dimensional rimay ‘hythmicin character agin domizate by drums. Cheroff ay“ 00 ‘sk people what Arian musi lke, ms il with ile Resiaton and feat confidence, ll you that Ascan mai sal drumming: Afar ae Famous for their drumming. (tis exactly this mass impression tht ethnomuscoogsts,thoe people who sti music seademicaly, lve To urrect, Anyone reasonably wel fore shout msicrmaking in Aa wl Immediately react agains sucha nave notion by cing a wealth of masa fnaurent: slopes ts, tarps, bors, bells ‘A major testo fo tis eroncouspeeepion ithe way the Western word ctinualy portrays the African musial expression, The images wl epic in he typical Western imerpreation have tadionaly been of “nuves” dancing ith emia! abandon tothe bet of “jungle drums.” During he 194 and S's thor were some dancers and choreographers ich 2 Kathy Dasha, Csen de Lavaliade and Gzaleey Hole and ees Sebo prvenled mis! poformances wilh tradinal Alcan music and Aince nea igh musical fom: bat is was not tena. Today Alcan ‘manic with damm anda variety of other Alcan instumens wih mote one magi, ave sc neg ply i ce, pl miss “The new movement in Amoi, beginning inthe skies, by those of at x9 _Avcan descent, embvace Avicin sory, Herat, customs and curl ‘tadons has hod significa pat, Asa eal he Tocson Arica studs in oles aod averse the adspaton of Aca des and hie, antealperformances on he msn an nteratona evel have Bought ‘enewed nee nthe African conic ty ar he mos sophia sponses tothe popular image of Afric in tne New Wold” says Okon Ede! Usa are the ek to Aftca vere the Pan Atican moverents andthe ae Hlck nataaism Whether i 9 facedasemigntionismaftheeighcenth entry or the new back atonalis tft 1960's and 10's semment eieted a confidence he capac of {he Aen to eveate ond contol his own rai, unfevered by European Impriism and neocoloialn andthe commiting inuenes of Euro pesca" ‘ Batt for many sons, this maybe sce 2s pores, sil there ae clouds of myth tht hae oe sie say 5 hater cam be clearer ‘Siew ofthe reais. When comes fo Alan music fr isan atl The total Affican musical experience viewed inal of 1s bro and rich sven. “Fora Wesemer to undersand the aistry and purpose of an Africa cl even says Choro it necessary foram sidestep his normal Teningtendencey slow dwn hi aesetc response, and le pst his Ina udgemen, Perhaps oe than te novel oF the sangenes ofthe Suni the difeest meuing of mie whic is legate ito cata) ives pee dfiatis tothe Westen listener and undermines is ‘fons to apprecte and versa AfSEan music? But the’ poems maiyesed and remain enormous. Centres of riscocepton and prj as edo grave dstotns. Atict has for genraton now been viewed trough a web of ryt so permissive and so liv sys Bohanon "hat understanding it Becomes 9 rofl ak th tsk of aiying the my ante separa task examin Sng whatever ety hasbeen Mdden behind st Only ast istateand ad can {hemythbe sipped way Only them hs stippeé aay cathe rely of ‘Abies emerge exploring the Myths Mascologstsgenenly classify mascalfestumens no four enteporis: () liophones— marinas aylophones, gongs, ates, bells laps yh tals ce @) memiranoghonesdrums with skin or membrane eads 3) ‘Aetoptones utes while, pipes, empl and ors (2) Chordophones ‘uate athe a ars ‘ite many membranopkones are mae fom the unks of Wee, tit ‘ier re ond bound wth svat of od soutes ahd the materi 280 Golden Age ofthe Mooe tized today in Ghana and Kenya. Various skin cover ar used, a Kebede Says, "epending upon the geographic lean and avait of the ani ‘mal The prevstoncs of ec nthe sobsafaren pet fret eons ob ‘ly allows esse aces forte ane of trees to coset membranopbones ‘Once gain we se the impacto geography onthe use of musical instruments "Drums covered with hie,” FroBenivs points ot, “ef throughout ‘he whole of Altea, with he exciton oi southernmost pa the onde8 ‘rams, however necer only inthe Cango Bin and in upper sm Tower ‘Guin. The bide covered drums are a Sesclpment of the famous mile ‘mora, which points w East tnt, The civilization of the Medieranean Ses has imardruns made of ea at relted 0 hose ound ia Pern latin preistrie mts of Gevany. Now te wooden drums belong to the Malayo-~Negito clement of Aican culture. They reoccur in Melansa snd freqomy in Polynesia, Theirhome obviously st ete sea tht he Toy Bamboo cane, for hese drums are developed on he Barboo, (1898 ows, “This fea illsration of how mos ni! musi instruments can be sed setfectve als for studying people nul, very fen showing hoe they ie and were they live ‘Noth af the Sabie sci) and extra factors impact of the ase of Wigton and Actopones ste mare domiaat struments ‘Annie mar misconception In regu to Aiesh Muses hat the sie ofthe Anbic speaking counties ofthe Maghrib (North Afi) Moroes, Turi, iby, Egy and the Suan snorelly fan mise, To understand why ths guided perceptions import relive tha the Maghnb Tsatways viewed separate forthe sate eon ofthe African coninen “Although these counties ar ocated inthe mortem region of the emtnet they ae feed wasabi finger of Arabic or namie core ha extends fom Egypt to the Aan.” "Ouratenon Srl fixed on an East West ‘curl Aris," saysGrame “tothe ea exclason of the North Southone-™ or stance, rate the relreace Egypt in Alcan ses. Ancien! Exyotis universally recogsized as one of te most important comes o wok cule and Tender inthe fies of science, medicine and architect. Is fancion music also spread an influenced the Faster and Wester worlds” "Exprimens in ancent Egypt nna music natn stem sn the sas lishment of schon of sieht iupt wel an asoumenal performance ‘made antng th fs odo 90 nthe fourteenth century he exemplary sociologist Thm Kaldor rahe hilecommentingonsholrhipand sedentary elie “Tod noc hss Ipote abundant senor clue than Car (yp) Ie the moter of he ‘Toni hegre ese of Im andthe mai pring of he sence a he ‘Guts he Egypians of Poste” Ma as noted were sl pos ‘sto of ced knowledge fn both music rate and theory. Ts ch al ost thot we credit o Fy thagoresand other Greckmsic tort may have deeper toot Alexanda a the Ne val In ation, the Iaacy of ancen Egypt found in he shapes, ung, ad playing sles of sch fk sr tents the arg doubie carina Esp, he feb of Nor Ac, te many enblow fates othe ea as he Matte Wolo, atthe sss ‘the Ethiopian Cops andthe ancient Greks and Romans [Ancient Egyptian mesic hs never been aed inn Alin conte. agwever a ty dneby Sac (ted in The Ashropoloy of Muse) Aan ‘Mera comments on the sucess of Europeat misiclogss in esearch ov Egyptian min nsramens and aniqsronism. Snes speaks the ex ‘vem rity ofthe deer sol sed he Egpian bee othe magic power af ‘siting an scalp" [Ths aity has reserved hunredsof struments From decomposivon and many msi sane ie depicted oa om wall Egyptian at works ar explained by sort nave lexis writen beeen The dnuman figures whenever am py po et Ths hes plying the hac foevheison the te), Hence, we know he authentic names of praccally Egyptian asus? The African Spanish Connection Westerners hve lng ben capa bythe musi Spin ts sumtin rmcngies an fasciitis. Abou x years po was dw ives {ie the subject ina efoto ern moe about the sia Spi, sot story and development in connection wih my stalls of Ares munca ‘esters Colle I gant ten to music of aia folk and clase ‘Spanish muse Af reviewing music ranging over abroad spectrum, Team toes several recordings tat parcularysimolsted my intrest Amos. Them was recording he legend Mies Dav sented Sketches ofa, ‘which included a varity of Spanish themes witha retion of Rodgo’s| Concerto de arenes. hore ws aso sno remarable composition te forded nthe A's byte le gest inaphon Jha Coane ented Ole “The Inter (Ole) was more in the clas Jazz tition wheres Dati’ ‘Sketches witha le rcs was a depart rom the sandal stalgh head Jazz form, Both of them, however, ncoportenot oly Daz ‘ments, bt wih he we of modal cantons, osinatos, fica poythyths| {nd exended improvisation, sugested musi legacy and stage much ‘ot ancien than at of Spa Yeats lat, i hs steiopaphy, whi reflecting om the character of ‘th musi he ecorded on Stethes of Spa (198), Mies Dav sa: “The Black Moors were oer there io Spun because Avian had eongucred Spain ‘on time ap. the Anlin areayou have tt of Arc flee a the musi, aehitectae and inthe whale clue and tt of Ml he feope So sou hd ack Avcan hing up nthe stag te man be pipe sth ample and us" ax Gulden Age of the Moor leingw a cleso led Sales te ys: “Soe i tase fe at Aanenco ss songs one set ingame sce the Amerin tak lng inthe the Ices fom Rela ea ‘tic ed ‘Nor ciaton was oo Earp oi fot eighth te ‘ct ing is psn evra nd see he ig nthe Eas “The Mon op wont Kin of oro wich van he Manel of Mle apr ad is eh Estos was lengli trent an ane ele eh ‘ea nian igh an sh toc Woe nes lees an livaat ch hi Conn, Tee Sei eter sovay tame Wor rennet wih Clg Conon San of ens Saya amer~-Matr cca ah ee fo hand Io hr Tec of te san “At a Rn 038) Brine oer twenty mon pc of hi he lao ty sian Asam 6 ome four tone ows ke Ute Monae anded twenty seven fee hots Cvdra aa pid the ‘teachers from his own purse." oe (On Oriental Afi and Arabia Provo we ssussedmythsandmisonspsins concen the Maghrib and Nort Afea-Aabie speaking sot: in pera, Fuercowing omon eeepions popu imags in era levis te ff peoples ofthe Magi Oren fsa and Ari at ep on CCavcasian pes withthe virus exchson of those ceayfican or af Sbviows Ain henge "Wh an Arb? The Encyclopedia ein ass hs ble by saying “ay peson wins save language Ac conten) ‘ste ices major segment of he popslon of he Mile Ea nd Noth Atsandin he Ameiess~ abst millon 1970" The ic, inference fit Nice says “Wenn Ai med pu ‘Alvan and mass before aif cute inte cas eto te of ‘ich eed Sea waeforned od Af and the Aria enna cane Spal. The soem half of the piss conequny has ett Miny withthe Somalis and Etiopa egos of Aaa wn Nore ‘nba andthe est of Asa Abin tan extn of Ay congo SA Rogers where Black people fom te sowed white oF ney ‘hie, peop fom be Norhwent nett mingle he cules ae eed “Arabia Masa’ s time,” he continua "way even ot now leo Profesor Joba Hunwick, Professir of Atcan Hisiory and Profesor of| All = ‘the "native language of the largest numbers of Africans (100 million) is cee tee AA cua ope steerer tt Mae cary eae A sien Ba le (02) a et Teor, em ne ey Pa tr Hae Pe wre eagle fr he edo th AD vn nh ef al an A we tin es a, ec ts Mbp geese ans muir sihe begat oe crac " ees oe aa ey oe a oe Rr cn Fae a vefacns tbo ened Ghana Mile per oe nit Cray npn Alcan lone spam hl EE thc fate Pier came Net at many enc ron els beatae a soot a 286 Golden Age othe Moor in ancient Arabia.” as JA. Rogers poins ut “many of Prophet Monimmae's fit follower wcre African, Bll is scond conver and mst honored fiend was an Ethiopian (Abyssinia). And Zaye Ibn Hath is thind ‘convert whom he ated a on a ho fone op 10 become oe of the Propet rats generals was lo an Afican "Athe height fhe glory ote Abbie inthe court of Haroun AL-Rasi of Arabian Nighi fame, was Ibeshim A-Mad, one ofthe most enoed Sages f that era.* He wan so the half then he Caliph Rachid. Tw Celps ar saldo have had Aten motbers Al Mua and Rachid” "When we speak of Arabian eullace, we doo mean alts Fonte oigo tue caimed forthe Arab thenelves or fr Abi but spy a hp ‘are arose under pliy that was Arabian, pd tha ih language by whch ‘twas propagated was Abie" “Music in Oriental Africa ‘The most carci ctrl tadon ofthe regan wred to as ‘Orient iis i Isic musi ete ver matt f the ese of Ea [Acs acs he Medieranean iol, sos thoyeh West Af, the figoof the Sahara. There are certain pela earl waions that ifr Inbow hey respond musically onan, athe etn cnet In some ae, however “among Black who moved ars he Sahara to Noth Ac be |slamie musics colored by indigenous elemen."™* Islamic infsene in performances of Afican singers wu etd with oraments and "ick mirotonlshike” mordents and ese val ‘ual Other chuaceriics ae deified by the use of ingle dum ecompanyings bowed-tringed insure, sorh a the rena "A Moslem intaence according to Malm "may be interred if, when voices an nnn ‘ens combine, the aeompatiment othe mile cus or ostnstas ot {cod struments ound in Cental Aft” Ako character ie “Mosiminluence the use of ingle rythmes instead th pth sally deed wit sub-Saharan Aten As scssed eae, stcem Egyptian ides inthe Bld of muse were sige. Kehoe points ot that "Egyptians were one othe fino exper iment wih 4 stem of musical oiton, The devclopment of mae 9 profession in ancient Epp signin inthe study of inners in nea, Schools of music weve elite tat sned not only vocal 3 fnstrument performance tala they and chironamy—the Ar of non by means of geste (OFal the aor inuenss tha were to mpat on he conguered Eatin ier came i tort ed Be lk Fe Here au 287 eee SSA Figures and 4 (Above) Mester dancers and munians from Southert “Morac. low Ramal Mala Mode, thee versions 288 Golden Age othe Moor the mos sisi was thea nvason oe vet etry AD Isai cla paces Ncame fly enced spd spa heap Eagptan Tune trp of esr cn. in Tui ut fhe Bree who wre he gia iano hat County coveted 0 Mam’ Merce, we he et ete pope ‘ons ound os, eadaoe! tome Behr msc ave come oy. mow wit ature Gc grr) "Aeat Rehde is Ron lc Maite tree ego Fa Isc msi) ma (cel mst td) entenpory ‘ran mesic Tadonl mans ich perorme ye common ‘opleaer hen the pros tained micas Cea cy Rete fest hat genre of rosea msl erflomace ths een devel ped and advanced by speciizedscoas of mus, vansited tan Perlomothy geraion of peso msc. The Andlstn Mae [TM Aft eset he nd of mi oan nthe he use sloped in Moorish Spa drag te Mle Ages te Maoh bck eprom ge aoe atonal mus. “They aa found in Turn nae hows ng the Wolt people Gants” Singer of rhinos oul songs hy ae po tania cis nd ents who stampa thoes on gd thre andes dae posy ad ungng inte portman (setae 0) “hey descend fon the bck gnowa wo ame o Moroso fom West cay of en et etre ld ae ae inthe West Sader andthe exer a he apr Th esa Perfomance are kaon for tir hie feign Sle cham tcreonies Wonen fap ding theo on br (oe fame) Aq rune eed hat chur) adn Cake harming tal ™ eaten, 8,10) inte Woof soy her fa mst of sin he mat. Tay sing prise songs inte Noth Ain ado an sys ose nye {ound whoa he tigesfthe ue The mse aos inter mratves dt Dock to the sk coranfouts a well mp Masten aiten™ Mim dese the Wolf Seng and Gambia and ti simises tod difernce i meal etpasn The} ie al nica nd po Shaped single ead ds in rouge 0 pode Aicn pays thse anes bt whether yang Molo mts rsa Sal kel dum ced slang th an ton enter ns these pce sme sige hye mich i ote mas he es Follal npinion song the Nonken Tuareg sees wat sey sey ania Eviece seine eo Well ped ia 299 total puis. Thies ody he None Taste ander gous ‘The mos Inport pls gp the rom pou. Thougost mos of ‘Ni he eed a agi of Kingery The we of he rom inthis way plement and ested manly 1 the Sean Cotte” Avong the ese the um “ors he igi ot 4 Tuareg roche ands Known as eel" Derived from the Arabic word ob ceeds conte the name sae forTusteg ror dams chic among the Westen Moree fe 11. The drm fhe Tuareg chefs kn ae Ket rs an ae never used by ponons ater he ci ‘saan moe that Rete drums a oaly (oon! in amie Noh ‘Aen tbe Suan and Nort An reg Kelle ums oui ‘Men Sac sys "ny osu nse West Ai om here thy ‘trcrcetyiosucedt Fare ado ner et fr Kees Teese from Arabi™ “Onc of hemos important muse sles found in Ona iis 2a wip voc arm ueing "seal pov st mane” The Maas ute formed mus prone Nonh Aes Uses ecompnied ‘mati Imumenty te oog test mont often Ssed ot tc and Tel modes, Misra dca wher Zand Maas evel STmutancousy or whee on dee from he otk Ch dees Zan Met ay Ts Za en esto that poetic composion in which spoken rb diet alongwith some omic xpos sue Av forthe Matha tconsereda more Irate podacion conning ene fore Karyshor conics = ite Arb expresso on “ie content ote vr of th ae, fr he mos za, et fom ang content, They ie athe shoe of linguage since the Mavaxhat ‘Poke ws of cas Arie mbes the Zap make fe ws fell ‘eticand Spr det “Tens portant cotinine frm of poetry —the and ‘Massa wht hy fod An Hom the oma fesse poet nal thought Non Asa th Nea Ess spon evs and simple an the same tine ko he personality and tempera meno te Anas “The Mayan important North Atcn music om, “coniered a case ty the clang eet rs sane cd he mor SS itu eto erm, Ribera syst earn mening of the word Nuby cet ingly tne wach eh ari exces and even the weeky msi sus bby ceatn Caliph and bece teselanee Stere made pio umf he aos mascane ema tr he wef he Yertrmane Th ube, wch bcm ey pln Marsh Spa, ‘Churdan European csc! mae mm Golden Age o the Moor igure 11, Taaser musclans and dances of Ager, Aye inthe Western At as he Nile Valley “The Sudan ina vas county which borden eight ounes. Hordern on the Nile iver its the major eine group populations they are Nubians, Nahas Stiga, and Gallen Tradional vocal musi highly developed in the Norther sea, wile the Ween region Is kw for a ast af songs nd dances sully performed by female Vocalists Simla musical perfor Imanes ae found inthe Wes lsrunents ed for asorpaninent ovo] ‘nc oelude the Ethiopian Kage A-Kala (Stam, also own a hata {mn Moro snd Tunis) snd various small drums The msi ofthe Sudan mbes “both tier and sbSaharan cares (ee figues 1,13) Trhiopa, despite ami afoenes, rem, far as manicl ult ix ‘concerned, a election of ts dominant religous infuence, Cope Christian figs Althogh the Flash Jew taion cer a major clr sft ce, and inthe south me find musa! expression eating ses more Iypcal of Sub-Saharan Aen, Christian Ehiopinfemais the dominant ‘ial infin ‘Keb nb work Roto lack Muse reerso a8 indigenous and aly Age style of musi" on, he sys that cus ats oft Aca om ‘ortho seu od eas wo west. The Egyptian ciilzaton was he eae of| ‘sic Ever he Gres fred io Eayptas the soute of ther msinpedagic ides, Nearly 2500 yeas a8, Before Aria was roe, Herod com enc on the Egyptian shevemen inte following mann "iee mo ounty tht possesses so mary wonder, ns any tha ay such a numberof ‘works which ety desrpon ‘Ancien Egyptian mae according to Kebee, i preserved tay inthe ‘mise found inthe Cpe churches i dep aed the manic care ‘ered simply as Arabi Hepa othe Aue elization a he Hor of “Ac ring pe-tlamic Arba, He cits cour a ligoun msi that was Nphly developed and was prof obi Heap,” where members of he tistcracy were eden inthe sence of mas Tay the ANU leascy Ispreserved inthe Hatha mic of Eton” Heslafocises othe music the Berbers the native inhabitants of None Altica, whoseteitrystetched from North to West fia in prehistoric times Athogh they migrated Nonh with he advent of nlm ee ace ‘osc was sil preserved. The Derer sil, Gram psi ot “as ating Weve to doth “Arab fluence hu pbabl represents an alent [Aca je I has aay astonished eth thecal como ‘eslusy unaware of the exsene of sylof Aten mst ta sere Ot ‘eras the continent rm fous Eto othe Ass mounting“ ‘According tes schol aero presen ata rom cen is tothe presets i subtantial evidene oa ingens mse ue a That aren (oe ius 1-23) a Golden Age a the Moor The Music of Ancient Arabia ‘There i evidence of» Sou Arabian Kiagm with races of 4 “high ivan, as ext asthe eco millenia efore Chast Having much in Sommon wih Babylonia and Assia conte culturally to Greece, fncluding some of alphabet Wings have ben found suggesting tha, ong before the sh cemury A.D. musi systems ens among the Arabs, (Chaldeans, Mincuns, Sabeans, Nebteas apd Palmyracn aswell the aki nd Ghassamid, Inthe seveath cnr the Aris conquered Persia, leh ime hey were lead in posession ofasysem of musical her. ‘Some scholars are th the Arte sed the system of he erin. Toi rece thors ot in accotdance with facts Weave ple of eernces {oes ad musicians in pean tes, and i sles impossible fo enceive that ese people (whom muslcwas mst an abo neces), Sth coud ssterstie thr poetry ave sex nthe llgat, Hamas Mufadaliyat (amos pot) were no ble to synematize tir msi Fortunately, Alani hs preserved for us details of pela stem in the real o he abu Baga, whic was aed by avin a slag Hn fry pars Wiest was supersoded by Pythagorean intonation i the ‘tured ner Eas nd Persia, a well among the Arabs of Syria dod Ae Hi, isdised in more remote corer of AL-Hs and A-Yaman, and fund i vonris even dn he fem entry AD." ‘Virol all western fsorae wrong rei he Grecks a8 being te creators fhe science Sot no sping tha te sggesed ere ht he etoatio system” of Pthagor,comsiered the father of" Wester mse theory," superseded thse of the Es, But Farmers shown tha this be an Grecian consi" Profesor George GM. James in The Stolen Legoey angus tha, fer Alerander te Great lavaded Egypt thousands of Geok schalars ot only fame to study atthe fet of Afen-Fgyin teachers bu ransacked the Litres of Alexandr, Many favs Crock scolar ltr given cod or Egypt fir discovers nthe els of Philosophy and since, contacted S00 yearsot knowl sccurlne inthe emples ania Fay [Airs wa the rary ceive of Ari, fom whence pet aad | alt parts ofthe peninsula” Many sass tat since msc was So closely Sti io poety was equally faved among the Arabs Tis ceter mest Iikly poesia cose musical culture seeing thatthe famous Per ‘Sin lng, Bara Gur (430-8) as son tothe Ars Lak court in hat ty tote cdc, an8 here he Wak aught muse song ther Arabian cco aw gures12and 18, Nubian mosians laying the Mate nd Oud at, 2s 26 Golden Age othe Mooe phen Farmer finds it strange tht Persia shoul eed Sed seen {hese young sovereign him fo sty he "Arabian sical syst Te Stgpesttha eri ws so lacking in pofessionl musicians at hey Rad 10 ie imped, portico ine ths wae Before the Aras had conquered he Pesan Bat sehlarsfron ths acount For isan, Ribera in Muse fof Ancient Arata und Span say tht re-lsamie pou Is consiered csc Swng Arab, but dd at happen oe accompanied by music” Say Ribera The masta sora ll thu he death of Muhammad, Abie Songs wre 0 prime tye hl they dl ot even possess rhythm Element, but were simply a Kind of monotonous chai with which He aimel- drivers eg on tei eae daring the desert woyapes. though We ‘owe mant ofthe ery song words pots fhe Ara ong, te mune Was ‘Sonne an excited y foe musicians. The explanation tht he ile ‘toe was considered ao hoy, while tobe a mcm ws considered ‘demeaning Tor Kin in dhe Mugadi says tht “micas fom Persia and Byzantiom psig ino AUHigaz laying opm eae (ad), padre (abo fn oer intuments were responsible forthe Arabs ula Persian and Byeamtne mela nd doping them for Arb poet." "The spec noel msiology..PN- Lad, makes it lar, howev that ine Peon and Byrasin inpoatons id mo upersee the ston ‘usb were engrafted upon an Arabic root witha haacer of ison." Further, slave etic ae soncerned he aly Pesan Work 8 mae dats fom the helh centr, whit we ave AVabe Heats on have which aero the ith een, aed we hve evidence of works even ting fom the ehh ema" Nabi mans reached its enh ring the eighth ninth centres wth documents sil oy existing works by sine hone crores "make {record unequaled perhaps ay European nation! Alsi The Book (of Songs deseo in del he History, and cmoslogy of the spread of ‘Nabi ase icing singers and mosicans The vast knowledge at {Hed to Ars seolae which pr ws paseo to medieval Europe me psa est of he folowing* {a the seventh cenry the Ars became mses of virtually half of the Known cid worl” and was Byzaniom and Peri that ‘tgs of he erate of ale! Greece (abd unacknowledged loans ‘tom Eayp0)" was ound and contest ty the Arab Grek bokson se ce and Pitonophy were gathered fom the monasteries ag aries thee ‘Wit the ela and politcal stagnation f Bynum and Peri hat bas a ar come aout daring that ime," had not been forthe tl ofthe Arabi hit Section, many af he monk ance Greece woul nothave come dw i= By the eleventh century the Arabs were lef atl fom the (Greck many mos uous ihe unknown to Westra Europe” Ie ‘led among tse ere Avsoxenos Harmonics” and “Rhythmic”, ‘Krsote pble ms’), Enclié (Homans and "Canon ), Prem monies) and Nkomachos (Harmonies) “Asa conseguence mise war ecogized as oa ofthe couses of sient sys found in the writings of A-Kidl (Le. 874, Aarti (6 899), the Baru Moss (ninth entry), Tabi iba Qua (0 901), Mahara fon Toga (4,932), AlFarabi (2.950, the Tahwan ALSafa" (en cetsy) Muhammad Im Amid AlKawarizm (c- 980), Hp Sina (abo Known as ‘Avicenna (1037) and AT Haskin on Zl (8.1088) “Athough muse conned fo exer inuence with the advent of Ila {Seventh century) amor bange neces neon” This 93s facto eligous conser" Trains ching msi 25 una u incld: hil (Satan) was the fst who wed and he who sang” "no oe is {phisveree in sngng but All sed wo devi to hs souls" "Mic hdsingng case hypocrisy to grow nthe eat ale makes corn OW.” ‘Another poss tht songs sungty women long wih staged insrumen's fre apocalyptic und crinlyaweice by wien mani seduced by Satan {Convenes there ae eligi altos condoning music. One example ‘ould ute Alls sot sent prophet except wih 2 Paul vce.” ‘Neverhcles, music was conde undesirable bythe Iwate and sanctions were ingsed onthe singers an players. esl authors S008 bepin to sck our ways to econ he cotascoyshuaion. Among Dem tre i A Ra of Cordovan Ton Khal f Tis, who wet on Thenegaive andthe postive.” “The most celebrated singer ofthe ery Islamic pig was Tui (also “Tuas He snd ie the one who lasoduced ryt no Abie mise He accompanied hil ith tambourine on songs i he here) mel ‘yt: Oe ob msicansfthistine ere Aol Hit, Sib Khater, Nise As th teacher of Ton Sua and Med "Nash Persian ba reat Jntuence among Arab musician. be Mesayeh ws the singer who itodueed the greatest umber of mew modes. hn Suraj was one of egrets of the Tounvers of Ambie mesic ‘Astor i ated repuding the singers Ibo Sj, A-Garid and Mabe nis ‘sid har on Emi visting Mecca when the dce were ete wanted 0 Banish Allinger Angry a the raling Ie singers gate public concer. Nabe began to sing, and steed the aience profoundly. Next ALGathd sang abd there Stas general lament Atlas came Sur who sine pach tama it the whole iy aug he conngon, and hastened othe Eo ave the fower evoked” a Golden Age othe Moor ure 1H, Darabubeh re ar Tomi Sa Cases a 2 ‘The women singers who wee the most singuished were eto--mia and Jani, The forme was give her name beau of he graceol gestures and ‘movement in walking. and wis sid Yo be very essa with amicable ‘antes, racfl conversation and grat egaee of ile inher expres “Tre other mins shold be mention amongthe ret eneaton of nse who Ii the founaton of Arabian sn" Tey st Tbe Mos, Mad, nd Mali Mor sips of bm Majeh, was the ft stp of ‘ers to musi twas oom opie by those muscians at lowed bi.” “The enowned Mabe an Ata, was a pupil a Sib Khater and Nast He ores composer and rest singer, He was il acer who ned many ‘mous singers: ‘Mecca and Medina were he musical contr an there wor no singer of rest fame found elnewhere. "The sss Nourse in ne eons att Mecca and Medina because in thee cles dal the Arabian flies of ‘welh and lncage wo mused thee the sumpuory at and othe le tnets of cute belonging to tei conucred neahbos Thus Arabic ‘use was bot not by spntancous generation nor by Itc exalation of Indias. The melade mater! was dawn from ancien ciation tnd ws sis aooring to popular taste and presented by intlgen professionals" a The Abyssinian Aviston igure witha magutceat singing voice emerged curing the time ‘of Propet Muhammad, whose place in history woud forever be endeared mong Muslin. His name s Bll Ton Rab, te fs cae (mae) © [aye in slam. Born in Abyssinia (Ethiopia he was a forme slave. But ‘Omar thm Alsat the second Caliph in nam the ade sponse for completely desiring Ihe throne of Pera and seduced to shambles the foundation ofthe Byeaniom empire, desrbed ial a “our msi.” To Masims his nme personifies endurance steric ad determination” Ace ortng to Wayne Chane, "Bilal was the prophets closest fens, who ie The hereafter was chosen by the prope protect hia." was the oie of il at was geo il he "Fault per. Bil had ben a sve to Urayyah Tn Khalaf an, having bees bom in Mecca oa slive mother would probaly have remained ve Bat opm arng of Muhammad andthe new religion (lm) e oer esr to ear more abut Muhammad and te revolutionary quan of this new ‘eligon” (ce and Equal). When is Mase (tte Ova ener) ear ed embrace slam, che was savagely besa afr to oct ‘im o abun ll was taken wo the dese dak uo baring stones an covered with ange rok which was cared by sever men, HE Golden Age of the Moor igre IR ALOwd. 7 ao igure 22 Tar ao Golden Age othe Moor a oo ss ldo renounce the “one God” (Aah) and mention the Kos A-Laath Sad Azza, Repestely asked t deny his newly foun celigion Bilal only uted ‘Atad Aad (Gi one) the evening he was by chien trough {hestrees of Moca wih rope around hin sk then ikon back night s0 they cold "argin wi in” Laing fo ays the toi oly ogg the me words tothe mouth of Bal “Ahad Ahad” When Prophet Mobsmmnad’s closest compunion, Abu Bakr (St Caliph of Ila) heat of ths, be went to Unayal abd paid im a lige sum for hs weasel Taghésdl, who oars the story of Bila’, tlls ws how Muarnad tra vey Bewod fo sce Dia ce forthe fst time in hit Iie fer the ‘gation ote mesenger and is followers to A-Maitah he asked illo Bethe fre marathon nt, whose dy wa cal he KF prayer five ines iy. "When the Wa broke oat between the Musins and Qurish, Bila tok pat inthis fiat bate In Ts, the ttle of Bae tn Bl hoor, Propet Mohammad chose Ahad. Abid as the slogan of his teat bat. Together ‘ith Mora, ial parcipatd in al ates in defense a sa. Whe Mubimmad and 10,000 Muslims marched int Mees eight ear ter st ‘cor the ropes, accompanied by Elland ther eed companions ‘ett AL-Kab he Holy Temple aly Abraham, and destroyed al he ‘Sot ial eimbed ihe wall of AF Karas, the mon sare shin Ia, tnd wih 4 beaful and solemn voice he calle the ffl to payers ‘Thousands of Muslims epeatd ater Bll. "God ithe Greatest ‘Upon the death of Makammsd, Bil mae 3 rquet of the Caliph (Abe Bak) to slow hit to contin fo "agate inthe pal of Allah" But Ab Bakr wand ill 1 remain in Mein nd comrue Wo call payer. Bla replied“ you feed me fo bene your own slave lett besa. However, You fed me fo the sok Als, etme gto him” His wes were grated 4d he joined the “Soldiers of AlN” whose mision at at ime Was fo Hea Syria fom Byzantine oppression and domination. Bll made his fina eal to prayer when he sisted Ont (he secnd Caliph of Il) in Syria He ater dein thecity of Damascus, alin he promise Mubammad ade, hate ws" mano prane Ie sid that had longs othe Say when he cul jon he Pret Muhammad in the Howse of Ete. The Clase Schoo! The musicians who mos personified the “lasc prt Ashe mas of| that tine were Iai AM an is son hak They wee the mest ‘enowned musics Inthe court of Haru Rashid Bon of Noble Pesan "lyin Kf in 740 AD. (125 of the Hein lah ved for 2 tan n Ms (rom which he tok his mg). In sea shee at igure 25. Maczl's calf prayer a the rain of ia of Ayn, 306 Glen Age ofthe Moor she mot tat coun ad mre an Aa one He he ‘red ypu songs inte own of Medi says Ribera and sought information Stout ed Arai mae thoughout th jaz hough consrsation with aged ‘non. i aegusng such uve ccna Kw edge al Ie ws 0 ‘catimsic nich eG oot kaw and ie said ht each of the ‘ee nger nad only speitzed i one syle, "oe in Allegro, anther in Slow movements But Ibrahim AL-Mosali his on Ishak an on Sura fie sles and he were “ie only ones rahi’ compostons were “ido member nine handed “tee hundred of sapein mers re hundred ‘Staverae vl, ike hose of orinary composes and Hee hundred of ile ‘wort “Accorcng to Agin—“one was so outstanding ast be comparable ony sine thee Bet work fea thc! one BY Hak, one by Fe, and Te thr by Sayae™ ‘Tbuahin Ar Mosul followed st ues ng andar of musical compost tian a sach was an "eerplt of ease ste” Like al serious ms ‘Sane id not este tori pemonal ber on the pat of the ‘SSeeotnt who devine om these ules" “an example is given of his masefl musicianship, Keenes fea, ad scrupulous oning, When the singe Jari pai 2 isi ahi oe ‘hing female msisans were roeghtoutoemerain him. They sang, azo fpunping Themselves one mode cal Ton Jari noticed that among al he FE (Ao), one string ws ut of fne Torah oun alo, sad tthe BHT nthe ued hte: “Tightn the second ting of your Inte.” She Emit, ad threat all wnt well “showing tha, wile hn Jun cook ‘Serr tatone sang was pity Train could det he xt string™* Tora was» teacher of many pupae whom was his on Isak Many musicians staced wih is and fesved the ighest pies inthe rarer wien they had received thorough tating from Train, 36 meence he amass fabulous wean ound by lions of iver enn” Taha, hs son dd mot have the voice or oer quaicaion of his athe but excelled n "nial enuiion and eccal knowlege ike his ates, is {ecicl Knowledge did mt come from oaks twas derived rom observ tn, experience, and ect fnvesigation of music as it Was thet PE foumed.* Head nt only ret eowedge of mai, He new the 015088, fom thse of Ts of wih thes 1 istngih all the mele a sts "beter than anyone eae One historian describes Inbk sone ofthe ‘Testes msicons inthe annals of Arabian maic™ He was ppl pot oly ns fate ato ber famous mses of atime his nce Zl and ‘Ai Bint Shah. In aon to beng a grat musi poe iterates ‘Allo jurconsu beta one of Bagh sage bras aid SShetclawerdon ipo fom iawn and” Same oy a a - cian tout an i ae works he ban doe Sceardingto Yabyaitn Al (91) -Iehak wes he mot eared the pope Of stim msi, and he wnt socompished of fem als branches fd the Bes performer on he od ad mst he ernst of me ‘ale carr ric, who classified melas soll according shyt, he went into mre deta of tune an tempo an ab inthe determination ot the fundamental notes ofthe accompanying srt, what we woul al indy te hey or barmone basso he Scoomparmca wisps combinations essai ete on who inmeucd he veo ae Ite sopan eit proves bees sdpedto hve, for aug his ant sil was watched is natal voce ws do be nein OF Cove beasts a amie sown songs more when hey ee Sing by ober sila * "An lstation accompanying this cst shows Iam ALMassu ply ing on faly ued uc "without te tenets beige fac” Tas Semonsiraes somthing which al who Pave musi experience ecgnize ‘And tha that musicians “ising equal temperament and ama wh transposing, can make a tation into “any resus ke.” So te lt player te plans ay, “de to emgered pitch” arspose, wed ‘hp nd fig tanya ay tet te Hm a Naumann say: Ambros ars thatthe Arabians had no knowlege of harmony. This an assertion to which ann mse, ea sy respect | forthe judgement of 0 eared 3 msi storm Sach an option woud seem tobe conrad y the avon rate of Orem, and eget flowers am, vi hat of adn i of pedal ass oe melodies This price i sll prevalent in te Ess. Beles, ei acompanying instruments coud wot have Been sed merely for stengtening the mcd bevy, and have stil he oiet outing ely by chon, rape orate Vistorisdeba ove the characte fey Arabic muse in tems fis baton, rhythm an expesion. Some Bele fra asi unsons “but here are song idan ht it wan abn harmonic: Use of ta eo ora ad gps tht ode san sige ey mst have been “harmed” Song hs period ae de scribed by hsrian xing "Al-Mosu's cssfeaons” tay "ccorng loth seca atibts: (1) thn) Gngeing poston a he neck te late") (3) Satematng axe of principal nate combination wih 2 Sesinday one” We ean oth ast sien Inter perspec by ‘oposng hat a mode or sake was wed harmonically And ha fated Theta of fundamental nts of what we tow eal herder” “Acorngo Rea “The eae thea fe 0 nines one toward a 08 Gotden Age othe Moor belie inthe existence of harmony in Ara song, This scale Was never lane ty the ese sng compsed of terachords or exachords Bt ‘Sty as octoves and hie divnon essentials harmonic: Abu Hasan A Bia Na (Zia) the Cornerstone of Spanish sie Art and the "Andalusian Upc melee system Genel the “musi nitions othe Eas” sed noah west ann splot te conervasn of egos scholars, Became pat of Aalsan ce NAC eligos lw impnedsnctions om musica moss ‘Sh penalise sling boots or amas ow sng According these “Ltelswsn tbe boos Sant Moslem joc ier ena [Rite it to tundl ping was tnd iin. The public aes wtccw pn intaconwof te egos aw, sd zesous joes comp Tih he lu othe ene of ordsing the dein of semen found ing cud tug the ss However nth dust 8 he Ose tron sured dyed ong A Anas “fc ise Oyyad fer Abd aban I hep sings io is cour anoagleottandagaings wee sought fom he Oe AP Hak iin Bs esp ao brought oie court many celebrated gers thlng "Alm a'Zateos wh sang wih ges at a whom Be Pld ISeniy Mala female inges aie fo the ean daring the eign of inde omen cada Alvanand FaA Madinah who wee Boe A Real andteceted musial ings Baghdad and Metin, Wey 98 ‘ema famons fr composing modes she cou of See “Rt Wa fom Aan Egypt na ought the court of A= alma I Desere sr yung an pat snd one Who sone ate ou tthe Emin so hin tate wl ae deed slo muse ithe had fot the adie of Tn bin Sta, Cancer of Aba Talent, who cunced hn to eave sh pession so 8-901 Be Hinde nn policy. ‘Bul singer nose lane ecpsed al ters was th singished msi cian Zr ob arived in AAs n 822A, Bom in Mesoptai 0 9 AD sre ume nas Abt Haan Ah Naf at he was row Zaye Blackied) "Iwas mn appellation given him byte people of ‘atte mun bene fhm hacen of Wi Succhan amity oitenper (Zab Sing the nme or ey toca sbi bd of Ct plage ich be fund ht Coun, ‘avery set en Zara Zero Zara). ‘SecA png nee ai = “The occasion of Zyah's or Zaryb) coming to Andes slated by A Maar Zajad waste polo kak of Maus ak was the famous Isiian Ju wl mente, who Ted in Baghdad rig th egy of Harun Aas. Under this clerated professor, Zayab ert musi ad Singing. He som made such progres an Sayed oie voie aed 2 god ear and exquisite laste, tht he shorty srpased his own maser and A ie people of Bagh give his songs preterenee over Tow af hs However hs master seemed nto besa of frp sapriry wt the Calpe for im nd sh en one Ete singe nd ‘ed performer wh was note known. Mik mene Zayas pop spoke of hi in hese ems: He fa een oy fami once ead msg in so ender sana wih ch ul ta dt esis io fake him with me, and make im my ie, be has since very mech improve, a wher he knows he ows ome, who fund eas lens, and bro them to light so grat hae Bee his provement ode my 5 sik enp acute Rove wvte ston tween snd xt Figure 4 Moors on coatsofarms af medina als aes. ais Golden Age ofthe Moor 2h te mere so man) spectators tat Cay ton Hal Benet Une Recaaattne aca eee ‘Studtpae he autem pe fhe ‘truoo hel ut To pry Homage hun ame the thes of Sons a hog He aoe was Lacy Nee ob wan a Dr. Googe Bagstune Hasson, an autor on Shakespear, sms hat Shakespear fll in love with Lacy Negro ony lose Re fe he Ea of Southampton. De Haron makes a fre mote stating teen “The ‘oey Negi I would ent asthe Dark Lay of the Sonet he woman ‘whom Willa Shakespeare fs sai to have weltea thse ioral lin Dr. Leslie Hosen, a man of brillant ad unrtodox schaaship and an ‘expercon Shskenpeat aller exbusive research hows ute ight on Licy eos before she chimed Shaenpeae he ad in harmed Ooeen In the England ofthe Tador monarchs in he fcenh cenry ander backs were very much in evience a parla show, Lando clef [Lond Mayor's show One lack knowa as "King ofthe Moor” mounted on “io” and recess by oher Africans eating bas of gol, would Head the sow. In 168) hislorn woe “Othe Lion i mounted young Alt Prince aed in a very ig habit. with gold In seat of gold by Bis sid: With one Runde ol olden Bid, inte oe St George's Baer tnd repesenth power” Such were te scenes i varus cles ding he {wiligt ofthe power ofthe Moors ip Europe. Anoter Kind of ican was ‘aking ent ino Europe hs time not as eongueor, Buta apve Bat hat ‘Sanother sory with ric dimensions eto go ck the angus Ut SchollyAfican Moors who peopled he teria Pensa odaher ess of Uatbckward content of Europe. They wee the sto nate benef of ization and ncholarhip to a coninnt sunk fh very bys of Vulgay arm Scoble as David MeRithie produces enough evidence to rove thi ae of Ai ‘ans (Moors) vedi Scotland and ar of Englnd well ack in the eth ‘enury. He writs "Our language stl tins te memory oth pesee nd poe on 0 3) tha ‘eaning bck manson asco econ Sy sa mney ‘fought anya, one Made te word an sey em Sake Gh hi fay Se wpe sy ‘hp te Mors Te kearig sg mo song nn Coot Ss rt of thin sasanaton. nd the fore presen oft ‘Nido dient seer Grane MoRitchie ges the names of many of these faniies (Moorish) whose ‘ames are quite celebrated n English story, One of thee te ttc Douglas fai sai to be one of he acess ofthe preset yl family oF Brian. A Thabo, JA Rigrose, explain aout the founder of hs family Aout te ut 70 nthe reign of Shahi King of te Sse Dol Bin ofthe Weer er htig ised Sad and oa eye ia sate: ean ale an ied compe se Ai sch nga eco fe ped ots oy it coo Seen ange ob gh“ ew ‘Metitchi furher sates hat the most evesling evidence ofthe Moorish ‘ign of hese moe fame are “the hik-lipped Mons" onthe oa arms Many ofthese fis sil cary the name Moore, Bay’ cycle stale nots on pages that "Moors head he hevlicet for he bead of blk or nepro tan.” MeRichie contends tht he cl ein of ‘hese noah families stems rom the fact Ta here were blak peoples (Moors or Sites) domed in Send as early a teint an tenth tures, Added to ht, some of the Bearers of he isnt othe Mo's bends named Moore. Among tec arte Rt Hom, Willa Ponsonby Moot, Far of Droghed; Moore of Hane Moore of Mor Lng, the Ea) Of Ames; and Morison Bel f Oterurn. Them cording to Barke's scape," the bbl of Bish aristocracy. the costo he Mages of Uondonery consis of "a Moor wrested aout he temples a an a 6 Golden Age of the Moor boli in his hand » shi ofthe ast, grsshed or charged with he sn in fplenr, gold” Heat of sina coat ob-ams ate the Ea of Newburgh ‘Viscount Valenti, wos familys relne to Amasya whos ars bea ‘Moorish piace im armour, ng, Baron Whitbsr ‘MeRithie malnsine that these mble aris were descendants of the Moors ofthe ver ear centres who Hal bee eed oul Ie Back man Final isppered by mating wit hes ony Me wot ‘No tga could ate he presen of oe lod and ein ote ‘Soe eine nent voi tear ie orame guineas fearon yay ae ce nay Mangan an ven oft Negra hi imesh pers may be ne or may Seton i ng te ges ex tah ieee Te fee Bas wo tet bcs poe ut soe rete mule snd many ‘deter an Chess "orepi user ae mse we pepe ‘ep in compute pes gue mse “The fale with the ame of Moo, Moore, Mons, Morin, 00, and cuter devatives of Moor had Moors ab thee aneesors, stated David ‘Meith. Families with Woos in the coats arme ranged from Sci 0 Foland and included Britain, ance, Gena, Helland, tal, Swiveran, Poland, Denmark an Sweden. MeRichie wae onvineed that some Asean ‘lod ws lta mixed with Norman bla, which he I word in Bish sive blood" Listed among those were the Mores, Ft Morces and Mocnuartices al variations of Moa) A need writer on heal, Lower, says ofthese August familie: “They are supposed io be of Moorish Wood thee progenitors having come from Aca by wy of Spin ino vous ‘ountieof Westen Eup,” ‘No aly dd the Moor ip bir European conguet eave their learning, thcircalture thse ats Ther lod, he lod of Ain, wasto remain ow in the sins of anya European, be ewisoca or commoner Fall itis lett now to investigate, n some deta that cure whieh these Isic Slot Ati for tbe bento Europe, parc Spin, denen more So Portugal is this Alcan curl hertage whic set i moun the expan of Eutge european expansion on global scl ane chronic rom he st yea one fceth en. Byte coming of the net cantar he weed know © reste man fad each great roporionso span ames te enti earth's {phere The explorers, Da Gai, Calman, Cat, Cabal, Magen ad ‘any thes had brought Earopeane tothe fais reaches ofthis plate engin ovon wht fas er called the glob epoch of Europea expan a Scoble - oo PA Se het ow ES ure. Family crest rom Ursin showing Moorish woman. Nol {pied Moors on tect atarm. Hiri Dail Mac che tear nad ome of tse aie tomes were descendant athe Meare J as Golden Age ofthe Moor ‘When te reasons fr this mammoth expansion inthe size emu ae examine rah apa sl ene Top ely ae the pr Aca plays inprovsing he earning that ggerel sepa Sethe care ef Noth Af. he esa of Cemal AVS a he tupmen of Moorish sence st of. pt of explorations wh a talon crcammagton ofthe lobe. "Th pen pu ayedoy alc insopping he krsng whch eased he expan ibe as hs had ier if 3 xpsue inthe Wings of Siorlas-The question a never posed so wy the brian coum were inthe forcton of ths pabut expen Te Batch the French, the Dutch Th lan owoed te sige at Sul underske hi joey. The ites alo posed the restr isn fr tch an enterprise. Ye they Sid pote the ad. Wit eget To oeress exarion they Wet lays aig wey tein fc bean One may welsh th oi why vas at SOr Ta gue sly th anor tt hooting aor which Sin “Sp Prop pu fi theirs ie woth the montane ithertanc am Aton, Thee coll, it, sd shen eee they inhried om the Moors ples Spin and Pops well head of te fetot Europes bckwat an ising nthe rk pes. Mote tan hate ows (Ani and Bote) stck the low ick somped he decay of 2c Spin and exslshed Mor Sp. Ths Spnsasto herald one of ‘ie bugles catenin Mistery of Mees arpe Poul {au played neal lea bag ts about Peer Toman Ton [Td Domino Unc nd ipo ley when Be sted Ben hemi ft i eng of ee ‘Seton of chen re ewe nd wer the mt famed rough afes, Spun, Slit mach away ano make he Cordova, ele id Taleo rersigd be cene of Moot cule ad scene Sens om many couniesof Wes Earpe wr made welame Site unveils of hse the i. na at Codoa that Geter of ‘ara aed maser oer mater. Tis aed fit no ‘then ne came Pope Sverre as of Aric umeral i the La [Wes The wors of Ark Sppested in Earp hous he Morin rn ener of site eaing rei Told even toh ha seznteconusedby Castle 1085s, many covered Mors and evs ‘costed memati stops snd safe volumes the ‘RtetAbs in Lava of tw Alera of Toledo pee © Meera ams ge work ne te ons wat sco ae «series of stooomica bls based onthe work ofa group of AftArabs {nd Jewish predecessors, Those suis, known a the Toledo Tables con {sine wot nly astonoicl material but geogrepia! information, swell. “They were translated nto Latin nthe elhcetury by Gerd ot Cremord, “who uadeook mst fis workin Tole, By then Poraal snd Spain were fa ahs ofthe ret of the Europes nuns in intelectual atzinment This advance was mate possible bythe prsimiy of Afi to Spin and what hax hoe igh termed “the gare ‘ces ofthe Noth Afcan Berbers” I ws these people of Noth Aca ‘who bret this eecual mosphere and the advantages of thr Gi {ation nds pa thone Teri couse a the very front and caved them, Indeed, ote the parce of Europea lol easton The lovasion ofthe Moors onthe Iran Pennela a 711 was wigan ean aspes. Fist afew thousand men took over he govenmet, Seven ‘emis ter they were ls driven out ofthe sen fe hou red snen In tetwcen tose hinds of years the majonty of te population of oth Spain and Porogal was lft comparatively undisturbed, Profesor "amin givesa vey revealing aosount ofthe sun Spi a Poros Arn these seven handed pls years ‘The overaeming mj of he people ude te cpt were he ‘anc ole moe donde wes cette wet a Spank Fora the Crim mlrsispsel epics pons pet che Moslem alr The arte seine we ante ole Serpetelc Sng cine Mon he kad in tc coeomeing cara if ore Spin ne et ‘ibs ba ate were Aan, wh ne eat he ee ‘Simied eth Sae Ten oth Faber whan ne Chan Felon. ofcoure nts etod vere este sce aie scheme atin nd aldo an pe uc ‘Sai the ha boa tore od cai he Most leo Ses omic o boom uals othe slang ets oh Macs ide lows {eas inthis imetecualy vanced civilization in 1304 that Prince Henry the Navigator was tor. By tht ine tnd in he flowing eeatury, Pore jedi o pssess eultire that had noel ai of he Pye, Ths oltre ad tateled wiht African Moos for Ace and came int ull ‘ossom most in Spin bu during the oops, Portal was ane at ofthe Cordovan caliphate Eminent scholar hve aged ta the ales Of he Portuguese in geography and navigation have came out of isch ‘Atsican beige Int, long beloe the bh Prince Hen the Navigon, the Spanish and African Moots hal eel in these scinces. Protest anuton explain wy he Moor eid jeeminene neal sons 380 Golden Age ofthe Moor Figure 6 Royal Heralds on Horseback, somimonine Kg Henry VIL and thc canst to using tures dom Fevers 1 ere i ie GuenCuin One romps a Mor Mors were Seuble ast hich s essen inthe science of aaigaton, claiming that it cold be traced to thee religion ‘treed emioy spittin hay a ‘eesneces forkimio le the eopapaia ordinates eto, Se Sta ea ih fon, Ti gy ome “The Ato-Tberian Moots were responsible fr alt al the gngraphicl lore mich te Europeans, primal he Paraqutse snd Spain, et lob expansion. This knowledge ws vided int the ma catepre: he Systema geographer and encylopediss who lncposted the foe of he iets with he discoveries of ther contemporrethe snore and {rosie who set oat he groundwork for nition an certo an, Tony he wavelets and cllecors of travel accounts, thu proving the Aesctipions ofthe word. Dough tligton and trade the Musi world placed peat sake on vel and mote has anyother peoples ding hose fas eemoris the travelled the lengh fd ead fhe known wold. By foot camel, donkey and cows, Masimseneed remot lan, Of the travel count valle a that time wate oaratve of fon-Btah clle the ‘mos widely avlled scolar ofthe mide apes nthe fuente be {versed the ete spn of Maslin conte rom China Gunes, Atother Moorish wie, Tb- Havel, who wrote darng hat nad hat slaves ery and gold dst were imporan tems the Mesieranean rs punt the vent of the Moslem writes wien informacion about Aiea wis very scat indeed twat thewe sere sho caused information about [Altica and velo is interior reach Fsropen ears, especial the people of bra and Sill One sob rveler with hose wings Prince Heny ws ‘ery fair, was Iba-Batuah. In the year 1352 Bath pented the Interior of Aca and produced the most complete porta ofthe Acan peoples up to tat time. Bata had meticulously kept chroma rate of is Travels and poted how vey well he got ox withthe Teal ‘aes in the ates that he visited, He mde mention on sever cccsons of ving received gts gold dat rom the Arc monarchs. Ths Koowlege rove be of ra! value, not onl to Prince Henry, ut to th ter ean ‘explorers who were 1 lain vas tnd mae for Prag and Spi. esas inte teenth cer thatthe precioon ctl in Earope Hd bse tasty depleted due fo the demands of enormous foreign fade andthe ‘very couly wars tht had ben oughta were sl ag place, During hat Peto ue tothe tation of eel eve, buly goods fom the wea ould rsa he beat cost of ing cared othe East The valuable pos om India, Chiou andthe Spice Kinds. which were taken owtan, hao be pd in gold und vert eps Europe could depend um er own mes at a2 Gulden Age ofthe Moor withthe depletion duct he eos of er was, her merchants aed with Barbary sng gol taken from umes Conequey was he Supe that with ber gold shortage, yer sll equa thal precious commodity, rope would turn i Afra as an untapped source of supply twas this sortge of gold and ote pecous me In Europe which prompted tet peetation of Saharan Ati Prince Henry an all his scholarly associates had grat knowledge ofthis Infomation sbout the science ofthe AfoTbran Moors. The Poragasse txplorers ecame wel aware tat tule the shes of rn that old ‘supply he vast amouns of gold needed bythe crown of Portugal was these ‘wo fctor wich were the primary objectives or the Portuguese exploration ihe lands of Aca nd the Inf, These tvs emalned of parsmount Iporance uni the death of Prince Hey ia 140, and afer Proesor arulon concluded tat "The background ofthe African Moot an the are ‘of Alan gol broke th eters that Bound the Exropea fo Europe Mach prs as heaped onthe royal ead of Pine Henry for he grea part be payed in he early Portuguese explorations. He has even Dee Inoalz inthe volumes of hoy as "Prince Henry the Navigator” Bt (that remained ad alot unite i th pages of the Misory of rope and sgl expuasion i th very vil col that the Moors played For, wihout thelr scholarly wigs and their extensive mastery of the sciences o navigation, cartography, stronomy and mathemati the voyaBes ‘ofthe Portuguese and Spanish mould not have taken pace hen. Ye Prince Tenry bas reaped all the por. tp ing sboat thi Profesor Hamiion hos relight on his legend and gives honor where honor de: race ety Ba mee ny fom the nd of ven the ged of (aterm ‘The inluenc ofthe Moors ringed fre fl in Earope; anit as so been ghey Furopean wes ae the Aico were rvetckevetaly to Afri, Some bone historias have deplored this bear and sought {0 incl the whole sony of tbe conquest of Europe by the Noor ihr nals: Ope such scholar wes a William Draper, Profesor of Chemisty td Pysilogy atthe Univers of New York in the ater years ofthe neceah cetyl is elie work Mistry of the nlleca! Develop mono Europe pubsed in 1864, Drape sated ls scab $ ea, rine Henrys mavieati Figwre7 The fous Ros des Venta, the rientary compass of stones contracted by Princ Henry the Navigator 4 i i a i ] i 2 : f E : i | E ast den Age of the Moor ‘Mohurmediuns. Srely they camo be such onge heen sie [ref sms icc be cd Te ist of Moorish achievement is endless. Dr. Dezper asks So bk nonin ornaeteae sere at data tac Sateen iceenomenae ane Se eek iain See Inoter lds development, the Moors ef Portugal a Spi ashes “ofthe et of Europe Tey set an example of skill srcare culating lt lating any new ones reding cae an sheep and ne horses “Tatham Europe owes nioducon of poducts kere, ug coo and tlltbetine gen orhar fats loeter with nny less importa’ plats Sch a pnach and saffron. The ule af ik was brought bythe Moors ‘nd they gave to Xero and Malaga bets knowledge of winemaking (ome thing for whish be wo nesan ours have cama wow repaain)- Bur the sory docs not end ere The Morish conqueror intodaced ths ayptn system of irigaion by Mood-gates wheels and purge They als ‘romied many vial branches of indus: improved the manure of Tones, abies cates, fo, and tel: the Toledo swovd-bades Were aluedeeryhere for their power On tet expulsion trom Spain and Portugal the Moors cared te manufacre of kind f Tete, which they were acknowledged fo excel, 10 Moroco, es known thoughout he ‘wold os excellence as Movoeca eather. The Moots sen intoduced inventions of more ominous atue—gu- ponder od alr. Te canon thy tsed appears to have Den forged rom Strough oa But of mre valve to Prog and Spin vas the intodacion of the mariners compas: someting which aed he explores of Terao 8 ‘sonrol of an expanses ofthe New Word “Armed with he gun is manatee possible by ranpowder bought bythe Moor nth thir ship sig tun sal soles and steal ‘Spon alle ivetone of te Afo-Ara Moor. the Portugues and seabie ass Spas set salt ob te esoures of exes athe Words of 3 Ghanian hol, Samoct Kennoty Yeboah, "The Europeans nlesshed» comeeted nu nsome eu, penal (eg the aborigines and some of the Arent) flav agai the reo he wor ‘What were Spain a Pup lie when the ilstrous Moos were ally «tive of from these Theran lan? They Je fing the st senses eat ites with magnificent buildings, gates, ste and cal apd {hilzation far surpassing tat of the rex of rope The ey of Cordova, ‘de heir adminsration, as highest pois of posi had te than “ZonOaD houses and aver milion abun At aight one cold walk ‘rough tin asap ine for ten lesb the igh ofthe pubic lms. Seven Inde years fer this ine thre was ata much one public Lamp ie london. The seis of Cordova were solidly paved n Pais, cetiris ater, ‘whoever walled ove bis theshold on aay day wuld be covered i mad Tight opto Bl ankle OterIbetian cle hie Granada, Seville Toledo [shoe considered themselves ras in magnifience with Cordova, The lice of he Khali were handsomely decorate, Bul this eat, hi cult, ction wn oti sven ong under the bsrarous hanling by the Christians of Aragon Case and Portugal. “The deed he holy name of religion with is gues its Boosh. ts ‘oppression of man tough it fred of nlc advancement. The {inion of estan ane decay is paisakeny desde nthe words of| Stney-Lane Pol nis classi “Te Soy of he Moors in Spin le il deod he eto ote Moris len est aoromed Sa. See erie Recerca ces {sey Moon Suche nee cons oe et so “The Moorish contact with Portugal was to ave more die consequences for ‘Alsen nd ican peoples. To begin wih ieee of Molin cviation ‘on Europe, paiculrly Portugal cast inked othe effort reconsrot the process by which he Alcan pst wan exacted fom European con sciousness. Tet ite dou that one of the eaten miso th sony ‘va he funding of he Portes stead the elite lan tht ram The st of Discovery,” which Praga, inal from the leanings of Prine enry, erated and copied tom Msi scbolarsip, marks the begniog ‘of he modem sain Enopesn developmen, Tis expansion oe Pre tase ino Aca ad the New Wodd sti motion the encouiers Hee Pagar Prince Hes seabie 387 the peoples ofthe European peninsula and the Atican peoples. Tis wast lead ino the Aamie Slave Trade and Savery, vo of the pretest asters Which AMfcans suffered, and fom which they hve nt yt reseed One Teholr ventas fara to cli hat hs extastoptic meting was fo ode the Negro.” Hwa ths poi at the steepest showed is face the map and the hinores of Europe. "What ha been ignored by EurocenseNsorans—ang this sa deliberate ct is that he Desoing ahd he eration of te Portuguese sate wer the ‘uli of processes bh ciety and indice redo Musimeiation Prince Henry tbe Navgnor has ben creed with hares the eee Por andthe sous the Ordrof Cori withthe sly ensures ‘he most developed Seamanship he mavigational winds coped leant fom Muslin matberatitas,catoprapens, sstonomers snd geogra= ‘es, Where and rom whom this ascetic, celate pd elves of Jo0 ‘ot Avisand his English ore qesn Philips, acumlied hs vant reserve ‘of sientic ans nvigntonal Knowledge as always been played dowa ot Ignored oat of hand. Praga har always goe to ret ent eve that isdevelopment and expansion ito the et ofthe word bean a ison of sown dang without Musi impact and hs lived st sory with sch iment that she was quite succesful Bt by bi, incorporating Bath Imagine history andthe bit of sways fein no te proces of her fthene existence. That why Ht has Seen clad tht all Pongas imperial enterprises he sing effet of Portal in Brain he East Tne, and in Afi the celebated figs of Vasco de Cuma, Alfonso de Alba. {uergoe, Ferdinand Magsllsn, and others; the works of Gil Vincente sod Camoers hav al ben the clement fat ve motivated the creston nd reeeaon the xgins of Potagal With! he ang, ele eaning {nd ast bilane ofthe Afrean Moor this Remsance Praga woukd hve neve, and I repeat never, come aout But tis is condon or realy whi alae aot en to Portugal and Spain but the est ofthe ecomers of Europe, well Eurceiie schol ‘ip cana cameo gis wih hs at of hry and thea raged [sigasoltly no evapasation fo state stoi, tht lm ad povided {orn only Portugal a Spi, bt he ret of emerging Etape a power conic, sew, tse, politcal impale; an imolse shih led 1 European domination of the world. Earocentic schol bos thal the Re Insane aroused Esrne from i Dark ge slumber And they sop at his anh empy statement which as no Caso Reson which ost They ‘hy avay from the tt the tu wath hat bat or Musi knowlege thi !aening would never hve come seat ceraily not he ime a id. Tris mente ta he open foray ita Alin oe lass the seas was inated by Pog wing the Haowedge gid rm Alans Inorer tp congue, oleae fp expo apres a snd ander et 358 Golden Age ofthe Moor Africans they ad captured and chain the pison plantations of slavery “The Moor themselves who wet banished fro Portus sd Spain sued these orl fe tat thir desendais were to ere ow were the Moors rsompensed for heir phenome contibton in civliing Spin, Porugal and ter areas of a Europe steeped in baban 4nd darkness? The sineeem onary English chlr, tanly Lane-Pole Pum pure of Eurpean savagery of he lowes frm nthe genocide a {he Moots. 50,000 af them were brtally murdered on the famous Dayo All Stints, 1570, when the honor fhe apalesand he mays of Christendom vas celebrated bye vital utd of there Moors. No sean ee nilion Moors were baisod by th at deeade ote scvententh cent. Tose the words ofthe Franciscan pies Barhaomew Las Catan, ding ‘be Columban ea when these dastardly deeds wee being perpetrated on he “Moors "Moloch must ave bee inthe ses” Spain and Porygal id not escape rerbtion. Whee once wit andlessing Mourshed,» general stagnation and degradation had fallen oth people std lands. Hitoan re agred tha hey reve thir hamition, Such ‘he eee pice that Spain na Portugal had op for hi treatment of he Moors. As Sule) Lane-Poole oneluded“They dd no undrson at hey 4nd led tei glden goose" ibtography Basango, base African People and Farge Hoda Monta Goo- ‘cane, Nora Rc and Earp New Yo Alcan Pb Co 197, Bowls The Gen Trade of he Messe. Lanon Ox Ushety res, 19 ote. Aim Ems end Chieation Ani and Medi New Yok ‘ican nage Sues abo 97 Babes tes ens Brac and Prag’ an a Ewa pes “Aria ips, 1978 crite DeGratomon, 1. Aan Gey: The Sry of Vane Near Chitin. Der ioe Wil: Hisar of te al ape, Vol 2. Tier it SoG et pee aeneeetsres apts TvThe Amon erage In Eaopen Expnin” Jounal of Ebic “Ses (ep. 1970, Jn th Moh Gx nd Chto, New ye Pack: Users Bs kn eG, Ate of Goda Ser Aut: American Ae Pres, 1990, {Emel Se ws Su 8B Bk Cane MASTS biel rhe wps CAC Cad Regen Scobie as se iol Po Te ee ei a ao sens tegen Keri gcieweacne iat eri ty nc Earns haga aac SO SEF ya eer pn Soest Me ee ers Sa Rei nn a es at a ae PEE rte re Gti SEES Rl trent reste AFRICANS INTHE BIRTH AND SPREAD OF ISLAM Mamadou Chinyel Introduction Lite i own aout the role ht black Aan played inthe Moorish congue eight hunied years of Moors lia he Tein Penis isalso rely unowa hat Aficans played crcl and seminal roles in be ‘ely dovelpment of slam ad is spread actos ort, est and west Afi, ‘Yeu historia evidence reveals fat black Afcans tony parcpated In tosh hese monumental historical evens, bt were pivotal heir sucess. Inthe followings, we wilexpore important eis eee and itary conto that lack Aficio made lar sda pari Ta te le hey plas in Moorish Spa, Afeicans in the Islamic Tradition Since the eveltion hat inspied Mobammed in 622 A.D. Aca have been iv iguresio the development of he slam ath I fa there 500 time Inthe sory of theft hat slam cane disasocned from Arians ‘Altice od figures in Mohammed's insge a African inhi uphringing fan developmen. Washington living, in i Le of Mohumet, ays ht Monanmed was reared by Baska a Aftican woman, afer he Prophets Prather dad D'S. Margolioth says of the sons of Abd Muti Mobamed’s gander, hat, “all ten wns were of massive bul a ark colour? I aoa fact that Mohammed's fist conve wa Bill, Ebopian. JA, Roger calls Bil, Mohammed's “lowest and most hore fend unl his death and goes onto say that most ofthe eae pes vere Afians, including another conver, Za bin Hari, the Propels ‘Moeed son and ne of Ms ret generals” "The cle proximity of Arabia Afsca would so suggest ht here were ample oppatuaies foram lechange of peoples, religion and cosom. Drasita'D- Houston asses that, “Arabia Was originally seed by evo inc aces, an eater "Caste Eiopan” race ad ltr Semies The {Gates were the orignal Arebians™ Not only were the Ebiopans the ‘rina! inhabitants of Arai bu, according fo Cheikh Anta Diop, Acans Steet oly inhabits be eighteenth centr) B.C" Howson puts Ching se Golden Age ofthe Moor cringe ay the aval the Semis in Arabia a ve ar dat, abot 1300 BC* Moreover, obe ancient map of Afi, daw i he basis of Heras Akeseiption of Aen, made n 80 B.C as Aran prominent pa of he mine” Ard th question mus be sie Ar ihe “Two Shore” enon fhe Teachings of Pathe (is pushes abou 2500 Bc areterence tothe two shoes ofthe Red Sea, which separates Aca from Arab Frias the mesningofhe“Two Shoes ester thas the salad farmeny of oppose?" Is unity that isa reeenc tthe tw shores oF the ile River Even with he aval ofthe Serie Arbins sound 1300 Bic the cant inhabit’ of tat land tis ncocsnale tt of the ‘tian presence subsequently vanished fom Arab na toy. Arabia frown ts "Sat Arabia” mamed in honor of Abo Ae Sad, who Rogers stye was a man of Aca Gece! Ung fro 140 fo 1959 and own 5 “te foremos an nthe Ars worl of his time Tras daring the Seni rl of Arabi at sla eerged By hat ine, the Somes or lndo-Euroean al been in Arbor ery 2.00 yeas, Yt the uentonvemais: What he Sent conte to the clue of ‘Aaa Gey Higgs sys tha "its clear tat the Aricn Ein and ‘aie hve originally bee ema" ‘ward Wilmot Biyden ays of Mohammed “when nthe al yeas of tis elon loners were peered Arabia, he and them sesk {Sylum in Ain. "Vonde he sai "Yoder eth» county when 0 ‘mans wronged—a nd igheaumesn’ "When he anc conven ‘add yp it wan rule bythe Eaiem Roman Empire Byzanine- The ‘Byzantine oppression othe Attica ge the Epic Arabian Matis he popu support and, hrc, everage ey needed calege he Eopat ‘ezading © De Bois “te Aras invaded Aiea Eayp, aking om Este Roma Emperors andsecring ales the ative Negro Egyptians, now calle Caps unin Sodsnese lacks. in tit arin. [8] One Or Moharimes wives was a Afcan woman raed May" Apparent iw eign that put the Beanies md Melis aos with oe aie, because both Casta and Iam re federal Alike, Rate was the ctrl irene see nthe diferent ways ‘nic Chri and Muslin inetd the str eliglons. In Jscasing the common origins ofthe wor Du Bols says "Byzantium, though Constantinople, handed Grek eltare back o Asia and Afric, whence «ane At Bad and Aletandria and rio fared anew under sam, sat Arabia’: the nomad Arabs cat ule br sldom originated ‘A Her, we mun be eminde, De Boe teferingto te Semiic Arabi, cause tee is ample cece thatthe Eis Arsin, te Atco, Contbued machi the cle of ham. For etampe, he Was te oc ‘Anat, who wes an Ep Arians lack ht hence was hare "the eo" Ant assole rent fest 4 wasn apt ies ‘as chess. The Moorish Cali Harun js Romancmpies aches seine inh cntory. Here we are Inno Xofalesure clase Moorsin Spain paying ack servants ‘thirecacentay strain om te manwocipt of Canin de Figure 2, Yo Shek (Ob King), which ignites a challengs, chi gave Charman, stemperor of theo Ha ‘hes ing served by bth ie 68 Golden ge of the Moor ‘slic Abia. On his poms was acurded the highest hoor possible for an Arabian wer, Though he was nota Musi is work tags mong the Seven poms at he entance athe mosgue at Mec, Thi collin of seven poems, know asthe Molla, ae cherished by thse of the ame fh (Osigly ies reverece abou a es impor ae, 6 Du Bois 9, “Blac historian, ie Abetaban Fs Sad" who ste the “Bible of he Sodan” the Tarkes Sodan; ad the Take Fetch. “The Sprea falar in North Aion “en years af she deathof Mohammed in 632 A.D, the Mastin congue Egypt and fom tee, conqueror med withthe sod andthe Rora, matched uumphanyscoss North Affe ‘By the ine Isa Began to spread fom east to wes, Noah Ain bat trey sled from the comings an pings ober conquering elements [epinning around RZ? BC ith he Phoenicians, Poe oe ava, om ce, i ould appear fom the wags of Hetedaus and achacolopcal Finds tht Non Acanshadenjoyeda bigh degree of cz, testament to their long history of peace and many. While desing the Ester Eniopian empire ay being the sme 36 Ari, Heroot ln ta he ‘Westra Ethos empire retced far west present-day Ste Leone tnd Lier" Herons, himself led in the fifth century B.C andthe tid 1 which he refers was 1800 B.C, the same me when Alcan Inhabited Arba according fo Ropers and uso ‘Arcacolopits havea discovered cave rang in Noh Aftic which thoy have dated to a pero pa othe Chitin er, The sbject af these Srawings ae clearly Afncan Although there rn faci entre inh of ‘hem, the slupaoes Buti of he omen revel fet Afar ety.” ‘These drawings dpi peopl herding exe, making ire, chien plying, {anda woman and man a animal-deen ert weaving two women and 3 ‘hid sea dog seampersabead of he ea Tere are no European in these “rawings nor there any evince tht th people in he Swings ae sje to he ule of ote. The third drawing fa man caring ashes on Bs track, stadling his shoulders Both he see's wool an he man's a a Tul fear are represented as hang the same course texte, like a of Altcans ‘The invasions of conquering armies began wth the Phoenician, asexgsing people, who sailed fom Canaan (present-day Palestine). The name "Pnoetiin” sell the mame the reels gave to the Caruaies2 And according tthe Bilton, Canaan wa the son of Ham he Aes “Thay, the Phoenician iavaion wa in ese, oe of ene group of ASEAN Frople ssuming power ver anther, Rome supplanted Pasencian rate of ov Atin in 20 B.C, and mainied ts Jminane on 0 A Dy the hinges as Figures. Caspar, afiecath entry Attica aka ho, ofthe Csteran abbey Lichtin aden-Wurtenber athe Upper Rhieresonet Geta ‘The Monrish presence nsothera Earape ast throb rape 6 Golden Age ofthe Moor etl igure 4 Here the highly celebraed portrait ented “Juan de the sevententh century Spanish att Diego language pore” mene partner, tl psnblethat Juan war ako ants Watnagucr whe war commision t do portrait ofthe Roman Catholic pores th portrait af Jaan ax preparation othe commision chines ser ysarthe Vandals, a Germanic, mae heir ir conguestsin Nok Asi The Vandals resined In power vil 530 A.D, when the Eastre Roman Enpi the Byzastnes aed io Constintnople (present-day Ital, feeongred it inthe ame of he Roman Empire Except for at neat period (619-620 A.D), when they ls conte toe Pein, the Byeaioes ‘Somat the region ui 62 A.D, when te Kllowers of lam peared Temust be noted that pir tothe Islamic svason, the Egyptian Aan putin, which wat i the major suffered rely tom the religious {solerance ofthe Chisins (Byzantines) and Zorestians (Pens). .C feGrat-lobeson says tat the Coptic Chreh was the "tr expeson of ‘Nea eationlis "He quotes 1G. Wella saying that, “in bath Persia ‘nd Byzantium i as an ape of intolerance Both empires were theocratic fmpies te fundameatalss of 8 eater age, whose muro fin grey pred the fee actives of the hum mind" These Alscan Cops 0 doubt sa the Afican Mislims fom Arabia libero afterall they were ‘th ab kn. ygen also makes note of he at hat Mbaned never Spoke fof scare on Aries of Africans, sie the Christine and tsi infamous "With he many Incrsios ia Noth Ata aver pein of 00 years, fone question sesms mere prominent han ote: How did these ivading ‘opaations affect the racial makeup of the North Afians J. Desanges says Thane Ain population was not whitened by these asions, In ses ‘he cal pac Be write, talleteld tone of Phoenician erg ho been more mumcrov. The ‘Socgrelccinuln fe onan eaten: Te ‘me 2,00 eaonss woul be thea or tbe Aap ero, ‘chem itty sansa a ogo (fat ine conquerors of Noth Aca, he Vandals lone were not olives ‘whose khan Ain remand in home country. Thi toa populion ignated Aten. But dGrafJohoon sastha te Vandals bbl ad les impacton all amalgsmation n Nh Ais than dhe oe gaps: "eis hat the Vandals rmsine a stine group; tht hey aver ged nko another socely nor were trsformed of odie by ane bt kept Uhemselver slays apart and that evenly, heap thei vey bly 1 adap they peed ‘What appet the fis tha er conquerors came and wen he Now 08 Golden Age ofthe Moor — Cringe 368 Attic racial ident had not ben endamently lee, If, sscnding {Rogen “even ante athe ith entry AD. Procopus, Roms histori, ‘lle the people of Morocco sack ‘One major problem eacouneol in recovering Arc's history is that Afarstvouphou thei long abd vaed exisence have heen Frown BY 1 unless numberof ames. "Bete isane suck ame When the Aca in the mother part ofthe cone ist sumed team ot cei but by thee ofthe Isami congue, this mae was is comon wage Ret ‘Dory says tit the ame "Herber” ws applied fo the pope of Aca ‘pecially tht aglomeration of Beteogencos clement wick the Aras {ound eubshed from Egypt the Allanies And Roger sys tate Berbers cand descent fom the Maza the Negro soir of snceat Tas hese Berbers, converts to lam, who conquered Spain a 711 A.D. ‘Thomas Arold and Aled Gullune a of at congueing army tht, “The ‘soteasy.On the death ot his brother Rashid, be was forced tofight his aephew, [Acne The contest between hers was tnd ead Mua ae aly Aeteating Achmet ns great rie ‘of Basa was done dung the genera’ ie caparig hi. The drawing a0 Golden Age ofthe Moor ‘ead of be is sucesflexpdon ito Spain, Taig Tarik, was nt an ‘Arb but Berber and so wee a lage portion of his follower he atl fgures given are 300 Arabs nd 7,000 Beers Dozy suppor his Jom ran ole but puts the Herter mumbers at 5,000 more than Aol nd Guise 12,00, He says, “The Berbers i eon the te congas of the country [Spun] Moss and hin Aas had meray rape te uso he ‘cory ied by Tarkan is weve ound Berbers ver eae of he ‘sgn Du Bois says tht once thee Berbers conquered Spi the ropes bepan to reer vo them "Mors, ab in “Blacamoots and “Tawny Moos» This is Keeping With fer European languages, sch 5 (German Mauren aod Dutch Moorees. Rogerssastha "heer Grek, the Moors were ‘a blak or dark peopl’ (Mauro) and tothe Romans, Maura black and wooly-ared people” Tnteresingly, inthe oureen century, Duarte Barbosa of Portal ees 0 the lack people be encouners shen teveling long the com of East [Atca~near he horde of Kenya apd Tanzania =a Moor" East Aen theo became pt of the Isic empire. Dar es Salaam, the expla "Toncania meant the land of sm,” Thay i woul appear that hese Alctns ‘reef the sume people as tou wh lived in Barbs native land “These Mou, te Alcan Maslin, gt only provided he rank andi of| ‘he cangueig Islamic army, but als he ledesip. Moorish Leaders in Spa The eight unde yes of Moorish rule of Spin undoubtedly produced lngumerble oustabding personages But he, nparicuay, standout more ‘han ay oer: Tar, who brought Moorish ule e Spin in 711 A.D; Yost fn Tashi, leader ft Almoraid, another Afean Msi group ho _ssumed the ale beploning ia 1086 A.D and aku Al-Mmut eae: of Sill another Afican Muslin group, the Aloades (anti), who > Placed he Almoavidsin 1198.8. “Theft that Rogers does no inch biography of Tarik his Works {Great Men of Color, polished in 1946, raises sme questions aboot Tari’s ancestry, paca since some scholars contend that Roger's eve for ‘Stblising African nce ssometies estan and Rogers’ devas ‘once therefore, that even be eld no ind he hanest of evidece fo (Seer Tarts Atacan ancety Bata two ater works, Rogers dss at ‘ark is an Atican Ist be conclded, hey that Rogers hd na et lcamened this fc by 1946, an not wiling to sk his rey i mt ince Tar inthe volume otrestnghy, though he asequery eatin ‘Tak’ Aca ancestry, be dos nol give at elereces, Sloe scolrs eve supported hin, Du Bon say tat Tso Afean dscea™ DeGrat atmo fers oar an Afrean no Tle tha ve men” Amol a Chinyeta a Gime cal Tr Bester And Dy describes Th Dee? “Sere Ac. which Ans natant type Mine Shor artes ong o Nor Ac in 708 AD. Ta was shes hg of Meco th Msi prem, Msn Noe T's pcr lcd al but Cota ips tens pes Tangieos hch ws ley Con ula onhadees ied pe seh shen unde he of he Vane Kingda sal Jalon ase King Reef pings ier Posen ctl ocurred Tr oleae Spun Ae hating cee perms on ‘Mom Ti1AD. Tuk okseuing fetus oases pees oan von. And whe edad sack Reet nod peed Fiore 7. Malad wt emperor of Merc fom HS 1 12 JA eer i pra esp” Ah Ma! im rad Noro wih Greta Ban te er Sey aoe ata Mos at ee “tute pra ft os ane ea renchmonarch, which acoant dere im thse et mile he facislng nd thin ies fred and whites bse son Sa siksrileinan ar thenos beige nant m Golden Age ofthe Moor its th conguest of Spin. Tarik’ Fores were hel uinumbered the isigs, bat rather tan rete! back to Alac, Tank rled bis legos. "Mn, before yous the remy and he ses ist your ack. By Allah are 10 excpe for you sive in valor and elton.” Hs men rolamed tet Supper fo Tart saying, "We wil follow thee, © Tarik" Rode was Killed and hs army deexed “areook Spi nthe nme of he lami mpi and inthe oes, his ‘ame was immoralied wih a mousan, Geel Tank (hill of Tak of (iva, med in hs bono. Dozy says that Musa was jelous of Tarts tongue hing plone i lend the cngueing sy ims ne he et ‘andod Tak hog, "Why has how advanced without my permission? 1 (rere he only to mak a oa) and immediately to eam to Aca“ ‘AllofSpia Was conqueted bythe Moos According o Arnal the Moors ‘wore welsmed nt ony by the slaves in Spal, bu lo by the lower and Ile clases, andthe ews al of whom were severely persecuted by the {Chrisin Vigo nf, except forthe Jews many of he ter apres Spaniards ieoting many Christin noblemen, convered Islam Parts of ther European regions were congue by the Moor wel Seven year after hcp of Gah Mons iad France a ‘Singesed ad oven tof frsaacn orton Tay gry ed SUR'S cle Senda peo Ft They jen, tapes. and punings. Laer wih Jews ts mires fe) FEbysdiatck mac eo ihe ope“ ‘Thus twas Tak who paved the way orth eight hundedyear Moorish domination of Spain Altough Tank himself never ruled Spin, other ‘Moors dd: On ofthe most slated the Moorish lrs was Yas ot ‘Train "YosU's Aican ancestry canbe documented. According othe Moorish historian Aiba Ab Al in is Ruth Karts (om Beau's reach Acasation) Yowo was “tit brn ale moyenn, sage, pe de are, voix dove, yeux nis ez aqui, meche de Mohamed tan ie ‘out deo sour joins una aa, cheveuxerepus™S (Brown coer, rile igh hin ile Dear soft vice, Back ees, sgh ose, ek of Mobsmmed fling on the top of his ear, eyebrow jose, Wooly ba ‘oud Karas was pubis it 1326, 218 years afer Yess death and 132 years er hie Almoravid Moors lost como of Spain. Bat, benase Yat ved 10 ears nel ose at hie nd parca CChingeta a Ropers gives the most complete account in his World's Great Men of Color Volt. The Alroavids—sthich mean the tlgiows et were masters of nothwest Aca Unie the Andalosin Moors who aaa een in Spain o 300 yeas ese Amory whos sn nthe Sahar vere more wars by vie therein on wich hey lived. Though ‘Sane ac and ligion a the “Andale Alston wee wo rg rally welcomed im Spain At les, mot util they wre needed by the “Aandlsian” Under the leadership of King Alphonso VI nd RosignDiae de Bivar, beter known as el Ci,” te Chisans ha bean waging bate ‘er bate o ela Spin forthe cos. According to Doz). hee of cling she ado he Alors sped hyo he ‘posal Th rina raise sed Sveti hap scorns wn in Ri ie si au Chrtans: but he Annan pe whe ha Tit sympty i he het fhe uty a faa was of ‘he Shore png hin movers nero lary: Ba oe ‘iy waning pet edeed ects pap th ely ong ‘net fe Such ats nas Mum open, en fe {En Rathi po athe anger of aig he Are at Shin eee Tht ue haven ea oe any ‘acndens athe man ha dened Anca py tte mos {civics} tam the ave my mane etn oy Mesem un fn for ey art mall rte’ he's clas Alea need i Cs" [of Toe] peng te pigs of Buthjo an Camas oj wih inn hing aso Su ‘Yesut was invited wit the spun tht he and hs men eur fo Ata ater defeating the Chrisians. Yusuf accepted those terms. According 10 Roger of his 5,00 men, 6000 were Senegalese, ye ark an of unmixed escent" The Almoravids routed Alphonso VIsarmy of 7000 Zac, Jn Occbe, 10862" ‘The Chrisians assembled anate sry and agi, Yes greed defend the samc empire "By 1091 Ves ad reunited al of Moslem Spin exept {oe Zaragoca ad his was recaptred by his sctewor™ Driven bah by fe aphoriaofvcory and incensed bythe weiss of his Moors bee in Spain, Yusu decided assy an le Besides conquering Spit, o Ysa scredi he Almorvids also conquered Morocco and Alger He ssid wo have founded the ey of Martakesh Under Yost rule,the Almorai's emit ran fom the Sengat Rivet th West tic the Ebro River ia Spin ening he umcof the Lio ee “vie Moos ra hn he te Spi, oes en a Golden Age a the Moor “Two Shores When tht power wand they were debvoedy he Alobate Mons 1188, During the Almobaies' prominence onthe world sage, they were under the leadeship of Yalub Al-Mansut-AIMansur was not only miliry elas, he way amano cute. In Beaumie's French aston of istran [All iba Abd Alas text, Vakub A-Mansuris described a, "Eait ls une ‘presse ul aa ete donnes «son pete, i nag ans i mason de son ‘ander, Abd e-Moumen, a Matos an 385" (He wasthe son of Ne- {0 woman who had been given this father and he was born inthe house of his grandfather, Abd el Mumen Like Ysut fon Tas, hs history, published in 3, ays that Al-Mansor ae hrown color andthe iran teas ecoring thes facts mere 127 jot ter APManse' death in 199 ‘Aconding to Roges, Vakub AL-Mansur conquered Spain and Portugal on the separate occasions, Wile nermitealyretuing to Aca. His iory In 189 seems to ave been in ettion for fathers esta the bands of the Chisians in Pomagl in S184, Aterward, ered to Afi a counter "suprising by the Almorvids, Atte same me. he Christine sumed hat the Almetaces could wot manage two tears of war and mae an al-ot 'tack onthe Moorish empire. ALM a his epion of Arian sles retuned to Spa i 1191 to repeat thei eer congue, Defoe apn Feluming to Abi. The ial conqcst came in 1194 when the Almobsiss teed ap army of 300000 Conisons. nis ine, Yakub AMansur was ‘omideredihe ost powerful alerinthe word He was aso bude of great ies, aswel as enduring monuments, such asthe Giada in Seville which ‘ands event "These tree noabe military penises ate bot» portion of he refuae ‘evidence ofthe sigaiicat ole ar Alcan Maslin played nthe conquering {tnd ruling of Spin. Bu thre oer evidence aswel: For example, on 4 Imouaiside at Ganado, there ae the words, “Buranco de los Negroes” (Barracks of the Negroes" inscribed on wha Rogers eras “tunnelle-ut homes” Then hres th oat of arms ofthe Aloravy which shows he heads of four Black Atican Kings. According 10 ove account, the heads of these our kings which were crores with precios wel, were erpiated (Ceepred del tron snr cabers" nb by the Cestan forces of Pedro in 1086" Rogers pained pining of Moorish ces player ia Spain, complete with white servant ake fom the thiteeth entry ‘manuscript of Alfonso Te Sage. On tbe sme pag Ropes showed Wo paintings of Aican Muslims fom Moreen, ore General Bassa and he cond, Pine Must Arche (Rashid). Aa station of Rass trot, Moto fat, wo was King of Moroso, spears Ropes World's Great ‘Men of Color While it te tat te hngdoms of these two Afeaa Mim ler ot cde Spat demonstrates tha Rte Moors Were ‘chingts as sed bck Ais hey retro thir antl which mas fil Tacerthe nl ot people oof spouse be pining by te seventeenth century Spanish ani, Diego Veangcy, eae, “an de Pasa Ae the pining (ow tangas inthe Metoposan Mise At a New ors sey Thur de Pars was ead of th ait wae my mond aed ‘tan wife estes pil of hs ances Tha paig was oe {nods 38 yeem afer Moor wer inal exe om Sp mst prin nd at by ths perme tthe Aan Msn pan ha tetome Choos Une th hich be Christe woud suseqeny do {she Maslin, the Misins ad tlssed te exes of Chistian in Shi ahough tsa costo ax thom hil Juande Pas hving Spans mane ate an Aa) was nota om ay of ont ‘tee Arian Csians who wee peri renal Spin “Azan Maine were mt ony nthe cng sn of Maoh sin, bt made pica contin ser par th ani won. ‘See het pli alae wre ofthe Mille Ages was an Aten, ‘A Sai wrote several bok icading works on toby He best ‘membered for Kia al Sudan a “Blan he Supernay in Gly of Be black Race Over he Wht) Anter Acan Mes, Ned ol ‘cen Ari frm 102090 1158A.. An tees, Yor {Sudan uae in 10 by he Aan Mastin orn Abrahan E-Sa notes fered ashe" of the Sadan "Wh te conto of Afscane oe lacie rom is found Non the pent are ura ob once oven in pricy ‘nds vt asa demonstaton of he high seem Which Acs wee bel Ate beg ofthe Cre, when the nai world was de besny ‘salty the Crass Slain Suan of Eat, aesie ad Sy tune i Ysa Al-Manor for sip Ax Rogers" Darng ne Cann (G0561270) 50 many Negroce wee taken ot of Eos ate Suan Fah the whe Chistian ive tn 1196 Negro oop ayy 30000 Song domed the cou andthe aoice’ The Mable Place, 4 ‘Negi eunuch he Motamen Ebel tcp se fhe os power men nthe pie omy ugh his of Mam ae ot i te Ain aon sndthe owl enn mie ought away eid mat Gt Atian sting, ate inet ety comes cs, lr ‘seine mre wth he Seite rb How it come abt? ‘The Amalgamation of the Races North Africa “There appears tobe sever factors wick contd tthe smalpmation ofthe races of African, Serie Arab and Europes with ie eal 316 Golden Ag o the Mone large proportion of ig-skimed people now nhaiing Noth Afi, We sot forget houp that eves today, Noe Africa ssl heavily populated by dark skinned Alvan simi the original nba of thereon. Once the ail population was conqred ang convert f Ist by semis of Alan Min from he east the Semi Arab xl migted ‘estvatd i great umber, unopposed by vie of ther comon Isic ait Chancellor Willams sys a". be por apd hungry noms rom the vast desert teas ofthe Midile Fast poured othe mat eile an eniy scesible rae ofthis ther land of desert tt Nord Altea Ia the Imigation of hse Semis andthe erosion of once fe land that sm" the Sahara Desert that forced the major pion of the Aces popultion towardsthe nero of he continent As Willan contin, "Forte weaker, ‘more svbmissve Blacks remained in Asia-ccuped [Semi] terry to [ecome save Iborers an slave soles and to witness a rules Sexual trficn Black women tn ge se ane eed of Ato Asin. They {hemelvesbiterl objected to eng entiiedwith he cette ‘Abeas This "New Bred” ballin, was to jin with their Asan fathers and forefters inthe wars td eaaving rien the Bac tat ‘went on century afer century unl all Noth Atca was ake." "Aso conrting wth whitening” ofthe North Africa population was the umber of whites rom Europe brought tee a slaves, Accodag 1 Rogers each ine Yaka A-Mansur ured 9 Afri fom his esmpigns in Europe, he cd so witha large number af white slsves"” Rogers ala ques from eher sources on pubis a 1809 an hehe in 1908: "hey be "Moors carry the Christin capves about the Deset tothe ileret marks "and "Taere canbe no mite abot he econ istry which se ht ious of Chrisie saves, many of them British were sol othe rst white market at Sal" Atleast one Historian sys tat Europeans sold Ea ‘peas ino slavery, the Masi paces of Nonh Aca and Spain." (Of couse not al conquered Europeats became slaves. There were E> ras who converted 1 Islam and sme of he os 1 high rank in Islamic foci es ta eecena ee Soper tng deste oe Tees cureroa tenn has ne withthe mato ha Cinta m hile ben inermariage betes the Mois ani Spanish peoples and The Moos, hemslves, who were fil expel fom Spa in ft. Along ‘sith ihe ihe aforementioned factors hie conibted rely othe change Incompleaion ofthe people of Norns, Conctsion ‘Though the Moos ls military, politcal and economic contol of Spin, ‘eirntueceingeredong ater pyc! departure, Spain od Porte more than ay ter European populations, derived enomoss Beef ro the Moorish ao African Muslim presence: The became fora wie, wold leaders inthe nautica scenes Ad as ot ut 1565 with the ea of| the Spanish Armads) th! he oer European nts were ale challenge them and become serious sivas in he ame of sone an colonization. "Wi Spain and Portugal inthe Tea, Europe ss whole pied ea ‘mousy from the Moodsh elton Tock quotes historian sessing tha, "None of our modern sophistry redeems the guar of Earap rom he fifth the eleventh emtury"" Staley Lane-Poole proves witha most ‘vid description of the contrast Hee Moorish Spl the besa ness he thes European counties ‘paved and there were euised sidewalks for pedestrians. Atright one could ors ine sre feckseetbEoeseaenps tons Cases Sino Shikabane false nes SREDESS Syotin Secaendeeas Spe’ CR en a an a Sten holm eo! then of sce Edson waste Pe eee paar eee ator Erab petaicerpaonremmtestrs te PSIG Eioetvcamnsnstran ams our ae Sui cabo of mtn sven of whch eo Cont “en fay Sel aes we ey ‘Scien etapa tenement Spa etna ap ans Ric Ny eh ha ed et m4 Golden Age of the Mowe “The legscy ofthe Moors andthe Afican Musins to European vision bas ben gel gnoed ide or dened a those who would expose the ttath of Europe's indebdnese othe Moors have been oveloked of locked {ay tam mainstem inforation sources. Yel, even cisay evew of [Europe pir 10 the Moors pescace, provides ample evidence of tet ‘tumbling sound is disorder and darkness. There ean be o dou that the ‘explorations of ew Worlds andthe scien, social policy and even Puli beulth abd urban devslopment would not have heen posse wit fic longstanding and fundamental eons wi Moorish cezabon. Notes 1A Rogers Set and Rae Vl 1967 28 BE ME Mbuned andthe flan, 1927, 49 a se Howson, Wonder plant of he Anco Cue Ems 1 Eh At Dion, The Aion Org of Chileon, 197 p17 5 Tet aA. efohunn, Bick ay ofthe Nea ls Fury, 9819 350. As G tila aa edo, The Teachings of Purp The Os sp Pia oe rte fe Vn pote Ti gi rr A i pie 0 07. 1 ar a a sag rae CT BERET apn Hb een Pe Ee aca. va Siac Bada BEd Be sami a Si 3- si he a a Bt iN Rag! Gi lk ead oe i at ett Efe Moats 2 Peat at acm cn it oft, V2 DL Feehan un 5 reser Sart 2 Leahy edocs Sie ate eons cinta a0 231 Dory Op Ci. 18, BB eC es 5. Ropu Nase Raows Ro Cabri. 8 3 Dev Op ip, 1S. Roger tr in N Coloring SS. Second ace Yop 11 3 Datta op Crap 1 37, Sea, pp 8.70.7.9, 23, 4. sori ma Op Cano 41 Sivonen GoPod Coin 172, ‘Thome Armd he Preaching of lam 1986, 132 1S ANIRO AS Xiah dt Rar enchant Beau). 1860, vec rersonrumalate oa ig 20 SD tet te Eee pg FRc cun saan Ben mcn mene, eet ae Set EN pa i tee iodine re pe ae ‘58. Manuci Herandez, Comentarios de las Cosas de Aragon, 1878, p10. 3B pe meteor 3 be ee we 3 eed 2 Seto S Reieesmntatts 3 Ree corde Cee ya mmm tH ‘Rogers, World's Great Men of Cor, Val 1, pp. 225-229, : # ‘as nate Te Sof Ae, 198, pp, 105-10, Spin et ie ad em oti Mrs Spa. 8 Bid pp. ssa itograhy eg can i awe FD “Amo Thomas and Gulls, Aled The Legey of Spin, Landon, Oxted Us 90 Golden Age ofthe Moor Al has Whe rig of im tof he ret of Be seth Aan fi i an Fdh, Now Yo, Mb ye Edward W, Chon nam and he sre Race, Esihrogh, Univer ‘ty of Eder Pom? pines) owl We Thetis rade rs London Ober ier Pret 958 Br, seus Die Meurer a ia Neha and Spe 02180), ‘Germaa Demat Repl, er 8 Cmte Waynes sHasiba None of Rome” Great Black Leaders: Ania Sito hn hn Vn ran, tw ron A, Ps oy Score, ICs pan ly Biors Buck Ce Pr, 9 it eed OER RS emu: tn fe a Sesh erento tment pm cule ii See Sieamyte ca 2 a eae Se Canna ‘Graves, Anna Melissa Aficn: The Wonder and te Glory, Bator, Black Classic res bas a wp i cen coat is tr ie te Pty pn tame eget iat ta ety grnny. art Hogston, Drs Bunce, Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire hs Sts st “acaon Soba Gan Ga anf Chieaton Seca, Jy Ciel Press, 197 see ic ar oe Rl ae ay ate cae ee Larios tine en ce ctansnsentir tox cto "se ‘Magoa, DS, Mohammed on te Rise fs, Lodo, GP Puna’ Sons Sari, Clef Heel Cs ee 1981 obi ames Haey and Breed, ees Henry, th Earle Apex Hor of ‘Chat, Rew Yr Gand Cp), 19 og here Ras Ne Ctr be Poe Ba Hels M Roe SK, Ser and face Vol. 1, St. Petes, Fa Help M. Rogers Publier, Rogan J Attn’ Great Men of Caer Vo, New Yor, Coe Books, 17%, igus 1985) Chinyetu aa Senin, Les Ane Dhan The Hirt lacs te Jem athe Mar Ben, The ti, Gade iy, J. Dosey, 1999 ‘Milan, Chanel, The Desruction of ack Clzaon: Great sue of Race hand 904°, Cag Tt Wot es ‘CAIRO: SCIENCE ACADEMY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Beatrice Lamphin and Siam 7tkr Summary nthe Middle Ages, yp and North Ace comin hia tio of loaorhip in cence and mathematic, dition then bead 4000 Year ol At Ca a Sone Academy nas exis smart he Sence Aeadem of Baghdad. Fron North Aiea, thems adbanced maton. fence, medicine and Itewasre were inraaced ofr doeloped Europe, The leer losering a sclenee and clare on Ewriye kno a "the Renin, ‘nadie ol of he rn a of Kang, cab forse th Dneral economic and scl developments Europe tl Ts hae tele al deo. ond Ass has never bon ake sen trans ‘nthe connary most Ewapeon trans and New America) hae deed ‘hat tum choles anything non mere credting them wither lng Grek Eurpean aria ng he Middle Aes ‘The Cairo Academy Darel, te Howse of Wisdom, was bili Cais in 1005 with rt by the Fane ealps wo red North At A tie sen nade te Caro Howse of Wom provided a coner wher hls actin am ‘cen coud work ad consult Many went contin wo wor know ‘ae fom hs Sceace Asides. wat tthe melleqiped cera Darel tka ha Tn Yo, "prs pet shi astronomer Judgment of Sarton! completed the Tamas Hakini caer and whee 80 Hint (Alare) enced physics, athens, astronomy aed ei. ‘Som, te Caio House of Wis beer known never) eld of Yashteich, the Soviet auton on the Mean maheratians, desc pevod of raid siemifc advancement wah lacie, but went foe, sg tn, in, mt ages cae eare teenie, Lumpkin and Zter a Jn Cato and te Non Ati aos, oy Tangy enon of senile tation cfcem cena pvermet end nich eons se Srp pee setae sesh adored scan fom aes ts ‘elim worl he Fm ai wer es pn of sees les Ine As alway, soe atvncd when goconen sup te ny ‘il nd moa poo “he Altar seat hgh ese of Abie w be como ause of tein. ne eo commun wii clkaguc eer ste fats nce, Spa anal em the Wests Ald Ai Chin othe East Ths wan aoa pr feed ae. Masi acs Posed cereal ino cry kamu comer of te wel iment Seal dre inal pest wtp of ene Mr ‘aes al sce Te oeset Arse somes and wine ‘tetra, nee nat rm i an tog a Ee ye a ‘Non Aca, Speaking ofthe Mon, Smith an! Kara wre: “Se Arts dont te Meine sung ele Vn, an ‘ef Go hl Become fer powell ‘ss Advance of Technology “he aid popes a ecology i this nd also silted te deve tet ine For example wins woven oh ig and wee sce in 87 by ALM u ay Arab wie no ved in Eye The Bok Ingeniut Dee, pled i ten cen by hehe Boa sg Sai, ows the igh evel of Mus eshloy oe Fag 1) The Bene "Davin ro a e's he Bl fers Dee tn Spi aay sat Golden Age ofthe Moor eae ya Musa employed se operating sales, ining mechanisms and sas, nd worm tnd pion ears, ily oper hyralialy”Astmualy operated chy Shown in sever of hy owing, ae eesti cana, ne opin of Garde Deboo of NASA? “Te university of hewn of he Mali peso eid fom a lend of theory ad patie which malted the owt of ew ies, Inc om "porous prot in athena, ay sce ding the Helene eon Egypt, war mained, slong of pet for echo. Otming ms Ime makers ere alse a reat en of sce, Ena fore te usin Peco ayy waste for er advanced chong. The fasta eget buithy Her in Alexandrian 10). Tei water hk, hu, ter edgets wee ao Sevchpe nthe Egypt of te ea pei See he Lampkin and Zier 3s “The famous sea fo te super sont of Danaus ws mae a ly hse Iocan one as in Eayp.Accotdng to AKG, « medina Meio ist ‘in and pilonpicr mend ope in Egypt were a in anata toe, reste” Tae bated evel itorin th Batt, esrb te shen ‘io fom te mines of Leta, where the a ns ade ship at Bt feel n spe 3 Sep a, dig mame a ath ees Medieval Harope Far Behind nth ste peri of Masi pene nerf of ening, Boop ‘was abhi tht George Suen enya of ems, cml ‘European with Ml lesen, te! Les paso nam, ike passing fo he sad oh open sn nom ele world io os eens aie” Further, Sat ae "Te overelming apes of Ml ese conic fe el uh African Mathematicians Perhaps it vas inthe math scenes of mathemati, psc, a ‘eno, tha the iene ofthe Cao Academy of Seleces was fll mont ‘sony. The very wd leben wan Aas wad, ape Io Harpe to de ‘eit some afte new mathemati the Moors al Wot ino Eup, The ord for algorithm, » mathemati procedure, 2 eepon of tbe mace of Akon the Pein sar of he sles etbod that ook Europe by Is ayo, te alga of AL-Khowaromi was developed hgh el by ‘Abu Kani (30°30) Abs Kes fl name alates ie Eytan Ca ‘ator (Abu Kail ib Asa iba Mata nShjs he al Bs). The ‘Aig of As Kamil was very popu tok, he mest race of i. ‘Whereas AI Konan dest with oneaknow, Abe Kemi wed sever Ex [sialy oteworhy was his wok with complex atonal quan, dling, 386 Golden Age ofthe Moor sco © Yushevich, a rematabe fact or operations on extey fonpie onal ofthe 2nd dese." “The werk of Abe Kam was known 9 Lonard hs sescarch on Abs Kan’ Algebra, Fromthe 2 bles of Ab Kai's On the Pentagon and Decegn Lea coped 17, eh ing th ae MMBC ‘A csrctersie of Abu Kamil's ween of ob Waste igh estat leet ots wor. He wa among the Mim merino ony wed ‘raion aumbers bt al made thm heat of het ste. They Stared ee iavesignion wits he tery of poring rom te Helniti er. Aer rea analysis the tery they developed ict own te ey, extending he ton of wero he et al ea ponte umber Thi ‘atti hort achievement eahed Europe cen la, towards he fed ft 16 century ‘Abo Kai's work shoved popes beyond the purely geometc bist ot rhea He cpetaed on Hogs an aes ake as pre murs. Sew ‘Scampi wil serve lst Ms 2 1 The Pentagon andthe Decaon, Example XVI, Abu Kani refers #6 cuimcited regular peeagor whose ie 10, a hough he wre aig old ‘ne peste roblem Ge Figo), But he iedey generale seb tu ht you ru one of ses by ie then you double amd ce “hen ui sg oe of ory al tenth eae le Then Oe ‘Lampkin and Zier a7 {U5 of whos gure ot you Sad then 4d the es to wha you kept, bc fake be gure eo ofthe sm. Wha ti the hater of he cate (rin the ste gue of oder terats, the daneter of the ele wich cucumbers potago fede In is lgcra, Abs Kail develope he fling wl oi, ta Ing wah Spe example eV VEE ENTE ‘The method of fake positon, st dy the ans Eatin sl eye ons, was fre apie by this Expptan of the Mie Ages fo sole oe liner systems of 3 unos svsving slo of sre Ah degree suo ‘Abs Kai als pestigntd internat equation at on 2.67 aon feet yt 1m Yonus Twoof the mot famous ematical sini athe Cio Howe of Wisdom ‘stefan Yu and Tb Hy, Tn Yor (sd Cu 100) was oe {Bex wstoomes of al tine He pepe the aki Tabs (e-2) okahe Lak whch contned observation of scien and conjunctions of Be Danes The ables wee mame in ban he Ftd ap A kin, pao ft Caro Howse of Wisdom. Tbe Yan prpoe wat nd impove te sicratons of ute astonomet abd he meses of senor cn ‘any with ie a ofthe superior gupnit of the ence Adem bse sty Sih an nee hed ie be oe son [REN a tga oon fe tal pon he bn ” 88 Golden Age of the Moor {nos of astomomy. The Mathematics Teacher. ints Octobe 1977 ise, fe lot a cle ed "Snenth Centry Astonish Protpeesi "| “Te acl fone ote tignomees femal hick had teen dscovered by To Yur, over 300 som err in Aiea! fl Yunus ase his formu hangs maison the ever adtonsubsaation operations Yoshi pts that ti ey was ed hy tented aero "yeh Bra, a ter aropean al milena br ha Yanan prove ‘he ules of Poleny a nnchewber Eytan atonomet coming witha 10 ‘Ab Al ais ib bas ho Hay, on ofthe sets physi int hatory of scence, ho worked the Hoa of Wisdom a Cs he (Cains 1039 ln Epo, he we by he mare of Alan. He ns 0 ‘Stheatian atone, phys and pysian. His boo on Opis (KID {Mame which sosie porta decent onthe pyle of os tnd he ther ostinato of gba et nena te ‘velopment of opis st mv Eno. So avaned as Bs work ta | ‘arlaton to Linon pletion io Earp, over OD Jean fe ea, Ta teat ines om Roper con and Joann Kee. Ty a Haytham pose an solved he bln which cae kon in Eup sw Alazn's ble ce Paue 3) {Given tat postion oan oserer'ee and aight sxe, determine he solo ajlintcl miro whee alight wold be fled om source fo the ee, Ths pole ees teal 1: nape, ven cise a wo poms, Aan Bose he ie find pot Conte ecrense {ck tai lee jing oit Cs he wo on pas AaB ake ‘Sal anghes withthe rate oC. "is prolem els oh degen, shed ty Tn a Hatha sine ivi and pero the in entry, Chistian Heygens ad ase Ba “One ofthe pecs af calcul on aHathan was the st otin& formu forth tn powers oft et ual mabe He wed he ermal ‘atthe volume of slide of revolcn nce by revenge Lumpkin and Zier 389 a 4 o sted arn Se ia a he i entation oe ete nega! Tea. The ea was at ane in {te eater Gre pera an eee it Ee ta th cen tay 60 sews are sath” ow ss sete Ue Sto ue we sre hon he Oo hey poet anh fmt wus Msi bentsian he Hes Wado Ca Ihe a ym ole iy he grander forte msn mn Eien sconce, ety cman a tlw im ee Drove te nee f a's ih sat He conse gett Site hoor ean and ilps th oth sighs 2 nid Sled by 1H. Lambe nthe Ih emg, 70 Je rT 8 Hoyt ‘es advo, oposon ba ppensl ad cio es, 0 yews lr is propon wan sas ingen sy Mo Praca “ratte o Hine Te onaning Aco scolded oe a fw of may of {a ped of hit. The Mim hla wes o ee lg, Sri ata wl: Mie Pan sno ee songs elie thie ty ora tbl ono ‘00 eo mata nl cenite Slope in Ee Th puss chine bth ws cnc’ Reps of gon he cl ie nm rt ad we ep the te Mn el 80 Golden Age ofthe Moor et tut St Rt ‘Sic toa iuyaam vn tn cate creme tas Saou Inverted image inside camera Pinhole Dark chamber eating wep Sing spe mak ae ee pene SRS ee [Lumpkin and Ziter eo ‘ours and tey ppt i the growth of Main sins, Mal Egyptian Jewish astonomer who dee 18, worked shat ain He, ad Fenian college, made the mewarenens fr the pln ofthe new cy of again" A coslgnis of Matalah in Noch Asc, Deh bm Quy tose a tout of Semi engages. aa Jadu (Aba Yaga ag Sula st) an Egyptian ew who also ote in Amb, ws he ye Sian othe ali Ti Among he del tings are desertion ff Tite of medicinal drops and tetses of niion ne and ets” To tke te Musi ering more scribe hve ho kaa oly Hee, 00 ‘Acuna om Fer Moecc, David bn Asha (Ab Slain Dut: a) and tah hen Did (Ab Zakrya Yala Daw) compel Arb etre ition Musi Metsine ‘nay have hee in meee that Most ering mae it rete nial puto ther arf th wor An Eypin pln wget ntariod Eopeun medicine was he surgeon, Aba Qasim, He wre aml ens Joga of 30 sets, asin te npn caterzatn, The ene Iopediincadd ews ofr nsrmon fr sre ned han a) cn in Ewope Abad fm Mnanmad on Yahyu Balad, sche Eqyptan cr, nota glen for preemie women and bis. In Toni, Ab ft “Aoi aura al Ki Jazze 1009) wre ema ‘cen of allo, eas, the cnt ote cans laa ype Although medal works ofS bn Bui (io 99 Alea ita ave bon ost oer he ea, copy af x ator cl of ewe, "Jewels Aang a Ode” ha survived “Masti Spuin—Afres in Earope The gent wots of sett and mathematicians of Non Afi inthe Mt te Ages ay the ass fr te Inter Howering of teats a cee Io ope Butin he ae of het the ifisen of Alva caring wat media fatlowing the Moos congo Inthe th cat In Condo, te cai Aaa appopates money tiles Ly of 40,00 lune the Set works inthe Isc world. The caso hese Ho slone oo vp ‘olumes!™ loop Corba fll 1236 tte Chistian, the sence ond Philosophy the meats a he cols he msc ad ate, al oF these emaind a peoanent Aas certo to Theva an the it of ape ‘nef he gets en Msi sctalars wo Rus (1126-9) kaon in urpe a Averes. Even in so oles 3 sata manta we oer Golden Age othe Moor ‘Lumpkin nd Zier os bythe Muli menace ao goupbers Alber he Gre of Swabia ‘tony ated hn Res and based is thoy of batons on he work ‘fib Sina (viens). Shastkin, Horan flop, conc Wh the Scola mere ale od he eso Oral psn fom Aste, Le Ihe ements fhe ty a mater pct thy tre othe works oe ‘Anbion gins Avcena, Faraz (Algaze aod Avs" ‘One ofthe isa the ew cop of European materlas who ed end rps slston fom terns of mathe was borat, ows ts Lemar of Pr, Caco us roe Leon's Lier Aba, i tenn 132 ster setenv ven in Ageia he Mid East. AI hat Was ‘died Egypt, a Sy in Gre, in Sel ad in Provence. with aos Inti bslengng wo eo pase. where | munded 3 merchant, Lines {ted ey crt and avg very actly side wy oft Hid (Gtr), nrc by my’ on engaien, and ming wha | was sew take from Eat I waned nea wok een caer, with bing apt Ic witout eosin: as 1, 0 hl he seas mig Be es oer nthe Lain pope shold no nega Re deed of 1." nde al the Exope lations meationd by Foc, beck ander ‘Matin ifn, and were mje ons of Mus eng open {27 Alcan Misine ciple Paleo, thn Messina n 82 and Since 574, bere they red un 100. Matin inden contincd in Sk ae Pull domimson of te Moors endl eel nd ee of Fee ing Constantine the Aion Mitte sry of Conunine, ah Ativan merchant who made ing tpt aero Sohn tay. Consune mst have ssn reat oppomanty In Sano secase on tm Aen he ted medi lr eer! years ‘Thea Conic went bak to Salen with lection of Artie meds ‘as. Legend es the est see ks stm eu but enh ee ‘ved wo make te medical elo Sleo aeus throvgoat Europe, Con Stone cama the Ari bok, ding bi on comment. Thi soe Attics mel kiowigerevoltonaedEoean cine, “ving for ‘wad tat tll he ther nish of Eo “The Cae wre nether meas by hish Empeans became avare of Mes ln lamng.Despe the hale maces ey Commi saint Nis "ins. te more nligen Ciaran o ich spate tat they er in ont wth leat fap thet own a id 0 became Le sabennces td sei fe Mie Ags praia seer North African Centers of Leorni the Middle Ages in oo Golden Age ofthe Moor ine for, we can se eres fhe body of knowlede developed in Ae ‘thd Aaa Svat oh ter European Resins. Why the do srs ik Mow Kline and tow Wexern trans of mater pet, ‘Matscan tht eure veloped ony in Earp? Why do they thatthe Malin my preserved Grek learing snd aed nies nes? Or Sonesta could nt en be Moni ahve, wh 6th lat that ‘te Moorish scholars were aly Lat an at Anca For tepid he eis ot Naor etl there role of Afsean scholars, [fer the reader 10 my ale om “The Hs of Matsuts inthe Age of lpi." Tose suit of ting th soy ‘nih to fi e-cnceved cola old re sonties uvare of ‘hearing onan ha pea in tl rh For expe JF Seton {abe 6a hry of Mather akaomleges that he rt, ad [ethan esc hey made se ipsa contbetonrt sr wh” But ‘no pags er, Sot orgs hie own hones estat nt lips Te woe Sind priced denen "The dit wich te west ome (0 he Arabs fr hei pain psig a temunting Grek sl ie ey gen fmt et be orgoten, Bower, a [reson none hing eet somehngtiterent Matas for de ‘lopment isthe neti Fc. and hts ite iene thse tray cet wlch epi he del of Alesana eens ant va Are setve eit, by Car yer, conte: “Is sometimes kt th te Arab a done ile mote opt Geck scence i eld omg {ni uae was ey asp Bt th sun ts chpter a howe at ‘leant eof mutatis the aio handed oer the atin wr the Iain 3 cece was ich an at wis wc the need Abie eth ome St ona thet cemuy ‘Nsimr pinion express by AP, Yoshkeih, he Soviet aba of oe ‘tthe sry fw toot stn soit Masi mathemati eh curry “The lam tents exec » foe infrace 08 te Oe set of selec in pe, ered ax mh y theo doers hse they had inbred from the Gre, the Inns, the Syne, he Baylin eis tine tt we rememtered he de med by or poser scence ani tology the rea nthemsan and cei he Cio Hose oF Wis, Dacha, of amon owsnd Yous a0, L Lampkin and Zier vs cee ma rae $ Saiyan ‘wiey.Y, ie oS, SE " 1. ta gin ee ly Ko “Oe Ppa Da eos Sc IS Tae ements 1 ont ie 3 8 3S fee np “Ate eaten Maas," ma Wom Ce gi, An Cac ph aie ‘THE EGYPTIAN PRECURSOR TO GREEK AND “ARAB? SCIENCE, Iwan Van Serta 1. The Judgement Many lengthy and technical arguments have been place before his Cou by both sdes~ Learned Counses forthe Prosecution andthe Defense and the tusrows company of exper wines fey ave summoned inthe {se of the Stat of New Trath she Grant Myth Makers of Miso would Tike howe of you who have been spite here again! your wil from your Jong deep sep inthe Unerwort ppc cur reson forth etal of thi se towards the end ofthe twenth centr. At resiiog Judge of ‘his Cour I seck the forgiveness of my learbed nd, Chek Asa Diop af Senegal, who was posthumously gesunded to seve as Coutsel fr the Prosecution. I sek the apology aso of expert witnesses like Oto [Netgeer for the Defense apd VV. Sve forte Poneston for a= ‘Sering spoenas served agit ther elacan shade 9 that they eld fo atl as representatives ofthe opposing sides in hs cies al before "he Tobusal of Hiss. Aso in spt of te Cou's ndings, which Uhl Soon proceed 0 summarize, I canot but express sympa for having 10 reel te dsanlydepaned sient, Archimedes a Pythagoras, the ain fends in his se aginst the Grsk plicit, to face the judgement ‘tis Court ‘Why are you hee before the Bench, geemen? Why iit import to safer he apse fs many centre reopen the quton of wh id what "nd when? The mater tae Before this Cours he mtr of borrow fing. I isnot ae simple a5 tat All ciao boro om those tht precede them. One would be a fol indeed wo sat all over agin from Sich insted of veining tat which hs been passed on fos by out ‘redcesor think fae Leonardo dh Vinel who sid I appear tall [rcase Tam tanding onthe shoulders of int” Tha your covaty mes alte foot of Asean egyptian psi attaches inthe tempes, some of Them, the you Pythagoras as many a 22 years somthing tht as been Pinimized on nid but I asere you, ts wel-documented. Even the [retest of Earopean scat, Sir Tne Newton, seas loo and ley [your enormous debe, Pythagoras, which thers have sought 0 den. That Sou shoul Boros fom the Haynes gute nll sad neil Tae Van Setima ar rater before his Cour, ay far mote serous. eves the dliter ite falsification of evidence by you and your caleguss, pally our iter promote the dlierslc reas! lo give dus ered to 4 vilzation ‘wh your ine, tough at homogeneous, was pedominanlyAfesn, the eration and consolidation of the impression that what you cae fo tive "discovered had mo procedence. Claims sch a yr in may inntaces, create no great hat and a5 such they can be forgiven The tuiam and van of man, afterall x wellnowa and tobe expected, Bt ‘tha you andthe later myths, buldog upon your vanes, Rave “one, fo perpetuate a dangerous and highly deste pede seine the daar ees of man. The opus notion so persistently elated tat fas become an automatic refer, thatthe Geshe being Aryan, wee the ignore ofa here seena whi th gyno sears kad Xo African genes tose above ileal meio, were un erde em ‘isis arving a simple ies by dnt of mundane servations, nape ‘tly fights nthe staenphreo attraction This ak even Ted oder ‘Aviat eadesof thought, soc as ex-Pesidat of Segal, Leopold Sear Seago, 0 declare: "Reason is Greet, Emotion fs Nera ‘What ths hs doe, the Tribunal concludes, to couness generations of Atcan peoples, what iis sll doing today to the psyche of milion, re fqnted Yor half» millenia to a0 andra, ephening sf Ou Sac pinin, criminal This then, the sodvation of ths Cour or ‘tempting a is ft sage thorough oexamiaton of the fact of the ‘ite This what this Cou seeks wo edly sour Tugeren and Sentence "But why have we singled you out, Archimedes and Pythagoras? Why have we separated you ae from hat ofthe ote lagi thse coun tes mers who, Cement of lexan t Stomateis lle, wou ls ‘ome of thousand pase? ts techse the emp inthis ease—at least in its opening sages sopgested suc «produ, Because fhe Gout wate ily dea, nt Sth the mere mater of precedence snd Borwwg, which we shal presen inseparate and supplementary bets, but at which we cosier he source ‘othe most deceptive sn emring racial stereotype, the posi of = cm plex daly of empiria-heoreel Greck sient agaist lower onder of Eaypta empiri, Expert wits, Paul ver Ezcke, tas given testiony to this Cour of @ previus notion or potions behind many of your proposition, Archimedes Notions obi he sugges, in ways you have sid nthing abou. You Ind dedicate your tease on The Mead to your tient the geometician, Esthothens inthis work you pote sy that the Ky to your dicover let ela your sechanial method. You bowed of actly weighing oo ‘eral igures to confi theta! postons Bent, Mr Archimedes ‘But does nt answer our mou sctehng gestions, For why, ths Cov fas sought to Kao, does Sour famous meth explain ony afew of your 28 Golden Age othe Moor neous propostons? Behind he et, we ave heen persed to believe, by ver Eecke and oer expe nesses, sa hidden metho oF methods, Tang-tesed approaches tat generated many of you proposition. Ver Eek tells tha you had ony rased corer the vel, Why the secrecy sin {man so eager to stamp his patent on suk ava ody of orginal though, ‘why be age about te keystone method Behind sch an impressive il of ‘rpositions? Were you protecting your orm foreign si? Foe hot jes ver Eecke but another exper. wines fr the proscutio, VV. Seve, wh has ed the mos fo ind the pposch ofthe Egyptian mal eatin hat has pt your lis into queston, Dr Se at shown hs Cour in prble ae prose (rom wh nou mes we have come fo know ashe Moscow Mathematical Papi) tht the Egyptians hom ou vised and studied, isthand and second, used an empirical here fal method comparable a every pon, 0 tat of Yous. a some reget, Pehaps and Counsel forthe Prosecution is more cautious, ts may be an bverstatemen by Sie, hut thing that you have said i yur work noe Iefore ts Court nor anything sid by your defenders (and o on, bythe ‘a, hs sought a dey your gen, Archimedes, or he eines You have bveught wo the sao of can poems), hat nothing, Tepes, ohing absoives you of inllccual shone, of he charge of propia Ing witout acrediaton, bazealy and vepestedly, ome of your mar Propositon asved at and writen dow cenuresbefore by Alea ners feuhe ump The Prosecution has presented s considerable boy of wllrgued sod documented evidence to eslahsh ths. The Coon sal confine cl fn the Sadgement to just tee ofthese wo demonstrate them Tins of evidence gait you ‘Exper iness V.V. Strve demonstated 1 tht the Egyptian mith= ‘mticians established the rigorous formula fr the te ofthe sphere. Let tne quote Lear Counsel for tbe Prosscutin,diecy and in specie ‘eal on his mate, for, alfough tan absense Some ‘of, the main ese gas! you, Archimedes, hanson fei the eel formula” sys the Prosecation “otha which eves the ae of heed ‘tangent the sphere and of height egal the gamete of he inter” We ‘resent ow before the Coutt—EXHIBIT Aw shows the two gues In queon that the cline inscribed inthe sper, Note, i, you chose tsa your epitaph, You pocaimed that this was your Best cover ‘Dr Stave and Dr Dp have mae i peal cea our al tht the Egyptian mathematicians aad agin I quae dey om the inde “Eid not al 1 associate these wo Figures in oder 1 anive a an empisea- ‘eo use metodo the sud of eared tas and volumes” Hos ‘ould you eis, aftr your tavels in Egy andthe traelnione tt were alae oyu even before you wet hee (out close fen, Ersoenes Serta ” yinder tangential to a sphere. iis the only case wears ‘the equatty Betweon the height of @ cylinder and the dhamator of he ‘cleat the base, whic s also that of the insribad sphere, of Dartcaritarest. This Rguce i the one that Archmades cnoso a8 fan epitaph, because, 85 Ne Sad, It represented his most ttl Sscovery, 40 Golden Age othe Moor 4 Libyon of Cyrene, was stlly Head of the Library of Alerandi) hat ‘you dd ot know that hie was an established theorem to thon year ‘efore you were born? And this is your epiuph, i, jour mast “Deal ‘scone? "This Court hasbeen asked to termine theft thee propositions of your book On the Equliéium o Panes or of Thy Center of Gravity. You 2 the accaimed dacowerer of be lever leat of the teary of fever ‘ge. Bot ok at EXHIBIT B~the Egyptian sale the firs rgoous sin Ue apticaion af he theory of leverage. That was way Back 1500 Bi ‘And EXHIBIT C~thestadoof—the theory of verge already Gxpreeed ina machines thousand yer before you were bor. Ofcourse we pve you ret for hat unforgetable pas, abt te lever eablag you “to Ut ap the Ea, if you ha pont of suppor.” What an ingenious formulation! Acording othe Presecuon, you di the same thing wife “coninucus screw." ven to this dy called the Archimedean sre, Sirs {unt ofthe mater aswel a that of Diooran of Sci, gar ht hie Seas anohe fase eat af yours. How i i thatthe Typasn sew wat tleady in use to exvactprcaaed water std you vente al over agin from scratch the vet sae time ou fit vated Egypt? "We do wnderstnd that men fall vc to te has of thelr clues, yptian scientific legacies and developments were more o ess commual ‘mth athonip an bin of inking nd centers of ko edge seldom, SC ever, cared indidal ames. Your people i seems, staring poling ther names on whole complete of things they appropriated. We cannot feely condemn you I had Become, ts ea, cal hai wa a ‘eeping with, to sete words of Leared Cours! forthe Prosecution, “a ‘zdton of Grek plagiarism.” ‘Bt enough. Centuries have passed, We ae at another crosstoad i ne ‘Tete need pow ost he rca sraigh if for no other reason bu opt a decent endothe peices, gd and placa tha these faleations fave engendered. ‘We ned io ear to mtual respect. Respect suchas Alexander the Great df the Egypus, even thoogh he tated thle force td eongacted ther eounry. Such responded ht twas i fondest wich that he De bud inthe hallowed land tat he had vanquished, We mus abandon out imperil conceit nd ou individual vanities, ir All roles ek jot reat for ther desers. Yours ate the leser, no dou, for these questionable tomoing. But we donot apie, we cat agree, wih te exe stems ‘aie by wines fr te Prosecion, GOM James, that Your people "bowed to creme powers an were unable Yo Smprove om the Knowledge hey ‘cuved” Yet we understand Ms ange a his hae. I's the atl “Tati why we st i jedgemen! pon you im these fal days of this Van Setima a 0 Golden Age ofthe Moor mlesium. We setene your reputation tobe suspended, Archimedes the sory concerning your mos vaunied actievemeats te serupuleush r= amined and revised. We enjoin you, withthe authority ested within ‘st Bing he force of your spin to weigh upon the conscience of our ‘teerporry promoters, so ta they my ‘wn up to the dh you ove to the Alcan people. Thus may you fee, wou! eeral Memish, ht ‘which you lave rly iva the won ‘As for you, Pythagoras, the judges ae vided sto wheter you deseve se same type of condemnation. ‘The theorem thi cris your may ‘expert winses PH. Mice! and Bente Lumpkin have show, ceraily tot orginal. Lexrmed Coonse for he Prsseson has gone it tht mar in very minted. Because this ese touches om things st concer sl mt jas be matbemasictans, and because te galery led with more laymen than specialist, I had wanted o avoid, as much a possibe, cling formulas in manner st may beundesond only bythe pivlged few, But {inthis particular instance the Court deems it necessary to gute Dr Diop ‘hater and vere, or, ike the vaunted eptphof Archimedes, his was "0 become he foundation of your reputation, si "The Egyptians knew,” and 1m quoting the words ofthe Prose) how To gous ext these rot, ever of the moss completed ‘whole or faconal umber, Te te th served to desig the square Foot inthe Pharaoic language significant Ia that spect the ight angle ff a square, dn, "to make tbe angle” = to exact the square foo. The Eayplias dtined fundamental unt of Teng calle the “double remen, Which equal fo the diagonal ofa squaze of like side t= one oy cuit: in other word, Idi agonal, ten one necessarily as, by dtinion at thlengh tthe “Soa remen (ba/2 = 24204 «20195 inches ‘Themen 2-3 6 ces “The Egyptians who thus determined the digo f te square ren he ‘ale ofthe side sad who mastered the clcltion ofthe extraction of he Saat oo, et a5 the dentin above proves: "The iatinal number pa excellence, Wich 2, 5 they also knew the traaconden nome so ton. The hore ofthe square ofthe dng (falely atte o Pye) teat inthe case of the fosele righangld angle ‘The Court hassle termined that tere ae oer innovations ssebed to you orto your flowery the Pythagorean, which should reall be ceded {o'your teacher Thales of Mlltos had been siden i te Fgypian Noses of Life bfore ou. He ao enuncited a theorem ta pretigured by Problem 53 of th Khied Papyes (as we Rave come Uo eal 4 arab Van Sertima 03 er rovat ever AREA: A 1 SQUARE ef se eupit cuBiT AREA DovBLED AREA WALVEDY 2B SQUARE CoBITS Esauare cusir Firemen] 1 powace aemen—>} ayn Mente Renin teen oi, Sse rome, and remem [Pres amp sora Pytogtean tse that WP Y= TUE Fa Eepis Sarr ond Maoh 3 08 Golden Age ofthe Moor fragment that served te dye Egypt) 1 was writen by them thirecn handed Jers fore hsb. He wash vey we andertan, no began he grt ppinage of mping Geek etas wo gp You were his starpop Pytuaos. You went on fom tat ery esting to sped hai of your adult lec ein Aen. Te pl hat face Cour in psig judgement apo You tht wee hot ain cern that yon crane he s-dPythagean tue or insedsed ach theo st "he Harmony ofthe Sphere wa aed en deta, hat 55 age oe pinay irr ho. Yet Hes eis you simple lair of the Egypte Enee you biography, Simos hod a she a nw ese al Boney. came ot of Egypt The Ca owen tt Wi oe he ‘Eat cif orn en ia lain or Bost f yours ht has gen for pags such prominence ‘The Court nds, hefore, nly ecuary yor xe tence be fy $0 tat he oii of the theorem it Beas yuan son sow be ge Fahl ation, We can pn no set jageset pon yous for he tember of th Tul te Git on the mater of your posal eal iy is imposibe extn nhi edge he eos db you nd ou couiymen ome othe Exypanetemacens ri equally pe Sle forme to rept the lnghy pots nd gues tht have teen vanced to estblah the precedence of so my formule Bat | eaoot {once his Jodgemen woe mentioning ew of teeth formulae {ert ares of spre and he agin fh coum, fr he aume af line forhe ae fst, he menue he pyri td the cone (once gi, ally atte vs reat Eadons at Gis) the volume ofa pani nd rnd rn the enact value of (616) ever snarl cls so te most cen of inn fe et Useottignomet ns sd on sd ona on Deeply too we deplore the shadow ta the Grek conquest cs ose the sete wepwnton of the Espn, he enormous gay nol Imthematis ut phys, atooony, wie meal and mechan {it your eople may have camel ad appropri me eed os inal fies at a let you showed espe, sometime bordering & ate for your aches. You woud never av encore you wow eter ive deat to dete, the burning ofthe Livny of Alcan tt tls bigot, Todi, scts to have dnc Ad ha you Dat fo {he best art of Jour inlet ves, mth topes he Een ad ou nt tak a tani in soe case ened wha ey had © {Esch you te er Ao cones of yp whe had never sce pyre ‘anal or po, who Cul i wad crepe neon ‘oui hve bas in sche taco o ball wpe ew of ees Lo Flor: Nae Tsay wi onda ae cn Van Sertina 0s ei recone by this Cou, since we mst pion ath edit {nd bane forte events sory, so few of hem gave ee tthe ative telus ofthe people they conquered, and have, hough ler accretions of Prejudice, alely assured and fey declared that your taslions and transmissions were wholly works of your own Granta tht tet memory {and imagination, tei vision ofthe past, was tr eoonized by European fale bat they have omibated, 9 no mean esse, othe Gran Mth 2 Supplements tothe nditment ‘Apr from the Judgement we have handed down agains! he chi papa rich, Archimedes and Pykagoas, the Tebural has prepared, onthe busi of fvidence given by oe experts, a sumber of supplementary bits om the Egyptian contibutons to scence inthe age when it was dominated and fneptod by the Alcan nis. Tle ie ndeed «vost apd complex eld end ‘no one scolar can ever encompass i That fs why we have summoned a seam of experts. romantic dabbles fon ten, ike an aie! Imhote o «medieval Da ‘ioc to nk ore han one rom inthe house of knowledge. Knowledge, inde, bas exploded so apy that specials el compelled 0 el the spokes of hei bait the bub ofa sigl disepine. Layne, om he oe an, te 10 far removed om what pps he fo be mynry se” to grep the grind poetry of mahamatc, the interior cosmic weet and ety behind so many’ of ese ep bu eal revelatlons. Thats hy this Court fc i mata orllay tote Judgement. We fel tha he tne has come for al prope to retin ad reste the mula genesis ‘nd tegicy of man We sets our dy inthe igh ofthe evidence these {pers have bough before sto demonsrat balan, ate coabaton {orciviaon, between the race sso le als, pss seatence of death the Mh Makers but we mst uscal an eal he al indcrent aguas them, sine we consider the Grand Mh of European sciatic iegenony and Asica lect! afro to be te most eras, tbe mest ‘etait, fe mos dvsve myth and fantasy of man ‘Tis Court shal ow adjourn, When we esate we shall present form able body of evidence In several fils physic, medicine, mechanics, metallurgy, areltore,arehitecure and aseeromy. Uni then, thankyou, Toes and enlemen, thank you = TO BE CoTNED— 06 Golden Age ofthe Moor References 1, hie Anta Di, Citation a Barbar, atm he Fach by Yor tea Mea Naan eee i che ne tay ey {Goatbton be Scenes See Grea Aca hers Che ats iop, Smet Aen atom, lo 86 (eye eit ‘sty Wiliams Tsebok seal en pra ne ee a 2. Bence Lampkin "Arena Malo Matos Hy a lcs ‘See: Vo 184 of Alan Cv eiedby han Van Seta) Rh Cin Mathematics he Tan oft Phra sen MI Pr, Da 41 Blo, he hin Mahmaical Pas Th Usiry Pes vp a , 0, he AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN, 711-1492" James J. Ravel General Bibliographies, Eneycopaeig, and Peladicals Anlst, Far, complet. Arable Historical Writing 1974: an An- notated Biblograpiy of Books in History from all Prt ofthe Sra Worl, Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Libary, 1976 ni 258 pp. °Supplement 1073" p. 241-257 Indexes, “Annan ae in Engh of works writen in Abie Only few “nre concern Moorish Spin dst Abdul, Fazw, complet Arabic Historical Wring, 1975 and 1976: ‘ae Anotted Biingrophy of Boos in History fom al Pars of te ‘Arab World, London, Mansell, 1979. i, 210 pp 23 ces Indexes ‘AAndlus (Madd, 193-197. Ceased pubiction. Al-Andalis wis the Arabic nme for Moorish Spain hat af one stag ncladed prof resenay Prigas Aces are mily in Spnish, onl spot of Spain under the Moors. Bibliognhies mee regulrly published, ‘a Qamara (Madea), Vo. 11980 ~)semiannsl tepals 23 Contes: AeAndals “Ailes mos in Spanish, bat occasionally sho in English and French ‘Anierson Margaret, compl, Arable Material x English Franson ‘a bogrphy of works from the pre-samie Period 1977 (a Refers ce Putian in Mile Eastern Studies, Boston, Mass, C.K, Hall {8 Co, 180 a, 209 pp nde ‘Contains various tems on Moorish Spain. ‘The Concise Encyclopaedia of nam, coiled by Cyl Gls, Lon on, Stacey ftratonl, 189.472 pp: el ill, maps: Chronlog Bb: pp 2, ‘Conta bit ens for Al-Andsls, Alvord, Almokads and se main Moorish Scolar. Sessa nos 08-10 team, ‘ie fran te ret coe a Een Sorat 7 2 Golden Age a the Moor ‘Ee, David and Liane, Leonard ta, comps. Gide to slam, ‘osion, Mas GK: Hall & Ca 583. Fully annoated biography on all apsets of Isla, Numerous aus deat with Moorish Span, The Encclopacia of Islam. 4 vols & supplement, London, Liza Leiden, Bil (1915-365 now ed (1940-197, 4 voi 1970-82, You 3 (HEA), Leiden, Beil, 1981. Bibliographies and maps Vt. 6 Facscles 105-108 Man-Sr asi, Leiden, il, 1988, $13 pp. Vol] AB of now ed. (960) cotainn an overview ofthe history and cure of AIAncais. Se also sem on various persons and The Eneyclopaedia of slam, 2nd. prepared by a mamber of eaing Orientals Eaited by JH. Kramers, HAR. Gibb and E. Lev Provencal under the pironage of he Inca Union of Academies eigen, Bri (1986->, The Encyclopaedia of Iam. New 8: Supplement prepared by a number of eaing enlists eed by CE. Rowwort rfl asd DbyF-Th Diem, M. Lefon and. Nut aner the patronage ofthe Tetratonal Union of Academies, Leiden, Bil (980) Grimwoud-Jones, Dian, Hopwood, Dek et ara lemicBiblog raphy: the Mile Eas Israry Commit Guide, based on Guise Gabriel's Manual i bbografia muir, Hascehy UR Ha vest Peswilanic Highlands, N., Humane Press 1977, wi 232 pp, Index Grose, Divid D., general edo. A Select Bibiography of Histor compiled by the Tae Hemy Adare Hisioy Clu Harvard Univers ‘Cambridge, Mas, Harvard Unvesiy Pres, 1970. the, 428 Pe Contains sctions on Medieval sm, 600-150, sd Meieal Spi, intaes An Historica Aas of stam, comple by Wiliam C, Bee, unde the fone ofthe Encjlopaeda of Isa, Leiden, Bil 198. si, 71 oe col mpe I em Incas Bib refs and Indexes, ‘Sows worldwide expansion of Islamic sts, with pci maps of ‘Moovsh Spa ant Non Afi Inder of IlamieLiereure, Regular Soplemen: 0 The Muslin Word oot Review Leicester, UK) {Covers new publications In English onthe ene Islamic wo, pst an present Sec as Belo, no 22 Ter Isto 1688-1905 8 biography of sce on amc sb jects in porioicals and other colleeve plcsons compiled 59 Wolgangehn. Miler, PA, Adio 8 xn 889 psi ‘Conans thematic nad Beopraphial eiviions, and coverage of Ravel 09 Moorish Spin and Nort Ac 16. Inde Islamic: 1906-55, compiled by J.D. Pearson, with the sei 16 1, 21 2 a. tance of Julia F. Astron, Cambrige, UK, W. Heter & Sony, 1958 B96 pp. A cate of peroicalartiles and ther coletve publications ‘Contains a special section on Matis in Spin nd Hl Index Tsamicas Supplement 1986-1960. A exaloge of ales oo I= Jamie sajets i perodials and ther elective pulicton, compiled ‘yD. Pearson. Cambridge, Hee & Som Lids 1962. xi 316 pp. ‘Alo. Supplement 1961-05 (1967), Supplement 1986-70 (197) ‘Supplement 1971-75 (1972), “Inde Islamius 1976-1980 Part I: Arles, compile 1D, Reason, aden, Mansel, 1963. xi, 539 pnd ‘Cais bs hema nd geapraphical visors, Indes Islamieus 1976-1990. Part» Monograph, compiled by 1.. Pearson and Wolgang Behe. London, Mansel 1983, 348 pp tdex Both thematic and geographic divisions, Contains section on North Ace an Spin Lift; David W. The Islamic Near Eas an North Afric. An An rotted Gude vo Books te Enis or Non Spc Lita, Col, fares Unlimited, Ie, 1977315 pp Indes. "Asef gue “Marin, Manuela "Arabic Imi Libraris and Bibliography in Spin” Buln, Bish Society for Middle Easter Stats, 1 (802, 198, 10-18, -Musin World Boot Review, quart pudcation of tetanic Foon Aon Leicester, UK. (Autuna 1981.) ‘Covers pew publications the global Islamic worl, past and presen. Fetres icine Book Reviews and Now Books Reatved. Sevalso dove noi The New EnesclapacdiaBriannica. Macropaedia. Knowledge in Dep Vol.22. Ist. Chia, l, Eneyloprsia Britannic, 190, ‘Contains a good bit secon on Moors Spin, and an pode Sele Bbtogapy on slamic hoy ance ‘The Quarters INDEX SLAMICUS. Caren Books Actes and Papers umpiled by Ga. Roper, Cambyide, [Unversiy Library London, Mansell Publishing Lid (1976-), ‘Contains an annual Index of Subjects and Names. Thematic and comaphia divisions Has special section on Moorish Span Fecenty Published Ariel. Washington, De, Anerian Hisorica Asotin Vol. (Feb 1976), ‘Appets 3 tnes per year. Geographical diss, ened chrono logy The secon om medieval Spain cover te Mor a0 38 Golden Age of the Moor Rona, Stephan, and Nandy Rona. Concise Fneyclopacdia of Arabic Chitzavon vo. 2, The Arab Wes New York, racer, 1966 vi 413 Pp maps ales of raters Bib: 408-409. No lade ‘Aonet overal soil inoducon othe Islamic ciation of ‘ont and Spin, Roulvik, Roclof etl, compilers, Historical Alas of the Malin Peoples, Cambridge, Moss, Harvard Univenily Prew/Amsieam, jumbaan 1969, 40 pp CCompries 56 maps wih annoution, covering the whole Islamic ‘word eronooialinelaing Moods Spal Snuvagel, Jean (1901198), rduction 0 she History ofthe Must Fast ibographical gu based onthe 2nd [French ea eas by Claude Caen, Bekcey Los Angles, Univesity af Clfomnia Pres 1s, x, 252 pi Index of Names; PIE nore Bisigrapies ‘Chapter 24 covers the Masi Wes! (Now Ac, ily ad Spal, ‘ang Chapter 25 dels with he aueace of Muslin clue in Europe ‘Shiels, Grae J, compiler. Spain (Word Bibliographical Sees, vo {t), Oxford, UK Sana Barbara, CA, Clo res, 1985, xen, 40 er up nde ‘Cntains ony few items om Moorish Spin. Although the author acknowledges the great impact ofthe Moors cm Spats civilization for aost S00 year is Li of Rar of Spain stats wth bella ff Cavill aed Fediand Io Aragon (147915. ‘igus, Alva Cus, comple. Late America. Spar and Pormgal.« selected and unotted biographical guider books published nthe United Sires. 1984-1974, Meche, NJ, Serecron Pres, 1977, 510 pp Index. ‘Conains ony» few items on Moors Sis Genera History and Culture ‘Apel, Amand. “Spin: Intra! Division” i Von Granebaums nya varity in Malin Ciization (1983), pp, 207-230 For ful bbographical details, see Blow, no. 183 [Abwerombie, Tomas J, "When the Moot ruled Spi” National Gengraphi, 17 Gal 198), 86-119: Phtgraps cle) by Brio ‘Barbe. Map; Calendar of Evens "A jours account ofthe Moors in Spin and Moroec in he form ofa modern taveloaue. ‘Abu Nas atl MA History of the Magri i the Islamic Period Cambridge, UR New York, Cambridge Univesity Pres, 1987. RE. Srl expand version of he 1975 edn 3488p BRL: p. 42 Ravel a 6 m. ». theo Der or Afican dase, rama he Aides ode oe ‘i oy fhm i gh Urey mi CL Penner AME a tr ny of te Ses, ig 0 cll ape eo ae la — _ - ——— seh he a nny Team Sevn Ween Calpain Cmte Meda hr —E Se ecg me Ll 2s eee pes rot erin 2 sess pie Sebastes Cr—— Rens lc ss me nn See wr ee as pcs ia pe ces een a ens Ft es oN fn nos il et Ae ‘ ‘ah et es re indi nd Fee eet ce ae Mi Pee a Beh 8 0, tame sary, Sue th ha oe ee Sem aR es a 4, 4, »®. Golden Age the Moor Bosworth, Clio. The Islamic Dynasties. a chronologieal and ge: ‘eaogical handbook (Islami Survey, 5), Edinburgh, Eaaburgh Un ‘ery Pres, 967s 245 pp BM refs Indexes ‘Chater? covers Noch Ac and Spain. Bovils EW, Tie Golden Trade ofthe Moors. 2nd ed revised and with aiional material by Robin Hallet, London New York, Oxford Uni ‘erty res 197, x, 293 pp Bb: 2-271 Inde “Te foci og The Moorish raeSaharn trade and the Wester Sudanese nates Themes dacaned inclide the Almoravides the ‘Amos, Typ Buus tbe Khan, ad Len Africans ‘Brookelmann Cal (1865-1956) Hon of te lame Peoples, with a review of evens 1939-1947, by Moshe Perinan. Eng. trans. by J (Carmichael and M,Peinan, New York, Puam' 1947, x, 542 pp, 8 maps, 1947, New York, Copan Books, 1960. $82 ps BS, 599-50, Index ‘Conse ection on Moorish Spin and North Attics, Brown, Marguerite Magnificent Muslims: the Story of Spain's Arab Centuries, New York, New Word Pree 198 112 pp Review leing, TB Asin World Book Review, 49. 2(I988), 33-36, ‘A eieal review which fst Contin two (gpopraphia) ro ‘making the Unayyaddyousty sil ling in Spain he "eigcet Burchard, Tan. Moors Cale in Spin, trated [fom the Get ‘man by Alisa Ja, LondoiNew York, MeGram Hil, 1972219 pp I (par co); maps plans Sek Bp. 221} 22: nde, 1 discussion ofall aspecs of cule: as, sciences, philosophy Terre, eign and recreation. Buns, Rot stm andr the crusader: coli survival in the ‘kreendhcentry Kingdom of Valencia, Pinca, Priston Univer Pens, 1973. x0 475 ppl BBL: pp. 421-56 nde. Burns Robert Medieval Colnialon: Postrusade Explain of Inlamie Valencia, Princeton, Priston Univery Press 1975. 4, 3915p. Bb: pp. 39.375 index ‘The emphasis iso he a yea a instument of Moorish expo Bums, Rober. Moor and Crasaders in Meitrrancan Spee (Col lected Sides sere, no. 73), Landon, Varo Reprints, 1978, 328 il, Bib eta dex Reprints of previ published aces that deal with various 26 pcs f Moosic relations. Bors Rober Muslims, Christians, and Js the crusader ing don of Valent: socetes x nmbio (Cambridge Iran and Lain ‘Amesican Stes, Cambridge, UK/ New York, Cambridge Univers Ravel as Press, 1984, 363 p. il, Bibl: p, 331-35, tex 50, Calveny Alter F. (1872-196). The Alhamdra, Loon, G, Pip & Son, 18904, i464 pp including 80 ea. pts font. (ot). “The Alhambra isthe famous Red Palace bul by the Moors io Granada inthe 14h century. is Court ofthe Lions i partially Impressive ‘See also living, Washington, no. 96 sn Barsboh, Frederick, 0243 bon ‘51, Caso, Amerigo (1885-1972). The Soucte of Spanish History, as. from he, Spanish by EL. King, Pinccton,rincton Univeny Press 1984 Bibl footnotes A Revised arson of he auhor'sEipata en sistoria’evistianes, mors ud, Bueno Nes, 198, ‘The auha's pune fat post 1492 Chrisie Spin was 92 ‘comin ofthe exer Vnigohie Spin ut developed out ofthe red Moorish clare ‘See Monto, James Tel, n,19. 52, Chandler, Wayne B. "Te Move Light of Europe's Dash Age, in Van Seta, fan, ed, Apcon Presence In Eary Europe (OBS). pp. 14175, ap & BB rls pp. 173-195, Fer fl bibliographical tise Van Seta, no. 16 below. ‘Te latory ent of Chand hs teen o provide an Aoeac historia overview of tbe Moors in Spl epinning eth» definion ofthe er "Moos™ Unforuntly, the quit of thes) fs are by sloppy scholarship (perhaps doe 10 an overrelace secondary sources to dicey desing with Moorish Spain eg. conson be ‘een “Mors” and Muslin” the term “Orin” derived fom “Iba Tariq” which does soe mean, asthe author ser, "General ‘Tasig’ ut Moun) of arg” (Taig t-ziyad was the AfPean seat who led the Moorish Invasion of Spain in U1); the aor fttoncusly describes the Almohade Dynasty ihe four a as “Moorish Dyn" n Spain; frthermre hte no mttion what ‘vr of ier the Nes the aca! fst Moorish Dy fn Granada (1231-1492), sre ofthat nel earn Wo Hisar jn, AnvarG. "Some remarks on Hispano Arabic ele” Iamic Lateran, (12 May 1966), 19-58 (Now) 19-28 $4. Chee, Ansar G: Maslin Spain i hor and ule, Minneapolis, Univeniy of Minnesata Press, 1974 x, 589 pp, Exenive Bil ee (Notes: pp, 420-482 Bib. of Catalogues & Nas pp 485-400, BI fot Westra Works pp. 491SIe ML of Ensen Works (msl Arb) pp s17- 30 Is maps tae "A indepth sty the sory a eure of Moos Spain, Cop au ss s. Ps 8 Golden ge ofthe Moor ‘ous references to primary sources, The book stronger onthe ura "The biographies cotta valuable resure fo Moorish Spi, CChejne, Anwar O.Ilam and the West: the Morascos, a calural ond ‘sia hstoy, Albany, Stale Univer of New York, 1983 i 248, 'p- BML: pp. 216-288 Index Diseases the history of the Matis in Spain who shone he reconquest in 1492 wet forced to become bpized Christians oF face Perecston, in direct violation of the Granada tent of surender, ‘They were derpsoriy sled Moiens whichis Spanish for “Lie Moors. Aceon the ator the Mosse were") a ered fn the Boevan Peninsula of msted ancestry (Spanish, Jewish, Berber, ‘Arab and other etic groups)” and "exmadeed ales in thir own find, heretic who presented an imminent danger tothe state and hors” Revie Faris eFMansouy, Mastin World Book Review 7, 0.2 (1987), 39 a ‘On the Morisns, sao Lea, Henry C, no. 107, Monte, Ses no 125, and Gayang, deo. 251 below. ‘Custphe, Jobe B. Tae amie Tradion, New York, Mayr & Row, 1972 axis 85 pps chronology, 2 maps Bib: 165-17: Inde, ‘ie inrouction fo the subject. Several erences o Spal. In the chapter on Ploophy Aveo and bn Khali are dicue, Collis Roger. Early Madizeal Spa. Unity Dives, 400-100, ‘London, MacMillan, 1983x5317 pps tables maps: bibliographies, “The book suesses the preMootsh prod sn ies sention to he ‘Umayyad dynasty Rosen ‘Asa Wahab Bosse, Mastin World Book Review $, 00.3 (1985), "Atri asesrmet in whic he reviewer righty are hat ike mos Books by Wester academics reference is ade he Feces {any moder poblicatons on Is by Msi scolar. Colin, Roger: The Arab Conguest of Spin 70-797, Oxo, UK ‘New York, Basil Blckwel, 689x299 pp BD ea; Ide. "The book focuses onthe poli and ctrl sory ofthe Sst etary of Moorish in Span ‘Conde, lose A (8 1820) History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Span teams fr the Spanish by Ms Jonathan Foster, Loon, G Bll & Sas TAS4, 190-1915. 3 ols, Vol 1511p Spanish olinal published posthumously in 18201821; 2nd. Batons, 1845 1 detailed polis hoy itt te Ravel ais @, o 6s «, oo Ti a 0 ef acne en Soop SSE orate soto ay ge Oe a lost ingat a cet Ss mm cn BOMELY TSE aoe ef Ere Cte enact erat a6 ©. 1. n 2 n Golden Age ofthe Moor “The sur provides a bref overviw of the Moorish nella achievements Spain an thir impact on development in Earp Dunlop, Dfouglas) M. Arab Caiization o A.D. 1500, London, Longa, 197,368 pp. IM rl Index “The ook icles fefereass to Mors contbations in Nom ‘Atca an Spin in the lds of erate, bstorographs, gery, Philosophy a scence. A most wean feature of he Bok i He {pedal ape on “Some famous Wome i sr Duran, WilanJCISS=I1) The Story of Cilcation. Vol. The Age of Faith A History of Medieval Craton Christian, sami, ‘nd Sudale~jrom Constantine 4 Dante A.D. 333-1300 New York, ‘Simon and Schusie, 1980 vi 1196 pp Bil pp 1087-110 Inger “The autor defines the Moots as “tbe Moslem popslation pay ‘Ara, mosly Herter of Wester North Aft tnd Spa” (p 2984), ‘Chapter XI dels with Western Islam, G41-1086, a neues x lscasson of developments Norwest Africa (Magi) snd Spain (alAndats). Chapter XIV:~The Grande and Dect of Isa: 1058 1258" inches a description of the Moorish vilzation, sense and philosophy in Salo up othe mide he cent cen ELFasi M, Unesco Genrl History of Aiea. Vol 3 Africa fom the Seventh othe event Cer, Pars UnscsLandsh Heiner, Berkeley, University of Calfona Press 1988 any 849 pl maps Bibs pp. 700-847, ‘Sex especially Chaper 13: “The Almoravide” by Hie and J Devise pp 3-366, ‘Set abo Nite, DT, edn. 128 below. Faris Nabin A and Hit Pip K. et a, ed, The Arab Heritage, Princeton, Princeton Universiy Press, 194; New York, Rasell Russel 1953279 pps Bibliographies: ides, ‘Chairs cover irate, sien thought nd at als in Moorish Spain. Git, Hamiton A. (1895-1971, Staion the Cation of sam, cited by Sunt J. Shaw and Walla R. Pll, Boson, Beacoo Pres! “Toronto, SJ. Regisald Saunders, 1962. Bi Notes Bibliography of (it's Werks (192-1961: p. 345-357; Iden, ‘Te bok comprises callin of previously published aces on ‘hemes ke he inrpreaton of simi soy, Abie Histone. ‘nd To Khan's Polieal They (Glick, "Thomas Flame and Christian Span in the Early Middle ‘Ages, Procton, Pncton University Pre ©1979. 376 pp il ‘Bo gues Notes pp 301316 dk "Tbe Ineeductoninlode «soent on "Cate Contact and the 1%. %. 8 Poemic of Spanish Hsoriogahy.” The book is divided nto 2 pars [Society and Economy: I Movement fleas and Tecniqes Golriner, Ignace. "Tae Spanish Arabs and Islam: The Pac of the Spanish Arab inthe Evolstion of am a Compared with he Eten ‘rai The Muli Word, 53 (963,518, 91-105, 178-188, 28-6 54 1964) 27-38 (uichard Pe. Al-Andalus: exrucraanroplogce de a socodad ‘lamiea en Occdente(Bteve Biblitec de Reforma, 19, Barcelona Baral does, 1976.66 pps maps Bibl: pp. 577-610; Index. Tran of Tbs arabes er erbere on A Anal SGuichard, Pree. Sracures sociales, “orkemles” et “occdemales” dans Espagne musuimane, (Cvisaions et soci, 60), Pas, Mov tome 1997-427 pps maps Dist [353] 380 Index "A aiscussion othe poiical sn scl coins a Moodsh Spin, [aj "Ab a Rabon “AK. Andalusian Diplomate Relation ih Western Ewope during the Unatyad Period (AH. 138-366.D.753- 976) an Hisorical Survey, ong Ph.D. hess, Cambridge University, UK, 1966; Beit, Dar a-sba, 1970. 333 pp. ls maps: fess Bi: pp. (299}321, "The bok ngely bated om primary Arabi soars, examines the Moors iplomate lations under the Umayyate with Clrstian Spain, the Franks the Vikings, the Oc a the las Harvey, Leonad . Islamic Spain 1280 TO 1300, ChcagoLondn, (Chicago University res, 1990. iv, 370 pps map, BIBL re pp, 341380; Indes Foownss Both onthe Moors im Al-Andalus and under Ceisan rulers, with tention abo beng iver tothe Moods cortibution 10 "he making ofthe early Modern Word all, Jouph. The Arab Chilzation, ean from she German by 5. ‘Kouia Bubs. Cambridge, Helfer, 1926, ey 128 pp, "Literate pp. 122-124, dad ed, Lae, Pakistan, SM, Astral 198, xx, 140, 2p Bibl (1335136. icock,Richar, “Musi Spin (711-1492) in Peter E.Rasel i, Spain, a companion to Span Studie, Landon, 1973, pptl-63, For fll bibliographical details se below, no. 135, Hit, Philp Kc sor of the Arabs rom the Earliest Tes othe Present, New York, MMi, 1981; 10h ed, London, MeNian New York, S. Marin Pes, 1970, xxi, 822 pp. il; Geeal. Tables; DIM ets Index Par TV (Chapters 34-42 overs “The Arab in Europe Spain and Sil” An inept sd ‘Seealso cay no 378 below, it Philp Ke The Arabs. A Shor History, New Yok, St. Man's ws. Golden Age ofthe Moor Pris, 1968, 5h vi, 21 pas Condensation of History of Arabs ‘maps 197, 2nd ep TR concise overview of he hoy of the Abs ht ncads many references Moorish Spa Hit, Philp K. The Maters of Arb History New York, St Mano’ Pres, 1968. 268 pp: maps, bb rts; nde. ‘An inrodetion To representative leaders im the Fels of amie ‘gin, poli story and clue, Capes inca “Abba Rahinan [E Male of Hisory on Earopean Si “Ibe Rushd: The Great Com ‘mena, aodToe Khai he Fs Philoopher of Hsin” Hodgson Marstll GS. The Vent of slam Concenee and History Ima Workd Cvization, Cieaga, Univerity of Crago Press 19743 ‘os: Bibliographies Indexes Vol I: The Classical ge of slam. $32 pp, Vol 2: The Expansion of lam nthe Mule Periods 609 pp Vol 3: Gunpomder Empires and Modern Times. 469 pp. ole, Ewen Andalus: Spain under the Muslims, London, . Hse, 1958189 pills BD: pp 182-18 Ingen "A sombutat popular approsch. "Themes include isory, people, administra, poetry, aod slavery. Nothing om sie and plo: Sophical achievement. Contains bit tesient of the Almoavie fnuthe Amohad dynasties ot, PM. Lambion, ARS, and Lewis, Be, Combridge Hisorof Islam, 2 vols. Came, UK, Cambridge Universy Press, 1970. hy maps includes Diblogrpbis. 1977 ed 2 vols in $ Vol 24 Inch Aen te Mastin Wes VoL 2: nme Sexe an ‘Vol. 2A: i, $39 pp: Pat VI. Aca andthe Masti West Ch. Roger Le Touran, "North Aca oe Stenth Cet,” p21 23%: Ch. 7 Ambon Hust Miranda, “The Tran Peinsla 3 Sel." p. doo, “The chaps comprise overviews of the pital history of the regions ‘Vol. 28: x, 966 pp. Ils Dynastic List (Umayyad of Spas Glo sary, Bibl: 851-905; Index. See ko Gabel, Pancseo, no, 37H blow Hopkin, LP, “The Almohade Mirrchy.” Buln of he School of Ortem and ajar Sis (London), XV (1958), 0-112. Howran, Alter A Mistry ofthe Arab Peoples, Londen, Fiber & Fobed) Cambridge, Mas, Belnap Pes of Harvard Unversity Pres, 19 ‘5581 pp ill map bl lo pp. S00-929: nde “The most epost itory of he Arab peoples and Islam i avon with de tenon also Peing even ocr mates ave a9 9, Imamadin, . M “Cordovan Mal Rule i gis [Cee Journ Pak is. Soe, 8 (190, 296-312 91, aman, SMC Some Aspect of he Socio-Eoonomi and Cala “History of Nain Span 711-1092 Meieal erin Peis Texts and Stes, vol Cele, El Bel, 1963. 288 pp. 1 pp. of porn, ‘with | folding lest, Append A: Inportan Dales pp 201-& Bib [a07- 214 Inger 'N Pakistani scholars deed survey ofthe fed, ase on oth primary and seconary sous, ha, font, ick anaes aoe 92. mama, SM.A Politica! History of Mastin Spon, Duss, Nayngh Sons, 1960, rev. ed. iy 94 pps ore. pl 1961s Genel, “Tables maps Bi >4S}-98 ‘Arate ubaled sve of he political developments ie Moorish “711-1492, Of he 19 chat, 14 deal withthe period Ie 1091. The Almorvid andthe Aimohad dynasties ate covered ft 3 single shot chaer, whi the Nord dant seve al separate shaper. 8%. Inving. Thomas B.Falean of Spin; «study of eighth contry Spain dh Special empl yon te Heo the Una ad ler Abdurahman 1736-786, hore, Pakistan, Sk M. Asa 1962. Pd vil 303 pe Bhp. 200-20, 94, Thing, Washington (1783-1859) Jownat of Washington ving, 1828 ad miscellaneous nies om Moorish legend and sory. ie By ‘StneyT. Wiliams, New York, American Book Campy, 1937. x, Aap pas, map. 95, Ive, Weshingion, Chronicle ofthe Conquest of Granade, Piel- ‘a, Cary, Len & Cay, 162% Beton, Twayne Publis, 1988, Trrodoctin ty fae N. Haber ext edited by Miia 3. Shilogsburg (The Complete Woks of Washington ving. 13) x41 pp Tring’ oman acon ofthe Fal of Granada cited high pase from his Bish conerporres like Byon, Coleg, Dickea, Set, South, and Thackeray. 96. Irving, Wathingon. The Ahambra: sre of ts an tetches of the Moorsan Spaniards, thm nrcon y EiabethR: Pennell inrted wih ewigs ofthe paces mentioned by Joseph Pemel ron, Dat Palins, 1986, Reprin of he 1856 ed Ori ult Plaephi, 182, a 436 pp. “The autor worked forte US embassy ip Spin nthe 182 when his meen inthe Mors was in Kine. ings ero narae— Dr imagnave, pa Scolly-and ripping sy used uch vo ‘ant interes Moors Spina tein, cape Eno ‘On the Alhambra, see also Culver, AF mo 50 aleve and | | on. 8, 110, me, Golden Age a the Moor Bargebubr, Frederick P0243 below. Jackson, Gabriel. The Maing of Medieval Spain, Loon, Tames & ison New York, Haru Brace Jovanovich, 1972. 216 pp I cone ) fasims. Gea Table, ps Bi: pp98-20; Ide. Sickson, Jon GIroducton Acer Coats, action and tional Bopraptial Notes by John 1. Clarke, Now York, Un ‘est Books, 1970, Secaucus, 1, Citadel Press, 980.384 pp th ‘idigzaphies: pp. 381-33: nde. “The chupler on “The Civilzig of Europe: The Moots in Span” pp 157-195, nds an Appen with Masrations ‘Unie most sacs on he Moon, aceon, eer Afican Amer ‘an scholar, arenes the Alcan component of Moorish history and ‘are Mach diet quotation from eennry sures. ‘ackon, Jon G. Mam, God aad Chilean, Sees NI, Cadel rss, 1972327, Bis pp. M08-220; Index. Chapler XVI ened "The Evolution of Chlizton: The Ara Mecrish Cute” pp. 263 282, sueses the Aficamnessof Moorish culture and histo Jute, Charente Mistry of Nr Aiea, ans. rom the Feach by John Pere and eited by CC. Stowa, Landon, Roepe, Kegan PaulNew York, Prasper, 197 xi 6 pps maps, pans Glossy: Bibl: 38142, French pial: Mire deb Nrgue du Nord, Pa, Payot, 1952. "The emphasis is on pla development but cultural mates ate ho givenatenton. Extensive eveage ofthe Aloravide and Ala “seat, seo n Moora Syn, Kereng, Maulana. Iiodsction to Black Sti, Los Anges, Uni ‘ory of Subkoe Press, 1082, 376 pp. Bingrphiew No ine 'As prof Ie Aca istrel hackround the ator provides 8 Segment on “The Moorish Emp in Spi” (p. 63-48) whch pa ‘ularly resesth eal comtblion ofthe Moors and hems ‘on Eon {ane-Poole, Staley (1854-1931. The Siory of the Moors in Spal Neve York, T886 1911; New rept with a nation by Jak. Taco, Balimore, MD, Black Clase Pen, 190; din so Te toa, Nes World Pres, 285 pps maps according the Gude o Islam by David Ee ra (ce above 0 (09, Lae Poe's book lately "popular sunmary of R Dany “Histoire des Maulmanes Espagne” (p28) Fr Doz sc ex) 0 {67 above The 1990 reprint etre on the skin cover sal pes ‘ve lnking Moorish estima, resplene in colorfl aes. Stkaons Induction consis msity af long exert om S= Lane-Poat, the Bish Arabic scholar, pits ery postive pice Ravel! Al ‘fhe Moors in Spain. However, the abr, whois ceil pro-Arab {re inane thin a alsa sense), onetces exhib peculiat ambivalence with egaté othe teeny of the Moors Hepes the folowing definiion of the tem "Moor “Fhe word Mon & conve nico used to signify Aras and eter Mohammedan i Spt bat rope shoal ony be apple o Berbers of Nort Ac and Spin ‘And he contines somewhat eagmaticlly "In this volume te tems ‘sed in ts common aecepaton, ures the Arabs especialy dist asthe from the Berbers" (1090 edison, p. 1) Howevek he Ib “mabe to contain isan Afriansttimen (he book fst appeared at theme of the socalled “Scramble for Ata” tha isa he height of modern European inpedalism. Twice, for example, he fees fo he Berbers as “barbarians (pp 102, 175) 103, Lane-Pool, Staley. The Mohammedan Dynasties. Chronological end Genetogcl Tables with Hira! nructons, Laney, Conte 1s94New Vor, Fredrick Ungt, 1965s, 3 pp Indes of Roles ‘Orig pub. 1893. Incas North Afi tnd Moorish Spam, 1, Laps, a M. Masi Cues nthe Laer Middle Age. Carbide, Mass, Harvard Universty Pes 1967, Student Ed, Cambridge, UR New Or, Cambridge University Press 1984, vk 308 pp: Bb: pp 192-197 Inde 10S. Larou, ‘Abdullah. The History ofthe Mash, a Interpretive Es say trans. fom the French by Ralph Masheim, Princeton, Princeton Universiy Pes, 1997. vi 43 pps maps; Append, Bi: 401-422, Index. French original: L Hisar da Maghreb (Pai, 197) Enienive dsetsion ofthe Almoravige and Almakad moverents and djnass i North Africa and Spi 10, Tatham, obi Drom usin Spa to Barby: Stade in the Histary sand Clue of he Malin West, Landon, Vaionum Reprn, 1986, 38 Ml mas: BIL ees Ede 107 Le, Henry ©The erseor of Spain: ther Conversion and Expulsion, Poilaephia, Lea Brotess & Co, 190. x, 63 pps Appendix of Original Documents: BIBL Noes: Indes, ‘An indepth treatment ofthe theme, However, the authors ot fee of anfaAfiean bias Ie coming to Spain of the Alors an the “Alimobads is for isan deserted he “roption of fesh anes of Tanai srarane (1). ‘On the Mariscos, see also Chsjne, Anwar G., no. $5, Mone, James, no. 125, and Gayangon Pe 0. 251. 408, Le Tours The Almohad Movement in Nor fia in the Twelfth ‘and Thincenth Centres, (Princeton Staics om ihe Nest Eat, Princeton, Picton, Princton Univers Press, 1959, 127 9 "Sours pp 115-121. The et comprises tee etre In which te 1, 3, na us, 16, Golden Age ofthe Moor tutor gives an historic sve ofthe is fal ofthe Aloka eviProvenal, Evarste (1894-1956). Islam ‘Oceldent des histoire medigvte (Glam Wier t eauour ha, vy, Pa Masomewve, 1948, 19,320 9p rs LiviProvengl Misoire de Espagne Masiiman, 2nd e. 3 vl Par, G.P. Maisoaneave 1950-1953. A ew and revised eto, ke; maps Genel Tales; ibogaes “The fst thee volutes ofa planed peer! hisory of Moorish Spain ta, Rowever, remained incomplete a he authors exh a 1956, “The marae goes upto 1031, The published volumes conn aul ibogphiaretrences. LevisProveogl La Chilton Arabe en Espagne; we genial, ed fd, Pai, GP. Malsonneve et Larose, 196,33 pp BB 185-174, Chron. tables pp 175-208 (aan tet aout). Footer nis by Lés-Povengal see now 183 and 18 below. Lewis, Ahad R. Naval Power and Trade in the Mederrancon ‘AD. 800-1100 Pinson tues in Hoy, ), Pricon, rnston University Pre 1951, 271 ps maps Br eludes many referees o Mooreh Spi, Lewin Archibald Rye The lame Word andthe West, AD. 622- 1892 (Major sis in History), New Yor, Wiley, 1970.3, 46 pp. “Avgecrlhnrcal survey of he telat beeen the amie teres and peoples and Europe athe tie. ‘ews Berard: The Arad in Fir, Londo, ution, 1984, 200, ps maps: Bibi: p. IB4-194, ev ed. New York, Harper & Row (Gage Trchbook Eaton), 1967 Trlades Chapter VIE “The Arabs rope Lewis Bema lam and th Arab Word fh, peopl, care, ‘ew York, Knot in asc th American Hesage fob Co, 1976. 380 pi Gome col) fasims maps 31 em, Bi! 34350 ade Inelads 6 Gomer, Moors Spun” Forte char on Moorish scene, se Saba, A 9.249 below. Lewis, Bera. The Muslim Discovery of Eure, New York, WW. Noon, 1962 350 pI IDL notes Index. Conais varous ferences to Moors Spa Livermore Harold V. The Origins of Spain and Portal Lando, Alek ££ Unwin 1977438 pp B= pp 97-408 nde. Pa etd “the Mastin tsvasion” and ever the story ofthe Moor te Irian Pinu (ALAndahs) Lomas, Derk The Recongucs of Spun, LondoiNew York, angie 97% i 219 pp ie BIL ete nex "The Chistian resonqos’ of Spin was compieed with the fall of ave! as Granada in 1452 119. Lopez, Rober, The Birth of Europe, Looson New York, M. Evan, 1967 li 2p apes pls BDL: pp 4006, 120, Mackay, Angs, Spain an she Mudie gt: from Fremler wo Empire, 1000-1300, (New Stuts e Medea sor) New York, St Mal’ s Pres, 1977. 245 ppl; Bi, 213} 2 laden 121, Mum, M, Sagi Hasan, "The east Muslim lavason of Spain,” ‘lami Suis (Raa, (1964), 97-102 122, MeCabe, Joseph (1857-1955. Splendour of Moorish Spin, Landon, Wats and Co. 1935 ni, 298 pl No Bibl; Inde, “The Foreword fers Io ever riers on Moors Spain. ‘The tet Hself contig nly an vena Ilopaphica eer ‘An enthusiastic teatment ofthe tory of the Moot in Spin by foumer Briish Catholic priest who teeume’n famous fethinh, stesing pics the Momrsh clu ahicemets in ons ‘ondtons in Benighed Cirsian Europe atthe time. However, te ‘ook suffers fom serous an Aca is, The Maur achievements ate primary atibued to Arabs (nan ec sete) ad Jews: Tn ‘Chapter ented "The Rel Moors of Spin.” McCabe cls that he Moors (the ‘Dark™ Men") or Berbers had no afin with the negroes it is 2 rials stagetadton that makes Oe Mack ‘anand were maily Arab orate Semies who bad wandered ‘cross Nore Asc before te yo the Romans and had sted ‘nthe land betwee the Medetanean seth mountain”. 137) 123, Meakin, Badge (1866-1906. The Lando the Moore A Comproken sive Detention, London, Sonnenschein New York, MacMilan, 190; reprint London, Daf, 1986, U8 pp, map. 124, Meyerson, Mark, The Muslin of Valencia inthe Age of Femando and nae: benoencovxience and cata, ekeley, Univer of Califia res, «1981-1, 372 pp maps, Bib refs: pp 351-365, Indes 125. Monroe James. “A Carous Moro Appeal tothe Oxon Emit.” AbAndai 31 (1966), 281-308, (nthe Moriscos, see also Chane, Anwar, no $5, Les, Henry C. ‘no, 107, and Gayang, dn. 251 125, Mins, 'Husayn’ Gosia Moses). "Los Almorvides.” Revista det Instat de Estudos Isami (RIET, Mai) 15 (1961-1968, 49-103, 127. Murphy, Francis X. “olan of Toledo and he fall the Vvgnthic ingdor in Spin.” Specuton,27 (1952), 1-2, ihe Visighic kgm In Spa was overhown bythe Moors a 128, Niane, DI, ed. Unesco General History of Africa. vo. VA from 19, 130, en 13, 135, Golden Age o the Moor ‘he Twelfth othe Stacom Century, Pris Unesco:London sine man Berkley, Calfomia Ur. Preny 1988. xy, 751 pp lke aps BI: pp 822735; Index. Chapters 3-7 del with the Maghrib and Moorish Spin. rete: Biblogap ‘One ofthe few books at provide an Afes-centered perspective ‘on the Moor i Noth Aca and Spin. Se so El Fasiedy 90 tho. Not, HT. “The eat Ilami sete in Gia” Journal ofthe Royal Amiropologial state of Gres Btn, 91 (1051.39.51 ‘Moots ule ia Gibraltar ast fom 71] 162 Foran eapanton| ‘of the origin ofthe name Gitrala ee the snnottion to the Ealty bnder Chal, Wayne B 8.52 above (O°Gilghan eseph FA History of Medico! Spain, WhaclLn8oa, {Corel University Press, 1978. 729 pps leaves of plates; map BB: pp 68-705; Iden “The bok deat with he pot story of Spe with due atti also given to economic and ella mater. At inthe wks Lane Poole, MeCabe and them, an almost obigtry antic Bas also fund er: or example, the Alora te describe “barb {an nomads” (208), Powel James Nt Mustims under Latin Rae 00-1300, Prinston, 1NJ, Pineton University Pre 1990, 22 pp BD eh Index ‘A cllestion of esa dating with Mush noses under Cis sin le, in Pongal, Case ‘Read, Ja. The Moors in Spin and Portage, Totowa, N1, Row nd Littell, 1978. 268 pp [8] leaves af pa; ill maps; Comparative (Chronology: pp. 240-288; BB pp 29-25, ‘A elable politcal an cultural istry of he Moorish presence ‘he Iberian Pesala ‘Sec also the ety under Read, fn, 0.389 below. Reina, lsephT- (1795-1867) Malin colon in France, nother ‘iy, and Switzerland, ans. by Haroon Khan Shera 2b eed Lahore, Sh’Muamimad Asa, 1968 xi 258 pp [I lea f pits, fold: map, BIL es, lex. Hench vga 1836, Riser, Jacques C. Le Ciulsaion Arabe, Pass, Payot (Petite Biotique Pay, 1955. 248 pp. Table of Cones, yp. 245-208. Notes. No Bibliogap, ‘Atri overview of Artic ciliztion and is nfltence on Europe, with sey erence o Moorish Spi, Rose Peer ed. Spain companion to Spanish Snes (Univers Paperacks, 571), Landon, Mtbuon 197% New ed, 592 pp fd Pine; gens. ables col map: Bibiogapie, Index ‘Cupteren MusinSpuinby Richard Hisheok, seo. 8 Lo Ravel Fy 136, im, 138 0, 1 1, 14s, Sash, Hea. "Commicton fever Chis an sa,” ide sw doula, DC) 18 (190) tok SincterAtonor, Csi i an de ipo y ef Oceiente (Giecon Austal a 185), Main apn Cpe, 197. S38 ps Biren ne Senin, in 1910-1972) A Hiro Media am, ond! New Yok Roig, Kegan and au 008 29 pps nag, Boson Scot, Sal (846192, Hi of th Mors Eien Ex rope Pinphisonon. Ln, 0 a "Aabais Gated wh, py scab i Rew Yrs, ANS ew 977 3 sot Repo ed ne Seton Kemah Mec Ht foe Cade vols 2 Masion,Wa, Unie of Wit rea 96 Inset apes Ser Eanes, Ma Sp Corde, Sl Crna Pops ty Win Sw, yan Wn New Ya, Crowe ales {dom ek 199 25 p il: gw pa hres toa Bp. ne inc pithy of hs ad i especie chive ret int as eps pert of hho i devoted to re the cet helt Nos dyn ch inten Spur, Berl. The Main Worl: Aseria Suey Tsies tam he Germany FCC Pag. Se Lee, Bie Wok tt 158 pps Dyn Tabe Bs yp T3019; maps Indes Caper Sp “he shape vids 3 i wuvey ofthe poli an clu bso of Moon pin Stem Sl Me (220-199, Hy ad Care te Modioat Mati Nori endo, Varro Rep 98 ps wea ‘colecion of previ ase anes cot vas serene Mar Ss Stary, Pul Es tps of evs cl in th Mie Ages: Iaers ef be ih ona canoe ft Can or Meda ed {ri Renan Stas Ste Uns ot Binghamton 3 ay, 1% Ay, Sete Ueto New Yr Pen 19 3 20 Ish bls tke Namo wb we Ar yes Prominent leh eta ie a Spins ie ae Torenrason Wayne we 357259 ho “Tahar “Ah: Wah ann The Man Cone and Setonet afnarh ea and Spt ee etc sae) oo ew Pat wie 599s SRD pM pe 2ST See 26 Golden Age ofthe Moor 146, Van Sertima, Wan, ed. African Presence ix Early Europe, New Brunswick, NJ Ovid, UK, Tassction Bouks, 1088 Journal of 4) ican Ciiization, November 1988, vol, no. 2) 317 pps maps BIBL ref; No Index ‘In chaper ened “The AfcanPrescace in Eatly Europe: The Definional Problem" the editor examines the evidedce for pre ‘Moorish Arian presence in Span and discusses he various defor ‘of terms like "Moors" "Berbers and "Arabs" in elation to North ‘Atican and Spanish ity Fo fret comments he Moor by Van Seria se the “Ino- ction” p. 7-16. For ef tefeeoces to tbe Moors, sce also Edvard ‘Scobie, “The Black in Western Europe”, pp. 190-202. and Beatie ampkin sn Siham Zier, "Cia: Sense Academy ofthe Mile Ages” pp. 175-18, "Two ae leant chapters per in this Bibliography as separate ‘enuis: See Chandler, Wajae By eo. 52 and Johnson, Rossing, no So. 147, Vices Wives, Inime. Am Economie History of Spain, wth the cliabo- tation of Fowge Nada Os, trashed by Frances M.Lopez Meds, Princeton, Princeton Univesity Press 1968 vi, 825 pp. & maps BML: pp 747-802: laden 148, Von Grnebaum, Gusav E. (1909-1972). Medica alam: Sua in Galtarat Orematon, Chicago, University of Chicago Pres, 19465; 2nd 1953, 38 pp; apes Bib ref Ingex; Phoenix Books Eston 1962, vi, 378 pp. 148. Vo Gransbau, Gusta E Uni and Vary Muslin Chia tion (Compara Suds of Calues tnd Chviatins, No.7, Ch ag, Chiago Univesity Pres, 1988, 1963. i, 385 pps HL? map Tin ret Tora eleva chapter se under Ab, Armand 3 150, Von Gruehaum, Gostay Cassia lam & History 60-1238 ts by Katherine Watson, Landon, Allen & Unwin, 197, ls aps Ceo ‘ables: BL: pp 2112221 Index. German origina 163, ‘Cotas # cil chaperone Islamic West. 151, Wasserstein, David The Rise and Fall of Part-King: Plies and Socio im Flame Span 1002-1086, Princeton, Pinceon Univers Pres 1985 ni, 338 py, BI pp, 297-327 Index. ’ bsory of Moors Spin inthe period been the fall of the ‘Umayyad and the coming he Almas 152, Way Willa Mw Plewe Cachi. A History of Islami Span Alaie Surveys) Esibung, sinborgh Univerty Pres, 1968. x ‘no pps 16 pls Bp. 186-191 Ingen. ‘A renable ino to the oles and eutwal Nsory of Ravel ar Moorish Spain 153, Wish, Beound(1857-1914) and Elen M. Arabic Spin sidlgts er history and art, London, Marty, 191-VLandon, Dat, 18, $421 pp ls; gencalopal iables: Bi: ui-e], ‘Deals mainly withthe sory of Seville under he Moors. 154, Wolf, Kemah B, Christan Maro Main Span Cambie, UK Net Yon Cambie Une Pes 98107 ps BT “he bok seks 1 investigate the motives of the group of nth czy Cran marys n Corda wh Sire poke he oorsh autores, and tho of thir contemporry poog he Catotie priest, logis amices 185 Bodman, Janes W. AMericon ioral Review, Vol. 9¢ (October 1989) 1088, ‘On thse Crsians marys, ee ako Colter Edvard Pn. 158, bebo. 156, Yong, Chalte M, (1823-1901). The Stony of Chistian and Moors {inSain London, MacMillan, 1879.2), 299 pp il Crit See Van Serna, Wan ef o0, 146 above, According to Van ‘Seria, the auto ike oer writes on Moorish pain, denis tha the Bers have any “ineasnous Aan clement ne compotion ever, deserbing one ttle aint Chistian Spa, Yonge rites that "ere wan igh slagher ofthe Atta” (p. 178). One wondeiy” comments Van Seria tllngy, how Oy coud fave bcm patil non-existent esa have sch pet presence {in death (Van Serta van, ly 0 145 sve p81). 157 Bares, Mary E. Histor of Mesorical Wriing od Revised ed, New ‘York, Dover, 1963. Org pub 1937. x, 450 pe. iBogrsptieg por ‘ChaperV.*Hisxosieal Writing During he Midle Ags” oni viet overview of Islami historiography, wi speci senon gives to Tbe Khun who, according to Bane “completely outistnced ‘any Carsian histor in his fundamental grap ofthe piniples of man and cual sevelopment”(p. 98). ‘On Iba Kal, ee blow, noe 162-179 158. Coen EwardF The Mart of Cordoba (850-859) A study ofthe Sources, Washington, D.C, Cahoi Usvershy af Marca ess, 062 401 pp. Bit pp. #5408. on Golden Age othe Moor (On hese marys se aso Wot, Kemet No. 158 an Broan, James Wn 38 abo, 159. Goldie, L."Materlen zur Kents det Almohaden Bewegung.” eich der dewschon morgenandschen Gesellschaft, XL (18), Sosa Discasses sures forthe sory ofthe Alma move 160, Hight, Joa Roger Londale, compiler & eto, Spun he ff eon century, 1369-1516: exes and exrctBy historias of Spin 1 [fe the Spanish] by Frases M.Lopez Milas, London, Mac Milan, 1972, 486 pp maps; Bib. 1 ‘Abd Haha 2. 8708871) 16. thn “Abd aka, S70 or 7. The History ofthe Conquest of Spain. ‘Traplted and eed by John His Jones, New York B. akin, 196 (Seleted Essays in History, Economics, and Socal Scene, "si, 38 pp BIBL Ong publ I858 ‘Alter the Pretace aed Histone Inodston follow the English ‘Translation Exegetial Noes, and nally the Arabic tex Tom Hayyan, Abu Marwan (987-1075) 162, Goldman, $ "Ton Hayyan and his Pace in Spanish Most Historiog- ‘apy Transactions of he Glasgow Univers Oriental Sacey, Vl (198439, Toh on Khali, ‘Abd a Renan (1332-1406) 163, tbe Khaldu. The Mugadimah, a introduction to Astor, te tom | the Anbic by Fatz Rosental, New Yor, Pantheon Hooks, 158.3 ‘ook plates ol maps (1 fo) digs facie (pr ol) (Bolger seses 49), Sel, Bib: vol. 3, pp. [GPS12 by Walter 2. Fisch Teas of author's oduction (Muah o his Kite alba. “The fost wenth cary rsh storia, Armd. Toynbee (189-1975) who, in theft volume of his monumental A Stuy of Misory (134), nied that Attica a eodaced sy ction et than te Egyptian (carstraed ae "uite), exerted The Khaldun* The Muda a x philosophy of history which fs undubtedly he rest woe of hind that sever Yt cn eeted any mind a ny tne or place” A Sealy of Hity, LandoiNew Work, Oxford Unwenity Press 1934, Vol. p 22, 164, An hm Acad, 31959) Revell 0 165. Library Journ, 1 Dee 1958 166, Mid Fast own, Sa 1959. 167 Fes Lit Sup, (Landon), 18 De. 1959, 168 fhm Kalan The Mugaimah a introduction to istry ee, 2 ey ‘ilk conecons and supmented Sl; Frineton, Print Univer Ps, 1967.3 vols il BB val. 3: pp. [483)-521; Indexes 168. on Kaakun. An Arab Philosophy’ of hisory: Seetons from the Prolegamona of Ton Khalid of Tums (382-1406). Vans and se- ected by Cres Isa. Princeton, The Darwin Press, 1987 3, 192 ps BbL: pp. 182-188 Index. 170, Thm Kosi, Hisoie de erbéres et dee davis musulmancs de Apguesptentrinaes ts fT Kans Kt aT eed nds by Wi Mththin Se Slane, 4 vole, Algiers, 1853-1856, ‘0 a, Pars, Gouin, 1969 (ep of 1028-86 reve). rte ‘kamah, ‘Aziz fbn Khaldun in Modern Schtorship: a Study in ‘Ovantaliom London (Third Word Cente for Reseach and Pub), 198x333 pps bl: 229} 318 dens. Part Vo th boo comprise an extensive sptematc Biography 172 ‘Aumab, “Ale om Khaldon an e5ay i reierprettion, Lomo Toto, Ni Cass, 19RD xv 176 pp; BO res Tes 173, Bal Fund Soir State and Urbanism Ibn Kalen Sociologia! ‘Thos, Aan, Sate Universi of New York Pes, 1985x175 1p, Notes BL: pp 187-167 ales Werks in Arabi: Index. "Through compare analysis, the author shows that Ton Kian’ iets about society and itr change preset tony those of achive, Vico, Torgnt bat slo those of Montesqiey, Comte, Darke, Mars, Gumplowir, Spengler and Tones. 174 Bal, Fd and Ward, Ae Kha and Islamic Thowph Ses ‘social perspeti, Boston, Mas, C.K Hal, 1981 xi, 138 pp BM 181-148 Inde ‘Asay nthe sociology of owedge 17S. Ennag, Mohammad Abd. fb Khai, sf and work, Lahore (nia St Asha, 1946. i 14 pps BL: pp. 42M144, Transat from the Arabic 176 Lacoste, Yes. Khaldu he birt of istry and the past of he ‘Third World, London, Ver, 1984214 pp: BL ess tnx. Fone ‘ign Pari, 1966 Spanish al: Borelona, 1971; Arabic wal Beir 197, 177 Mata, Mula tn Khan's Philosophy of History: study inthe ‘hilesophie foundations of the sclene of cure, London, Allen & {Unwin 1957 (Phoenix Books Eon, Chap Unvery of Cheng Pras i964 385 pp pp 297 510 nde 40 Golden Age othe Moor Review 178, Times Lit Sup, 2 May, 1958, pp. 244-288, 19, Megheri, Abvelghan bn Khaldoun, saver son oer, Seis Pour ‘Tou 2nd ed Algiers, SNEED, TOAD. 3 p. No HBL No Index. st abit: 197 ‘Avery genera overview of Khaldu's fe aed works, fom a socio. ogi perspective 180, mandi, -M, “Sources of Musi History f Spin” Journal of he Pakistan Historical Soin 11983) 357-79, eo Africans [Leo the African. also known as a-Hasam ibn ‘Mutammae al Warr al Zayat arma (ec 1485-4. cu 155) 181, Leo Afranas.A Geographical Mitre of fica, rans by Joba Pay, and, 10 acs. ArseraraNew York, 196; eid by Raber ‘Brown under the new tle: The History and Deserpon of fle London, Hakuyt Society, 1896, New York, Burt Fraklin, 1963, 3 ‘ols maps. (Ist series, os 92-94. alan vgn: Venice, 1550 ‘Sec also Jonson, Rosalind onthe paral tween the life of Leo ican ad Shakespear's caracter Otel, no. 38 Slow: Crticom: 182. Maun. "Noe sr Les rend pages de Léon Ali,” XU (0989), 379-394 Wa, LéviProvengal, Evite, Documents indie histoire almohade, fragments manusris da “Ieejo” 1919 du fous arabe de Esai Pari, Geutner, 1928, xi, 276, [156] pp ape "rodeo, Tansaion and Notes 184, LesProveeaEvarite,e Majm rasa muah: trome-sept loererofilsalmohade, Rat, Pabcatons Se nett ex aes es marocines, 10,1941 “arbi xt edie by LévicProvega Footer ens by Ln-Provengl se 109-111 above, 185, Lewis, Beard & Hol, Peter M, eds, Hitvians ofthe Mie East ‘Unveisiy of London, Scoot of Oreial and African tai, Histor cal Wings ofthe Peoples of Asn, wl, 4 Oxford, Caendon Pes, Tonson New York, Oxford Univers Pres, 1952, ‘Since the books alo encomposs African and Spanish Moots a thors th series len misamed. Orie 3 valuable eure for Ieamichisoringrphy. 185, Mali, Mab A, Egil y los cine a hisriografia sabigo- ‘aptly Revit del nde Estudio slmicor (Made, V.0937, irae epi, Ravel or atMaggar fa Molar, Abu ‘Abbas Ahmad 6. Muhonmad. (4. 1631, 2) 187. akMaggari, The history ofthe Mohammedan dynasties in Sp, tans late from tbe copies inthe itary he Bish Meum lasted wit real ows on the hsory, geography, and niguites of Spin by Pascal Gayangos, London, Oriental Tarslaion Fund of Ore ‘Briain and tani, London, W.H. Allen, 1840, 1843, 2 vl, London! New York, 1964, rept of 843 London et; New epi, Delhi (arabe Adsbiat alls CAD) sligion philosophy epi seis no 55), 1984 ‘ranlation of Naf a-7b mie Ghuse al-Andalus Rau 188. Magoiouh, Divid S(ISS8-1940), Lectures on Arab Historias, Cale, The Univer of Cas, 1980 (ore Fanti: Research fd Source Works series. Byzantine serie 36) Repit of 1930 ej [New York, Burt Fann, 1972.16 p. No. Bil; No. Indes ‘The book comprise letres tht were delivered btoe the Univer. sy of Caan, trary 1929, 188. Monroe, ames T slam and Aras Spanish Scholarship (Sitendk {Century tothe Present) ein, Beil, 1970. (Medieval ean Peat ‘a Text and States, vol 3) 297 p. Bibl pp. [271}-291 ‘A useful rea sty ofthe frag asesimens ofthe Moorish period in Spanish schol. However the comments af ot confined to Spansh wri: Washington ving, Dey, LevicProvengal and oer ‘writer on Moorish Spin slo festre in he Scusion. 190, Rose Fa. A History of Musi Hitrtgrapy, Leiden, Beil 1952, i588 pps BI. es 2od ee, 1968 0, 86 pp. BIL el ‘A guide to historical wings athe Musi word Rosi 181. Sain, George is, 441953), 78-7, 192. Sinchez.Aborno, Cadi, el. La Fopaie maslmane sega fos ‘utr idamiaryerisianr medieval. 2 vk tbe, Buenos Aes, EL Atenco, 1960. 15 pu 1946; maps (part fl) ils (paca) ‘ib refed e, Madi, Espa Calpe, 1973 “The hook comprises excess fom orginal Moorish and Cision ters, with accompanying commentary. rite ‘See Monce, Janes To. 189 above 13, Sauvage, Jean (1901-1950), Hiorione Arabes: pages cho, ret presets Jean Soe nian tela, 9), A Masonry Foxe" 192 py. a Galen Age of the Moor D. Philosophy and Thelony 1. Bibliographies, Et 194, Anat, George C. “Bibliographic de ts pilonophie médiévale en tere ssa pour les années 1959-1969," Bull Ph. Mie, 10-12 (1968-1970), 316-369 195, Cavey. bret bitigrophy f Arabic philosophy,” The Mesin Worl, 33x (942), 60-68, 196, The Encyclopedia of ligion Etorn-Chiet, Mis lide, Vl. 7, New York, MacMilasLondon, Colier MacMillan, 1987. Relevai tees: Allah Laou, Iam in North Afro” pp. 322-836; Hana Kass, "slam in Spal” pp 336-344 map: Biographies Contains goo tit overiews of he hs of the relgous, legal tnd pilsophical des of Non Alcan Moos Spin 197, Guan, lames, ed. Phloophy A 10 Z (Univeral Reference Library, ‘New Vo, Grosset Dunlap, 1963, 383 pp, BIBL: 313-322 pps Index, “The aces on Jewish Philosophy an Islamic Philosophy ae a ‘pations fom iene that appeir in Radharisha, el sory of Phi losopy, Eastern and Wester (1953). Aven and Maimonides te seco, ‘See ao below, no, 282. 198, The Phiosopr’ Inde. An Interational Index to Phiosphieal Pe rieicals and Books (1967168), Bowling Gasen, OM, Piesophy Docs ‘mention Cente, Bowing Gren tte Univer "The Cente lo Sues aaa comalave eins ad erspetve 198, Pots John C. and Mays, Paul D. Sarva Darsaa-Sangraha. «Bibi ‘raphical Gude to the Global History of Phloophy, Lede, Bil, £969. 305 pp Index. "Moorish pllosophers are cnsiered under “Islam”, The two Syncitonlopcal Chars exclne Afra a « gographia eon at ther. Noth Altian snd Moors philosophers Spain clogs _Brouped under “Cental apd Southwest As” ‘Sec alo Pot, Soha C, 10231 Slow. 200. Shei, M Saeed. A Dictionary of Musi Philophy, Lahore, Is lute lami Care, 1976, 1M.Otker Works 201, Al, Ament [Maul Sui’) (1848-1929), The Spirit of nam: a is or) ofthe elton and ideas of Ilan with ie of the prope, Ravel! a [New York, Humanities Pres, 1974 be, SIS ps fasim Bib p 515-514 Index Repcnt ofthe 1922 amplified and revised ed, London, Chto & ‘Wings, 978 st pub. 873. 202, Arai, Georges C, "Philosophy, Theology, and Mysticism,” in Sehacnt and Bosworth i, Phe gary of stam (nd 8 1975, 1979), Pp 380-391; Bil: 389} 390 For ul biographical, ee no. 394 below, Avert see under I Rush 203, Badawi, At R. Mie dl Philp lam, Pri, in, 1972 204. De Boer, Tae. Mistry of Philosophy i lam, asl. (om th Oe mao] by ER Jones, London, Lasse, 1903. Repinted 196. xi, 216 1p. No Bibl ess no Bibl; oly a re ackoowledgment of ores i the Preface; Ide. 2, New York, Dover, 1935. 229 p: Reus, Sst Reprint New Dei, oxo Poser 1983. Arabic anion Mahumorad “Aba (Can 195) “The autho 4 Dutch colar, concludes his history with bo Kalan (0232-1406, Cher VI. “Phosopy in be West deals with Moorish phiosoper (bn Baja, bn Tuts, fn Rush). whi he ial chp. (er cncbues on Kallen and“The Aah nd Slain 25. Ftry, Majid A Mision of sande Phibsopy (Sues a Oneal Cale, 3B ey New Wk, Club Uivey Pres, 1987.39 pp i: 368-375 Inde. The Moorish philosophers dicosed ince ALSubrwrd, Iba ‘Aa, fn Bajo on Hey, oo Kal, on Misra, fn Ris, sibs Tas 206, Gilloome, fed, “Philosophy and Theology” in Arold and Gaile od, The Legacy of am (It 931 pp. 239-285; For il ibigapical det, se. 36 below. 27. Hains Cas R Chiany and Tam in Spin, A.D, 786-103, non, Kez, Pol & Trench 885: ned, New York AMS Pres, 1912 12 pp BM: pp. [17] 2s, Hournh, George F, e8. Esty on lami Philosophy and Science, ade namie Paso and Scene) Albany, Sate Univers ffNew York Pe, 075,25 pcos BL tsa Gls. 20. Hyman, Ah Walsh, James Je, Philosophy inthe Mie Age The Christan stan an ewsh Train, New Yorke Haske, 9, AIS pp. a evi 7 ppl 73) 28s de a4 Golden Age of the Moor Arabi, May al-Din (1165-1240) 210 Ton Arabi. The Bess of Wisdom [Fuss a ita a introduction by [WA Austin; pee by Tits Burchard (Clsies of Western Sp aly), New Yor, Pals Press 1980. xvi, U2 pps Bi: 285-287 pp. Index 211, Tn “ADL Sufi of Andalusia: The “uh o-quds” and “ab Dara a {alban of Th "Arabi arses with introduction and ots by FRW4, Austin; With @foewont by Marin ings, Londo Allen & Criione 212, Affi, Abu The Mystical Philosphy of Muy Din Iba ‘Arabi, London, Camisige University Pres, 1959 Labor, Mc Asha, 1964 8,213 pp. diagrams. 213. Corbin Henry. Creative Imagination inthe Sufism of Tn ‘Arab’, tran. fom the French by Ralph Manheim (Bollingen series, 9) Princeton, Pinceion University Pes 1968. ¥, pp Il (pa. cal Bibl: 395-398 pp Index. 214 Landau, Rom. The Phlsophy of Ibn ‘Arabi (Ebel and Religious CGlsses Eas and West, o. 22), Landon, Allen & Unwin 1989. 126 . ‘Contains a seleton fom Tarjuman al-Ashag pp 91-122. ‘On ba Aas se lo Nasr, Sey Ha, 28 Blow, 1 Haz ‘Ali Ton Abad (994-1066 oF 1068) 215, Too Hazm, The Ring ofthe Dove, Treatise onthe Art and Practice of Arab Loe, an. by. A. Aer), London, Luza, 1988 228 pp. Cricion: 216, Chejpe Anwar G. bm Hazm, Chicago, Kasi, 1982 vil, 340 pp. ‘Added pt Arb: Bibl: p. 31326 Inde 217. NJ, AR, Ibn Harm's Trenton Eh Am. oun, Sem. Lan. Li, 40 (1923, 30-36, 1 Khalan. Fr his Philosophy of History, se above under Secon C ‘Misorogrply 1 Masarrah (4.951) 218. Ase Paces, Miguel (871-1948). The Myc Philophy of Ibm ‘Massar and his followers ans. trom Spanish by Eimer H.Dovgls fn Howara W. You, Leicen, Ball, 1978, 20¢ pps BBL pp ‘84-190 Index: Spans orignal Modi, 1918. Ravel as {in Rush, Abul Wali Mohanmed (vero) (1126-1198: Moorish Spain's [foremost pilosopher, lin Rash of Averoc’ peat) nflenced te deve ‘pment of European philsophy. 218. Tn Rushd.Averots"hve short commenteries ot Aristoe's “Top- es," "Rhetanc” and "Pocis,” edited was by Charles Buterarth (Sadie in samc Pilsopy and Scene, Albany, tte Usicot New York Press 1977, 206 pp BDL refed, "Texia Arabi abd English 220. Iba Rush, Averocs on Plato's Republic. Translate, witha ind ‘ion and notes by Ralph Lerner hac, NY, Comell Univers Pres, 1974 nxn, 176 p93 BB pp, 163-166 aden, Tin Rash. Tar al Tahir "The lacohreace of coherence") ‘ana by Simon van den Ber, London, Luc, 184.2 vals. (EW. Git Menor Series. New Series, 19) [Unesco Cllestion of Gres ‘Works arabe Seis: Va latradcton, Transaton, Va. 2: Notes BBD re; Inde 222. Ibn Rush. On te Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. A asl with info. and Notes by Geotge F. Howat, London, Lizac, 1961. 128 pp. (Gibb Memorial Series New Series, 21) [Unesco Caltion of {Great Works. Arabic Series). Original Kia fas al-maga. with is pendix (Daina) and an exact rom Kitab ahaha man ail Cri: 223, Leaman, Olver, Averads and Mis Philosophy, Oxford, Clarendon PresiNew York, Oxford University Press, 1988 si, 280 pp BL pp 197-20. Inde. I Ton Tee (lo spied Tafa, Tal et) (1106-1185) 224 teas Hay lm Ygun: a phosphical le, vas with nod ad ob Lean Godman, (ibury of Car Artie Teme, Vol 1, New York, Tuy. 1972 be 246 pp. tas Si refs san a Hy on Yaga [Ale So a Be Aa] 25. zaman, Olver. Inradcin fo med Ilamie Ploy, Cane Bridge, axiNew York, Camidge University Press, 1985. 208 op lee 226, Kemet Ralph abd Mahl, Mth Medion! Polis Pilsoply @ Seurecboat (AoE), Glereos Fe Pr fGen, 96 SUSS2 pps BOL 2705 pps ino 46 Golden Age ofthe Moor Maimonides Moses [Musa tn MayruniMoses ben Mainon] (1135-1204) Maimonides, a contemporary of lb Rus Avera) was Moorish Spain's foremat Jewish philosopher He wrote mostly in Arabi 227, Maimonides. Guide 1 the Perpleved. Tease with an Inodution ‘nd Notes by Shlomo Pies with an nadir est by Leo Stas Chicago, University of Chicago Pres, 1963, creat, 688 pp IL ets. Translation from he Arabic and Hebrese versions, 228, Maimonides. Matmoney Reader edie, wih intolction and ots by adore Twersky (Library of Jewish Sradies), New York, Hema House, 1072 i 91 pps BBL: pp. 485-40 Ee Coton 229, Pies, Shlomo and Yosel, Vimisab, eds. Maimonides and Philo hy: Paper presented athe Sich Jersalon Philosophical Encounter, ‘May 1985 (International chives ofthe Hisiory of Ides, 114), Dovarecht, The Netbeans, Not, 1986. x, 286 pp BI re. Inder 230. Nash, Seyyed Hive Mus Sages, Acoma Suramar ‘Arab (Gavard Studies Word Reigns), Cambridge, Mace Harvard Uni ‘ety Press, 1964 Deus, NY, Caravan Books, 1976185 pp Index Bi: pp. 125-12 "The book comprises open lectures that were delvted at Harvard ‘University in March 1962: Chaper dels wih “Tbe “Arabian the Sef ‘On Iba Arabi se lio above, nos. 210-214, Plt, Js C, ith Doi, ames Mand Mays, Poa M, Global Hisiory of Pulosophy. IV. The Period of Schaaticom (Par? One), Dali Motil Banas, 198830, 690 pp. Bibliographies rela Nts. ‘Contains 2 Typolopcal Char of Islanie Plosophes. Discusses Tb Gabi the Jewish philosopher, and Ton Haz he wo concen rare in leventh-entry Moorish Spin Se alo Plt, Joa Co. 198 above 232. Rhaabishaan cl History of Philosophy Eastern and Western 20s Lande, Allen Unwin, 1952-52 Vol, Ip. 462. Bibographios Index. Ch, 23: “Islamic Pilosopy by R. Wale, pp. 120-148, Se BDI pp 146-188 ‘Up its ist appearance in 1952, hs was no doubt a pioneering workin break wth prevaleatEatocentic approach o philosophy: However, the emghasis nthe lian collaborative werk x bes 09 Inn (Eau fhe past of VoL 1 del wih Indian philosophy) and atop (West Tere r eter special category Alea no (ain) eye B Ravel ar Walzer discuss the gene backround to same philosophy and els baal with philosopher like Asien td Avert, ‘See also Gutman, 20 197 sve, 233, Rosca, Ervin LL florofa police en a Espa maselmana,” Revita de Octdeie, 78 (1969), 259-20, 234, Roseathal, Eevie 11. Poi! Thought in Medieval sam; an ito luctory one, Cambridge, Cartridge University Press, 1962 x F. 4528; BIL rete included la “Notes” pp. 234-306, Inde. Ist Pub 1958, 236. Rosenthal, Franz, Knowledge Tumphant. he concep of knowledge ‘nmediva Islam, Leiden, Bil 170, 38 pps BL “Themes discussed include education, pilsoph, Sufism nd thal wy 236, Seharstin, Bea-Ami eal Philosophy Ean Philosophy West: eri ‘al eonparson of Indian Chinese Islami and European plxophy, LondenNew York, Oxford University Pres, 1978 ih 339 pp; Bi 351-350 aden 237. Shai, MM. eA Mitory of Muslin Philosophy. 2 vol, Wiesbaden, ‘Ono Harassowit, 153-1956 Vol 2 wi 789-1792 pp. Bibliographies Index ‘A survey of Islamic iteliecal history ia alls diverse facets, incating sient thougt. One chapter discuss the “Iauence of Maslin Thought on ihe Wes 238, She, M. Sted Islamic Philosophy, Landon, Octagon Pres, 1982 1174 pp. BDL 152-10; Index. (Fit published as Studies i sl Philospty, Laer, Paitin Pilosopesl Congres, 19) (Consns separate capers om Stam, Ibn ja (Averpae), Sn “Tay fon Rath (Avert), and Tbe Kalu. 239, Wat, Willa M, lamiePhasophy and Thea (Islamic Surveys 1, Edinburgh, Edinburgh Universty Pres, dst. Chicago, Aline Pub Ushing Coy 1962. 2nd ed, Einburgh, Edinburgh Universi Press, 1985" vi, 75 pp; Bibl: T6416; Tex. “Traces the development ofthe main Isami ile and theo ogi seas up othe 1h centr. 1. Lterature andthe Arts 2 ibiogaphies Ete 280, Creswell, Keppel AC. (1879-1979), A Biography ofthe Archit: ture, Ars and Caf of lam 10 It emuary 19, Caio, 961. x 1350, exw pp. 35 em 20d ed Vad, American Univer tn Cute, (Quarto Prt, 19TH: The most extensive ioaphy on fhe set os Golden Age o the Moor Moorish Spins extensively covered. 241, Ceswel, Keppel A.C A Biblography of the Archtectare, Arts and ‘raf of am Saplement, Jan. 1960 Jan 197, [ei Amescan Universi Cito Pres, 1973 wi 360 columns, i Index 38 em, 1. Other Works 282, Artery, Artur J. (1905-1969), conpile. pecs of Islamic Cea tion as Depicted in the Original Tete. Now York, AS. Barres, 1964, Landon, Allen & Unwin, 1964; (Ann Astor Paperbacks, AA 130), ‘Ann Aor, University of Michigan Press, 1967. 409 pp. "A personal hoes of erate (nto imaginative wing), ans lady the compiler nse 243, Burgebute, FretickP, The Alhambra: acyl of sates on the le ‘ont contr i Moorish Spain, Ber, De Grae, 1958, 438 pp. Th, aap, Bi refs: Index ‘onthe Alara, se also Calver, Albert Fm. $0 and Irving Washington 90.98. seve 244, Briggs, MS, "Archer," nT, Arnold an A, Gulla, es, The Legac) of iam, (ite, 1531, pp. 155-179 Bib ‘See als Chapter VI“Alt ad Architectre”in Schacht & Bosworth, ‘The Legacy of am, (2nd, 197/197} pp. 264-319. nce Bi gps, Fo fal bibiograpbial dts, see no. 364 (Fist) anno. 364 (endea}, 245. Brocklinan, Cat (1868-1956) Geschichte der Arabic Literatur. 2 vols and supplements, Weimar, Verlag von Emi Feber and Leiden, Bri 1898-1942. Incudes Bibiograpiel references nd Indes. Discusses lierture in he widest Sens, that nclaing works ia tors plosophy and siene 246. Canin, Vincent "Lyrical Traions in Andalsin Meas,” Comparative Lieratre, 1 (1968) 903, 213-231, Mawashshhss were populr form of Moorish topic pty tat appeared inthe teth century and rishedesecally der De ‘Nmoravi yay 247. Chejne, Anwar G. The Arabic Language: Is Role In Mistry, Minne poi, Univesity of Minesta Pres, 199. x, 240 pp plates HL pp 207-28, 248, resell, Keppel A.C. Bary Muslin Archtectare, With a coatbuion ‘by Mager Gauer-VanBetchem, 2d od, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1969 ome co}, axis, plans Inte biographies. 249, Creswell Keppel A. 4 Short Secount of Barly Mastin Archer, Harmondsworth, Mislesex, Uc, Pengun Books (Pelican Books A Ravel 2” 407), 1988 xv, 20 pp il, plates Desi in dea with the Crest Mosque of Cordova. 280. Farris, Naih A. abd Hii, Pip Ket al, eds, The Arab Heritage Yew York, Rosell & Russel, 1963. x, 279 pp il Bibiogphis Index. Ist pub, Priccon, Princeton Univesity Pres, 194, Based ona series of spec lectus given at Princeton University. ‘The cpl inle references tte Irate scent though and Hof Moorish Spain 251. Gayangos Pde, "Language and Literature ofthe Moise, Brisk and Foreign Review 8 (1839). 63-95, ‘On the Meriseos, ee sso Choe, Anwar G90, $5, Le, Henty Ly no. 107, and Mono James T 9.125 below. 252, Git, Haron AR (195-1971) Arab tera, on Introduction ‘ondon, Oxford University Press, 1926, 20d eed, Ono, Clarendon ress 1963; (Oxford Paperacks, 332) LondonNew You, Oxford Univesity Press, 1974 Hex 182 pp BL: [163-173 Inde Conan pei sections on Moorish Spin 253. Goldstein, David ed The Jewish Poet of Spar 900-120, tansaed ith an rrodictio and ots (Th Penguin Cassis) Harmondsworth, Midlesex, UK, Penguin Books, 1971. Rev. and expanded e218, ps Bib: pp, 23°26. Previously pulsed a Hebrew Poms ram Spain (andor, 965). 284 feery, Arto e A Reader on Islam; pasages from standard Arabic rings lsiative of tebe and practices of alos, The Hague, ‘Mouton, 1962. 678 pp: BIL rls. New York, Books for Liars, 1980 Repent of 1963 ed "The excep ince “The Creda Sttemen” of bo Tuma (ounder ofthe Almohid movement), and alArab's“Tnctons Pon 28S. Kzeck, James el. Anthology of Islamic Literate From the Rise of Islam Modern Ties, New York, New American Library (Meridian Books), 1964379 pp Bibl: 378-379, Toclaes selection of Morsh Posty (pp 141-145), and excep from norfction works by Iba Batuta, ton Haz, tn Khald, and Tow Tay 256, MeNel, Wiliam H, and Mary R. Waldman, es. The lame Word Readings in Worl History, 8, Oxford, New York, Oxford Univer Sy ress 1977 al, 468 pL BM el 257, Miles, George C- The Coinage ofthe Uayads in Spain Hispanic Numisratc teres monograph 1), New Yor, The American Ne Iaismate Sec 980 94 30 pp plates, 258, Monroe, James comple. Hupuno-rable Pet: A Seaent Ans ‘ology Berkeley, University of Calm Pros, 197, xvi 402 pp “0 Golden Age othe Moor Bibs pp 395-402 Tocdes poem in Abi with English translations 259, Nicholson, Reynold A, (1868-1945) Literary History ofthe Arabs ‘Cambridge, UK. Cambridge Univesity Press, 1950; 2nd, 1941; 1962, xe Sp. Bh (European Langsges 477-865 Inde. (Chapter IX: "Tae Arabs in Europe” covers the erature of Moorish Spa 260, Np Ales Re Slectins rom Hispano Arabe Pac, Bi, 948 261. Rice, David. Islami Art (Pacgee Wold of Ar seis, New York, Prager, 1965. Re. ed, New York, Oxford University Press ¢ 1978, 288 pp: I, same col facsis; maps plans, pots BBs pp. 261-268 Inder 262. Rios, Giovani T (1849-1919), Moslem Architecture: fs Origin ad Development Transom te lia by Govdos MN. Rashlots Lom on, Oxford Unversity Press, 1918. vi, 88 pp eludes plats, ‘lars, ports; New York, Hacker Ans Books, 1975. 263, Rosenthal, Fran. The Clascal Heriage inflam, tans. fom the ‘German by Emile and lenny Marmortsin (Islamic Word seve) Ber etey, Univesity of Caloris Press, 1915. 4,258 pp BIL res; Index Conn exe fom various sources. 266, Sai Inn. Moorish Pty A Translation of the Peas an Anthology Compiled in 1245, eam by A. Aber, Comores, Cambridge University ress, 1053 4x, 199 pe tndexex 268. Tense, Heat LAr Hispano Mauresgue des Origins au XI Sele (Publications densa des hates eres maocaiaes Lax). Pais {G.van Oe, 193,506 pp, 805 pi; 70 plates los BIL: pp, 75-481, 266, Uilsh, Nai Islamic Literare, Am Introductory History wit Sle tion, Rew York, Washington Square Pes, 1963, a 4 pp Se Readings (Bi) pp 429-431; Index Also cover histor, setenifc and pilosophia writings. The Natural Sciences 1 Biographies and Perodiale 267. Curent Workin the History of Medicine: on InernaionalBibogra- ‘hy, London, Welene Insttte forthe soy of Medicine (1984 to) 268. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, itor-n-she: Chas C. Giese ew York Seber 1970-1080, Biogrphis Indexes Conaas ood bre biographies of the mest important Moossh scientist wih biblopabis. 2 269, Bid, Ritual. Bibliography of Medes Arabic and Jewish Medi: cine and Allied Sciences (Wellcome lsat forthe istry of Med fine Pblications, Occasional Seis 2. London, Wella Taste far the Hisiory of Medicine, 1971-130 pps 1972 ene Boks ad tices Indexes Review 270, Srvage-Smith, Erle. is, 6 (1972), 274275, 271, Hamarveh, Sani K. Bbigraply om edie and Pharmacy i Med- ‘ul Islam, ntadiced by Rudo Sehnte(Verfentichangen Jet Intersatonslen Geselschaft fr Goechic der Pharmazie, 9. 25), Sugar, Wienshaiehe Velgagessiscat, 1968, 4 tbls, 204 pp Annoutad 22. Hstrical Associaton, UK, The Early History of Slence. A Short Hanis, London, Ge'ge Pip or the Historical Association, 1950, ‘8 parlly anotated bibliography of the plaka story of since ‘hat comin ection on Itami Seen, 273 Is: international review devoted 0 he history ofslence and ivi tion, Brssely Ber! Cambridge, Mis. Vo | (1913) “Te review was funded by George Sarton and setves a an inde pensabl resoure fr he gabal sry of wince, ‘See also sis Cumulative Bibliographies, om. 76-280 bow 274 sis Cumulative Biography. A Bibliography of he History of cence formed from ISI Criteal Biographies 1-90 1913-65, Vol. I= Part 1: Personals Ax edited by Magda Whites. London, Mansell & -isry of Slence Society. 197. Dl, 65 pp. 275 sis Camuanve Bibliography. A Biblograpy ofthe History of cence hones ben tas Coal Bomeertta os ieee to rer 1 Personalities KZ: Part I: Insti edted by Maga Whit “London, Mansel istry of Sclence Sst, 1971. 789 pp. 276 sis Cumulative Bibliography. A Bibliography ofthe History of cence Jormed rom ISIS Criteal Bibliographies 1-90 1915-65. VOL 3: Sub Jets, London, Mansell & Hisiory of Science Society, 1976. acy, 678 ppsindex 271 is Cumulative Bibigrapy. A Bibigrapy ofthe History of cence formed from IIS Criteal Biographies 1-80. 1913-65, Vol. 4: Ch lation and Periods Proksiory to Middle Ages eed by Magda ‘hitow, London, Manel etn conjunction sith the History of a Seer Sac 2 5. 78 is Cumulative Biography 196571975. A Bibliography ofthe His tory of Science formed fam IIS Cites Bibgraphe. 1-100 tn ‘ening terre published fom 1968 trough 1974 Edited by Joh mm. 281 2a, 283 ars. 286, Golden Age of the Mooe Neu. London, Mansell & History of Science Soeity, 1980. VoL Personals ond Instiations xi 48 pp. Isis Cumulative Bboraply 1975-1983, edited by ohn Nev, with Pesce Sobol, A Bibra of the History of Selene formed fom the Isis Cred Biographies 101-110 indexing Herature published ftom 1978 through 1984, Volt: Persons and Tstons, Boson, Mass G.K Hall & Co, 1989 xv, 87 pp. (Aho) Ides. 13 Cumulative Biography 197-1085, eed by John Nea, with Peter Sobel A Biigtahy ofthe History of Science formed fom the las Cita Bibliographies 101-110 indexing erature published from 1975 through 198%, Vol 2: Subjecs, Periods apd Civilizations, Boston, Mas, GK. Hall & Co a0, 911 pp ladees. 'Al ofthe shove Iss Cumulatve Bibliographies conan iems on science in Moos Spat Sourna forthe History of Arabi Science (Aleppo Sy 1977). Nise Syed Hand Cite, Willi C. An tnotted Bibliography flsamicSclece- Vol. Teheran, peril ann Academy of Phi fowophy, 1975, Alo Lahore, Pakistan, Sui Academy, 1085-432 pp 2770 eres; Index. The Tie, Contents sd nroduton ae also given in Pesan aback afer thefdex "Thi the fst volme i projected series of. Most of he cries are not annotated. The anottions ae also given in Pers “The book conn oly works is Euopeat languages, “het is much dupstion of enties Otherwise see esoure. Hall, Robe Eis, 6 (1978), 457-461 Nast, Seyyed Hand Chick, Willam C. A Annouted Bibliography of Ilamic Science Vo 2 (th Pee Zs) Tebea, mp. Ha. ‘Aca. Philos. 1978 (Pub. 36) sali 317 +14 pp 434 etre Index (Gf Wier). The Tie, Costes and Inodvstion are also given it Perinat the buck ae the Inde. "The second value inthe seis, ‘rion, George, Horus—A Guide 1 the Hiory of Selence, Wala, Mass, Chroaica Botanica Co, 1952. xi, 316 pp. Biographies of ‘alumicand Medieval Sience appar Section 0.17. Savage Smith Emile, “namie slece and reine” Peto Cor ‘Pas! Weining ed, Information Sows in the History of Science lind Medicine’ London/Boston, Butterworth Scientific, 1983, {Buuerworth Gude to Information Sources], ch. 3 Creal biblion raph say pp. 43-448; BIL: pp M8155, Revell 48 U. Other Works Abw't-Qasim a Zara (bucesis) (936-1013) 287. Abw'L-Oasin. Albuns om surgery and intruments. A dfs of tion ofthe Arabi ext with English ats and enmmentary ty Me S Spink and 6. 1. Lewis Botkley, Une of Callomia Pes, 193.3, 880 pp "The tx is 8 tanslaton ofthe 30 reatite ofthe Kitab a Tawi an enyelopoea of medicine and surgery. AIZahay who greatly inveced the development of meicine and angers, Rane it sina fae he cere eon si ddd, Farid Sumi. “Zatrawi (9361013), the grst Arab surgeon’ ABLXRT Cong. nt Stor Med, 1968, 2, 160-1607 Hamarveh Sant H. Drawings and pharmacy i al-Zahran's 10 ‘century surgical eee (Contnbtions om the Mseurs of History ‘nd Technology, Paper 22). Washington, DC, Smithsonian Inston, 1961 pp 81-94 fam Ik; Bb rel Deals wih the suger teats al Tas 290. Hamarnch, Sami H- and Soonedecker”A Pharmaceutical View of Abas Moorish Spain, wit special reference to "Adan." Gants Spplements v5), eigen, Dl 1953 178 pp ll ase maps (ei) Bibl: pp (137-137; Appendices nde. ‘Revista of Hammes PAD. thes University of Wisconsin, 1959. On aaa, sesso Camptell, Dona En. 388 blew. 201, AHassn, Abad Ya Hi, Donald Reade Tecology: An tusrated Histor, Cambridge." UK London New Yor, Cambridge Univery Pros 1967 04 pp I; BL; Index 292. Amal, & Masigon, 1. "Abe Scene,” in Tato, ed Vo. 1 “Arie and Met Sconce rom the Betings 10150, vas fom the French by AJ, Pomerans, New York, Basie Books. pp. 985-21; hs Sees Bp. 421), “an overiew of he lami cotibrions to sieace upto 1450. g 8 Avera, see under Iba Rus 293. Bernal Soha D, Scene in Histon, Vol 1: The Emergence of Science, Hermondworth Miser, UK. Penguin Books 1969s pb. La on, Wats, 1954, 100 Biographies “Gonans 9 bit pera emervicw of lami ence ws pat of he saa sory of secs my Golden Age othe Moor Big 1K Ab shag Alpetraina), (dca. 1208) 294, ab-Bny, Or the Principles of Astronomy? an elton ofthe Arable tnd Hebrew version wih vans, anal and an Arabic Hebres-Ex [lish Glosary by Berard R. Goldin. Vol. 1: Analy and rans fiom V2 The Arabic and Hebrew versions. (Yale Staie he isiory of Scien and Meticing, 7). New Haven, Yale University Pres 1971. Vol Tet, 162 pp BM. pp. S7-15K; dex vol. 2, 458 pp Inde. (nal and Copernicus, see Rose, E, a0. 360 below. 285, Bowne, Edvard G, (1862-1926) Arabian Medicine (St. Paick Lec ‘ures delivered at th Cllege of Pasian, 1919 and 1920). Cambie, ‘Camtvidge Unvesy Press, 192; reprinted 1962 Hyperion Repan dion, Wesgor, CT, Hypecon Pes, 1983; i 158 pps Il; BBL re Inde. ‘Agere sure. 296, Car de Vas, Baron, “Astronomy and Mathematics in Arno alse, dh, The Legacy of alam (ed 1831), pp. 376-397 For fll iblographical dtl sc . 368 belo 297. Claget, Matshll. The Sconce of Mechanics in the Middle Ages Uni very of Wisconsin, Publeaons in Medieval Scene, 4), Madson, Universty of Waconia Pes, 1959x711 pI esis; BL ps8, Iden ‘Conan ret veferenes to Moris sia in Spin 298. Crombie, A.C: Medieval and Early Modern Seience Vol I: Seence ‘he Midd Ages: V-XII Conares, arden City, NY, Doubly An ‘hor Books, 1989. xi 296 ppl; BIL: 243°273; New te. es Publ: 1952 under he ide Auputne 0 Galea he history of elonce Nib. 400-1480. ‘Comains may references to Islami science 290. aLDafle All Abdullah The Muslin Conribuion 19 Mathematics, London, ‘oom Helm /alanie Highlands, NJ, Humanities Pres 1977-131 pp, BL, inde. ‘300, Daas Maui A History of Technolgy and Invention: progress ‘rough the ages VoL: The Origine of Technological Citation, ‘ran by Eileen B. Hennes, New York, Con Pulses, 1903 586 pp: ll; Bibliographies: Inde. French cial 1982 ‘Ch 12: "The Moslem World, seventh to thee cetres.” by Gaston Wie Bi ‘Also covers Moorish Spain 301, Dryer, Jn LE. (1852-1026).A Hist of Astronomy fram Dhales {o Kepior, 2nd New York, Dovet Pulcson, 1988. 438 Pps IS! pp. 125): ten Ravell ats 8 Dunlop, Douglas M., Arabic Science inthe Wes, Karachi, Paki storia Sosy Pbleason No 35, 1988. 119 pp. Bi es, Far Omat Arab Geis i Seience and Pozo, ts fom the Arabic by Joha B. Haale (Near Easier Trarlaon Progra, 10 Wioshington, American Council of Leared Stee, 1988. xi, 161 pp st publ in Arabic in 1952 304, Gil, Bertrand, "Technological Developments in Europe, 1100-140 fn Menu and Groat ey, The Evolution of cence (1953p. 108 Ey Teas bri ferences to Moorish Spin. For ful bbogaphienl detail een 325- Sec also Mils-Valicoss, LM 33 blow. 308. Godstin, Thomas. The Dae! of Madere Science: fom the Arab 1 Leonardo da Vie, Boson, Houghton Min, 1980 x, 297 pp, IML 255-277 pp: Indes. 306, Haskins, Cals (1870-1937), Sms inthe History of Mees Science, F Ungar, New Yor, 1860. x 1 pps eprint of Zod ed, (Cambie, Harvard University Pres, 1927 ‘Sv alo Haskins, Charles Hos 307 and 377 ‘ashi, Cases H"Araie Senex Wester Eo,” ei, 7 (1925), ary f-Hassan, Abad Y. and HI, Donald R, same Technology: An I lusrated History. Cambridge, U.K, Camtidge University Pres, 986. ‘304 pp ly Bil: pp. 287-295 Index ‘308, Hourani "The Early Groth ofthe Secular Sciences in Anda,” Sti lace, 32 (1970), 183-156 8 § & 1 Baja Avempace (1138) 310. fon Baja lm anf, tation and noes by MSH, Ma's, Karah, 196. “ralation based onthe Bolan ms, Pocock 205 (Oxford Univer- sty, UK) Cris: 311, Moody. EA. “Galileo ané Avempoc,"Jownal ofthe History of eas Ip. 2 (1951), 168-198 no. 3 (1981), 78-422. 312. Ziyadah, Maan’ The Theory of Motion in Baja’ Philosophy, Diss Abs nt. 1978, 3667088, Diseraion st MeCill Ui, 1973 te Batt (1308-1377) 13. fn Batatah. Tlf al mczrfghara (The Git of Observers or Tre (1), The Travel of om Baa are WA. Gi, caida, U ey 6 Golden Age ofthe Moor Camridge Universiy Pres for the Hakluyt Society (aay Society, Works, dnd eis, no. 10), 1958, 1962, 1971.2 vss Vol. 1 avi, 272 pp Vol 2, i, 257 pp map (st 0) ‘atts, te fouteeatvcetary Nosh Aican Moorish geographer and word tavelle, vised Egypt, Arabia, Pasa, nda, Chi, a, afte is tun ome fo Moroceo, crossed the Sars and stayed in he ‘West Sudanic empire of Mall (1380s). He ls povies a oat rary deserpion of Moorish Spain Ii estimated that Batu mast Fave traveled foal about 75,000 miles, which Would be ough the guvalent of gong round the worl tress a the aad of the Rovio: 2314 Pots, . ss 4 (1963), 05-507: we. of Vo. SIS. Von Grunehaum, GF Tis, 4 (1963, 421: rev of Vl. 2 altri, Abu Abdallah (1100-1160) 316 abla Description de Afrique ede Espagne, text and trans. by TE Daay and Nes de Goeje, Leen, Beil, N65, Amsterdam, Orel Press, 199, xl, 383, 242 pp ep of 1856 ed; Arabic text tend S17. aLimam, Abd Allah, “Andalusian Maticne. Theory and Pacce” ‘Balen de a Ascicion Espanola de Oriel, 23 (1987), 37 as S18. Jachmowicz, Eaih. “Islamic Cosmology,” in Carmen Blacker & Mice! Lace, ed, Ancient Casmologes, London, Allen & Uni, 1995, Ch 6, 143-171, BiB rls: 1-171, Plate Provides an overview of sami cosmological ies 2319. Kenedy, Emad. "Survey of samieAstonomiel Tables” Tran ‘actions of the American Philorophial Soci, NS. Va. 46, Pe 2 Priladeiphia, American Philosophie! Soviey, 1956, 125-177 Bib pp. 74-175 Inde 320. King, David A lamic Astroomical struments, London, Vator 1989, 362 pp. I: BL res ‘A collection of previously published exays on sami stromal instruments The the astolabe, quadrant, compas, sunk eT ‘aes Ch. XV: "Tee Sundials fom lelaie Andalusia, pp 358 So 321 King, Dad A “The Exact Scenes in Medieval slam: Some Remarks ‘on the Present State of Reseach” Bullet ofthe Middle East Sis ‘Atsosaion, 4 (1980), 10-28. 322, Koi, MARSA Stvey of Muslin Contsuons to Selnce and (Cate amie Culm, XVE(I942), 1-2 136-157 328, Kunis, Pal “Two sar tables frm Most Spain.” Journ Hist, Ravell “ Ar 1 (1980), 192-201 5324, Maso, Stephen FLA History ofthe Sciences, New York, Cole Books (MacNian), 1962 nw ye. Ist publ in 1986. Ch 9 Seince nd Techology inthe Musi World” pp. 95-105. Bib, pp 607 er, Includes references to development in Moorish Spa. 325, Mendesahr, Evert ed, Transformation and Tradition nthe Sciences Essays in Honor off. Berard Cohen, Cambridge, UK New York, (Cambridge University Prem 1984x537 pp; Bi ref den Includes an ey on Moorish Science by Sara, A eno, 380 betw 326, Mata, Guy Sand Grouze, Fanos, The Evolution of Science (Readings nthe Hisory of Maki election rm Unesco Journal ‘of World History, New York, New Americas Libary of Woe Litt fare (Mtr Books: MO US), 1963 x, 32 pp ls iogrphis “the took comprises caleton of esa oily published In the Journal of Word Histon For relevant entries on Moorish Spin, se Gil, Bertrand 9.308 shove, and Milis-Vairss, 1M, 9.33 below. S27. Meyebot, Mak (0874-1948). "Sconce apd Mong,” tn Arold & slime, Lacy of lam (Ist 1981), pp 311-888, fll ibographical dual se below, po. 364 328, Meyeot Max. "Exquise disor de In parmacoogie et botaique ‘he les musulmanes Espagne,” Al-Andalus, vl 3 (1935), oh, 1329, Meyer, Ma Sue ir Medial Arable Medicine: theory practice, ‘tied by Penelope Janston, London, Varoram Reprints (Varna Repent CS 202 1984 x [36] pp. 1h cllacion of repit of previously published ates, The ets ia Enlsh, French and Arabic 330. Mit Alo (1979-195, LaSeence Arabe es oe dans éouton Scloifigue monde, eye, Br 1938. xt, 388 pp. i ‘Agora overview ofthe subject, Rosin 2331 Sato, Gone i, 301939), 291-295 332, Mil Aldo La selnce arabe et son roe dane Péolutionscinalque ‘mondiale, Repression anastatiqe,avgmeniée dune bibliographic, ‘vee index analtiqe, pa A. Maras, Leiden, Bill, 1965 i467 ‘ps Bil: pp. 391-2671 10 ents, Criciom: ‘See for example, Nast, Seyyed Hoy above no. 282, pp. 129-130 [Nasrcharscterzen the wor at “neo he best con ger! Nise ft lame sciences ie Ween language be stat heeuse of ie author's ck of tooled of Aric te nen othe i ton a Golden Age of the Moor Sent cea” 39. Maral, 1M, “Tats of eal Stic Weds Go thet Tien Cena Ma Gs Elon {Sc pn SB: pte Fort Uhlogapa etal st, hove Scions inde “anh Cale se Constr nd Iter he See Cate of Alcan hha Cho Sun 2 Carl Meng Mottbemers On td Oct” a tte Bet tt ge Sno Chilton eam wit profice ‘lr Sanilon, Comte ae, Hand Uae es, {See dado Camel URC The Klis Tet ey, 158 Bye fe 285. Daum, Wil une Sie nd its ization” Sud P's 9 i-th Ey Revi 236 aod ae pcg RLV G7) SOAS, S31 Nowy eyed fli Sec. Mae So Lodo West Kat UR Wot hn ei Pag C91 Power ty Rolad Wid 273 pps ODL eps, SEH gas pep 3028 138 ps hws "The mn enn ene of Manic vie in Eagl incuding ample coverage of North Aca and Moorish Spain, Ce 328 I DR Times Li Sup 0 Ap, 197,510 539. King DA, doa hay of arom 9 979), 212218 ‘pied i acs Onna 5 (079), 3.338 his cea ove only das whe apc tents sedan bone suo, Livin hare 33196) 28 2, Sirgen 0 (0910-12, M2 O'Ltay be ay (HN 107). Grek Sle Passed othe Sat anon Rois Regan Pal 10, 96108 pe BA oan fen 343, Gini Slo, (190,128.12 3 OTe De tay Ac Sf al Ana” le Paar, 9 ay 157, 5. suse in Te Rs omega Sa re Lg ofan nc 17 ‘Bibl: 459-460. soy f am ean Tor Ai Shiga dei 0.284 bow Ravel! a 1346, Ronan Coa A. The Cambridge Musrated History ofthe World's Se nce, Cambridge, UR, New York, Cambrge University PresFelon, Midesou, URC, Newnes Books, 1963. 84 pp i; Dib: 528529; Index ‘Chapter Five: “Arabic iene” (pp. 201-284) also dels wit the developmen scence in Noch As and Moorish Span S47, Rowen Franz, The Classical Heritage i lam. Talat from the ‘German by Emile andJensy Marmorsti, (The fslamic Worl Sere), Tonon, Routledge & Kegan Pal 19752, 298 pp; BD ret; Index (erm oiginal 1968 ‘Cotas various chapters onthe since. 348. Oui, CA, Pilooply and Science inthe Islamic Word: From the nigh othe Present Day, bandon New York, Hel, 1987. 218 pps BID ef Index "Aker aenerl tele of the themes, Scan references to philophersand sents in Moorish Spi. sip. Sava, AL "The Soke Enterprise” amie Contributions tothe Development of Science," in Beri Lewis ed [slam andthe Arh Won fah people, clare, London, 1976, pp 181-200. For ful biographical deals see no 115 80. Sabra, AI "The Andalusian fevolt aginst Pole atonomy” ‘Reece at Biri in Everett Menlo, ed Transformation (and Tradion nthe Scenes, Cambridge, 1984, pp. 13-153. or fll bliographie deta seo above, no. 325. Aves and using [Aiperagis} are both ed by Copernicus in is On the Revoltons of the Heaven Spheres (1583), See ampation 10 ety 0,90 bow ‘351, Smo, Coorg: (1884-1956) roduc 10 the Histor of Science. 3 ‘Yomes 5 pres (Caoegie tation of Washington, Publication, no. $e) Washeglon, DC, Carole Inston Balmer, Wiliams ad ‘Wilkin, 1927, 1981, 1947-948, "The Delis born Suton was the funding edi af ls. See above os, 275-280 "an ndigpensable resource forthe Siete contibatons of the stn worl 352, Savage Sith Emilie, “Gleanings rom ap Arabia's Workshop; Carent “Tend in he Sady of Medieval amie Science and Medicine (Special seston on slum Science and Medicine) Tis, 89 une 1988), 246- "Fis biblographial essay comprises «usta survey of 4 books, ‘exaloput, sd ates on sleet medal slamle werd 4353, Shihiag, The Ara Corson to Mine (Unversity of sex: {Te Fi Cavern Arab ecu), Langman forthe Univesity of Ese, 40 Golden Age of the Moor 1876.52 pp Tet in bh English and Abi {A very broad overview ofthe sb. 354, Singer, Chats J (187-1960), Prom Magle oScence; essays on he selec oilipht, London, E. Benn, 1928. xv, 283 pp ly map ‘lates (veo ial fon): dingramsfominpiece and Clore plates Proud 355, Singe, Charles J. etal, 8. A Hisory of Technology, Oxfor ‘Garendon Press, 1954-19847 yolunes uss Vol. 2 The Medien ‘nan Civilization andthe Male Ages, 70 B.C. 10 e, .D. 1500 Hn, 802; 4 plates Ms maps Indexes. 356. Talon, Rene, el History of Science. Ancient and Medieval Scince from the Beginnings 10 1450. Transl for the Hench by Ac. Pomeras, New York, Base Boos, 1963 x5 82 ppl, ogre pies: Indexes 357, Ullmann Mane. slamle Medicine, Tasted by Jean Wate (Islamic Surveys, 11) Esiburgh, Ecaburgh University Press 1978. ns, 138 psi; Bib: pp 15-116; Idee German Ogi: Lees, 1970. sa, Vernet, Juan. "Mathematics, stonomy, optics” Sa Schachy and Bosworth, ed Legacy of Islam (2 ed 1974) 9p. A6t-488, pp 288-489. For fl ibigarapicl dts, se no. 394 below 389. Winer, IJ. Fasem Science. An Ouline oft Sop and Conbuton (Wisdom ofthe Est Series), London, Joba Muray 1952. Ch: "The Seope of Arabi lens” pp 59-50 Sel. Bb: 101-106, iden ‘espie is misleadng tle, this tim book provides a vslaabe bit surey of the esly scenic schievements ef (Now) Aca, he ‘Moor in Spain and Asin 0, Weigh 0. “Musi” in Schacht and Bosworth, 88. Legacy of Flam Gadd, 1970), pp. 485-804. Bib: p. 50s. or ful bblographcal de, eno. 398 blow, arqali(Azarguil) Ab Ishaq Ioan (1100) 361. Bowl M, “The Almanac of Azarguiel"Cemuras, 12,201 (1967), i, 362. Vernet, aan), “Alara” Diconary of Scenic Biography, XIN (0976) 352-355 oe ful Bibliographical deals, see no. 268 above. Ravel 431 G._ The impacto the Moors World Medieval Europe andthe Modern 63, Ahmad, Zaudsin, “The Rise of Islam sod is lauence in top,” The Firms Bord, No, 26 Sumer 1987}, 38-1 ‘364, Amol, Sr Thomas W. (1864-1080) and Gulls, Aled, el. The ‘Legacy of lam London, Oxford Univesity Press, 1981 15; Ree prin 1960 xv, 16 pp. ps, maps; Bibliographic. as spec secon on Spain and Portugal. Moorish Spain i so covered inall the other chapter. or the second eon se, no. 384 below. For some relevant cupes sce Gullume,Alfed, no. 206, Carta le Vat, Baron, no. 296, Meyerot, Max, po. 327, and Cvs, A, na 308 Review: 36, Thomson, Wiliam, Speaton, 71932): 424-227, 2. Asin Pasion, Mig! (1871-1944) [lam and the Dine Comedy, ‘raat [fom the Spanish] by H.Surlnd, Landon, Cas, 1025, ‘ow impression: (slam abd the Muslim Word, 0.4. London, Css, 1968.24, 298 pp BDL: pp 278-287, Index. Spanish oral 1919 Crit ‘See for example, Chejne, Anwar G, (no. 54 above). Ase Palacios" book cased an upon then sw int pulsed i Spin in 1919, forit rgd hat Dan's Divine Comedy es modlled on Arabic i ‘tre, pray the Mira Muslim lagen cent the ie Spa aoa Sil. 267, Hockley. Sid, Contin of slam o Earp inthe Mile Age" Allsta 1 (Noverbe 1987), p. 17-20. 248, Campbel, Donald EH. dvabian Medicine and Its Influence om the Middle Ages 2 vols, Landon, Kegrn Pa Trench & Tree, 1926 ‘Vo. 208 pp. The he mn pt ofthe book and comprises a dlcusion of a-aras al Too and iucnceon Europe i thelr Middle Ages ol. 2: 238 pp; BBL: pp. 221-227 Indes. Appendix “Latin tuations of Arabic work” Append Ik "An fvesigation ino the Date and Authorship of he Ltn veron of Galen ‘Onal-Zah [Aca ee als 9s. 287-200 above 269, Csi, AH. "Islamic Mina Ars ad Ti aflence upon European Works,” Arold and Gullaune,e, Legacy of tam (te 1931), PP or fal itiogeapbial deals, se no. 364 bone, 370, Dail, Norman Aslam and the West. the Making of Image inbrgh Eaibuegh University Pres 180,448 BML

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