ASSIGNMENT

Particulars Pg.No
Direct and Indirect Quotes 2-22
Forward Rates 23-24
India's Balance of Payments 25-26
Cross Currencies 27-29
Overview of Countries 29-38
Currency and Symbols 39-46
Foreign Exchange Market 47-48

Foreign Exchange Market and its Structure in India 48-50

Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI) 51-52

Indian Rupee Top 10 Feb 27, 2019 14:34 UTC

Indian Rupee 1.00 INR inv. 1.00 INR

US Dollar 0.014045 71.199398
Euro 0.012332 81.088072
British Pound 0.010541 94.870238
Australian Dollar 0.019636 50.925810
Canadian Dollar 0.018448 54.205448
Singapore Dollar 0.018927 52.834988
Swiss Franc 0.014014 71.358793
Malaysian Ringgit 0.057128 17.504475
Japanese Yen 1.555492 0.642883
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 0.093851 10.655147

Alphabetical Order Feb 27, 2019 14:34 UTC

Indian Rupee▲ 1.00 INR▲▼ inv. 1.00 INR▲▼

Argentine Peso 0.544745 1.835720
Australian Dollar 0.019636 50.925810
Bahraini Dinar 0.005281 189.360100
Botswana Pula 0.147495 6.779878
Brazilian Real 0.052507 19.045138
British Pound 0.010541 94.870238
Bruneian Dollar 0.018927 52.834988
Bulgarian Lev 0.024120 41.459673
Canadian Dollar 0.018448 54.205448
Chilean Peso 9.113406 0.109728
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 0.093851 10.655147
Colombian Peso 43.094655 0.023205
Croatian Kuna 0.091622 10.914437
Czech Koruna 0.316433 3.160228
Danish Krone 0.092015 10.867737
Emirati Dirham 0.051580 19.387174
Euro 0.012332 81.088072
Hong Kong Dollar 0.110245 9.070673
Hungarian Forint 3.901147 0.256335
Indian Rupee▲ 1.00 INR▲▼ inv. 1.00 INR▲▼
Icelandic Krona 1.678408 0.595803
Indonesian Rupiah 196.999739 0.005076
Iranian Rial 590.394329 0.001694
Israeli Shekel 0.050818 19.678120
Japanese Yen 1.555492 0.642883
Kazakhstani Tenge 5.292070 0.188962
Kuwaiti Dinar 0.004264 234.548055
Libyan Dinar 0.019615 50.981085
Malaysian Ringgit 0.057128 17.504475
Mauritian Rupee 0.477731 2.093227
Mexican Peso 0.269410 3.711809
Nepalese Rupee 1.607500 0.622084
New Zealand Dollar 0.020475 48.839971
Norwegian Krone 0.119707 8.353732
Omani Rial 0.005400 185.173986
Pakistani Rupee 1.962325 0.509600
Philippine Peso 0.727209 1.375120
Polish Zloty 0.053225 18.788137
Qatari Riyal 0.051124 19.560274
Romanian New Leu 0.058474 17.101670
Russian Ruble 0.924329 1.081866
Saudi Arabian Riyal 0.052669 18.986506
Singapore Dollar 0.018927 52.834988
South African Rand 0.194910 5.130575
South Korean Won 15.714501 0.063635
Sri Lankan Rupee 2.526154 0.395859
Swedish Krona 0.129963 7.694472
Swiss Franc 0.014014 71.358793
Taiwan New Dollar 0.432228 2.313594
Thai Baht 0.441089 2.267118
Trinidadian Dollar 0.095170 10.507467
Turkish Lira 0.074415 13.438085
US Dollar 0.014045 71.199398
Venezuelan Bolivar 0.140275 7.128851
US Dollar Top 10 Feb 27, 2019 14:41 UTC

US Dollar 1.00 USD inv. 1.00 USD

Euro 0.878453 1.138364
British Pound 0.751007 1.331545
Indian Rupee 71.209334 0.014043
Australian Dollar 1.399205 0.714692
Canadian Dollar 1.313715 0.761200
Singapore Dollar 1.347845 0.741925
Swiss Franc 0.998508 1.001494
Malaysian Ringgit 4.067222 0.245868
Japanese Yen 110.791727 0.009026
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 6.682419 0.149646

Alphabetical Order Feb 27, 2019 14:41 UTC

US Dollar▲ 1.00 USD▲▼ inv. 1.00 USD▲▼

Argentine Peso 38.813274 0.025764
Australian Dollar 1.399205 0.714692
Bahraini Dinar 0.376000 2.659574
Botswana Pula 10.502085 0.095219
Brazilian Real 3.740686 0.267331
British Pound 0.751007 1.331545
Bruneian Dollar 1.347845 0.741925
Bulgarian Lev 1.718105 0.582036
Canadian Dollar 1.313715 0.761200
Chilean Peso 649.616550 0.001539
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 6.682419 0.149646
Colombian Peso 3069.290758 0.000326
Croatian Kuna 6.527276 0.153203
Czech Koruna 22.539084 0.044367
Danish Krone 6.554472 0.152568
Emirati Dirham 3.672500 0.272294
Euro 0.878453 1.138364
Hong Kong Dollar 7.849061 0.127404
Hungarian Forint 277.911234 0.003598
US Dollar▲ 1.00 USD▲▼ inv. 1.00 USD▲▼
Icelandic Krona 119.578057 0.008363
Indian Rupee 71.209334 0.014043
Indonesian Rupiah 14028.092956 0.000071
Iranian Rial 42045.596368 0.000024
Israeli Shekel 3.620551 0.276201
Japanese Yen 110.791727 0.009026
Kazakhstani Tenge 376.837188 0.002654
Kuwaiti Dinar 0.303629 3.293497
Libyan Dinar 1.399396 0.714594
Malaysian Ringgit 4.067222 0.245868
Mauritian Rupee 33.958530 0.029448
Mexican Peso 19.199484 0.052085
Nepalese Rupee 114.469005 0.008736
New Zealand Dollar 1.459563 0.685137
Norwegian Krone 8.525679 0.117293
Omani Rial 0.384500 2.600780
Pakistani Rupee 139.814606 0.007152
Philippine Peso 51.800891 0.019305
Polish Zloty 3.791026 0.263781
Qatari Riyal 3.640000 0.274725
Romanian New Leu 4.165125 0.240089
Russian Ruble 65.851434 0.015186
Saudi Arabian Riyal 3.750000 0.266667
Singapore Dollar 1.347845 0.741925
South African Rand 13.885322 0.072018
South Korean Won 1119.340352 0.000893
Sri Lankan Rupee 179.860354 0.005560
Swedish Krona 9.257362 0.108022
Swiss Franc 0.998508 1.001494
Taiwan New Dollar 30.777131 0.032492
Thai Baht 31.416539 0.031830
Trinidadian Dollar 6.781944 0.147450
Turkish Lira 5.302080 0.188605
Venezuelan Bolivar 9.987500 0.100125
Chinese Yuan Renminbi Top 10 Feb 27, 2019 14:45 UTC

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 1.00 CNY inv. 1.00 CNY

US Dollar 0.149644 6.682520
Euro 0.131426 7.608845
British Pound 0.112339 8.901660
Indian Rupee 10.655759 0.093846
Australian Dollar 0.209408 4.775373
Canadian Dollar 0.196581 5.086954
Singapore Dollar 0.201723 4.957286
Swiss Franc 0.149405 6.693229
Malaysian Ringgit 0.608595 1.643128
Japanese Yen 16.580517 0.060312

Alphabetical Order Feb 27, 2019 14:45 UTC

Chinese Yuan Renminbi▲ 1.00 CNY▲▼ inv. 1.00 CNY▲▼

Argentine Peso 5.804649 0.172276
Australian Dollar 0.209408 4.775373
Bahraini Dinar 0.056266 17.772659
Botswana Pula 1.571577 0.636304
Brazilian Real 0.559395 1.787647
British Pound 0.112339 8.901660
Bruneian Dollar 0.201723 4.957286
Bulgarian Lev 0.257047 3.890341
Canadian Dollar 0.196581 5.086954
Chilean Peso 97.215198 0.010286
Colombian Peso 459.305130 0.002177
Croatian Kuna 0.976372 1.024200
Czech Koruna 3.371979 0.296562
Danish Krone 0.980553 1.019833
Emirati Dirham 0.549568 1.819611
Euro 0.131426 7.608845
Hong Kong Dollar 1.174664 0.851307
Hungarian Forint 41.575649 0.024053
Icelandic Krona 17.886452 0.055908
Chinese Yuan Renminbi▲ 1.00 CNY▲▼ inv. 1.00 CNY▲▼
Indian Rupee 10.655759 0.093846
Indonesian Rupiah 2098.146495 0.000477
Iranian Rial 6291.809663 0.000159
Israeli Shekel 0.541679 1.846111
Japanese Yen 16.580517 0.060312
Kazakhstani Tenge 56.382760 0.017736
Kuwaiti Dinar 0.045438 22.008037
Libyan Dinar 0.209036 4.783870
Malaysian Ringgit 0.608595 1.643128
Mauritian Rupee 5.091473 0.196407
Mexican Peso 2.872593 0.348117
Nepalese Rupee 17.129132 0.058380
New Zealand Dollar 0.218410 4.578552
Norwegian Krone 1.275589 0.783951
Omani Rial 0.057538 17.379765
Pakistani Rupee 20.898830 0.047850
Philippine Peso 7.750969 0.129016
Polish Zloty 0.567129 1.763266
Qatari Riyal 0.544705 1.835857
Romanian New Leu 0.623081 1.604928
Russian Ruble 9.854606 0.101475
Saudi Arabian Riyal 0.561166 1.782005
Singapore Dollar 0.201723 4.957286
South African Rand 2.077832 0.481271
South Korean Won 167.443970 0.005972
Sri Lankan Rupee 26.914973 0.037154
Swedish Krona 1.385010 0.722017
Swiss Franc 0.149405 6.693229
Taiwan New Dollar 4.606430 0.217088
Thai Baht 4.701570 0.212695
Trinidadian Dollar 1.014178 0.986020
Turkish Lira 0.793636 1.260023
US Dollar 0.149644 6.682520
Venezuelan Bolivar 1.494571 0.669088
Euro Top 10 Feb 27, 2019 14:47 UTC

Euro 1.00 EUR inv. 1.00 EUR

US Dollar 1.138617 0.878259
British Pound 0.854740 1.169947
Indian Rupee 81.083548 0.012333
Australian Dollar 1.593491 0.627553
Canadian Dollar 1.495851 0.668516
Singapore Dollar 1.534953 0.651486
Swiss Franc 1.136645 0.879782
Malaysian Ringgit 4.630533 0.215958
Japanese Yen 126.153554 0.007927
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 7.610206 0.131402

Alphabetical Order Feb 27, 2019 14:47 UTC

Euro▲ 1.00 EUR▲▼ inv. 1.00 EUR▲▼

Argentine Peso 44.173325 0.022638
Australian Dollar 1.593491 0.627553
Bahraini Dinar 0.428120 2.335794
Botswana Pula 11.957856 0.083627
Brazilian Real 4.258220 0.234840
British Pound 0.854740 1.169947
Bruneian Dollar 1.534953 0.651486
Bulgarian Lev 1.955830 0.511292
Canadian Dollar 1.495851 0.668516
Chilean Peso 739.642717 0.001352
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 7.610206 0.131402
Colombian Peso 3494.521567 0.000286
Croatian Kuna 7.429611 0.134597
Czech Koruna 25.659046 0.038973
Danish Krone 7.461235 0.134026
Emirati Dirham 4.181570 0.239145
Hong Kong Dollar 8.937581 0.111887
Hungarian Forint 316.359517 0.003161
Icelandic Krona 136.089609 0.007348
Euro▲ 1.00 EUR▲▼ inv. 1.00 EUR▲▼
Indian Rupee 81.083548 0.012333
Indonesian Rupiah 15970.690452 0.000063
Iranian Rial 47861.378445 0.000021
Israeli Shekel 4.121210 0.242647
Japanese Yen 126.153554 0.007927
Kazakhstani Tenge 428.988543 0.002331
Kuwaiti Dinar 0.345712 2.892583
Libyan Dinar 1.589290 0.629212
Malaysian Ringgit 4.630533 0.215958
Mauritian Rupee 38.755164 0.025803
Mexican Peso 21.862079 0.045741
Nepalese Rupee 130.341804 0.007672
New Zealand Dollar 1.662004 0.601683
Norwegian Krone 9.706303 0.103026
Omani Rial 0.437798 2.284158
Pakistani Rupee 158.810463 0.006297
Philippine Peso 58.978278 0.016955
Polish Zloty 4.315480 0.231724
Qatari Riyal 4.144565 0.241280
Romanian New Leu 4.741574 0.210900
Russian Ruble 74.979958 0.013337
Saudi Arabian Riyal 4.269813 0.234202
Singapore Dollar 1.534953 0.651486
South African Rand 15.814091 0.063235
South Korean Won 1274.055235 0.000785
Sri Lankan Rupee 204.787357 0.004883
Swedish Krona 10.538605 0.094889
Swiss Franc 1.136645 0.879782
Taiwan New Dollar 35.046674 0.028533
Thai Baht 35.774313 0.027953
Trinidadian Dollar 7.715306 0.129612
Turkish Lira 6.038068 0.165616
US Dollar 1.138617 0.878259
Venezuelan Bolivar 11.371935 0.087936
Swiss Franc Top 10 Feb 27, 2019 14:50 UTC

Swiss Franc 1.00 CHF inv. 1.00 CHF

US Dollar 1.001752 0.998251
Euro 0.879853 1.136553
British Pound 0.751691 1.330335
Indian Rupee 71.346922 0.014016
Australian Dollar 1.402264 0.713132
Canadian Dollar 1.316264 0.759726
Singapore Dollar 1.350480 0.740477
Malaysian Ringgit 4.074013 0.245458
Japanese Yen 110.993124 0.009010
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 6.695630 0.149351

Alphabetical Order Feb 27, 2019 14:50 UTC

Swiss Franc▲ 1.00 CHF▲▼ inv. 1.00 CHF▲▼

Argentine Peso 38.839151 0.025747
Australian Dollar 1.402264 0.713132
Bahraini Dinar 0.376659 2.654922
Botswana Pula 10.520489 0.095053
Brazilian Real 3.747370 0.266854
British Pound 0.751691 1.330335
Bruneian Dollar 1.350480 0.740477
Bulgarian Lev 1.720844 0.581110
Canadian Dollar 1.316264 0.759726
Chilean Peso 650.922348 0.001536
Chinese Yuan Renminbi 6.695630 0.149351
Colombian Peso 3075.380572 0.000325
Croatian Kuna 6.535818 0.153003
Czech Koruna 22.575841 0.044295
Danish Krone 6.565207 0.152318
Emirati Dirham 3.678935 0.271818
Euro 0.879853 1.136553
Hong Kong Dollar 7.863315 0.127173
Hungarian Forint 278.350943 0.003593
Swiss Franc▲ 1.00 CHF▲▼ inv. 1.00 CHF▲▼
Icelandic Krona 119.780457 0.008349
Indian Rupee 71.346922 0.014016
Indonesian Rupiah 14054.951411 0.000071
Iranian Rial 42171.290357 0.000024
Israeli Shekel 3.626398 0.275756
Japanese Yen 110.993124 0.009010
Kazakhstani Tenge 377.471908 0.002649
Kuwaiti Dinar 0.304165 3.287687
Libyan Dinar 1.400532 0.714015
Malaysian Ringgit 4.074013 0.245458
Mauritian Rupee 34.033713 0.029383
Mexican Peso 19.246040 0.051959
Nepalese Rupee 114.690178 0.008719
New Zealand Dollar 1.462317 0.683846
Norwegian Krone 8.542056 0.117068
Omani Rial 0.385174 2.596231
Pakistani Rupee 139.997375 0.007143
Philippine Peso 51.891414 0.019271
Polish Zloty 3.797036 0.263363
Qatari Riyal 3.646378 0.274245
Romanian New Leu 4.172310 0.239675
Russian Ruble 65.985177 0.015155
Saudi Arabian Riyal 3.756571 0.266200
Singapore Dollar 1.350480 0.740477
South African Rand 13.925198 0.071812
South Korean Won 1121.201195 0.000892
Sri Lankan Rupee 180.174939 0.005550
Swedish Krona 9.273373 0.107836
Taiwan New Dollar 30.829686 0.032436
Thai Baht 31.475306 0.031771
Trinidadian Dollar 6.792670 0.147218
Turkish Lira 5.313558 0.188198
US Dollar 1.001752 0.998251
Venezuelan Bolivar 10.005000 0.099950
Australian Dollar
Australian Dollar 1.00 AUD inv. 1.00 AUD

US Dollar 0.717318 1.394082

Euro 0.634539 1.575947

British Pound 0.547599 1.826155

Indian Rupee 49.785628 0.020086

Canadian Dollar 0.954989 1.047132

Singapore Dollar 0.970411 1.030491

Swiss Franc 0.719813 1.389249

Malaysian Ringgit 2.953405 0.338592

Japanese Yen 80.366595 0.012443

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 4.812484 0.207793

Alphabetical orderApr 15, 2019 14:04 UTC
Australian Dollar▲ 1.00 AUD▲▼ inv. 1.00 AUD▲▼

Argentine Peso 29.769341 0.033592

Bahraini Dinar 0.269712 3.707664

Botswana Pula 7.587109 0.131803

Brazilian Real 2.778760 0.359873

British Pound 0.547599 1.826155

Bruneian Dollar 0.970411 1.030491

Bulgarian Lev 1.241050 0.805769

Canadian Dollar 0.954989 1.047132

Chilean Peso 474.976896 0.002105

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 4.812484 0.207793

Colombian Peso 2236.330832 0.000447

Croatian Kuna 4.719317 0.211895

Czech Koruna 16.273485 0.061450

Australian Dollar▲ 1.00 AUD▲▼ inv. 1.00 AUD▲▼

Danish Krone 4.736587 0.211122

Emirati Dirham 2.634351 0.379600

Euro 0.634539 1.575947

Hong Kong Dollar 5.623014 0.177841

Hungarian Forint 203.163109 0.004922

Icelandic Krona 86.044479 0.011622

Indian Rupee 49.785628 0.020086

Indonesian Rupiah 10100.180933 0.000099

Iranian Rial 30191.325640 0.000033

Israeli Shekel 2.557298 0.391038

Japanese Yen 80.366595 0.012443

Kazakhstani Tenge 272.173843 0.003674

Kuwaiti Dinar 0.218089 4.585294

Libyan Dinar 1.003661 0.996352

Malaysian Ringgit 2.953405 0.338592

Mauritian Rupee 24.897147 0.040165

Mexican Peso 13.490591 0.074126

Nepalese Rupee 80.030397 0.012495

New Zealand Dollar 1.061539 0.942029

Norwegian Krone 6.093279 0.164115

Omani Rial 0.275809 3.625700

Pakistani Rupee 101.610282 0.009842

Philippine Peso 37.087207 0.026963

Polish Zloty 2.710819 0.368892

Qatari Riyal 2.611038 0.382989

Australian Dollar▲ 1.00 AUD▲▼ inv. 1.00 AUD▲▼

Romanian New Leu 3.021018 0.331014

Russian Ruble 46.110877 0.021687

Saudi Arabian Riyal 2.689943 0.371755

Singapore Dollar 0.970411 1.030491

South African Rand 10.031517 0.099686

South Korean Won 813.113442 0.001230

Sri Lankan Rupee 125.231555 0.007985

Swedish Krona 6.640294 0.150596

Swiss Franc 0.719813 1.389249

Taiwan New Dollar 22.137185 0.045173

Thai Baht 22.799020 0.043862

Trinidadian Dollar 4.859701 0.205774

Turkish Lira 4.164396 0.240131

US Dollar 0.717318 1.394082

Venezuelan Bolivar 7.164215 0.139583

Canadian Dollar
Canadian Dollar 1.00 CAD inv. 1.00 CAD

US Dollar 0.751145 1.331301

Euro 0.664475 1.504947

British Pound 0.573427 1.743902

Indian Rupee 52.133152 0.019182

Australian Dollar 1.047184 0.954942

Singapore Dollar 1.016164 0.984093

Canadian Dollar 1.00 CAD inv. 1.00 CAD

Swiss Franc 0.753729 1.326736

Malaysian Ringgit 3.092536 0.323359

Japanese Yen 84.148881 0.011884

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 5.039319 0.198440

Alphabetical orderApr 15, 2019 14:05 UTC
Canadian Dollar▲ 1.00 CAD▲▼ inv. 1.00 CAD▲▼

Argentine Peso 31.173724 0.032078

Australian Dollar 1.047184 0.954942

Bahraini Dinar 0.282431 3.540694

Botswana Pula 7.944894 0.125867

Brazilian Real 2.909513 0.343700

British Pound 0.573427 1.743902

Bruneian Dollar 1.016164 0.984093

Bulgarian Lev 1.299600 0.769467

Chilean Peso 497.224905 0.002011

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 5.039319 0.198440

Colombian Peso 2341.422116 0.000427

Croatian Kuna 4.942781 0.202315

Czech Koruna 17.040679 0.058683

Danish Krone 4.959858 0.201619

Emirati Dirham 2.758580 0.362505

Euro 0.664475 1.504947

Hong Kong Dollar 5.888076 0.169835

Hungarian Forint 212.699108 0.004701

Icelandic Krona 90.102977 0.011098

Indian Rupee 52.133152 0.019182

Canadian Dollar▲ 1.00 CAD▲▼ inv. 1.00 CAD▲▼

Indonesian Rupiah 10568.943497 0.000095

Iranian Rial 31566.254935 0.000032

Israeli Shekel 2.678188 0.373387

Japanese Yen 84.148881 0.011884

Kazakhstani Tenge 285.003978 0.003509

Kuwaiti Dinar 0.228364 4.378981

Libyan Dinar 1.051120 0.951367

Malaysian Ringgit 3.092536 0.323359

Mauritian Rupee 26.068636 0.038360

Mexican Peso 14.126498 0.070789

Nepalese Rupee 83.804042 0.011933

New Zealand Dollar 1.111628 0.899582

Norwegian Krone 6.380399 0.156730

Omani Rial 0.288815 3.462421

Pakistani Rupee 106.403674 0.009398

Philippine Peso 38.836682 0.025749

Polish Zloty 2.839181 0.352214

Qatari Riyal 2.734168 0.365742

Romanian New Leu 3.163496 0.316106

Russian Ruble 48.277442 0.020714

Saudi Arabian Riyal 2.816794 0.355014

Singapore Dollar 1.016164 0.984093

South African Rand 10.505100 0.095192

South Korean Won 851.361705 0.001175

Sri Lankan Rupee 131.136114 0.007626

Canadian Dollar▲ 1.00 CAD▲▼ inv. 1.00 CAD▲▼

Swedish Krona 6.953517 0.143812

Swiss Franc 0.753729 1.326736

Taiwan New Dollar 23.180848 0.043139

Thai Baht 23.870907 0.041892

Trinidadian Dollar 5.089018 0.196502

Turkish Lira 4.361272 0.229291

US Dollar 0.751145 1.331301

Venezuelan Bolivar 7.502060 0.133297

Singapore Dollar
Singapore Dollar 1.00 SGD inv. 1.00 SGD

US Dollar 0.739212 1.352792

Euro 0.653891 1.529306

British Pound 0.564288 1.772144

Indian Rupee 51.296582 0.019494

Australian Dollar 1.030507 0.970396

Canadian Dollar 0.984093 1.016164

Swiss Franc 0.741863 1.347958

Malaysian Ringgit 3.043450 0.328574

Japanese Yen 82.817665 0.012075

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 4.959427 0.201636

Alphabetical orderApr 15, 2019 14:07 UTC
Singapore Dollar▲ 1.00 SGD▲▼ inv. 1.00 SGD▲▼

Argentine Peso 30.657910 0.032618

Singapore Dollar▲ 1.00 SGD▲▼ inv. 1.00 SGD▲▼

Australian Dollar 1.030507 0.970396

Bahraini Dinar 0.277944 3.597851

Botswana Pula 7.818682 0.127899

Brazilian Real 2.864138 0.349145

British Pound 0.564288 1.772144

Bruneian Dollar 1.000000 1.000000

Bulgarian Lev 1.278900 0.781922

Canadian Dollar 0.984093 1.016164

Chilean Peso 489.378207 0.002043

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 4.959427 0.201636

Colombian Peso 2308.164746 0.000433

Croatian Kuna 4.863071 0.205631

Czech Koruna 16.769521 0.059632

Danish Krone 4.880866 0.204882

Emirati Dirham 2.714756 0.368357

Euro 0.653891 1.529306

Hong Kong Dollar 5.794877 0.172566

Hungarian Forint 209.339213 0.004777

Icelandic Krona 88.661662 0.011279

Indian Rupee 51.296582 0.019494

Indonesian Rupiah 10397.014386 0.000096

Iranian Rial 31103.879217 0.000032

Israeli Shekel 2.635237 0.379473

Japanese Yen 82.817665 0.012075

Kazakhstani Tenge 280.482675 0.003565

Singapore Dollar▲ 1.00 SGD▲▼ inv. 1.00 SGD▲▼

Kuwaiti Dinar 0.224807 4.448268

Libyan Dinar 1.034531 0.966622

Malaysian Ringgit 3.043450 0.328574

Mauritian Rupee 25.652689 0.038982

Mexican Peso 13.903532 0.071924

Nepalese Rupee 82.459256 0.012127

New Zealand Dollar 1.093957 0.914113

Norwegian Krone 6.278833 0.159265

Omani Rial 0.284227 3.518314

Pakistani Rupee 104.715993 0.009550

Philippine Peso 38.205521 0.026174

Polish Zloty 2.793942 0.357917

Qatari Riyal 2.690732 0.371646

Romanian New Leu 3.113265 0.321206

Russian Ruble 47.512876 0.021047

Saudi Arabian Riyal 2.772045 0.360745

South African Rand 10.338764 0.096723

South Korean Won 837.682350 0.001194

Sri Lankan Rupee 129.051941 0.007749

Swedish Krona 6.843077 0.146133

Swiss Franc 0.741863 1.347958

Taiwan New Dollar 22.812982 0.043835

Thai Baht 23.491002 0.042569

Trinidadian Dollar 5.008273 0.199670

Turkish Lira 4.292768 0.232950

Singapore Dollar▲ 1.00 SGD▲▼ inv. 1.00 SGD▲▼

US Dollar 0.739212 1.352792

Venezuelan Bolivar 7.382880 0.135448

Malaysian Ringgit
Malaysian Ringgit 1.00 MYR inv. 1.00 MYR

US Dollar 0.242899 4.116932

Euro 0.214891 4.653522

British Pound 0.185403 5.393651

Indian Rupee 16.854696 0.059331

Australian Dollar 0.338659 2.952826

Canadian Dollar 0.323351 3.092619

Singapore Dollar 0.328617 3.043057

Swiss Franc 0.243786 4.101952

Japanese Yen 27.216111 0.036743

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 1.629639 0.613633

Alphabetical orderApr 15, 2019 14:08 UTC
Malaysian Ringgit▲ 1.00 MYR▲▼ inv. 1.00 MYR▲▼

Argentine Peso 10.058269 0.099421

Australian Dollar 0.338659 2.952826

Bahraini Dinar 0.091330 10.949287

Botswana Pula 2.569158 0.389233

Brazilian Real 0.941396 1.062252

British Pound 0.185403 5.393651

Bruneian Dollar 0.328617 3.043057

Bulgarian Lev 0.420290 2.379308

Canadian Dollar 0.323351 3.092619

Malaysian Ringgit▲ 1.00 MYR▲▼ inv. 1.00 MYR▲▼

Chilean Peso 160.825463 0.006218

Chinese Yuan Renminbi 1.629639 0.613633

Colombian Peso 758.636116 0.001318

Croatian Kuna 1.597932 0.625809

Czech Koruna 5.510781 0.181462

Danish Krone 1.603983 0.623448

Emirati Dirham 0.892048 1.121016

Euro 0.214891 4.653522

Hong Kong Dollar 1.904025 0.525203

Hungarian Forint 68.793498 0.014536

Icelandic Krona 29.137669 0.034320

Indian Rupee 16.854696 0.059331

Indonesian Rupiah 3416.983819 0.000293

Iranian Rial 10223.051476 0.000098

Israeli Shekel 0.865839 1.154949

Japanese Yen 27.216111 0.036743

Kazakhstani Tenge 92.164792 0.010850

Kuwaiti Dinar 0.073857 13.539598

Libyan Dinar 0.339946 2.941641

Mauritian Rupee 8.429167 0.118636

Mexican Peso 4.569617 0.218837

Nepalese Rupee 27.093923 0.036909

New Zealand Dollar 0.359513 2.781543

Norwegian Krone 2.063417 0.484633

Omani Rial 0.093395 10.707235

Malaysian Ringgit▲ 1.00 MYR▲▼ inv. 1.00 MYR▲▼

Pakistani Rupee 34.408953 0.029062

Philippine Peso 12.556855 0.079638

Polish Zloty 0.918204 1.089083

Qatari Riyal 0.884154 1.131025

Romanian New Leu 1.023012 0.977506

Russian Ruble 15.611255 0.064056

Saudi Arabian Riyal 0.910873 1.097848

Singapore Dollar 0.328617 3.043057

South African Rand 3.398175 0.294276

South Korean Won 275.245399 0.003633

Sri Lankan Rupee 42.405408 0.023582

Swedish Krona 2.248695 0.444702

Swiss Franc 0.243786 4.101952

Taiwan New Dollar 7.496260 0.133400

Thai Baht 7.718929 0.129552

Trinidadian Dollar 1.645685 0.607650

Turkish Lira 1.410493 0.708972

US Dollar 0.242899 4.116932

Venezuelan Bolivar 2.425957 0.412208

Forward Rates - USD/INR

Spot USD1 = INR69.1650 Sell USD @ 69.1600 INR Buy USD @ 69.1650 INR
15 Apr 2019
BID-ASK SPREAD %ANNUALIZED
MONTH BID RATE ASK RATE SPREAD CHANGE % PREMIUM/DISCOUNT

30 Apr 2019 69.33 69.36 0.029999 2.197921 0.139999

31 May 2019 69.63 69.66 0.030006 7.221475 0.440002

30 Jun 2019 69.885 69.915 0.029999 2.197921 0.695

31 Jul 2019 70.16 70.19 0.029999 2.197921 0.970001

31 Aug 2019 70.40 70.43 0.029999 2.197921 1.209999

30 Sep 2019 70.64 70.67 0.029999 2.197921 1.449997

31 Oct 2019 70.88 70.91 0.030006 -4.07919 1.690002

30 Nov 2019 71.095 71.125 0.029999 2.197921 1.904999

31 Dec 2019 71.325 71.355 0.030006 7.221475 2.135002

31 Jan 2020 71.545 71.575 0.029999 2.197921 2.354996

29 Feb 2020 71.76 71.79 0.029999 2.197921 2.57

31 Mar 2020 71.995 72.025 0.029999 -7.4096 2.805

Forward Bid Rate Ask Rate USD/INR Spot Rate Annualized
Month Premium / Premium/Discount
Discount%
30-04-2019 69.33 69.36 69.43 0.139999 4.854067
31-05-2019 69.63 69.66 69.43 0.440002 4.449606
30-06-2019 69.885 69.915 69.43 0.695 4.016179
31-07-2019 70.16 70.19 69.43 0.970001 4.203992
31-08-2019 70.4 70.43 69.43 1.209999 3.496097
30-09-2019 70.64 70.67 69.43 1.449997 4.189532
31-10-2019 70.88 70.91 69.43 1.690002 2.441494
30-11-2019 71.095 71.125 69.43 1.904999 2.752093
31-12-2019 71.325 71.355 69.43 2.135002 3.084372
31-01-2020 71.545 71.575 69.43 2.354996 3.402189
29-02-2020 71.76 71.79 69.43 2.57 3.712799
31-03-2020 71.995 72.025 69.43 2.805 4.052298
 Balance of Payments
Statement II: Standard
Presentation of India's Balance of (US$ million)
Payments
Item 2017-18 P
Credit Debit Net
1 14 15 16
A. CURRENT ACCOUNT
I. MERCHANDISE 308,970 469,006 -160,036
II. INVISIBLES (a+b+c) 283,406 172,087 111,319
a) Services 195,089 117,527 77,562
i) Travel 28,355 19,516 8,839
ii) Transportation 17,441 17,608 -166
iii) Insurance 2,506 1,700 806
iv) G.n.i.e. 664 794 -130
v) Miscellaneous 146,122 77,909 68,213
Of which :
Software Services 77,326 5,139 72,186
Business Services 37,346 36,630 715
Financial Services 5,164 5,537 -373
Communication Services 2,098 954 1,144
b) Transfers 69,455 7,017 62,438
i) Official 326 837 -511
ii) Private 69,129 6,180 62,949
c) Income 18,862 47,542 -28,681
i) Investment Income 14,404 45,243 -30,839
ii) Compensation of Employees 4,457 2,299 2,158
Total Current Account (I+II) 592,376 641,093 -48,717
B. CAPITAL ACCOUNT
1. Foreign Investment (a+b) 359,546 307,145 52,401
a) Foreign Direct Investment (i+ii) 64,461 34,175 30,286
i. In India 60,974 21,544 39,431
Equity 45,521 21,325 24,196
Reinvested Earnings 12,542 0 12,542
Other Capital 2,911 219 2,692
 ii. Abroad 3,487 12,632 -9,144
Equity 3,487 5,254 -1,767
Reinvested Earnings 0 2,853 -2,853
Other Capital 0 4,525 -4,525
b) Portfolio Investment 295,084 272,969 22,115
In India 293,529 271,364 22,165
FIIs 293,529 271,364 22,165
of which:
Equity 231,658 230,044 1,615
Debt 61,870 41,320 20,550
ADRs/GDRs 0 0 0
Abroad 1,556 1,605 -50
2.Loans (a+b+c) 147,111 130,451 16,660
a) External Assistance 7,718 4,774 2,944
i) By India 55 124 -69
ii) To India 7,663 4,650 3,013
b) Commercial
Borrowings(MT&LT) 38,879 39,062 -183
i) By India 14,292 13,676 616
ii) To India 24,587 25,386 -799
c) Short Term To India 100,514 86,614 13,900
i) Buyers' credit & Suppliers'
Credit >180 days 96,756 86,614 10,142
ii) Suppliers' credit up to 180
days 3,758 0 3,758
3. Banking Capital (a+b) 95,673 79,483 16,190
a) Commercial Banks 95,255 79,064 16,191
i) Assets 25,532 25,834 -302
ii) Liabilities 69,723 53,230 16,493
of which: Non-Resident Deposits 59,544 49,868 9,676
b) Others 417 419 -1
4. Rupee Debt Service 0 75 -75
5. Other Capital 41,282 35,069 6,213
Total Capital Account (1 to 5) 643,612 552,222 91,390
C. Errors & Omissions 1,900 998 902
D. Overall Balance (A+B+C) 1,237,887 1,194,313 43,574
E. Monetary Movements (i+ii) 0 43,574 -43,574
i) I.M.F. 0 0 0
ii) Foreign Exchange Reserves 0 43,574 -43,574
( Increase - / Decrease +)
P: Preliminary. PR: Partially Revised.

Cross Currencies

Americas
USD PEN MXN BRL ARS CLP COP EUR

USD - 0.3026 0.0519 0.2626 0.0243 0.0015 0.0003 1.1276

PEN 3.3050 - 0.1716 0.8678 0.0802 0.0050 0.0010 3.7267

MXN 19.2594 5.8274 - 5.0572 0.4675 0.0289 0.0061 21.7169

BRL 3.8083 1.1523 0.1977 - 0.0924 0.0057 0.0012 4.2942

ARS 41.1984 12.4655 2.1391 10.8181 - 0.0618 0.0131 46.4553

CLP 666.7500 201.7398 34.6195 175.0781 16.1839 - 0.2112 751.8273

COP 3157.1300 955.2587 163.9267 829.0130 76.6323 4.7351 - 3559.9798

EUR 0.8868 0.2683 0.0461 0.2329 0.0215 0.0013 0.0003

Europe, Middle East & Africa

 USD EUR GBP CHF SEK NOK DKK ZAR

USD - 1.1277 1.3133 0.9926 0.1067 0.1159 0.1512 0.0703

EUR 0.8868 - 1.1646 0.8802 0.0946 0.1028 0.1341 0.0623

GBP 0.7614 0.8587 - 0.7558 0.0813 0.0883 0.1151 0.0535

CHF 1.0075 1.1362 1.3231 - 0.1075 0.1168 0.1523 0.0708

SEK 9.3709 10.5676 12.3068 9.3011 - 1.0861 1.4169 0.6585

NOK 8.6277 9.7295 11.3308 8.5635 0.9207 - 1.3045 0.6063

DKK 6.6138 7.4584 8.6859 6.5646 0.7058 0.7666 - 0.4647

ZAR 14.2310 16.0483 18.6896 14.1251 1.5186 1.6495 2.1517 -

Asia Pacific

USD CNY JPY HKD IDR KRW SGD EUR

USD - 0.1491 0.0090 0.1274 0.0001 0.0009 0.7377 1.1280

CNY 6.7072 - 0.0604 0.8544 0.0005 0.0059 4.9481 7.5657

JPY 111.1200 16.5673 - 14.1554 0.0078 0.0984 81.9771 125.3434

HKD 7.8500 1.1704 0.0706 - 0.0006 0.0069 5.7912 8.8548

IDR 14266.5000 2127.0426 128.3882 1817.3885 - 12.6280 10524.8986 16092.6120

KRW 1129.7500 168.4384 10.1669 143.9172 0.0792 - 833.4563 1274.3580

SGD 1.3555 0.2021 0.0122 0.1727 0.0001 0.0012 - 1.5290

EUR 0.8865 0.1322 0.0080 0.1129 0.0001 0.0008 0.6540 -

 Cross Currency

USD AUD HKD INR JPY NZD SGD

USD - 1.4115 7.8500 69.6424 111.251 1.4566 1.3557
AUD 0.70834 - 5.5601 49.301 78.804 1.03189 0.9601
HKD 0.12739 0.17982 - 8.8667 14.171 0.18557 0.17270
INR 0.014356 0.02026 0.11270 - 1.597 0.02090 0.01945
JPY 0.008989 0.01268 0.07059 0.62568 - 0.01310
NZD 0.68633 0.9690 5.3875 47.774 76.353 - 0.9305
SGD 0.73754 1.04111 5.7894 51.337 82.049 1.0744 -

Overview of Countries

USA

Capital Washington, D.C.

38°53′N 77°01′W

Largest city New York City

40°43′N 74°00′W

Official languages None at federal level[b]

National language English[c]

Ethnic groups By race:

[6] 76.6% White
(2018)
13.4% Black
5.8% Asian
2.7% Other/multiracial
1.3% Native American
0.2% Pacific Islander
Ethnicity:
18.1% Hispanic or Latino
81.9% non-Hispanic or Latino

Religion 73.0% Christian

[7] 21.3% Unaffiliated
(2017)
2.1% Jewish
 0.8% Muslim
2.9% Other

Demonym(s) American

Government Federal presidentialconstitutional republic

• President Donald Trump (R)

• Vice President Mike Pence (R)

• House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D)

• Chief Justice John Roberts

Legislature Congress

• Upper house Senate

• Lower house House of Representatives

Independence
from Great Britain

• Declaration July 4, 1776

• Confederation March 1, 1781

• Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783

• Constitution June 21, 1788

• Last polity admitted March 24, 1976

Area

• Total area 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2)[8](3rd/4th)

• Water (%) 6.97

• Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2)

Population

• 2018 estimate 327,167,434[d][9] (3rd)

• 2010 census 308,745,538[d][10] (3rd)

• Density 85/sq mi (32.8/km2) (179th)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $20.891 trillion[11] (2nd)

• Per capita $62,518[12] (11th)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $20.891 trillion[11] (1st)

• Per capita $62,518[12] (7th)

Gini (2016) 41.5[13]

medium

HDI (2017) 0.924[14]

very high · 13th

Currency United States dollar ($) (USD)

Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11

• Summer (DST) UTC−4 to −10[e]

Date format mm/dd/yy

yyyy-mm-dd[15]

Driving side right[f]

Calling code +1

ISO 3166 code US

Internet TLD .us, .gov

United Kingdom

Capital London
and largest city 51°30′N 0°7′W

Official language English

and national language

 Scots
Recognised regional or minority
 Ulster Scots
languages[note 3]
 Welsh
 Cornish
 Scottish Gaelic
 Irish

Ethnic groups  87.1% White

(2011)  7.0% Asian
 3.0% Black
 2.0% Mixed
 0.9% others

Religion  59.5% Christian

(2011[6][7])  25.7% Irreligious
 4.4% Muslim
 1.3% Hindu
 0.7% Sikh
 0.4% Jewish
 0.4% Buddhist
 0.4% Other
 7.2% Unknown

Demonym(s)  British
 Briton

Membership  England
 Northern Ireland
 Scotland
 Wales

Government Unitary parliamentary

constitutional monarchy
• Monarch Elizabeth II
• Prime Minister Theresa May
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house House of Lords
• Lower house House of Commons

Formation
• Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
• Union of the Crowns under James VI 24 March 1603
and I
• Acts of Union of England and 1 May 1707
Scotland
• Acts of Union of Great Britain and 1 January 1801
Ireland
• Irish Free State Constitution Act 5 December 1922
• EC accession[note 4] 1 January 1973
Area
• Total 242,495 km2(93,628 sq mi)[8] (78th)
• Water (%) 1.34

Population
• 2017 estimate 66,040,229[9] (22nd)
• 2011 census 63,181,775[10] (22nd)
• Density 270.7/km2(701.1/sq mi) (50th)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $3.028 trillion[11] (9th)
• Per capita $45,565[11] (25th)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $2.936 trillion[11] (5th)
• Per capita $44,177[11] (19th)

Gini (2017) 33.1[12]

medium · 33rd

HDI (2017) 0.922[13]

very high · 14th

Currency Pound sterling[note 5](GBP; £)

Time zone UTC⁠ (Greenwich Mean Time, WET[note 6])

• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (British Summer Time, WEST)

Date format dd/mm/yy

yyyy-mm-dd (AD)[14]

Driving side left[note 7]

Calling code +44[note 8]

ISO 3166 code GB

Internet TLD .uk[note 9]

Japan

Capital Tokyo[5]
and largest city 35°41′N 139°46′E

Official languages None[note 1]

National language Japanese

 98.5% Japanese
Ethnic groups

(2011)[7] o ┗Yamato people
o ┗Ainu people
o ┗Ryukyuan people
 0.5% Korean
 0.4% Chinese
 0.6% other

Religion  51.8% Folk Shinto / None

(2000)[8]  34.9% Buddhism
 4% Shinto sects
 2.3% Christianity
 0.1% Judaism
 7% No answer

Demonym(s) Japanese

Government Unitary parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy

• Emperor Akihito
• Crown Prince Naruhito
• Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
• Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō
• Speaker of the House of Tadamori Oshima
Representatives
• President of the House of Councillors Chuichi Date
• Chief Justice Naoto Ōtani
Legislature National Diet
• Upper house House of Councillors
• Lower house House of Representatives

Formation
• National Foundation Day February 11, 660 BC[9]
• Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890
• Current constitution May 3, 1947
• San Francisco April 28, 1952
Peace Treaty
 Area
• Total 377,973[10] km2(145,936 sq mi)[11] (61st)
• Water (%) 3.55

Population
• October 2018 census 126,440,000[12] (10th)
• Density 334/km2 (865.1/sq mi) (41st)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $5.632 trillion[13] (4th)
• Per capita $44,550[13] (31st)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $5.071 trillion[13] (3rd)
• Per capita $40,106[13] (26th)

Gini (2011) 37.9[14]

medium · 76th

HDI (2017) 0.909[15]

very high · 19th

Currency Yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY)

Time zone UTC+9 (JST)

Date format  yyyy-mm-dd

 yyyy年m月d日
 Era yy年m月d日(CE−1988)

Driving side left

Calling code +81

ISO 3166 code JP

Internet TLD .jp

India

Capital New Delhi

28°36′50″N77°12′30″E

Largest city Mumbai

18°58′30″N72°49′40″E

 Hindi
Official languages
 English[b][6]
Recognised regional languages State level and
 Eighth Schedule[7][show]
National language None[8][9][10]

Religion  79.8% Hinduism

 14.2% Islam
 2.3% Christianity
 1.7% Sikhism
 0.7% Buddhism
 0.4% Jainism
 0.9% others[c][11]

Demonym(s) Indian

Membership UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC, SCO, G8+5, G20,

Commonwealth of Nations

Government Federal parliamentaryrepublic

• President Ram Nath Kovind
• Vice President Venkaiah Naidu
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi
• Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house Rajya Sabha
• Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence
from the United Kingdom
• Dominion 15 August 1947
• Republic 26 January 1950
Area
• Total 3,287,263[5] km2(1,269,219 sq mi)[d](7th)
• Water (%) 9.6

Population
• 2016 estimate 1,324,171,354[12](2nd)
• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[13][14](2nd)
• Density 401.0/km2(1,038.6/sq mi) (31st)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $10.505 trillion[15] (3rd)
• Per capita $7,873[15] (116th)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $2,716 trillion[15] (6th)
• Per capita $2,036[15] (133rd)

Gini (2013) 33.9[16]

medium · 79th
 HDI (2017) 0.640[17]
medium · 130th

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

DST is not observed

Date format dd-mm-yyyy

Driving side left

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in (others)

China

Capital Beijing[a]
39°55′N 116°23′E

Largest city Shanghai[1]

Official languages Standard Chinese[2][b]

 Mongolian
Recognised regional languages
 Uyghur
 Tibetan
 Zhuang
 various others[3]
Official script Simplified Chinese[c]

Ethnic groups  91.51% Han[4]

 55 minorities[d][show]

Religion See Religion in China

Demonym(s) Chinese

Government Unitary one-partysocialist republic[5]

• Party General Secretary Xi Jinping[e]
and President
• Premier Li Keqiang
• Congress Chairman Li Zhanshu
• Conference Chairman Wang Yang
• First Secretary of the Party Wang Huning
 Secretariat
• Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Zhao Leji
Commission
• First Vice Premier Han Zheng
• Vice President Wang Qishan[f]
Legislature National People's Congress

Formation
• First pre-imperial dynasty c. 2070 BCE
• First imperial dynasty 221 BCE
• Republic established 1 January 1912
• Proclamation of the People's 1 October 1949
Republic
• Current constitution 4 December 1982
• Last polity admitted 20 December 1999
Area
• Total 9,596,961 km2(3,705,407 sq mi)[g](3rd/4th)
• Water (%) 2.8%[h]

Population
• 2016 estimate 1,403,500,365 [10](1st)
• 2010 census 1,339,724,852[11](1st)
• Density 145[12]/km2(375.5/sq mi) (83rd)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $25.270 trillion[13](1st)
• Per capita $18,110[13] (73rd)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $13.407 trillion[13](2nd)
• Per capita $9,608[13] (67th)

Gini (2015) 46.2[14]

high

HDI (2017) 0.752[15]

high · 86th

Currency Renminbi (yuan; ¥)[i](CNY)

Time zone UTC+8 (China Standard Time)

Date format  yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年m月d日(CE; CE-

1949)

Driving side right[j]

Calling code +86

ISO 3166 code CN

 Currency and Symbols

No. Country and Currency Graphic

Currency Code Image
1.
Albania Lek ALL

2.
Afghanistan
AFN
Afghani
3.
Argentina
ARS
Peso
4.
Aruba Guilder AWG

5.
Australia Dollar AUD

6.
Azerbaijan
AZN
Manat
7.
Bahamas
BSD
Dollar
8.
Barbados
BBD
Dollar
9.
Belarus Ruble BYN

10.
Belize Dollar BZD

11.
Bermuda
BMD
Dollar
12.
Bolivia
BOB
Bolíviano
13.
Bosnia and
BAM
Herzegovina
14.
Botswana Pula BWP

15.
Bulgaria Lev BGN

16.
Brazil Real BRL

17.
Brunei
Darussalam BND
Dollar
18.
Cambodia Riel KHR

19.
Canada Dollar CAD

20.
Cayman
KYD
Islands Dollar
21.
Chile Peso CLP

22.
China Yuan
CNY
Renminbi
23.
Colombia Peso COP

24.
Costa Rica
CRC
Colon
25.
Croatia Kuna HRK

26.
Cuba Peso CUP

27.
Czech
CZK
Republic
 Koruna

28.
Denmark
DKK
Krone
29.
Dominican
DOP
Republic Peso
30.
East
Caribbean XCD
Dollar
31.
Egypt Pound EGP

32.
El Salvador
SVC
Colon
33.
Euro Member
EUR
Countries
34.
Falkland
Islands
FKP
(Malvinas)
Pound
35.
Fiji Dollar FJD

36.
Ghana Cedi GHS

37.
Gibraltar
GIP
Pound
38.
Guatemala
GTQ
Quetzal
39.
Guernsey
GGP
Pound
40.
Guyana Dollar GYD
41.
Honduras
HNL
Lempira
42.
Hong Kong
HKD
Dollar
43.
Hungary Forint HUF

44.
Iceland Krona ISK

45.
India Rupee INR

46.
Indonesia
IDR
Rupiah
47.
Iran Rial IRR

48.
Isle of Man
IMP
Pound
49.
Israel Shekel ILS

50.
Jamaica Dollar JMD

51.
Japan Yen JPY

52.
Jersey Pound JEP

53.
Kazakhstan
KZT
Tenge
54.
Korea (North)
KPW
Won
55.
Korea (South)
KRW
Won
56.
Kyrgyzstan
KGS
Som
57.
Laos Kip LAK

58.
Lebanon
LBP
Pound
59.
Liberia Dollar LRD

60.
Macedonia
MKD
Denar
61.
Malaysia
MYR
Ringgit
62.
Mauritius
MUR
Rupee
63.
Mexico Peso MXN

64.
Mongolia
MNT
Tughrik
65.
Mozambique
MZN
Metical
66.
Namibia Dollar NAD

67.
Nepal Rupee NPR

68.
Netherlands
ANG
Antilles Guilder
69.
New Zealand
NZD
Dollar
70.
Nicaragua
NIO
Cordoba
71.
Nigeria Naira NGN

72.
Norway Krone NOK

73.
Oman Rial OMR

74.
Pakistan
PKR
Rupee
75.
Panama
PAB
Balboa
76.
Paraguay
PYG
Guarani
77.
Peru Sol PEN

78.
Philippines
PHP
Peso
79.
Poland Zloty PLN

80.
Qatar Riyal QAR

81.
Romania Leu RON

82.
Russia Ruble RUB

83.
Saint Helena
SHP
Pound
84.
Saudi Arabia
SAR
Riyal
85.
Serbia Dinar RSD
86.
Seychelles
SCR
Rupee
87.
Singapore
SGD
Dollar
88.
Solomon
SBD
Islands Dollar
89.
Somalia
SOS
Shilling
90.
South Africa
ZAR
Rand
91.
Sri Lanka
LKR
Rupee
92.
Sweden Krona SEK

93.
Switzerland
CHF
Franc
94.
Suriname
SRD
Dollar
95.
Syria Pound SYP

96.
Taiwan New
TWD
Dollar
97.
Thailand Baht THB

98.
Trinidad and
TTD
Tobago Dollar
99.
Turkey Lira TRY

100.
Tuvalu Dollar TVD
101.
Ukraine
UAH
Hryvnia
102.
United
Kingdom GBP
Pound
103.
United States
USD
Dollar
104.
Uruguay Peso UYU

105.
Uzbekistan
UZS
Som
106.
Venezuela
VEF
Bolívar
107.
Viet Nam Dong VND

108.
Yemen Rial YER

109.
Zimbabwe
ZWD
Dollar
Foreign Exchange Market
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or
over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines the
foreign exchange rate. It includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at
current or determined prices. In terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in the
world, followed by the Credit market.[1]

The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centers
around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of
buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. Since currencies are
always traded in pairs, the foreign exchange market does not set a currency's absolute value
but rather determines its relative value by setting the market price of one currency if paid for
with another. Ex: US$1 is worth X CAD, or CHF, or JPY, etc.

The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions and operates on
several levels. Behind the scenes, banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as
"dealers", who are involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign
exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the
"interbank market" (although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are
involved). Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of
millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, Forex has
little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.

The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling
currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods
from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even
though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation
relative to the value of currencies and the carry trade speculation, based on the differential
interest rate between two currencies.

In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one

currency by paying with some quantity of another currency.

The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s. This followed
three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions under the Bretton
Woods system of monetary management, which set out the rules for commercial and financial
relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II. Countries gradually
switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained
fixed per the Bretton Woods system.
 The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics:

its huge trading volume, representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high
liquidity;

its geographical dispersion;

its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except for weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00
GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York);

the variety of factors that affect exchange rates;

the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and

the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.

Foreign Exchange Market and its Structure in India

The foreign exchange market in India has been around for about
40 years now. The market started operating in 1978 after the
government's decree. After its establishment, the forex market has
seen significant growth over the years. The market is regulated by the
central government and all aspects of the trade are defined by national
laws. There are many things about this market that make it distinct
from other markets in the world. To start with, its structure is slightly
unique and defined by different market dynamics. In order to
understand the forex market in India, you need to study its structure
and what makes it different.

The structure of the forex market in India

Like other forex markets in the world, the forex in India consists of
several stakeholders. The main stakeholders in this market are:

 Traders
 Banks /Authorized dealers
 The Reserve Bank of India
 The three actors mentioned above play different roles in the trade.
Traders are generally all individuals in the public who are also corporate
customers of the banks. These customers use the banks as authorized
dealers to access the forex market. There are traders of different kinds
but all of them are able to access the market only through dealers. This
is much like elsewhere in the world where brokers are the
intermediaries between the forex and ordinary traders.

The banks, on the other hand, are the legally authorized institutions
to handle currency. In India, banks exist in different tiers and there are
clear laws that determine which institution is categorized as a financial
institution. From these legal institutions, all those who want to trade
can create accounts, access the market and choose products that they
would like to trade in. The trading landscape has changed a lot over the
years especially since the 1990's when the Indian regulatory authorities
liberalized this market.

Lastly, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central financial

institution which is responsible for the monetary policy in India. This
institution has been instrumental in shaping the trading landscape in
India. Before 1993, the Indian Rupee had a fixed value which was
determined by the RBI. This meant that the currency only attracted a
certain exchange rate even though the market dynamics were
changing. In 1993, though, the RBI repealed the prevailing law at the
time to allow for an exchange rate determined by the market itself.
Since then, the Rupee's value has changed a lot in relation to different
currencies.

In 2018, the forex market in India is quite vibrant. Even though it is

not the market with the most daily volume, it is among the top ten
markets in the world. As of 2017, the forex assets in India place it as the
8th best market in the world by forex reserves. The top asset in this
market is the United States as represented by US institutional bonds
and government bonds. The Indian forex reserves are also held in terms
of gold. Indeed, India is the first nation in the world in terms of gold
consumption.

Statistically, the Indian forex market has changed a lot. To start with,
the daily turnover for the market is well over several billion dollars
down from a couple of millions when it started. The Indian forex market
has several forex players that facilitate the exchange of currency. The
markets in these exchanges have several listed brokers and authorized
institutions. There are several non-bank financial institutions that are
legally authorized to facilitate trade in the Indian market. These
institutions are regulated by the FEDAI and they use the USP for better
rates of exchange. The market is open 24 hours every day and it is
linked to the rest of the world markets.

In many ways, the structure of the Indian forex market is the

same as other countries in the world. This market is however not as
advanced as the major markets. There is a huge daily volume of
transaction and the growth of the market has been steady. Since it is
not as developed as the markets in the advanced economies though,
the volumes of trade tend to be tilted towards particular assets. The
diversity of the market is not as entrenched and the total value of the
market is mostly big in terms of assets but not as big in terms of
transaction rates.
Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI)
The Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI) is an association of banks that
specializes in the foreign exchange markets in India. (These institutions are also called
Authorized Dealers or ADs.) Created in 1958, the body regulates the rules that determine
commissions and charges that are attached to the interbank foreign exchange business.

FEDAI determines many of the rules that overlook the day-to-day forex transactions in
India. In addition to rule setting, FEDAI assists member banks by acting as an advisor and assists
with the training of personnel and accrediting foreign exchange brokers.

Additional core functions include:

 Advising and supporting member banks with issues that arise in their dealings
 Representing member banks on the Reserve Bank of India (or RBI)
 Announcement of daily and periodical rates to member banks

As of December 2017, FEDAI member banks spanned the public sector, private sector,
foreign banks, and co-operative banks and financial institutions, among others. The total count
was 102.

The FEDAI is a self-regulating organization or SRO. SROs exist independently of national

governments (such as FINRA in the United States) yet still have power to create and enforce
industry regulations and standards. SROs place enormous emphasis on ethics and equality.
SROs are non-governmental agencies, which can be helpful in industries, such as finance, that
are international.

Additional examples of SROs include the Investment Dealers Association of Canada, and
the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) in the United States.

FEDAI has grown in its role as a SRO in India and now plays a key role in stabilizing
markets through its cooperation with the Reserve Bank of India and the Fixed Income Money
Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA). FEDAI continues to work with its
partners to develop customized products and adhere to international accounting and risk
management standards.

In March 2018, FEDAI joined forces with Financial Benchmark India (a company formed to
administer money market benchmarks rates), FIMMDA, and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)
to set benchmarks for Indian rupee interest rates and foreign exchange. FBIL began publishing
these rates in April 2018. Rates were displayed daily starting March 19, 2018. The Clearing
Corporation of India (CCIL) is set to act as the calculating agent.