Methods of Research into the

Unconscious

The psychoanalytic unconscious is a slippery set of phenomena to pin down.

There is not an accepted standard form of research, outside of the clinical
practice of psychoanalysis. In this book a number of non-clinical methods for
collecting data and analysing it are described. It represents the current situation
on the way to an established methodology.
The book provides a survey of methods in contemporary use and development.
As well as the introductory survey, chapters have been written by researchers who
have pioneered recent and effective methods and have extensive experience of
those methods. It will serve as a gallery of illustrations from which to make the
appropriate choice for a future research project.
Methods of Research into the Unconscious: Applying Psychoanalytic Ideas to
Social Science will be of great use for those aiming to start projects in the general
area of psychoanalytic studies and for those in the human/social sciences who
wish to include the unconscious as well as conscious functioning of their subjects.

Kalina Stamenova, PhD, FHEA, is a research fellow and a lecturer at the

University of Essex. Her research interests involve psychoanalytic research
methods, psychoanalysis and education, and psychoanalysis and organisations.

R. D. Hinshelwood is a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has always

had a part-time commitment to the public service (NHS and universities) and to
teaching psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. He has written on Kleinian psycho-
analysis and on the application of psychoanalysis to social science and political
themes. He has taken an interest in and published on the problems of making
evidenced comparisons between different schools of psychoanalysis.
This page intentionally left blank
Methods of Research into the
Unconscious

Applying Psychoanalytic Ideas to

Social Science

Edited by Kalina Stamenova and

R. D. Hinshelwood
First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
© 2019 editorial matter, introductory and concluding chapters, Kalina
Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood to be
identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-32661-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-32662-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-44975-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
Contents

Notes on the editors and contributors viii

Acknowledgements xiii
Foreword by Michael Rustin xiv

Introduction 1
KALINA STAMENOVA AND R. D. HINSHELWOOD

PART I
An overview of qualitative methodologies 17

1 A psychoanalytic view of qualitative methodology:

observing the elemental psychic world in social processes 19
KARL FIGLIO

PART II
Psychoanalytic methods in data collection 41
Interviewing 42

2 The socioanalytic interview 43

SUSAN LONG

3 Psychoanalytic perspectives on the qualitative research

interview 55
NICK MIDGLEY AND JOSHUA HOLMES

4 Psycho-societal interpretation of the unconscious dimensions

in everyday life 70
HENNING SALLING OLESEN AND THOMAS LEITHÄUSER
vi Contents

5 Using the psychoanalytic research interview as an

experimental ‘laboratory’ 87
SIMONA REGHINTOVSCHI

OBSERVATIONS 105
6 Psychoanalytic observation – the mind as research instrument 107
WILHELM SKOGSTAD

7 The contribution of psychoanalytically informed observation

methodologies in nursery organisations 126
PETER ELFER

PART III
Psychoanalytic methods in data handling and data
analysis 143
Visual methods 144

8 Social photo-matrix and social dream-drawing 145

ROSE REDDING MERSKY AND BURKARD SIEVERS

OPERATIONALISATION 169
9 Is it a bird? Is it a plane?: operationalisation of unconscious
processes 171
GILLIAN WALKER AND R. D. HINSHELWOOD

10 Comparative analysis of overlapping psychoanalytic concepts

using operationalization 183
KALINA STAMENOVA

NARRATIVE ANALYSIS 197

11 Psychoanalysis in narrative research 199
LISA SAVILLE YOUNG AND STEPHEN FROSH

12 Researching dated, situated, defended, and evolving

subjectivities by biographic-narrative interview:
psychoanalysis, the psycho-societal unconscious, and
biographic-narrative interview method and interpretation 211
TOM WENGRAF
 Contents vii

PSYCHO-SOCIETAL ETHNOGRAPHY 239

13 Psychoanalytic ethnography 241
LINDA LUNDGAARD ANDERSEN

Conclusion 256
R. D. HINSHELWOOD AND KALINA STAMENOVA

Index 259
Notes on the editors and contributors

Linda Lundgaard Andersen, PhD, is professor in learning, evaluation, and social

innovation in welfare services at Roskilde University; director, PhD School of
People and Technology, and co-director at the Centre for Social Entrepreneur-
ship. Her research interests include learning and social innovation in welfare
services, psycho-societal theory and method, ethnographies of the public sector,
democracy and forms of governance in human services, voluntary organisa-
tions, and social enterprises. She is a founding member of the International
Research Group in Psycho-Societal Analysis (IRGPSA).
Peter Elfer is principal lecturer in early childhood studies at the School of
Education, University of Roehampton. He is also a trustee of the Froebel Trust and
a vice president of Early Education. His research interests concern under-threes,
their wellbeing in nursery contexts, and the support that nursery practitioners need to
facilitate that wellbeing. He is currently investigating the contribution of work
discussion groups, underpinned by psychoanalytic conceptions, as a model of
professional reflection for nursery practitioners.
Karl Figlio is professor emeritus in the Department of Psychosocial and Psycho-
analytic Studies, University of Essex. He is a senior member of the Psychoanalytic
Psychotherapy Association of the British Psychoanalytic Council and an associate
member of the British Psychoanalytical Society. He is in private practice. Recent
publications include Remembering as Reparation: Psychoanalysis and Historical
Memory (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017); ‘The Mentality of Conviction: Feeling
Certain and the Search for Truth’, in N. Mintchev and R. D. Hinshelwood (eds),
The Feeling of Certainty: Psychosocial Perspectives on Identity and Difference
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 11–30).
Stephen Frosh is professor in the Department of Psychosocial Studies (which he
founded) at Birkbeck, University of London. He was pro-vice-master of Birkbeck
from 2003 to 2017. He has a background in academic and clinical psychology
and was consultant clinical psychologist at the Tavistock Clinic, London,
throughout the 1990s. He is the author of many books and papers on psychoso-
cial studies and on psychoanalysis. His books include Hauntings: Psychoanalysis
 Notes on the editors and contributors ix

and Ghostly Transmissions (Palgrave, 2013), Feelings (Routledge, 2011), A Brief

Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory (Palgrave, 2012), Psychoanalysis Outside
the Clinic (Palgrave, 2010), Hate and the Jewish Science: Anti-Semitism, Nazism
and Psychoanalysis (Palgrave, 2005), For and Against Psychoanalysis (Routle-
dge, 2006), After Words (Palgrave, 2002), The Politics of Psychoanalysis
(Palgrave, 1999), Sexual Difference (Routledge, 1994), and Identity Crisis
(Macmillan, 1991). His most recent book is Simply Freud (Simply Charly,
2018). He is a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, an academic associate
of the British Psychoanalytical Society, a founding member of the Association
of Psychosocial Studies, and an honorary member of the Institute of Group
Analysis.
R. D. Hinshelwood is a fellow of the British Psychoanalytical Society, and a fellow
of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. After 30 years working in the NHS, he was
subsequently professor in the Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies at the University
of Essex. His academic interest developed towards comparative methodologies
for investigating psychoanalytic concepts, and he published Research on the
Couch (2013) on the use of clinical material for this research.
Joshua Holmes is a child and adolescent psychotherapist working in the NHS. His
book A Practical Psychoanalytic Guide to Reflexive Research: The Reverie
Research Method was published by Routledge in 2018. He is a former winner
of the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association new author prize.
Two people who have inspired him are Thomas Ogden and Thierry Henry.
Thomas Leithäuser was professor for developmental and social psychology (1973–
2004) at the University of Bremen, director of the Academy for Labor and
Politics in Bremen (1996–2009), and is now honorary professor at Roskilde
University, Denmark. He holds guest professorships in the Netherlands, Brazil,
and China. His research focuses on the consciousness of everyday life, ideology
and political psychology, and working with qualitative methods: theme-centred
interviews/group discussions, psychoanalytically orientated text interpretation,
and collaborative action research. His published works are both fundamental
studies in psychosocial methodology and present results of major empirical
research projects on topics including the consciousness of everyday life in
workplaces and cultural institutions; the anxiety of war, stress, and conflict
resolution; violation in public space and the experience of technology.
Susan Long, PhD, is a Melbourne-based organisational consultant and executive
coach. Previously professor of creative and sustainable organisation at RMIT
University, she is now director of research and scholarship at the National
Institute for Organisation Dynamics Australia (NIODA). She also teaches in the
University of Melbourne Executive Programs, INSEAD in Singapore, Miecat and
the University of Divinity. She has been in a leadership position in many
professional organisations: president of the Psychoanalytic Studies Association
of Australasia (2010–2015), past president of the International Society for the
x Notes on the editors and contributors

Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations and inaugural president of Group Relations

Australia. She has published eight books and many articles in books and scholarly
journals, is general editor of the journal Socioanalysis and associate editor with
Organisational and Social Dynamics. She is a member of the Advisory Board for
Mental Health at Work with Comcare and a past member of the Board of the
Judicial College of Victoria (2011–2016).
Rose Redding Mersky has been an organisational development consultant, super-
visor, and coach for over 25 years. She offers workshops in various socioanalytic
methodologies, such as organisational role analysis, social dream-drawing, orga-
nisational observation, social photo-matrix, and social dreaming. She is an
honorary trustee of the Gordon Lawrence Foundation for the Promotion of
Social Dreaming. She has been a member of the International Society for the
Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations (ISPSO) for 30 years and served as its
first female president. Her publications have focused primarily on the practice of
consultation and the utilisation of these methodologies in both organisational and
research practice. She is currently writing a book on social dream-drawing, a
methodology she has developed, extensively trialled, and evaluated. She lives
and works in Germany.
Nick Midgley is a child and adolescent psychotherapist and a senior lecturer in the
Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology at Uni-
versity College London (UCL). He is co-director of the Child Attachment and
Psychological Therapies Research Unit (ChAPTRe), at UCL/the Anna Freud
National Centre for Children and Families.
Henning Salling Olesen is professor at Roskilde University, affiliated with the
doctoral programme Learning, Work and Social Innovation, Department of
People and Technology. He was formerly prorector and acting rector of the
university, and founder and director of the Graduate School of Lifelong Learning.
He was for 15 years the chair of the European Society for Research in the
Education of Adults (ESREA), and is now co-editor of the European Journal of
Adult Learning and Education (RELA). Henning Salling Olesen holds an
honorary doctorate at the University of Tampere, Finland, and serves as advisory
professor at East China Normal University, Shanghai. He led a major methodo-
logical research project on the life history approach to adult learning, and has
developed methodology for psycho-societal empirical studies of learning in
everyday life (Forum for Qualitative Social Research, 2012/2013, thematic
issue). His work on policy and implementation of lifelong learning is focusing
on the transformation of local and national institutions and traditions in a
modernisation process perspective, and the interplay between global policy
agendas and local socio-economic development.
Simona Reghintovschi is a psychoanalyst, member of the Romanian Society of
Psychoanalysis. She studied physics and psychology in Bucharest, and received a
PhD in psychoanalytic studies from the University of Essex. She is lecturer in
 Notes on the editors and contributors xi

projective methods and applied psychoanalysis at Titu Maiorescu University in

Bucharest, and psychology/psychotherapy series editor at Editura Trei.
Burkard Sievers is professor emeritus of organisational development at the
Schumpeter School of Business and Economics at Bergische Universität in
Wuppertal, Germany. His research and scholarly publications focus on
unconscious dynamics in management and organisations from a socioanalytic
and systemic perspective. As organisational consultant, he has worked with a
whole range of profit and non-profit organisations. He brought group rela-
tions working conferences to Germany in 1979, and has been a staff member
and director of conferences in Australia, England, France, Germany, Hun-
gary, and the Netherlands. He was president of the International Society for
the Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations from 2007 to 2009. He has held
visiting appointments at universities in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Colombia, Finland, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Swit-
zerland, the Netherlands, the UK, and USA. Building on his work with
Gordon Lawrence on the development of social dreaming, he developed the
social photo-matrix, which is an experiential method for promoting the
understanding of the unconscious in organisations through photographs
taken by organisational role-holders. He is an honorary trustee of the
Gordon Lawrence Foundation for the Promotion of Social Dreaming. His
last article is ‘A photograph of a little boy seen through the lens of the
associative unconscious and collective memory’: https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1057%2Fpcs.2016.3
Wilhelm Skogstad is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, and training analyst of the
British Psychoanalytic Society. He worked for a long time as consultant and later
clinical lead at the Cassel Hospital, a hospital for psychoanalytic inpatient
treatment of patients with severe personality disorder. He is now in full-time
private psychoanalytic practice. He is one of the founders and organisers of the
British German Colloquium, a bi-annual conference of British and German
psychoanalysts that has been running since 2006. He teaches and supervises
regularly in Germany. He has published widely, in English and German, on
psychoanalytic observation of organisations (including a book, co-edited with
Bob Hinshelwood), on inpatient psychotherapy and on psychoanalytic practice.
Kalina Stamenova, PhD, FHEA, is a research fellow at the Centre for Psycho-
analytic Studies (now Department for Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Studies)
at the University of Essex. Her research interests involve psychoanalysis and
education, social trauma and psychoanalysis, and politics, and she has presented
at numerous conferences.
Gillian Walker originally trained as a general nurse, becoming a nurse specialist in
burns and trauma, and subsequently taught biology and psychology to student
nurses. She is currently a psychoanalytic researcher with a specific interest in
Freud’s theory of masochism.
xii Notes on the editors and contributors

Tom Wengraf was born in London to a nineteenth-century-born father (b.1894)

from Freud’s Vienna, and he has always had, as Melanie Klein would say, a
love–hate relationship with psychoanalysis. Along with intermittent psychoana-
lyses and therapies, he has also done a lot of studying on their workings. The
breakup of his first marriage stimulated a lot of what he now sees as psycho-
societal thinking, as has the breakup of planetary stability. He originally read
modern history at Oxford, and sociology at the London School of Economics,
and researched newly independent Algeria in post-colonial struggle. Teaching
mostly at Middlesex University, he has been involved in left-wing political
journals such as New Left Review and The Spokesman, and with the Journal of
Social Work Practice, as well as the International Research Group for Psychoso-
cietal Analysis and the new UK-based Association for Psychosocial Studies.
Specialisation in sociology and qualitative research led to his interest in bio-
graphic-narrative interpretive method (BNIM) in which, with others, he has been
training and exploring for the past 20 years.
Lisa Saville Young is an associate professor at Rhodes University in Grahamstown,
South Africa, where she practises, teaches, and supervises trainee psychologists,
primarily focusing on psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Much of her research has
involved developing methodological/analytic tools that draw on psychoanalysis
alongside discursive psychology in qualitative research. She has used this
methodology to investigate the negotiation of identity in relationships, including
adult sibling relationships, researcher–participant relationships, and, more
recently, parent–child relationships in the South African context.
Acknowledgements

KS:
The idea for the book evolved from my research at the Centre for Psychoanalytic
Studies at the University of Essex, which has formed me as a researcher open to
diverse studies and applications of psychoanalysis, and I am deeply indebted to
both Bob Hinshelwood and Karl Figlio as well as my many colleagues at the Centre
for fostering such a culture of rigorous enquiry. And working with Bob on this book
has been a truly satisfying and enriching experience. Trying to map a constantly
changing and evolving diverse field is both a challenging and immensely rewarding
task, so my deepest gratitude to all those who agreed to participate in the endeavour
and who have helped us on the way – the contributors to the book and the numerous
colleagues who commented, critiqued, and provided invaluable suggestions – Mike
Roper, Mark Stein, Lynne Layton, and Craig Fees, among many others.
My son Marko and my daughter Anna have shared with me the various stages
of the book’s progress, and their affection and cheerfulness have helped me
tremendously along the way. Finally, yet importantly, I thank Rositsa Boycheva,
Raina Ivanova, and Emil Stamenov for their unflagging support.
RDH:
I am first of all grateful to the Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies at the University of
Essex, where I spent 18 years learning to be an academic. And in particular, I thank
the Director, Karl Figlio, for taking the risk and giving me the opportunity. But of
course the biggest opportunity for learning about academic research methods came
from the two dozen or so doctoral students I supervised. I must acknowledge too
the editors of journals and publishers of books, who have given me the experience
of entering the cut and thrust of enduring debate. Perhaps I should also recognise
the important contribution of the field itself to my life, career, and this book, as it is
responsible for the absorbing fascination of all those hardly solved obstacles to
researching the human unconscious and human subjectivity. Lastly, I express my
gratitude to Gillian for tolerating my fascination and who has in the process
suffered a serious infection of that fascination as well.
And beyond lastly, thank you, Kalina, for being such a willing accomplice, in
seeing this book through to its completion together.
Foreword
Michael Rustin

In the past twenty or so years, there has been a great deal of attention given to
research methods and methodologies in the social sciences, as a distinct area of
reflection and study. One early impetus for this was the wish to establish the
legitimate range of social scientific methodologies, and in particular the value of
qualitative and interpretative methods, in opposition to a previous hegemony of
quantitative and ‘positivist’ approaches in the social sciences. Whereas for some
disciplines, such as psychology, legitimacy had been sought primarily through
proximity to the methods of the natural sciences, others, notably sociology,
anthropology, and cultural studies, had come to emphasise the distinctiveness of
human and social subjects as objects of study, and the specific forms of
investigation that followed from that. Research methods have since became a
substantial field of publication (see, for example, the extensive series of Sage
Handbooks on social research) and a specialism in their own right.
Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic research have until recently had only a
very limited place in these debates. Psychoanalysis has throughout its history
been mainly conducted as the work of a profession, rather than as an academic
discipline. In particular, this has been as a clinical practice, outside the
university system and the context of formal scientific research. In so far as the
field did engage in the discussion of methods, these were more often clinical
methods, or ‘techniques’, than methods of academically recognised investiga-
tion. But this situation is now changing, following the academic accreditation of
programmes of psychoanalytic education and training in Britain, in a significant
number of universities. One of these is the University of Essex, where the
Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies, now the Department of Psychosocial and
Psychoanalytic Studies, has been one of the leading centres for this work, and
from which this book has come. (Others include University College London,
Birkbeck College, the University of the West of England, and the University of
East London through its partnership with the Tavistock Clinic in the UK, as
well as a number of European universities with psychoanalytically oriented
departments and programmes, such as Roskilde University in Denmark, the
University of Milan-Bicocca in Italy, the University of Vienna in Austria, and
the University of Jyväskylä in Finland.)
 Foreword xv

Psychoanalytically informed social and historical research has for many years
been conducted at the University of Essex, for example, in the work of the late
Ian Craib, Karl Figlio, Matt ffytche, Robert Hinshelwood, and Michael Roper.
Hinshelwood has been deeply involved in the development of a doctoral
research programme, and much of this book represents one of its significant
outcomes.
Its editors, Kalina Stamenova and Robert Hinshelwood, came to the view that
it was now time for the issues of method involved in undertaking psycho-
analytic research to be systemically reviewed, and the field surveyed. This
mapping by the editors provides the organising frame for the collection of
methodological papers of which the book is composed. The resulting chapters
are diverse in their topics. In this, they reflect, as its editors acknowledge, the
fragmented state of what is still a new field of social research. Two essential
dimensions of research method – those of data collection and data analysis – are
properly assigned substantial sections in the book. The crucial issues explored
here are those involved in capturing unconscious phenomena – individual and
social states of mind and feeling – in accountable ways. Different approaches to
the essential processes of interview are outlined. The implicit argument of the
book is that only if such valid and reliable methods of research can be
developed can the field of psychoanalytic social research achieve a coherence
comparable to that which has been achieved within different traditions of
psychoanalytic clinical practice – a connectedness that Hinshelwood has
demonstrated in several earlier books. The contributors to this volume include
many researchers, such as Karl Figlio, Stephen Frosh, and Susan Long, who
are authorities in this field, as well as other writers who have recently made
important and original contributions to it.
The range of research methods set out in this book is wide, including, for
example, the socio-photo matrix and social dream-drawing, the psychoanalytic
dimensions of narrative approaches, and the biographical narrative method, but
it also devotes attention to some important topics which had been explored in
earlier work by Hinshelwood and his colleagues. For example, attention is given
here to the methods of psychoanalytic institutional observation, the subject of
his and Wilhelm Skogstad’s earlier influential book Observing Organisations:
Anxiety, Defence and Culture in Health Care Institutions (2000). Chapters on
the problems of ‘operationalising’ psychoanalytic concepts, and of testing
specific psychoanalytic hypotheses in a rigorous, empirical way, develop the
arguments that Hinshelwood set out in his recent book on this topic, Research
on the Couch: Single Case Studies, Subjectivity and Psychoanalytic Knowledge
(2013). This new collection of chapters is given a valuable focus through its
development of these debates and through the work of the psychoanalytic
research PhD programme at the University of Essex, which is represented in
this book.
There are now many actual and prospective doctoral students in the field of
psychoanalytic social research who are in need of guidance in regard to issues
xvi Michael Rustin

of research method. Gaining a clear understanding of methodological questions

is an essential requirement of academic study in every social science, all the
more so in a new field like this one in which research methods have so far been
little discussed or defined. Stamenova and Hinshelwood’s Methods of Research
into the Unconscious should be of great value both for its mapping and for
referencing of this emerging field, and for its presentation of a valuable and
diverse range of specific research methods.
Introduction
Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

This book was conceived following the research done by Kalina Stamenova in
the course of a PhD at the Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies (CPS; now the
Department of Psychosocial and Psychoanalytic Studies, DPPS) at the Univer-
sity of Essex, and under supervision from R. D. Hinshelwood.

Some thoughts to bear in mind for a reader

Psychoanalytic research is a hybrid; it exists between the clinical practice of
psychoanalysis from which nearly all psychoanalytic knowledge has come, and
on the other hand, social science. A clear qualitative methodology for psycho-
analytic studies does not exist, but has been debated over many years at the
CPS. The problem for psychoanalytic research is that it is about the ‘uncon-
scious’ in human beings and their social groups. Obviously, the unconscious, by
definition, cannot be known consciously. However, the assumption that
conscious awareness is sufficient is made in most social science research,
where interview and questionnaire methods seek conscious answers from
samples of subjects! If you ask a conscious question, you get a conscious
answer. It is assumed that the object of research is a ‘transparent self’. In
psychoanalysis, instead, the unconscious has to be inferred. This is not the
particular problem, since science in general is a body of inferences about
what cannot be seen. No-one has ‘seen’ an atom, but we know quite a lot
about it from using special tools and instruments to generate data from
which fairly firm inferences can be made. So too with inferences about the
unconscious. The problem with the psychoanalytic unconscious is not the
problem of knowledge by inference.
There are, however, several problems with accessing knowledge about the
human unconscious from outside the clinical setting, which are specific to
psychoanalytic studies. They need to be kept in mind while progressing through
these chapters. The first of these problems is to understand what the uncon-
scious is, and there is debate about that, a debate reflected across the chapters in
this book. The second which reverberates also throughout the chapters is some
concern with the nature of the instrument of observation.
2 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

The nature of the unconscious

If psychoanalytic studies are a small corner of psychosocial studies, then we gain
our concepts from two different sources, one psychological and one social. Many in
the field of psychosocial studies tend to insist on the social origins of psychological
phenomena (Frosh, 2007; Parker, 1996). This does not fit well with Freud’s
attempts to generate explanations of social phenomena from psychological ones –
for instance, his book Totem and Taboo (Freud, 1913). And later he wrote:

In the individual’s mental life someone else is invariably involved, as a

model, as an object, as a helper, as an opponent: and so from the very first
individual psychology, in this extended but entirely justifiable sense of the
words, is at the same time social psychology as well.
(Freud, 1921, p. 69)

Freud’s easy elision of two disciplines is not very convincing. And indeed, it did
not convince social scientists (e.g., Malinovski, 1923; Smith, 1923; River, 1923; and
Jones’ response, 1925). The dichotomy, even bad feeling, between the two disciplines
reflects the difficulty in translating individual experience into social dynamics, and
vice versa. The art of a psychoanalytic version of the psychosocial would be to
integrate the forces from different directions (Hinshelwood, 1996). The fact that Freud
notes the basic tendency for human beings to be object-related does not mean
psychoanalysis is a social science, as we would understand it now. It is important to
recognise the distinction between the impetus to behave that arises in bodily states –
stimulus of the erogenous zones, as Freud (1905) would say – and, on the other hand,
the ‘associative unconscious’, as it is called in some of the chapters in this book.

The associative unconscious

The idea of the associative unconscious is that we are all part of a matrix of
relations in a social group, where certain ways of perceiving reality are
impressed on the individuals without a proper conscious awareness of that
influence. It is an idea (originally described in Long and Harney, 2013) that
comes from the notion of a field of relations in which one emerges as an
individual being, so that one’s sense of self and being is formed in that context
of a matrix external to the person. This has been developed by Foulkes and his
followers (Schlapobersky, 2016), and may owe something to Jung’s idea of the
collective unconscious, a set of bedrock templates for thinking that we share
from the outset with everyone else (Jung, 1969, called them ‘archetypes’).

Structure in language
This associative unconscious is sometimes seen as a product of the verbal
representation humans have used to create civilisation. In the form of discourse
 Introduction 3

analysis, it is possible to discern the way language instils assumptions into the
individual mind without awareness. There is an unthought level of ‘knowing’
that informs our perceptions, thought, and behaviour. It is literally embedded in
the syntax. This approach often seeks support from Jaques Lacan, a maverick
psychoanalyst who drew upon Ferdinand de Saussure’s theories of linguistics
(de Saussure, 1916). Lacan saw the invisible influence of language as the
ultimate source of the unconscious, rather than the Freudian unconscious arising
in affective states. It is the case that Freud did indeed regard the conscious mind
as capable of thought only in so far as its contents are verbalisable:

The system Ucs. contains the thing-cathexes of the objects, the first and
true object-cathexes; the system Pcs. comes about by this thing-presentation
being hypercathected through being linked with the word-presentations
corresponding to it.
(Freud, 1915, pp. 201–202)

Saussure’s linguistics is a relational one; meanings come from the relations

between words. For instance, we are accustomed to using personal pronouns
that indicate gender – ‘he’ and ‘she’ – but when we want to generalise, we use
the male pronoun, as if the standard type is always male of which female is
merely a variant. This implicit valuation of gender comes from the customary
(and apparently arbitrary) relations we use between ‘he’ and ‘she’. This is of
course more pronounced in French, the language of Lacan (and de Saussure), in
which there are no words for the neutral English pronouns ‘it’ or ‘they’.
These implicit assumptions embedded in the customary use of language are a truly
unconscious influence in the sense that they are unthought, and not consciously
intended necessarily – merely that we have to use language, and cannot avoid what is
hidden there. These influences become consciously intended by customary use – at
least until a feminist polemic displays them. This kind of hidden syntactical influence
is prevalent in languages in general. It is a social mechanism that was also held to
support class differences, in an unthought way. Georg Lukács (1923) termed it a
‘false consciousness’, and saw it embedded in the culture, so that the class positions
were socially constructed, as a product of the natural order, as it were, and not
amenable to change. Lukács saw this influence as not primarily embedded in
language, but in the dominant mode of industrial production. This was an idea taken
up by Western Marxism (a form of Marxism that did not die with Soviet Marxism).
But it is transmitted and instilled by its usage in customary relationships.
This idea of hidden social influences crops up in various places in social
thinking. The prevalent social relations come to be accepted via an unthinking
osmosis, via language or other forms of transmission. Despite Freud’s emphasis
on language, he did know that visual representations are important, and psycho-
analysis started really from his discovery of the ‘syntax’ of visual dream symbols
rather than verbal ones (though words have their place in dreams too). The syntax
of visual representations we construct is the syntax of spatial relations.
4 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

These modalities of hidden influence from social sources have deeply internal
effects. However, they do not have the dynamic structure of the psychoanalytic
unconscious; that is quite different, and depends on the anxiety–defence
dynamic – condensation and displacement in the mind, on one hand, and, on
the other, the distance in social space between classes, genders, races, and so on.
The inner dynamic influence is an affective structure dealing with painful
experience and not, as the associative unconscious, a conceptual structure
dealing with categories of perception and the relations between those categories
(Hinshelwood, 1996). This distinction between two different forms of uncon-
scious dynamic influence needs to be held in mind as we read these chapters.

The instrument of observation

Just as de Saussure described linguistics as moving from a study of the isolated
word to the relations between words, so it is necessary to put aside the notion of
the unconscious as a static thing to be studied. It is a ‘thing’ in relation to other
similar ones. There is a constant unconscious-to-unconscious communication
going on. We cannot study an unconscious mind without its being in relation to
others. In particular, it is in relation to the researchers’ unconscious minds.
There is therefore a continuous process of unconscious communication flowing
around the research setting.
This creates a problem for psychoanalytic studies research (probably for other
studies in the human sciences as well, but that is not the issue here). There is a
clear problem that if unconscious influences and communication go on in the
research setting, then the research is not, as it is said, ‘controlled’; that is, it is
not consciously controlled. Influences impact on the researcher and team with-
out their awareness. This makes psychoanalytic studies seem unscientific where
the intention is to control all the variables. So by the admission of unconscious
communication, we allow influences and variables that are not consciously
known. The standard response to that problem has been to attempt a reduction
to so-called objective research methods. In that pursuit, there is a move towards
quantitative and standardised data, which can be shown to have validity and
reliability. In other words, the aim is to reduce and exclude uncontrolled
unconscious influences. However, there is, on the surface at least, a paradox in
excluding the very thing one is studying: the activity of the unconscious on
others. This is perhaps the single most important reason why it has been so
difficult to establish a standard method for psychoanalytic studies research.
It remains a fact that the instrument for the investigation of the human
unconscious can only be another human unconscious. As Freud put it, the
analyst’s mind has to be a delicate receiving apparatus. The awareness that the
research may be invalidated by the impact on the research of the very thing that
is being researched is unfortunate and paradoxical. We need, however, to
confront it. As mentioned earlier, it is not a problem that we must infer our
data and results; most scientists do not immediately perceive what they make
 Introduction 5

conclusions about. However, we have to make inferences about the unconscious

mind making inferences itself about the researcher’s mind. It is the very impact
on the unconscious mind in the research that we have to allow and of which we
have to take notice. What you will find in many of these chapters is an
awareness of this kind of problem and then a turn to finding ways of capturing
the workings of this hidden interaction.
One of the important strategies for picking up the unconscious effects is to
consider process in the research activity in contrast to the thematic analysis of
what appears on the surface. Freud’s dream analysis was thematic, picking up
common threads in the various streams of associations that led from the
different elements of the dream. Instead, moments of surprising process can
occur, like the sudden emergence of avoidance that Hollway observed (Hollway
and Jefferson, 2012) indicating a ‘defended subject’, who had, unconsciously, to
skirt around a topic. The skirting around is the indicator and is picked up by the
observing unconscious as a hiatus, an unexpected move that leaves a gap or a
jump in continuity. It is not the new topic that is jumped to, but the fact of the
jump itself. Variations in this method by which the unconscious both indicates
and avoids itself will be found.
But the unconscious does more than mark a change of direction, it signifi-
cantly affects the mind of the interviewer or observer. There has been a good
deal of discussion in the literature of what has been, loosely, called ‘counter-
transference’, in parallel perhaps to the clinical literature, where countertrans-
ference has, also loosely, been discussed frequently in recent years. The term
means now the collection of affective responses the clinician feels whilst in the
context of working with his or her patient. It is indeed believed to be a product
in the clinical setting of an unconscious communication. The issue, not yet
decided perhaps, is whether the conception can be validly applied to the
research setting. There are significant differences. In particular, in the clinical
setting, the unconscious communication resulting in an affective position in the
analyst is a communication made in the interests of some aim of the patient –
either insight or a defensive enactment. In the research setting, does the subject
engage unconsciously for the same purposes? The patient in analysis needs
something from his or her analyst; in the research setting, the researcher needs
something from his or her subject. The relations of need and power are
reversed. Does this make a difference to what can be inferred from the data
that the ‘instrument’ (the researcher’s unconscious) is producing for analysis?
An easy kind of expansion of the term ‘countertransference’ within the
clinical setting has not necessarily been helpful for academic/professional
communication. Whatever the answers, the focus in psychoanalytic studies is
the feeling states of the researcher, and the process by which they come about.
So we must be wary of the impact on who is motivated for what.
An increasing number of social science research studies have tried to
elaborate many of these aspects and challenges of using countertransference.
Devereux (1967) early on called our attention to the use of countertransference
6 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

to better understand what might be happening in research. A number of current

studies discuss how countertransference might be used to discover previously
unrecognised material (Hansson and Dybbroe, 2012; Roper, 2003, 2014; Theo-
dosius, 2006; Morgenroth, 2010; Whitehouse-Hart, 2012; Price, 2005, 2006;
Garfield et al., 2010; Martinez-Salgado, 2009; Arnaud, 2012; Franchi and Molli,
2012; Khan, 2014). Jervis (2012) points to the importance of the use of
countertransference in research supervision, and Rizq (2008) discusses the use
of both transference and countertransference in qualitative research paradigms.
The studies of Froggett and Hollway (2010) and Hollway (2010) focus on the
researcher’s emotional response. There have also been certain critiques on the
use of transference and countertransference in research (Frosh and Baraitser,
2008; Frosh, 2010), emphasising the danger of attributing researchers’ feelings
to research subjects and observational fields.

The current field

Social science has been engaged with psychoanalysis, and indeed social
research studies making use of such psychoanalytic conceptualisations have
been steadily developing over the last decade in various countries across the
world. In preparation for the book, KS has conducted a scoping review to
systematically map the existing studies by using a combination of web search,
the electronic database PEP Web, twelve peer-reviewed journals in the area of
applied psychoanalysis and qualitative methodology searched separately, as well
as by contacting editors and researchers in the field. The results were then
organised into categories of subfields, and we have tried to include studies that
have particularly focused on and elaborated how they have used psychoanalytic
thinking in developing their particular methods within the last ten to fifteen
years. The review is intended for researchers and research students to survey the
field of opportunities when they are choosing the method for their own projects.
A growing number of psychoanalytic anthropology and ethnography studies
has used psychoanalysis as a complementary method in their discussions,
ethnographic cases, and interpretations. Psychoanalytically oriented anthropolo-
gists adopt a wide range of psychoanalytic methods and practices to examine
symbols, and relational and interactive processes. Mimica (2006, 2014) studies
dream experiences, speech, and knowledge among the Yagwoia people of the
Papua New Guinea highlands; Elliot et al. (2012) investigate identity transitions
of first-time mothers in an inner-city multicultural environment; Chapin (2014)
uses the analysis of researchers’ dreams as a key to analysis of children’s
response to indulgence; Rae-Espinoza (2014) considered both a dynamic culture
and a dynamic psyche and defence mechanisms in their study of children’s
reactions to parental emigration; Rahimi (2014) investigated the meaning and
political subjectivity in psychotic illness; Prasad’s (2014) field research explored
how neo-colonial sites may significantly change researchers’ conceptions of self
and other; Stanfield (2006) studied the transformation of racially wounded
 Introduction 7

communities and the role of psychoanalytic ethnography; Khan (2014) utilised

psychoanalytic conceptualisations in an anthropological study of extreme vio-
lence in Pakistan; Ramvi (2010, 2012) elaborated how a psychoanalytical
method can illuminate the collected data when researching school teachers as
well as the need for anthropologists to remain open to the experience; Devisch
(2006) advocated a type of post-colonial and psychoanalytically inspired anthro-
pology in the study of poverty-stricken Yaka people in Congo. Martinez-
Salgado (2009) discussed how a critical psychoanalytical perspective shapes
the study of poor urban families in southern Mexico.
Studies using narrative methods have also integrated psychoanalysis. A major
development in the UK is the free association narrative interview (FANI), also
discussed by Nick Midgely and Josh Holmes in this book (Hollway, 2008, 2009,
2010; Hollway and Jefferson, 2012). Additionally, there have been various
applications of the method. Urwin (2007) discussed its use in a study of
mothers’ identities in an inner London borough, while Lertzman (2012) used it
alongside in-depth interviews exploring environmental awareness, and Garfield
et al. (2010) and Whitehouse-Hart (2012) investigated the necessity of super-
vision in using FANI as well as the dynamics between supervisees and super-
visors. Ramvi (2010) used the method to elicit stories about teachers’
relationships and challenging situations.
Other studies have also used psychoanalytic methods alongside, for instance,
biographic narrative methods, such as BNIM, presented in this book as well
(Chapter 12). Aydin et al. (2012) employed psychoanalytic understanding in
their narrative analysis of cancer patients; Tucker (2010) used BNIM and Bion’s
ideas of containment to understand the stresses on school head teachers;
Schmidt (2012) integrated psychoanalytic thinking to understand the inter- and
intrasubjective tension between interviewers and interviewees in narrative inter-
views. Alford (2011) used psychoanalytic conceptualisations in his analysis of
recorded interviews with survivors of the Holocaust, and Hoggett et al. (2010)
integrated a dialogic approach to observe the effects of interpretations in the
interview process.
Psychoanalytically informed methods have also been used in discursive
analysis and psychology. Parker (2013) discusses the role of psychoanalysis in
psychosocial research; Hook (2013) elaborates on the contributions of Lacanian
discourse analysis to research practice, a type of psychoanalytic discourse
analysis focused on trans-individual operation of discourses; Taylor (2014)
offers conceptualisation of psychosocial subjects within discursive analysis
which draws on psychoanalysis; Gough (2009) advocates the use of both
discursive and psychoanalytic perspectives in facilitating the interpretation of
qualitative data analysis. Glynos and Stavrakakis (2008) explore the potential of
subjectivity in political theory and psychoanalysis in their study of fantasy to
enhance the understanding of organisational practices.
Organisational studies have used a number of psychoanalytically informed
methods. In addition to major developments such as socioanalytic methods (Long,
8 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

2013) and social defence systems methodologies (Armstrong and Rustin, 2014),
Arnaud (2012) provides an overview of the application of psychoanalysis in
organisational studies. Stein (2015, 2016) has used psychoanalytic conceptuali-
sations to study trauma and fantasies of fusion affecting European leaders as
well as rivalry and narcissism in organisations in crisis. Tuckett and Taffler
(2008) study financial markets, and Fotaki and Hyde (2015) examine organisa-
tional blind spots as an organisational defence mechanism. Clancy et al. (2012)
develop a theoretical framework on disappointment in organisations informed
by psychoanalysis; Nossal (2013) discusses the use of drawings as an important
tool to access the unconscious in organisations. Kenny (2012) uses psycho-
analytically informed interpretations and analysis of data in the study of power
in organisations. Numerous studies in organisations have also used Lacan’s
ideas (Driver, 2009a, 2009b, 2012).
Despite the initial suspicion towards integrating psychoanalytic understanding in
sociology, more and more fruitful connections and integrations have occurred. Rustin
(2008, 2016) reflects on the relations between psychoanalysis and social sciences.
The contributors to Chancer and Andrews’ (2014) edited book look into a variety of
ways psychoanalysis can contribute to sociology. Clarke (2006) elaborates the use of
psychoanalytic ideas around sociological issues and research methodology informed
by psychoanalytic sociology, and Berger (2009) integrates psychodynamic and
sociological ideas to analyse social problems. Theodosius (2006) studies the uncon-
scious and relational aspects of emotions and emotional labour.
There have been a number of developments in historical research as well, such as
studying Holocaust survivors and trauma (Alford, 2011; Rothe, 2012; Frie, 2017,
2018; Kohut, 2012); in oral history projects (Roper, 2003); and in researching
totalitarian states of mind (Pick, 2012; Wieland, 2015). Scott (2012) has argued
about the productive relationship between psychoanalysis and history.
Another growing research field is in the application of psychoanalytically
informed methods in education studies. A number of studies have used mod-
ifications of infant observation methods to study various aspects of educational
life (Franchi and Molli, 2012; Datler et al., 2010; Marsh, 2012; Adamo, 2008;
Bush, 2005; Kanazawa et al., 2009).
Other studies in education have used various psychoanalytic conceptualisa-
tions to study hidden complexities. Price (2006, 2005) used projective identifi-
cation, transference, and countertransference to study unconscious processes in
classrooms, and Ramvi (2010) to study teachers’ competency in the area of
relationships. Archangelo (2007, 2010), Ashford (2012), and Mintz (2014)
employ Bick’s and Bion’s conceptualisations in educational research. Shim
(2012) studies teachers’ interactions with texts from a psychoanalytic perspec-
tive. Vanheule and Verhaeghe (2004) use Lacanian conceptualisations to inform
their research on professional burnout in special education.
Different educational research questions and areas have also been studied.
Carson (2009) explores the potential of psychoanalysis to broaden understanding
of self in action research on teaching and cultural differences in Canada. Lapping
 Introduction 9

and Glynos (2017) study the dynamics affecting graduate teaching assistants, and
McKamey (2011) researches immigrant students’ conceptions of caring.
The chapters of the book have been selected out of this review using the
following criteria:

1. The studies elaborate the use of psychoanalysis as a method of data

collection and/or analysis in social science research.
2. The research methods are innovative and developed by pioneers in the last
ten to fifteen years.
3. Wherever possible, research methods from different subfields were selected
to map the existing field.

The outline of the book

The book is arranged in three parts. Part I presents an overview of the field. Part
II puts on the map methodologies that have used psychoanalysis mainly in the
data collection phase of research, and Part III presents methods that have used
psychoanalysis mainly in the data analysis. As with most qualitative methodol-
ogies, it is not always possible to draw a strict differentiating line between the
data collection and the data analysis of a study, but for the purposes of
classifying the existing methods, we have divided them into methods that have
used psychoanalysis mostly in the data generation and collection phase of a
research project and methodologies that have used psychoanalysis predomi-
nantly in the data analysis stage of research. To that end, we have adapted the
classification model developed by Beissel-Durrant (2004).
The book starts with an introductory Chapter 1 by Karl Figlio in which he
emphasises that the psychoanalytic object has its place in social science, the
process of sociation is permeated by the psychic level, and individual actors
are under the influence of unconscious irrational processes. We could also
observe, he argues, social-level forces impinging on the psyche through a
social superego, which could be socially embedded but structured by internal
objects.
Part II of the book presents psychoanalytic methods used predominantly in
the data collection part of the research investigation.
Chapter 2 on socioanalytic interviewing by Susan Long examines the concept
of the associative unconscious (originally described in Long and Harney, 2013),
the nature of socioanalysis, and the application of socioanalytic ideas to
interviewing, mainly in studying organisations. A central feature of the thinking
is the importance of the social field (similar to the concept of Foulkes), whereby
the individual is constructed, in part, by the field of relations. Long describes
the socioanalytic interview as giving access to the associative unconscious of
the organisational system as a whole, which is the object of the research, and
which could emerge and be observed through transference and countertransfer-
ence between interviewers and interviewees.
10 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

Chapter 3 by Nick Midgley and Joshua Holmes provides an extensive

overview of current developments in psychoanalytically informed qualitative
interview methods such as free association narrative interviews (FANI) and
theme-centred interviews, scenic understanding, and the use of notions of the
defended subject, transference, and countertransference in the process of data
collection/interviewing. The authors present an additional method of reverie-
informed interviewing based on a concept of the unconscious matrix formed
by the transference–countertransference interactions between interviewer and
interviewee.
Chapter 4 by Henning Salling Olesen and Thomas Leithäuser discusses the
use of psychoanalytic understanding of unconscious aspects of social life
alongside a theory of subjectivity and interpretation methodology based on
hermeneutic experiences from text analysis. The conceptualisations of scenic
understanding, in which free-floating attention and emotional associations of the
researchers are used during text analysis, and thematic group discussion, in
which participants are encouraged to explore experiences in relation to a theme,
including those that are not conscious, are elaborated.
The final chapter in this section, Chapter 5 by Simona Reghintovschi, presents
another innovative methodology by applying Ezriel’s conceptualisations of the
psychoanalytic clinical interview as an experimental situation in which three
types of relationships between interviewer and interviewee can be tested. She
presents a study demonstrating the possibility to observe and pinpoint uncon-
scious sources of chronic conflicts affecting psychoanalytic organisations them-
selves through psychoanalytically informed interviews combining hermeneutic
and causal perspectives to test different psychoanalytic concepts.
The next two chapters discuss how psychoanalytic thinking and ideas can be
applied in psychoanalytically informed observational studies.
Chapter 6 by Wilhelm Skogstad presents an overview of the method of
psychoanalytic observations of organisations and examines the links with the
clinical practice of psychoanalysis and the method of infant observation as well as
the theoretical concepts of the anxiety/defence model, splitting, projection and
projective identification, transference and countertransference, and psychosocial
culture underpinning this observational method. He emphasises the use of the
observer’s subjectivity in the data collection and elaborates the specific conditions
for conducting systematic observations.
Chapter 7 by Peter Elfer continues the exploration of the anxiety/defence
model of psychoanalytic observations as applied to nursery research. He argues
that psychoanalytic observation methods based on Bick’s model of infant
observation offer a means to access the unspoken aspects of the mind. Psycho-
analytic observation draws from direct observation of behaviour from which
unconscious communications can be inferred. Peter Elfer discusses the potential
of the method for use by non-clinically trained observers as a research tool in
data collection and also for enabling the exploration of current issues related to
nursery organisation and practice.
 Introduction 11

Part III of the book presents methods that have used psychoanalysis pre-
dominantly in the data analysis stage of a research project.
Chapter 8 offers an exploration of integrating psychoanalytic thinking with
visual methods for data collection. The chapter by Rose Mersky and Burkard
Sievers presents two action research methods – social photo-matrix (SPM) and
social dream-drawing (SDD) – that are part of the larger group of socioanalytic
methods, and the chapter outlines their theoretical underpinnings. The methods
can be used to access the hidden complexities in organisations, and they make
use of research participants’ dreams and free associations to photographs as raw
material that allows for unconscious processes to resurface and become avail-
able for thinking and further analysis.
Chapter 9 by Gillian Walker and R. D. Hinshelwood discusses the possibility
to operationalise psychoanalytic concepts. The chapter presents the steps needed
to define operational features and illustrates how the operationalisation of the
container–contained conceptualisations is used in empirical research.
Chapter 10 by Kalina Stamenova presents comparative analysis of over-
lapping psychoanalytic concepts by using operationalised sets of criteria of
envy and frustration. The operationalisation allows for establishing differentiat-
ing features, first at a theoretical level, and then the two sets of observable
criteria can be used to identify occurrences of such mental states in educational
observation research.
Lisa Saville Young and Stephen Frosh advocate the integrated application of
psychoanalysis alongside narrative methods in Chapter 11. The authors demon-
strate how psychoanalytic understanding can enhance narrative analytic
accounts of interview material by considering affective elements expressing
interpersonal and societal interconnected subjectivities. The methodology allows
for the analysis of continuously entwined interpersonal, intersubjective, and
social and socio-political processes while at the same time allowing for reflexive
space for the research project itself.
Chapter 12 by Tom Wengraf presents biographical narrative interview method
and interpretation (BNIM). The narrative expression of the biographical subject
situated in a social culture and an historical period can be analysed to illuminate
both conscious anxieties and also unconscious cultural, societal, and historical
tendencies. The chapter demonstrates how a twin-track case interpretation
methodology can be used to avoid focusing exclusively on the inner world of
the research participants or on the social world only, thus fostering a genuine
psycho-societal understanding of situated subjectivities.
The final chapter, Chapter 13 by Linda Lundgaard Andersen, develops the
tradition of using a psychoanalytic eye to analyse ethnographic records. She
works in a psycho-societal tradition, which considers research data in relation to
specific political-ethical attitudes of the contextual society that envelope the
social entity focused on.
We hope readers will find the chapters informative, inspiring, and helpful
with their own research endeavours.
12 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

References
Adamo, S. (2008), Observing educational relations in their natural context. Infant Obser-
vation, 11(2): 131–146.
Alford, F. (2011), Is the Holocaust traumatic? Journal of Psycho-Social Studies, 5(2):
14–44.
Archangelo, A. (2007), A psychoanalytic approach to education: ‘problem’ children and
Bick’s idea of skin formation. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 12(4): 332–348.
Archangelo, A. (2010), Social exclusion, difficulties with learning and symbol formation: a
Bionian approach. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 15(4): 315–327.
Armstrong, D., and Rustin, M. (2014), Social Defences against Anxiety: Explorations in a
Paradigm. London: Karnac.
Arnaud, G. (2012), The contribution of psychoanalysis to organization studies and
management. Organization Studies, 33(9): 1121–1135.
Ashford, E. (2012), Learning from Experience: The Case Study of a Primary School.
Unpublished PhD thesis, Canterbury Christchurch University.
Aydin, E., Gullouglu, B., and Kuscu, K. (2012), A psychoanalytic qualitative study of
subjective life experiences of women with breast cancer. Journal of Research Practice,
8(2): 1–15.
Beissel-Durrant, G. (2004), A Typology of Research Methods within the Social Sciences.
NCRM working paper.
Berger, L. (2009), Averting Global Extinction: Our Irrational Society as Therapy Patient.
New York: Jason Aronson.
Bush, A. (2005), Paying close attention at school: some observations and psychoanalytic
perspectives on the educational underachievement of teenage boys. Infant Observation,
8(1): 69–79.
Carson, T. (2009), Teaching and cultural difference: exploring the potential for a psycho-
analytically informed action research. In S. E. Noffke and B. Somekh (eds.), The SAGE
Handbook of Educational Action Research. London: SAGE, pp. 347–357.
Chancer, L., and Andrews, J. (2014), The Unhappy Divorce of Sociology and Psycho-
analysis: Diverse Perspectives on the Psychosocial. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chapin, B. (2014), Dreamwork and fieldwork in Sri Lanka. Clio’s Psyche, 20(4):
395–399.
Clancy, A., Vince, R., and Gabriel, Y. (2012), That unwanted feeling: a psychodynamic study
of disappointment in organizations. British Journal of Management, 23(4): 518–531.
Clarke, S. (2006), Theory and practice: psychoanalytic sociology as psycho-social studies.
Sociology, 40(6): 1153–1169.
Datler, W., Datler, M., and Funder, A. (2010), Struggling against a feeling of becoming
lost: a young boy’s painful transition to day care. Infant Observation, 13(1): 65–87.
Devereux, G. (1967), From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Sciences. The Hague:
Mouton & Co.
Devisch, R. (2006), A psychoanalytic revisiting of fieldwork and intercultural borderlink-
ing. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 50(2):
121–147.
Driver, M. (2009a), From loss to lack: stories of organizational change as encounters with
failed fantasies of self, work and organization. Organization, 16(3): 353–369.
Driver, M. (2009b), Struggling with lack: a Lacanian perspective on organizational
identity. Organization Studies, 30(1): 55–72.
 Introduction 13

Driver, M. (2012), The lack of power and the power of lack in leadership as a discursively
constructed identity. Organization Studies, 34(3): 407–422.
Elliot, H., Ryan, J., and Hollway, W. (2012), Research encounters, reflexivity and super-
vision. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(5): 433–444.
Fotaki, M., and Hyde, P. (2015), Organizational blind spots: splitting, blame and idealiza-
tion in the National Health Service. Human Relations, 68(3): 441–462.
Franchi, V., and Molli, A. (2012), Teaching and implementing classroom observations in
France and Italy: a preliminary review. Infant Observation, 15(3): 281–296.
Freud, S, (1913), Totem and taboo. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of
Sigmund Freud, Vol. 13 (pp. 1–161). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1915), The unconscious. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of
Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14 (pp. 159–215). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1921), Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. In The Standard Edition of
the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 18 (pp. 65–144). London: Hogarth.
Frie, R. (2017), Not in My Family: German Memory and Responsibility after the
Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press.
Frie, R. (2018), History Flows Through Us: Germany, the Holocaust, and the Importance
of Empathy. Abingdon, Oxon, and New York: Routledge.
Froggett, L., and Hollway, W. (2010), Psychosocial research analysis and scenic under-
standing. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 15(3): 281–301.
Frosch, S. (2007), Disintegrating qualitative research. Theory and Psychology, 17(5): 635–653.
Frosh, S. (2010), Psychoanalysis Outside the Clinic. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Frosh, S., and Baraitser, L. (2008), Psychoanalysis and psychosocial studies. Psycho-
analysis, Culture and Society, 13(4): 346–365.
Garfield, S., Reavey, P., and Kotecha, M. (2010), Footprints in toxic landscape: reflexivity
and validation in the free association narrative interview (FANI) method. Qualitative
Research in Psychology, 7(2): 156–169.
Glynos, J., and Stavrakakis, Y. (2008), Lacan and Political Subjectivity: Fantasy and
Enjoyment in Psychoanalysis and Political Theory. Swansea, paper presented at the 58th
PSA Annual Conference.
Gough, B. (2009), A psycho-discursive approach to analysing qualitative interview data,
with reference to a father–son relationship. Qualitative Research, 9(5): 527–545.
Groenewald, T. (2004), A phenomenological research design illustrated. International
Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1): 42–55.
Hansson, B., and Dybbroe, B. (2012), Autoethnography and psychodynamics in interrela-
tional spaces of the research process. Journal of Research Practice, 8(2).
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1996), Convergences with psycho-analysis. In I. Parker and R. Spiers
(eds.), Psychology and Society (pp. 93–104). London: Pluto Press.
Hoggett, P. et al. (2010), Working psycho-socially and dialogically in research. Psycho-
analysis, Culture and Society, 15(2): 173–188.
Hollway, W. (2008), The importance of relational thinking in the practice of psycho-
social research: ontology, epistemology, methodology and ethics. In S. Clarke, P.
Hogget, and H. Hahn (eds.), Object Relations and Social Relations (pp. 137–162).
London: Karnac.
Hollway, W. (2009), Applying the ‘experience-near principle to research: psychoanalyti-
cally informed methods. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(4): 461–474.
14 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

Hollway, W. (2010a), Conflict in the transitions to becoming a mother: a psycho-social

approach. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 15(2): 136–155.
Hollway, W. (2010b), Preserving vital signs: the use of psychoanalytically informed
interviewing and observation in psycho-social longitudinal research. In R. Thompson
(ed.), Intensity and Insight: Qualitative Longitudinal Methods as a Route to the Psycho-
Social, Timescapes Working Paper, Series No. 3.
Hollway, W., and Jefferson, T. (2012), Doing Qualitative Research Differently, second edn.
London: SAGE.
Hook, D. (2013), Discourse analysis: terminable and interminable. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 10(3): 249–253.
Jervis, S. (2012), Parallel process in research supervision: turning the psycho-social focus
towards supervisory relationships. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 17(3): 296–313.
Jones, E. (1925), Mother-right and the sexual ignorance of savages. International Journal
of Psycho-Analysis, 6(2): 109–130. [Reprinted in E. Jones, Essays in Applied Psycho-
analysis. London: Hogarth, 1951.]
Jung, C. (1969), Archtypes and the Collective Unconscious. London: Routledge.
Kanazawa, A., Hirai, S., Ukai, N., and Hubert, M. (2009), The application of infant
observation technique as a means of assessment and therapeutic intervention for
‘classroom breakdown’ at a school for Japanese-Koreans. Infant Observation, 12(3):
348–355.
Kenny, K. (2012), ‘Someone big and important’: identification and affect in an interna-
tional development organization. Organization Studies, 33(9): 1175–1193.
Khan, N. (2014), Countertransference in an anthropological study of extreme violence in
Pakistan. Clio’s Psyche, 20(4): 408–411.
Kohut, T. A. (2012), A German Generation: An Experiential History of the Twentieth
Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Lapping, C., and Glynos, J. (2018), Psychical contexts of subjectivity and performative
practices of remuneration: teaching assistants’ narratives of work. Journal of Education
Policy, 33(1): 23–42.
Leininger, A. (2014), Participant observation in toxic interactions. Clio’s Psyche, 20(4):
399–403.
Lertzman, R. (2012), Researching psychic dimensions of ecological degradation: notes
from the field. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 17(1): 92–101.
Long, S. (2013), Socioanalytic Methods. London: Karnac.
Lukács, G. (1923), History and Class Consciousness. London: Merlin, 1971.
Malinowski, B. (1923), Psychoanalysis and anthropology. Nature, 112: 650–651.
Marsh, A. (2012), The Oedipal child starts school: some thoughts about the difference in
the experience of starting school for boys and girls at four years of age. Psychodynamic
Practice: Individuals, Groups and Organisations, 18(3): 311–323.
Martinez-Salgado, C. (2009), Qualitative inquiry with women in poverty in Mexico City:
reflections on the emotional responses of a research team. International Journal of
Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(3): 297–313.
McKamey, C. (2011), Uncovering and managing unconscious ways of ‘looking’: a case
study of researching care. Psychodynamic Practice, 17(4): 403–417.
Mimica, J. (2006a), Descended from the celestial rope: from the father to the son, and from
the ego to the cosmic self. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and
Cultural Practice, 50(2): 77–105.
 Introduction 15

Mimica, J. (2006b), Explorations in psychoanalytic ethnography. Social Analysis: The

International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 50(2): 1–24.
Mimica, J. (2014), A psychoanalytic ethnography among the Yagwoia. Clio’s Psyche, 20
(4): 427–431.
Mintz, J. (2014), Professional Uncertainty, Knowledge and Relationship in the Classroom.
London: Routledge.
Morgenroth, C. (2010), The research relationship, enactments and ‘counter-transference’
analysis: on the significance of scenic understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and
Society, 15(3): 267–280.
Nossal, B. (2013), The use of drawing as a tool in socioanalytic exploration. In S. Long
(ed.), Socioanalytic Methods (pp. 67–91). London: Karnac.
Parker, I. (2004), Qualitative Psychology: Introducing Radical Research. London: Open
University Press.
Parker, I. (2010), The place of transference in psychosocial research. Journal of Theore-
tical and Philosophical Psychology, 30(1): 17–31.
Parker, I. (2013), Discourse analysis: dimensions of critique in psychology. Qualitative
Research in Psychology, 10: 223–239.
Pick, D. (2012), The Pursuit of the Nazi Mind: Hitler, Hess and the Analysts. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Prasad, A. (2014), You can’t go home again; and other psychoanalytic lessons from
crossing a neo-colonial border. Human Relations, 67(2): 233–257.
Price, H. (2005), Lutfa, a ‘slow’ learner: understanding school literacy learning in its social
and emotional context. Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications, 8(1): 45–57.
Price, H. (2006), Jumping the shadows: catching the unconscious in the classroom. Journal
of Social Work Practice, 20(2): 145–161.
Rae-Espinoza, H. (2014), Culturally constituted defence mechanisms for globalisation.
Clio’s Psyche, 20(4): 411–422.
Rahimi, S. (2014), Meaning and political subjectivity in psychotic illness. Clio’s Psyche,
20(4): 435–438.
Ramvi, E. (2010), Out of control: a teacher’s account. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society,
15(4): 328–345.
Ramvi, E. (2012), A psychoanalytic approach to fieldwork. Journal of Research Practice, 8(2).
Rivers, W. H. R. (1920), Instincts and the Unconscious. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Rizq, R. (2008), The research couple: a psychoanalytic perspective on dilemmas in the
qualitative research interview. European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 10
(1): 39–53.
Roper, M. (2003), Analysing the analysed: transference and countertransference in the oral
history. Oral History, 31(2): 20–32.
Roper, M. (2014), The unconscious work of history. Cultural and Social History, 11(2):
169–193.
Rothe, K. (2012), Anti-Semitism in Germany today and the intergenerational transmission
of guilt and shame. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 17(1): 16–34.
Rustin, M. (2008), For dialogue between psychoanalysis and constructionism: a com-
ment on paper by Frosh and Baraitser. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, 13(4):
406–415.
16 Kalina Stamenova and R. D. Hinshelwood

Rustin, M. (2016), Sociology and psychoanalysis. In A. Elliot and J. Prager (eds.), The
Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalysis in the Social Sciences and Humanities. London:
Routledge.
de Saussure, F. (1916), Course in General Linguistics. New York: Philosophical Library.
[English translation, 1959.]
Schlapobersky, J. (2016), From the Couch to the Circle: Group Analytic Psychotherapy in
Practice. London: Routledge.
Schmidt, C. (2012), Using psychodynamic interaction as a valuable source of information
in social research. Journal of Research Practice, 8(2).
Scott, J. (2012), The incommensurability of psychoanalysis and history. History and
Theory, 51(1): 63–83.
Shim, J. M. (2012), Exploring how teachers’ emotions interact with intercultural texts: a
psychoanalytic perspective. Curriculum Inquiry, 42(4): 472–496.
Smith, E. (1923), Preface. In W. H. R. Rivers, Psychology and Politics. London: Kegan
Paul, Trench and Trubner.
Stanfield, J. (2006), Psychoanalytic ethnography and the transformation of racially
wounded communities. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19
(3): 387–399.
Stavrakakis, Y. (2007), The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, Politics. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
Taylor, S. (2014), Discursive and psychosocial? Theorising a complex contemporary
subject. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(1): 8–12.
Theodosius, C. (2006), Recovering emotion from emotion management. Sociology, 40(5):
893–910.
Tucker, S. (2010), An investigation of the stresses, pressures and challenges faced by
primary school head teachers in a context of organisational change in schools. Journal of
Social Work Practice, 24(1): 63–74.
Urwin, C. (2007), Doing infant observation differently? Researching the formation of
mothering identities in an inner London borough. Infant Observation, 10(3): 239–251.
Vanheule, S., and Verhaeghe, P. (2004), Powerlessness and impossibility in special
education: a qualitative study on professional burnout from a Lacanian perspective.
Human Relations, 57(4): 497–519.
Whitehouse-Hart, J. (2012), Surrendering to the dream: an account of the unconscious
dynamics of a research relationship. Journal of Research Practice, 8(2).
Wieland, C. (2015), The Fascist State of Mind and the Manufacturing of Masculinity.
London and New York: Routledge.
Introduction
Adamo, S. (2008), Observing educational relations in their natural context. Infant Observation ,
11(2): 131146.
Alford, F. (2011), Is the Holocaust traumatic? Journal of Psycho-Social Studies , 5(2): 1444.
Archangelo, A. (2007), A psychoanalytic approach to education: problem children and Bicks
idea of skin formation. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 12(4): 332348.
Archangelo, A. (2010), Social exclusion, difficulties with learning and symbol formation: a
Bionian approach. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(4): 315327.
Armstrong, D. , and Rustin, M. (2014), Social Defences against Anxiety: Explorations in a
Paradigm . London: Karnac.
Arnaud, G. (2012), The contribution of psychoanalysis to organization studies and
management. Organization Studies , 33(9): 11211135.
Ashford, E. (2012), Learning from Experience: The Case Study of a Primary School .
Unpublished PhD thesis, Canterbury Christchurch University.
Aydin, E. , Gullouglu, B. , and Kuscu, K. (2012), A psychoanalytic qualitative study of subjective
life experiences of women with breast cancer. Journal of Research Practice , 8(2): 115.
Beissel-Durrant, G. (2004), A Typology of Research Methods within the Social Sciences .
NCRM working paper.
Berger, L. (2009), Averting Global Extinction: Our Irrational Society as Therapy Patient . New
York: Jason Aronson.
Bush, A. (2005), Paying close attention at school: some observations and psychoanalytic
perspectives on the educational underachievement of teenage boys. Infant Observation , 8(1):
6979.
Carson, T. (2009), Teaching and cultural difference: exploring the potential for a
psychoanalytically informed action research. In S. E. Noffke and B. Somekh (eds.), The SAGE
Handbook of Educational Action Research . London: SAGE, pp. 347357.
Chancer, L. , and Andrews, J. (2014), The Unhappy Divorce of Sociology and Psychoanalysis:
Diverse Perspectives on the Psychosocial . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chapin, B. (2014), Dreamwork and fieldwork in Sri Lanka. Clios Psyche , 20(4): 395399.
Clancy, A. , Vince, R. , and Gabriel, Y. (2012), That unwanted feeling: a psychodynamic study
of disappointment in organizations. British Journal of Management , 23(4): 518531.
Clarke, S. (2006), Theory and practice: psychoanalytic sociology as psycho-social studies.
Sociology , 40(6): 11531169.
Datler, W. , Datler, M. , and Funder, A. (2010), Struggling against a feeling of becoming lost: a
young boys painful transition to day care. Infant Observation , 13(1): 6587.
Devereux, G. (1967), From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Sciences . The Hague: Mouton
& Co.
Devisch, R. (2006), A psychoanalytic revisiting of fieldwork and intercultural borderlinking.
Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice , 50(2): 121147.
Driver, M. (2009a), From loss to lack: stories of organizational change as encounters with failed
fantasies of self, work and organization. Organization , 16(3): 353369.
Driver, M. (2009b), Struggling with lack: a Lacanian perspective on organizational identity.
Organization Studies , 30(1): 5572.
13 Driver, M. (2012), The lack of power and the power of lack in leadership as a discursively
constructed identity. Organization Studies , 34(3): 407422.
Elliot, H. , Ryan, J. , and Hollway, W. (2012), Research encounters, reflexivity and supervision.
International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 15(5): 433444.
Fotaki, M. , and Hyde, P. (2015), Organizational blind spots: splitting, blame and idealization in
the National Health Service. Human Relations , 68(3): 441462.
Franchi, V. , and Molli, A. (2012), Teaching and implementing classroom observations in France
and Italy: a preliminary review. Infant Observation , 15(3): 281296.
Freud, S. , (1913), Totem and taboo. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of
Sigmund Freud , Vol. 13 (pp. 1161). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1915), The unconscious. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund
Freud , Vol. 14 (pp. 159215). London: Hogarth.
Freud, S. (1921), Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. In The Standard Edition of the
Complete Works of Sigmund Freud , Vol. 18 (pp. 65144). London: Hogarth.
Frie, R. (2017), Not in My Family: German Memory and Responsibility after the Holocaust . New
York: Oxford University Press.
Frie, R. (2018), History Flows Through Us: Germany, the Holocaust, and the Importance of
Empathy . Abingdon, Oxon, and New York: Routledge.
Froggett, L. , and Hollway, W. (2010), Psychosocial research analysis and scenic
understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(3): 281301.
Frosh, S. (2007), Disintegrating qualitative research. Theory and Psychology , 17(5): 635653.
Frosh, S. (2010), Psychoanalysis Outside the Clinic . Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Frosh, S. , and Baraitser, L. (2008), Psychoanalysis and psychosocial studies. Psychoanalysis,
Culture and Society , 13(4): 346365.
Garfield, S. , Reavey, P. , and Kotecha, M. (2010), Footprints in toxic landscape: reflexivity and
validation in the free association narrative interview (FANI) method. Qualitative Research in
Psychology , 7(2): 156169.
Glynos, J. , and Stavrakakis, Y. (2008), Lacan and Political Subjectivity: Fantasy and Enjoyment
in Psychoanalysis and Political Theory . Swansea, paper presented at the 58th PSA Annual
Conference.
Gough, B. (2009), A psycho-discursive approach to analysing qualitative interview data, with
reference to a fatherson relationship. Qualitative Research , 9(5): 527545.
Groenewald, T. (2004), A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of
Qualitative Methods , 3(1): 4255.
Hansson, B. , and Dybbroe, B. (2012), Autoethnography and psychodynamics in interrelational
spaces of the research process. Journal of Research Practice , 8(2).
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1996), Convergences with psycho-analysis. In I. Parker and R. Spiers
(eds.), Psychology and Society (pp. 93104). London: Pluto Press.
Hoggett, P. et al. (2010), Working psycho-socially and dialogically in research. Psychoanalysis,
Culture and Society , 15(2): 173188.
Hollway, W. (2008), The importance of relational thinking in the practice of psycho-social
research: ontology, epistemology, methodology and ethics. In S. Clarke , P. Hogget , and H.
Hahn (eds.), Object Relations and Social Relations (pp. 137162). London: Karnac.
Hollway, W. (2009), Applying the experience-near principle to research: psychoanalytically
informed methods. Journal of Social Work Practice , 23(4): 461474.
14 Hollway, W. (2010a), Conflict in the transitions to becoming a mother: a psycho-social
approach. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(2): 136155.
Hollway, W. (2010b), Preserving vital signs: the use of psychoanalytically informed interviewing
and observation in psycho-social longitudinal research. In R. Thompson (ed.), Intensity and
Insight: Qualitative Longitudinal Methods as a Route to the Psycho-Social , Timescapes
Working Paper, Series No. 3.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2012), Doing Qualitative Research Differently , second edn.
London: SAGE.
Hook, D. (2013), Discourse analysis: terminable and interminable. Qualitative Research in
Psychology , 10(3): 249253.
Jervis, S. (2012), Parallel process in research supervision: turning the psycho-social focus
towards supervisory relationships. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 17(3): 296313.
Jones, E. (1925), Mother-right and the sexual ignorance of savages. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis , 6(2): 109130. [Reprinted in E. Jones, Essays in Applied Psychoanalysis.
London: Hogarth, 1951.]
Jung, C. (1969), Archtypes and the Collective Unconscious . London: Routledge.
Kanazawa, A. , Hirai, S. , Ukai, N. , and Hubert, M. (2009), The application of infant observation
technique as a means of assessment and therapeutic intervention for classroom breakdown at
a school for Japanese-Koreans. Infant Observation , 12(3): 348355.
Kenny, K. (2012), Someone big and important: identification and affect in an international
development organization. Organization Studies , 33(9): 11751193.
Khan, N. (2014), Countertransference in an anthropological study of extreme violence in
Pakistan. Clios Psyche , 20(4): 408411.
Kohut, T. A. (2012), A German Generation: An Experiential History of the Twentieth Century .
New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Lapping, C. , and Glynos, J. (2018), Psychical contexts of subjectivity and performative
practices of remuneration: teaching assistants narratives of work. Journal of Education Policy ,
33(1): 2342.
Leininger, A. (2014), Participant observation in toxic interactions. Clios Psyche , 20(4): 399403.
Lertzman, R. (2012), Researching psychic dimensions of ecological degradation: notes from the
field. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 17(1): 92101.
Long, S. (2013), Socioanalytic Methods . London: Karnac.
Lukcs, G. (1923), History and Class Consciousness . London: Merlin, 1971.
Malinowski, B. (1923), Psychoanalysis and anthropology. Nature , 112: 650651.
Marsh, A. (2012), The Oedipal child starts school: some thoughts about the difference in the
experience of starting school for boys and girls at four years of age. Psychodynamic Practice:
Individuals, Groups and Organisations , 18(3): 311323.
Martinez-Salgado, C. (2009), Qualitative inquiry with women in poverty in Mexico City:
reflections on the emotional responses of a research team. International Journal of Qualitative
Studies in Education , 22(3): 297313.
McKamey, C. (2011), Uncovering and managing unconscious ways of looking: a case study of
researching care. Psychodynamic Practice , 17(4): 403417.
Mimica, J. (2006a), Descended from the celestial rope: from the father to the son, and from the
ego to the cosmic self. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
, 50(2): 77105.
15 Mimica, J. (2006b), Explorations in psychoanalytic ethnography. Social Analysis: The
International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice , 50(2): 124.
Mimica, J. (2014), A psychoanalytic ethnography among the Yagwoia. Clios Psyche , 20(4):
427431.
Mintz, J. (2014), Professional Uncertainty, Knowledge and Relationship in the Classroom .
London: Routledge.
Morgenroth, C. (2010), The research relationship, enactments and counter-transference
analysis: on the significance of scenic understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society ,
15(3): 267280.
Nossal, B. (2013), The use of drawing as a tool in socioanalytic exploration. In S. Long (ed.),
Socioanalytic Methods (pp. 6791). London: Karnac.
Parker, I. (2004), Qualitative Psychology: Introducing Radical Research . London: Open
University Press.
Parker, I. (2010), The place of transference in psychosocial research. Journal of Theoretical and
Philosophical Psychology , 30(1): 1731.
Parker, I. (2013), Discourse analysis: dimensions of critique in psychology. Qualitative
Research in Psychology , 10: 223239.
Pick, D. (2012), The Pursuit of the Nazi Mind: Hitler, Hess and the Analysts . Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Prasad, A. (2014), You cant go home again; and other psychoanalytic lessons from crossing a
neo-colonial border. Human Relations , 67(2): 233257.
Price, H. (2005), Lutfa, a slow learner: understanding school literacy learning in its social and
emotional context. Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications , 8(1): 4557.
Price, H. (2006), Jumping the shadows: catching the unconscious in the classroom. Journal of
Social Work Practice , 20(2): 145161.
Rae-Espinoza, H. (2014), Culturally constituted defence mechanisms for globalisation. Clios
Psyche , 20(4): 411422.
Rahimi, S. (2014), Meaning and political subjectivity in psychotic illness. Clios Psyche , 20(4):
435438.
Ramvi, E. (2010), Out of control: a teachers account. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society ,
15(4): 328345.
Ramvi, E. (2012), A psychoanalytic approach to fieldwork. Journal of Research Practice , 8(2).
Rivers, W. H. R. (1920), Instincts and the Unconscious . Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Rizq, R. (2008), The research couple: a psychoanalytic perspective on dilemmas in the
qualitative research interview. European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling , 10(1):
3953.
Roper, M. (2003), Analysing the analysed: transference and countertransference in the oral
history. Oral History , 31(2): 2032.
Roper, M. (2014), The unconscious work of history. Cultural and Social History , 11(2): 169193.
Rothe, K. (2012), Anti-Semitism in Germany today and the intergenerational transmission of
guilt and shame. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 17(1): 1634.
Rustin, M. (2008), For dialogue between psychoanalysis and constructionism: a comment on
paper by Frosh and Baraitser. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 13(4): 406415.
16 Rustin, M. (2016), Sociology and psychoanalysis. In A. Elliot and J. Prager (eds.), The
Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalysis in the Social Sciences and Humanities . London:
Routledge.
de Saussure, F. (1916), Course in General Linguistics. New York: Philosophical Library.
[English translation, 1959.]
Schlapobersky, J. (2016), From the Couch to the Circle: Group Analytic Psychotherapy in
Practice . London: Routledge.
Schmidt, C. (2012), Using psychodynamic interaction as a valuable source of information in
social research. Journal of Research Practice , 8(2).
Scott, J. (2012), The incommensurability of psychoanalysis and history. History and Theory ,
51(1): 6383.
Shim, J. M. (2012), Exploring how teachers emotions interact with intercultural texts: a
psychoanalytic perspective. Curriculum Inquiry , 42(4): 472496.
Smith, E. (1923), Preface. In W. H. R. Rivers , Psychology and Politics . London: Kegan Paul,
Trench and Trubner.
Stanfield, J. (2006), Psychoanalytic ethnography and the transformation of racially wounded
communities. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 19(3): 387399.
Stavrakakis, Y. (2007), The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, Politics . Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
Taylor, S. (2014), Discursive and psychosocial? Theorising a complex contemporary subject.
Qualitative Research in Psychology , 12(1): 812.
Theodosius, C. (2006), Recovering emotion from emotion management. Sociology , 40(5):
893910.
Tucker, S. (2010), An investigation of the stresses, pressures and challenges faced by primary
school head teachers in a context of organisational change in schools. Journal of Social Work
Practice , 24(1): 6374.
Urwin, C. (2007), Doing infant observation differently? Researching the formation of mothering
identities in an inner London borough. Infant Observation , 10(3): 239251.
Vanheule, S. , and Verhaeghe, P. (2004), Powerlessness and impossibility in special education:
a qualitative study on professional burnout from a Lacanian perspective. Human Relations ,
57(4): 497519.
Whitehouse-Hart, J. (2012), Surrendering to the dream: an account of the unconscious
dynamics of a research relationship. Journal of Research Practice , 8(2).
Wieland, C. (2015), The Fascist State of Mind and the Manufacturing of Masculinity . London
and New York: Routledge.

A psychoanalytic view of qualitative methodology

Abraham, K. (1919), A particular form of neurotic resistance to the psychoanalytic method. In
Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis (pp. 301311). London: Hogarth.
Allison, R. (2000), Doctor driven out of home by vigilantes. The Guardian, 29 August.
Andrade De Azevedo, A. (1994), Validation of the psychoanalytic clinical process: the role of
dreams. International Journal of. Psychoanalysis , 75: 11811192.
Anzieu, D. (1975), The Group and the Unconscious . London: Routledge & Kegan, 1984.
Beebe, B. , Lachmann, F. , and Jaffe, J. (1997), Motherinfant interaction structures and
presymbolic self and object representations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues , 7: 133182.
Bereswill, M. , Morgenroth, C. , and Redman, P. (2010), Alfred Lorenzer and the depth-
hermeneutic method. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(3): 221250.
Bion, W. (1959), Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 40: 308315.
[Reprinted in Second Thoughts (pp. 93109). London: Heinemann, 1967.]
38 Bion, W. (1962), A theory of thinking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 33: 306310.
[Reprinted in Second Thoughts (pp. 110119).]
Bott Spillius, E. (ed.) (1988), Melanie Klein Today: Developments in Theory and Practice , vol.2:
Mainly Practice. London and New York: Routledge.
Brenman Pick, I. (1985), Working through in the counter-transference. International Journal of
Psychoanalysis , 66: 157166. [Reprinted in Bott Spillius (ed.), Melanie Klein Today (pp. 3447).]
Chasseguet-Smirgel, J. (1985), The Ego Ideal: A Psychoanalytic Essay on the Malady of the
Ideal . London: Free Association Books.
Erdheim, M. (1984), Die gesellschafliche Produktion von Unbewusstheit: Eine Einfhrung in den
ethnopsychonalytischen Prozess . Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Feldman, M. (1994), Projective identification in phantasy and enactment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry
, 14: 423440.
Figlio, K. (1987), The lost subject of medical sociology. In G. Scambler (ed.), Sociological
Theory and Medical Sociology (pp. 77109). London: Tavistock.
Figlio, K. (1998), Historical imagination/psychoanalytic imagination. History Workshop Journal ,
45: 199221.
Figlio, K. (2000), Psychoanalysis, Science and Masculinity. London: Whurr; Philadelphia:
Bruner-Routledge, 2001.
Figlio, K. (2006), The absolute state of mind in society and the individual. Psychoanalysis of
Culture and Society , 11(2): 119143.
Figlio, K. (2007), A new naturalism: on the origins of psychoanalysis as a social theory of
subjectivity. In C. Bainbridge , et al., Culture and the Unconscious (pp.2440). Houndmills,
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Figlio, K. (2017), Remembering as Reparation: Psychoanalysis and Historical Memory .
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Freud. S. (1921), Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Standard Edition , 18: 67143.
Freud, S. (1927), The Future of an Illusion. Standard Edition , 21: 156.
Frosh, S. , Phoenix, A. , and Pattman, R. (2005), Struggling towards manhood: narratives of
homophobia and homosexuality. British Journal of Psychotherapy , 22(1): 3756.
Gaddini, E. (1969), On imitation. In A Psychoanalytic Theory of Infantile Experience: Conceptual
and Clinical Reflections (pp. 1834). London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1992.
Heritage, J. (1984), Garfinkle and Ethnomethodology . Cambridge: Polity.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1989), A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought . London: Free Association Books.
[Second edn., 1991.]
Hinshelwood, R. D. , and Chiesa, M. (2002), Organisations, Anxieties and Defences: Towards a
Psychoanalytic Social Psychology . London/Philadelphia: Whurr.
Jacques, E. (1953), On the dynamics of social structure. Human Relations , 6: 323.
[Republished as, Social systems as a defence against persecutory and depressive anxiety. In
M. Klein, P. Heimann, and R. Money-Kyrle (eds.), New Directions in Psychoanalysis (pp.
478498). London: Tavistock, 1955.]
Joseph, B. (1985), Transference: the total situation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis ,
66: 447454. [Reprinted in Bott Spillius (ed.), Melanie Klein Today (pp. 6172).]
Kendall, P. (1950), A review of indicators used in The American Soldier. In P. Lazarsfeld and M.
Rosenberg (eds.), The Language of Social Research (pp. 3739). New York: The Free Press,
1955.
39 Klein, M. (1935), A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states. In The
Works of Melanie Klein , vol. 1 (pp. 262289). London: Hogarth and the Institute of Psycho-
Analysis.
Kohte-Meyer, I. (1994), Ich bin fremd, so wie ich bin: Migrationserleben, Ich-Identitt und
Neurose. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie , 43: 253259.
Kohte-Meyer, I. (2000), A derailed dialogue: unexpected difficulties in the psychoanalytic work
with patients from East Germany. Psychoanalytic Review , 87: 417428.
Leiter, K. (1980), A Primer on Ethnomethodology . New York and Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Lorenzer, A. (1986), Tiefenhermeneutische Kulturanalyse. In A. Lorenzer (ed.), KulturAnalysen:
Psychoanalytische Studien zur Kultur (pp. 1198). Frankfurt aM: Fischer.
McNeill, W. (1995), Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History . Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Menzies, I. (1959), The functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety: a report on a
study of the nursing service of a general hospital. Human Relations , 13: 95121. [Reprinted in
Containing Anxiety in Institutions: Selected Essays, Volume I (pp. 4385). London: Free
Association Books, 1988.]
Miller, J and Miller, L. (1989), Closely Observed Infants . London: Duckworth.
Money-Kyrle, R. (1956), Normal counter-transference and some of its deviations. International
Journal of Psychoanalysis , 37: 360366. [Reprinted in Bott Spillius (ed.), Melanie Klein Today
(pp. 2233).]
Parin, P. (1977), Das Ich und die Anpassungs-Mechanismen. Psyche Zeitschrift fr
Psychoanalyse , 31(6): 481515.
Rothe, J. (2009), Das (Nicht-)Sprechen ber die Judenvernichtung: Psychische Weiterwirkingen
des Holocaust in mehreren Generationen nicht-jdischer Deutscher. Giessen: Psychozial Verlag.
Rothe, K. (2012), Anti-Semitism in Germany today and the intergenerational transmission of
guilt and shame. Psychoanalysis, Culture, and Society , 17(1): 1634.
Sandler, J. , Dare, C. , and Holder, A. (1973), The Patient and the Analyst: The Basis of the
Psychoanalytic Process . London: George Allen and Unwin. [Second edn., London: Karnac,
1992.]
Schutz. A. (1945), On multiple realities. In M. Natanson (ed.), Collected Papers , vol. 1: The
Problem of Social Reality (pp. 207259). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.
Schutz. A. (1953a), Common-sense and scientific interpretation. In M. Natanson (ed.), Collected
Papers , vol. 1: The Problem of Social Reality (pp. 347). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.
Schutz. A. (1953b), Concept and theory formation in the social sciences. In M. Natanson (ed.),
Collected Papers , vol. 1: The Problem of Social Reality (pp. 4866). The Hague: Martinus
Nijhoff, 1962.
Schutz, A. , and Luckmann, T. (1983), The Structures of the Life-World, vol. 2. Evanston, IL:
Northwestern University Press.
Seligman, S. (1999), Integrating Kleinian theory and intersubjective infant research.
Psychoanalytic Dialogues , 9: 129159.
Simmel, G. (1907), Sociology of the sense. In D. Frisby and M. Featherstone (eds.), Simmel on
Culture: Selected Writings (pp. 109120). London: Sage.
Simmel, G. (1910), Sociology of the meal. In D. Frisby and M. Featherstone (eds.), Simmel on
Culture: Selected Writings (pp. 130135). London: Sage.
40 Simmel, G. (1911), The sociology of sociability. In D. Frisby and M. Featherstone (eds.),
Simmel on Culture: Selected Writings (pp. 120130). London: Sage.
Simmel, G. (1918), On the nature of historical understanding. In Essays on Interpretation in
Social Sciences , translated, introduced, and edited by G. Oakes (pp. 97126). Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1980.
Smelser, N. (1997), Problematics of Sociology: The Georg Simmel Lectures, 1995 .
Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
Smelser, N. (1998), The Social Edges of Psychoanalysis . Berkeley/Los Angeles/London:
University of California Press.
Stolte, J. F. , Fine, G. A. and Cook, K. S. (2001) Sociological miniaturism: seeing the big
through the small in social psychology. Annual Review of Sociology , 27: 387413.
Waddell, M. (2006), Infant observation in Britain: the Tavistock approach. International Journal
of Psychoanalysis , 87: 11031120.
Weber, M. (1906), The logic of historical explanation. In W. Runciman (ed.), Weber: Selections
in Translation (pp. 111134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wieder, D. (1974), Telling the code. In R. Turner (ed.), Ethnomethodology: Selected Readings
(pp. 144172). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Wirth, H.-J. (2009), Narcissism and Power: Psychoanalysis of Mental Disorders in Politics .
Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag.

The socioanalytic interview

Armstrong, D. , and Rustin, M. (2014), Social Defences against Anxiety: Explorations in a
Paradigm . Tavistock Clinic Series. London: Karnac.
Bion, W. R. (1961), Experiences in Groups . London: Tavistock Publications.
54 Bion, W. R. (1970), Attention and Interpretation . London: Tavistock Publications.
Boccara, B. (2013), Socioanalytic dialogue. In S. D. Long (ed.), Socioanalytic Methods (pp.
279300). London: Karnac.
Boccara, B. (2014), Socioanalytic Dialogue: Incorporating Psychosocial Dynamics into Public
Policies . New York: Lexington Books.
Bohm, D. (1980), Wholeness and the Implicate Order . London: Routledge.
Foulkes, S. H. (1975), Group Analytic Psychotherapy: Method and Principles . London: Karnac,
1986.
Fromm, E. (1962), Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud . New
York: Simon & Schuster.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000), Doing Qualitative Research Differently . California:
Sage.
Hopper, E. (2003), The Social Unconscious: Selected Papers . International Library of Group
Analysis Series. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Lawrence, W. G. (ed.) (1988), Social Dreaming @ Work . London: Karnac.
Lawrence, W. G. (ed.) (2007), The Infinite Possibilities of Social Dreaming . London: Routledge.
Long, S. D. (2000), Conflict and co-operation: two sides of the same coin. In R. Wiesner and B.
Millet (eds.), Current Issues in Organizational Behaviour . Jacaranda: Wiley.
Long, S. D. (ed.) (2013), Socioanalytic Methods . London: Karnac.
Long, S. D. (ed.) (2016a), Transforming Experience in Organisations: A Framework for
Organisational Research and Consultancy . London: Karnac.
Long, S. D. (2016b), The transforming experience framework and unconscious processes: a
brief journey through the history of the concept of the unconscious as applied to person, system
and context with an exploratory hypothesis of unconscious as source. In S. D. Long (ed.),
Transforming Experience in Organisations: A Framework for Organisational Research and
Consultancy . London: Karnac.
Long, S. D. , and Harding, W. (2013), Socioanalytic interviewing. In S. D. Long (ed.),
Socioanalytic Methods (pp. 91106). London: Karnac.
Long, S. D. , and Harney, M. (2013), The associative unconscious. In S. D. Long (ed.),
Socioanalytic Methods (pp. 322). London: Karnac.
McGrath, S. J. (2013), The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious . London and
New York: Routledge.
Menzies-Lyth, I. E. P. (1960), Social systems as a defence against anxiety. Human Relations ,
13: 95121.
Mersky, R. (2017), Social Dream Drawing . Unpublished doctoral thesis, UWE England.

Psychoanalytic perspectives on the qualitative research interview

Apitzsch, U. , and Inowlocki, L. (2000), Biographical analysis: a German school? In P.
Chamberlayne , J. Bornat , and T. Wengraf (eds.), The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social
Science . London: Routledge.
Andersen, L. (2003), When the unconscious joins the game: a psychoanalytic perspective on
modernization and change (44 paragraphs). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum:
Qualitative Social Research (on-line), 4 (3). Available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-
texte/3-03/3-03andersen-e.htm
Aron, L. (1995), The internalized primal scene, Psychoanalytic Dialogues , 5: 195237.
Bion, W. (1962), Learning from Experience . London: Karnac.
Briggs, C. (1986), Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview
in Social Science Research . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Britton, R. (1989), The missing link: parental sexuality in the Oedipus complex. In J. Steiner
(ed.), The Oedipus Complex Today: Clinical Implications (pp. 83101). London: Karnac.
68 Burman, E. (1994), Deconstructing Developmental Psychology . London: Routledge.
Cartwright, D. (2004), The psychoanalytic research interview: preliminary suggestions. Journal
of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 52: 209242.
Chessick, R. (1982), Metaphysics or autistic reverie. Contemporary Psychoanalysis , 18:
160172.
Dieckmann, H. (1976), Transference and countertransference: results of a Berlin research
group. Journal of Analytical Psychology , 21/1: 2536.
Drapeau, M. (2002), Subjectivity in research: Why not? But. The Qualitative Report , 7/3.
Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu.ssss/QR/QR7-3/drapeau.html
Ferro, A. (2002), Some implications of Bions thought: the waking dream and narrative
derivatives. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 83: 597607.
Freud, S. (1912), Recommendations to physicians practising psycho-analysis. Standard Edition
, 12: 109120. London: Hogarth.
Froggett, L. , and Hollway, W. (2010), Psychosocial research analysis and scenic
understanding. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15: 281301.
Frommer, J. , and Langenbach, M. (2000), The psychoanalytic case study as a source of
epistemic knowledge. In J. Frommer and D. Rennie (eds.), Qualitative Psychotherapy Research
Methods and Methodology . Lengerich: Pabst.
Frosh, S. , and Emerson, P. (2005), Interpretation and over-interpretation: disputing the
meaning of texts. Qualitative Research , 5: 307324.
Frosh, S. , Phoenix, A. , and Pattman, R. (2002), Young Masculinities: Understanding Boys in
Contemporary Society . Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Georgaca, E. (2005), Lacanian psychoanalysis and the subject of social constructionist
psychology: analysing subjectivity in talk. International Journal of Critical Psychology , 4: 7494.
Gubrium, J. , and Holstein, J. (2001), Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method .
London: Sage.
Hollway, W. , and Froggett, L. (2012), Researching in-between subjective experience and
reality. Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 13: 3.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000), Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free
Association, Narrative and the Interview Method . London: Sage.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2013), Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychosocial
Approach . London: Sage.
Holmes, J. (2017), Reverie-informed research interviewing. International Journal of Psycho-
Analysis , 98(3): 709728.
Jureit, U. (2000), Patterns of repetition: dimensions of biographical memory. Trauma Research
Newsletter , 1, Hamburg Institute for Social Research, July. Retrieved from:
http://www.TraumaResearch.net/focus1/jureit.htm
Kvale, S. (1999), The psychoanalytic interview as qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry , 5(1):
87113.
Kvale, S. , and Brinkmann, S. (2008), InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research
Interviewing . London: Sage.
Leithuser, T. , and Volmberg, B. (1988), Psychoanalyse in der Sozialforschung . Opladen:
Westdeutscher Verlag.
Lorenzer, A. (1986), Tiefenhermeneutische Kulturanalyse. In H. Konig , A. Lorenzer , H. Ldde ,
S. Naghol , U. Prokop , G. Schmid-Noerr , and A. Eggert (eds.), Kultur-Analysen.
Psychoanalytische Studien zur Kultur . Frankfurt aM: Fischer.
69 Marks, S. (2001), Research Project History and Memory. In M. Kiegelmann (ed.), Qualitative
Research in Psychology . Schwangau: Verlag Ingeborg Huber.
Marks, S. , and Mnnich-Marks, H. (2003), The analysis of counter-transference reactions is a
means to discern latent interview-contents (38 paragraphs). Forum: Qualitative Social Research
(online), 4/2. Available at http://qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/2-03/2-03marks-e.htm.
McVey, L. , Lees, J. , and Nolan, G. (2015), Practitioner-based research and qualitative
interviewing: using therapeutic skills to enrich research in counselling and psychotherapy.
Counselling and Psychotherapy Research , 15(2): 147154.
Midgley, N. , Ansaldo, F. , and Target, M. (2014), The meaningful assessment of therapy
outcomes: incorporating a qualitative study into a randomized controlled trial evaluating the
treatment of adolescent depression. Psychotherapy , 51(1): 128137.
Mruck, K. (2000), Qualitative research in Germany (54 paragraphs). Forum: Qualitative Social
Research (online), 1/1. Available at http://qualitative-research.net/fqs
Oevermann, U. (1993), Die objective Hermeneutik als unverzichtbare methodologische
Grundlage fur die Analyse von Subjektivitat. In T. Jung and S. Muller-Doohm (eds.), Wirklichkeit
im Deutungsproze. Verstehen in den Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften . Frankfurt aM:
Surhkamp.
Ogden, T. (1994), The analytic third: working with intersubjective clinical facts. International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 75: 319.
Ogden, T. (1995), Analysing forms of aliveness and deadness of the
transferencecountertransference. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 76: 695709.
Ogden, T. (2001), Conversations at the frontier of dreaming. Fort Da , 7B: 714.
Parker, I. (1997), Psychoanalytic Culture: Psychoanalytic Discourse in Western Society .
London: Sage.
Parker, I. (2003), Discursive resources in the Discourse Unit. Discourse Analysis Online , 1/1:
http://www.shu.ac.uk/daol/articles/v1/n1/a2/parker2002001.html
Parker, I. (2005), Qualitative Psychology: Introducing Radical Research . Maidenhead: Open
University Press.
Ramon, S. (2009), Comparative methodology in mental health research: its relevance in social
work and social policy. In S. Ramon and D. Zavirsek (eds.), Critical Edge Issues in Social Work
and Social Policy (pp. 7996). Faculty of Social Work, University of Ljubljana.
Redman, P. , Bereswill, M. , and Morgenroth, C. (2010), Special Issue: Alfred Lorenzer and the
depth-hermeneutic method. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(3): 213214.
Shakow, D. (1960), The recorded psychoanalytic interview as an objective approach to
research in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 29: 8297.
Silverman, D. (2013), Interpreting Qualitative Data (4th edition). California: Sage.
Tietel, E. (2000), The interview as relational space (20 paragraphs). Forum: Qualitative Social
Research (online), 1/3. Available at http://qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng-htm.

Psycho-societal interpretation of the unconscious dimensions in

everyday life
Adorno, T. W. (1976), The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology . New York: Harper & Row.
Becker-Schmidt, R. (1982), Nicht wir haben die Minuten, die Minuten haben uns : Zeitprobleme
und Zeiterfahrungen von Arbeitermuttern in Fabrik und Familie: Studie zum Projekt Probleme
lohnabhangig arbeitender Mutter . Bonn: Verlag Neue Geselschaft.
Breuer, F. , Mruck, K. , and Roth, W.-M. (2002), Subjectivity and reflexivity: an introduction.
Forum: Qualitative Social Research/Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung , 3 (3), Art. 9. Retrieved
from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020393
Breuer, F. , and Roth, W.-M. (2003), Subjectivity and reflexivity in the social sciences: epistemic
windows and methodical consequences. Forum: Qualitative Social Research/Forum Qualitative
Sozialforschung , 4 (2), Art. 25. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-
fqs0302258
Dybbroe, B. (2002), Youve got to give all the love you have, and yet consider it to be a job care
work in a gendered and life-historical perspective. In Chr. H. Jrgensen and N. Warring (eds.),
Adult Education and the Labour Market, VIIb . Roskilde: ESREA/Adult Education Research
Group, Roskilde University.
Freud, S. , and Stengel, E. (1953), On Aphasia: A Critical Study . New York: International
Universities Press.
Leithauser, T. (1976), Formen des Alltagsbewusstseins . Frankfurt/Main and New York:
Campus-Verlag.
Leithuser, T. (2012), Psychoanalysis, socialization and society: the psychoanalytical thought
and interpretation of Alfred Lorenzer. Alfred Lorenzer at the University of Bremen: a personal
foreword. Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 13 (3). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-
fqs1203176
Liveng, A. (2010), Learning and recognition in health and care work: an inter-subjective
perspective. Journal of Workplace Learning , 22: 4152. Retrieved from
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593798392
Lorenzer, A. , and Knig, H.-D. (1986), Tiefenhermeneutische Kulturanalyse. In Kultur-analysen ,
Vol. 7334 (pp. 1198). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
86 Marotzki, W. , Alheit, P. , von Felden, H. , and Nohl, A.-M. (2002), Education research.
Zeitschrift Fr Qualitative Bildungs-, Beratungs- Und Sozialforschung , 2: 185300.
Prokop, U. , Friese, N. , and Stach, A. (2009), Geiles Leben, falscher Glamour:
Beschreibungen, Analysen, Kritiken zu Germanys Next Topmodel . Tectum-Verlag.
Raae, P. H. (2018), Effective leadership? A case of the psychodynamic of work. In H. Salling
Olesen (ed.), The Socially Unconscious . Rotterdam: Sense.
Salling Olesen, H. (1989), Adult Education and Everyday Life . Roskilde: Adult Education
Research Group, Roskilde University.
Salling Olesen, H. (2004), The learning subject in life history: a qualitative research approach to
learning. In M. H. Menne Abraha Barreto (ed.), A Aventura (Auto)biografico. Theoria & Empiria
(pp.419464). Porto Alegra, Brasil: EDIPUCRS.
Salling Olesen, H. (2007), Be(com)ing a general practitioner: professional identities, subjectivity
and learning. In L. West (ed.), Using Biographical and Life History Approaches in the Study of
Adult and Lifelong Learning: European Perspectives . Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.
Salling Olesen, H. (2012), The societal nature of subjectivity: an interdisciplinary methodological
challenge. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 13(3).
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs120345
Salling Olesen, H. (2016), A psycho-societal approach to life histories. In I. Goodson , A.
Antikainen , P. Sikes , & M. Andrews (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook on
Narrative and Life History . London: Routledge.
Salling Olesen, H. , and Weber, K. (2002), Chasing potentials for adult learning: lifelong learning
in a life history perspective. Zeitschrift fr Qualitative Bildungs-, Beratungs- Und Sozialforschung
, 2: 283300.
Salling Olesen, H. and Weber, K. (2012), Socialisation, Language and Scenic Understanding.
Alfred Lorenzers Contribution to a Psycho-Societal Methodology. Forum : Qualitative Social
Research , 3 (3). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203229
Stern, D. N. (1985), The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and
Developmental Psychology . New York: Basic Books.
Volmerg, B. , Senghaas-Knobloch, E. , and Leithuser, T. (1986), Betriebliche Lebenswelt. Eine
sozialpsychologie industrieller Arbeitsverhltnisse . Opladen: Westdeutscher. Verlag.
Weber, K. (2010), Professional learning between past experience and future work. Frontiers of
Education in China , 5(3).
West, L. R. , Alheit, P. , Andersen, A. S. , and Merrill, B. (eds.) (2007), Using Biographical and
Life History Approaches in the Study of Adult and Lifelong Learning: European Perspectives .
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Using the psychoanalytic research interview as an experimental
laboratory
Becker, H. (1963), Outsiders . New York: Free Press.
Benedek, T. (1954), Countertransference in the training analyst. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
, 18: 1216.
Cartwright, D. (2004), The psychoanalytic research interview. Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association , 52: 209242.
Clarke, S. (2002), Learning from experience, psycho-social research methods in the social
sciences. Qualitative Research , 2: 173195.
Eisold, K. (1994), The intolerance of diversity in psychoanalytic institutes. International Journal
of Psycho-Analysis , 75: 785800.
Erlich, S. (2016), Envy and its in vicissitudes in psychoanalytic organizations. Paper presented
at the EPF Annual Conference, Berlin, 19 March.
Evans, B. (1996), Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory and Psychiatry . New York:
Routledge.
Ezriel, H. (1951), The scientific testing of psychoanalytic findings and theory. British Journal of
Medical Psychology , 24(1): 3034.
Ezriel, H. (1956), Experimentation within the psycho-analytic session. The British Journal for the
Philosophy of Science , 7(25): 2948.
Figlio, K. (1988), Oral history and the unconscious. History Workshop Journal , Vol. 26, No. 1
(pp. 120132). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103 Fox, R. P. (2003), Thoughts on authority and leadership. Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association , 51S: 5772.
Freud, S. (1910), Wild psycho-analysis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological
Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XI: Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Leonardo da Vinci and
Other Works , pp. 219228.
Freud, S. (1913), Totem and Taboo. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological
Works of Sigmund Freud , Volume XIII: Totem and Taboo and Other Works , pp. vii162.
Freud, S. (1921), Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. The Standard Edition of the
Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVIII: Beyond the Pleasure
Principle, Group Psychology and Other Works , pp. 65144.
Freud, S. (1930), Civilization and its Discontents. The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XXI: The Future of an Illusion, Civilization and
its Discontents, and Other Works , pp. 57146.
Gabbard, G. O. (1993), On hate in love relationships: the narcissism of minor differences
revisited. Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 62: 229238.
Havens, L. (1976), Participant Observation . New York: Jason Aronson.
Havens, L. (1980), Explorations in the uses of language in psychotherapy: counterprojective
statements. Contemporary Psychoanalysis , 16: 5367.
Havens, L. (1986), Making Contact: Uses of Language in Psychotherapy . Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1999), Countertransference. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 80:
797818.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2013), Research on the Couch . London: Routledge.
Hollway, W. (2009), Applying the experience-near principle to research: psychoanalytically
informed methods. Journal of Social Work Practice , 23(4): 461474.
Hollway, W. (2015), Knowing Mothers: Researching Maternal Identity Change . London:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000), Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free
Associations, Narrative and the Interview Method . London: Sage.
Holmes, J. (2013), Using psychoanalysis in qualitative research: countertransference-informed
researcher reflexivity and defence mechanisms in two interviews about migration. Qualitative
Research in Psychology , 10(2): 160173.
Holmes, J. (2014), Countertransference in qualitative research: a critical appraisal. Qualitative
Research , 14(2): 166183.
Holmes, J. (2017), Reverieinformed research interviewing. International Journal of Psycho-
Analysis , 98(3): 709728.
Hunt. J. C. (1989), Psychoanalytic aspects of fieldwork. Series on Qualitative Research
Methods , vol. 18. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kernberg, O. F. (1986), Institutional problems of psychoanalytic education. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association , 34: 799834.
Kirsner, D. (2009), Unfree Associations: Inside Psychoanalytic Institutes . New York: Jason
Aronson.
Kvale, S. (1999), The psychoanalytic interview as qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry , 5:
87113.
Kvale, S. (2003), The psychoanalytical interview as inspiration for qualitative research. In P.
Camic , J. Rhodes , and L. Yardley (eds.), Qualitative Research in Psychology : Expanding
Perspectives in Methodology and Design . American Psychological Association.
104 Menzies, L. (1959), The functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety. In
Containing Anxiety in Institutions: Selected Essays , vol. 1. London: Free Association Books,
1988.
Molstad, C. (1986), Choosing and coping with boring work. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography , 15(2): 215236.
Racker, H. (1988), Transference and countertransference. International Psycho-Analysis Library
, 73: 1196. London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
Rioch, M. J. (1972), Discussion. Contemporary Psychoanalysis , 8(2): 246.
Roper, M. (2003), Analysing the analysed: transference and counter-transference in the oral
history encounter. The Journal of the Oral History Society , 31(2): 2032.
Rothstein, A. (1980), Psychoanalytic paradigms and their narcissistic investment. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association , 28: 385395.
Strachey, J. (1934), The nature of the therapeutic action of psycho-analysis. International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 15: 127159.
Strmme, H. , Gullestad, S. E. , Stnicke, E. , and Killingmo, B. (2010), A widened scope on
therapist development: designing a research interview informed by psychoanalysis. Qualitative
Research in Psychology , 7(3): 214232.
Sullivan, H. S. (1970), The Psychiatric Interview . New York: Norton.
Thompson, C. (1958), A study of the emotional climate of psychoanalytic institutes. In
Interpersonal Psychoanalysis: The Selected Papers of Clara M. Thompson . New York: Basic
Books, 1964.
Van Heugten, K. (2004), Managing insider research: learning from experience. Qualitative
Social Work , 3(2): 203219.
Werman, D. S. (1988), Freuds narcissism of minor differences. Journal of the American
Academy Psychoanalysis , 16: 451459.

Psychoanalytic observation the mind as research instrument

Bick, E. (1964), Notes on infant observation in psychoanalytic training. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis , 45: 558566.
Bion, W. (1970), Attention and Interpretation . London: Tavistock.
Bott Spillius, E. (1976), Asylum and society. In E. Trist and H. Murray (eds.), The Social
Engagement of Social Science (pp. 586612). London: Free Association Books, 1990.
Briggs, S. (1997a), Observing when infants are at potential risk: reflections from a study of five
infants, concentrating on observations of a Bengali infant. In S. Reid (ed.), Development in
Infant Observation (pp. 207227). London: Routledge.
Briggs, S. (1997b), Growth and Risk in Infancy . London: Jessica Kingsley.
Britton, R. (1989), The missing link: parental sexuality in the Oedipus complex. In R. Britton , M.
Feldman , and E. OShaughnessy (eds.), The Oedipus Complex Today (pp. 83101). London:
Karnac.
Chiesa, M. (2000), At a crossroad between institutional and community psychiatry: an acute
psychiatric admission ward. In R. D. Hinshelwood and W. Skogstad (eds.), Observing
Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and Culture in Health Care (pp. 5467). London: Routledge.
Devereux, G. (1967), From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioural Sciences . The Hague:
Mouton.
Diem-Wille, G. (1997), Observed families revisited: two years on, a follow-up study. In S. Reid
(ed.), Development in Infant Observation (pp. 182206). London: Routledge.
124 Donati, F. (2000), Madness and morale: a chronic psychiatric ward. In R. D. Hinshelwood
and W. Skogstad (eds.), Observing Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and Culture in Health Care
(pp. 2943). London: Routledge.
Gabbard, G. O. (1995), Countertransference: the emerging common ground. The International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 76: 475485.
Grunbaum, A. (1984), The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique . Berkeley:
California University Press.
Grunbaum, A. (1993), Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the
Philosophy of Psychoanalysis . Madison: International Universities Press.
Heald, S. , and Deluz, A. (1994), Anthropology and Psychoanalysis . London: Routledge.
Heimann, P. (1950), On counter-transference. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis ,
31: 8184.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1989), Comment on Dr Donatis A psychodynamic observer in a chronic
psychiatric ward. British Journal of Psychotherapy , 5: 330332.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1991), A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (2nd enlarged edition). London:
Free Association Books.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1993), Locked in a role: a psychotherapist within the social defence system
of a prison. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 4(3): 427440.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1999), Countertransference. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis ,
80: 797818.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2002), Applying the observational method: observing organizations. In A.
Briggs (ed.), Surviving Space: Papers on Infant Observation (pp. 157171). London: Karnac.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2013), Observing anxiety: a psychoanalytic training method for
understsanding organisations. In S. Long (ed.), Socioanalytic Methods: Discovering the Hidden
in Organisations and Social Systems . London: Karnac, pp. 4766.
Hinshelwood, R. D. , and Skogstad, W. (2000), Observing Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and
Culture in Health Care . London: Routledge.
Hinshelwood, R. D. , and Skogstad, W. (2002), Irradiated by distress: observing psychic pain in
health-care organizations. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , 16(2): 110124.
Hoggett, P. (2003), Personal communication.
Hunt, J. C. (1989), Psychoanalytic Aspects of Fieldwork . London: Sage.
Jaques, E. (1955), Social systems as a defence against persecutory and depressive anxiety. In
M. Klein , P. Heimann , and R. Money-Kyrle (eds.), New Directions in Psycho-Analysis (pp.
478498). London: Tavistock.
Jorgensen, D. L. (1989), Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies . London:
Sage.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Menzies, I. (1959), The functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety: a report on a
study of the nursing service of a general hospital. In I. Menzies Lyth , Containing Anxiety in
Institutions: Selected Essays , Volume I (pp. 4385). London: Free Association Books, 1998.
Menzies Lyth, I. (1990), A psychoanalytic perspective on social institutions. In E. Trist and H.
Murray (eds.), The Social Engagement of Social Science (pp. 463475). London: Free
Association Books.
Miller, E. J. , and Gwynne, G. V. (1972), A Life Apart . London: Tavistock.
125 Ramsay, N. (2000), Sitting close to death: a palliative care unit. In R. D. Hinshelwood and
W. Skogstad , Observing Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and Culture in Health Care (pp.
142151). London: Routledge.
Roberts, V. Z. (1994), Till death us do part: caring and uncaring in work with the elderly. In A.
Obholzer and V. Z. Roberts (eds.), The Unconscious at Work (pp. 7583). London: Routledge.
Rustin, M. (1989), Observing infants: reflections on methods. In L. Miller , M. Rustin , M. Rustin ,
and J. Shuttleworth (eds.), Closely Observed Infants (pp. 5275). London: Duckworth.
Rustin, M. (1997), What do we see in the nursery? Infant observation as laboratory work. Infant
Observation , 1(1): 93110.
Rustin, M. (2002), Looking in the right place: complexity theory, psychoanalysis, and infant
observation. In A. Briggs (ed.), Surviving Space: Papers on Infant Observation (pp. 256278).
London: Karnac.
Sandler, J. , Dare, C. , and Holder, A. (1992), The Patient and the Analyst . London: Karnac.
Skogstad, H. (1999), The observer as containing object. Unpublished paper.
Skogstad, W. (2000), Working in a world of bodies: a medical ward. In R. D. Hinshelwood and
W. Skogstad , Observing Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and Culture in Health Care (pp.
101121). London: Routledge.
Skogstad, W. (2002), Kein Platz fr Angst und Schmerz Psychoanalytische Beobachtungen von
medizinischen und psychiatrischen Einrichtungen. Freie Assoziation , 5(2): 143150.
Trist, E. (1950), Culture as a psychosocial process. In E. Trist and H. Murray (eds.), The Social
Engagement of Social Science (pp. 539545). London: Free Association Books, 1990.
The contribution of psychoanalytically informed observation
methodologies in nursery organisations
Adamo, S. (2001), The house is a boat: the experience of separation in a nursery school. Infant
Observation , 4: 322. DOI: 10.1080/13698030108401620
Adamo, S. , and Rustin, M. (2001), Editorial. Infant Observation , 4: 322. DOI:
10.1080/13698030108401620
Bain, A. , and Barnett, L. (1986), The Design of a Day Care System in a Nursery Setting for
Children under Five . London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
Barnett, L. (2005), Keep in touch: the importance of touch in infant development. Infant
Observation , 8(2): 115123. DOI: 10.1080/13698030500171530
Belsky, J. , Burchinal, M. , McCartney, K. , Vandell, D. , Clarke-Stewart, K. , and Owen, M. T.
(2007), Are there long term effects of early child care? Child Development , 78(2): 681701.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01021.x
Bick, E. (1964), Notes on infant observation in psychoanalytic training. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis , 45: 558566.
Bion, W. R. (1962), Learning from Experience . London: Karnac.
140 Brown, J. (2006), Reflexivity in the research process: psychoanalytic observations.
International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 9(3): 181197.
doi:10.1080/13645570600652776
Buck, L. T. , and Rustin, M. (2001), Thoughts on transitions between cultures: Jonathan moves
from home to school and from class to class. Infant Observation , 4(2): 121133. DOI:
10.1080/13698030108401627
Catty, J. (2009), In and out of the nest: exploring attachment and separation in an infant
observation. Infant Observation , 12(2): 151163. DOI: 10.1080/13698030902991923
Chamberlayne, P. , Bornat, J. , and Wengraf, T. (eds.) (2000), The Turn to Biographical
Methods in Social Science . London. Routledge.
Clarke, S. , and Hoggett, P. (2009), Researching beneath the Surface: Psycho-Social Research
Methods in Practice . Normal View Series. London: Karnac.
Dahlberg, G. , Moss, P. , and Pence, A. (1999), Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education
and Care: Postmodern Perspectives . London: Falmer Press.
Datler, W. , Datler, M. , & Funder, A. (2010), Struggling against a feeling of becoming lost: a
young boys painful transition to day care. Infant Observation , 13(1): 6587. DOI:
10.1080/13698031003606659
Datler, W. , Trunkenpolz, K. , and Lazar, R. (2009), An exploration of the quality of life in nursing
homes: the use of single case and organisational observation in a research project. Infant
Observation , 12(1): 63-82. DOI: 10.1080/13698030902731733
Dechent, S. (2008), Withdrawing from reality: working with a young child through his difficulties
in attending nursery and the separation from his parents. Infant Observation , 11: 2540. DOI:
10.1080/13698030801940567
Dennis, E. (2001), Seeing beneath the surface: an observers encounter with a childs struggle to
find herself at nursery. Infant Observation , 4(2): 107120. DOI:10.1080/13698030108401626
Department for Education and Skills (2007), The Early Years Foundation Stage . London: DfES
Publications.
Emanuel, L. (2006), Disruptive and distressed toddlers: the impact of undetected maternal
depression on infants and young children. Infant Observation , 9(3): 249259. DOI:
10.1080/13698030601070722
Fenech, M. , Sweller, N. , and Harrison, L. (2010), Identifying high-quality centre-based
childcare using quantitative data-sets: what the numbers do and dont tell us. International
Journal of Early Years Education , 18: 283296.
Fonagy, P. (2009), Research in child psychotherapy: progress, problems and possibilities? In N.
Midgley , J. Anderson , E. Grainger , T. Nesic-Vuckovic , and C. Urwin (eds.), Child
Psychotherapy and Research: New Approaches, Emerging Findings (pp. 1934). London:
Routledge.
Froggett, L. (2002), Love, Hate and Welfare: Psychosocial Approaches to Policy and Practice .
Bristol: The Policy Press.
Gadd, D. (2004), Making sense of intervieweeinterviewer dynamics in narratives about violence
in intimate relationships. International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 7(5): 383401.
doi:10.1080/1364557092000055077
Gentleman, A. (2010), The great nursery debate. The Guardian, 2 October.
Groarke, S. (2008), Psychoanalytic infant observation: a critical assessment. European Journal
of Psychotherapy and Counselling , 10(4): 299321. doi:10.1080/13642530802577042
141 Hascher, T. (2010), Learning and emotion: perspectives for theory and research. European
Educational Research Journal , 9(1): 1328. doi: 10.2304/eerj.2010.9.1.13
Hinshelwood, R. D. , and Skogstad, W. (eds.) (2000), Observing Organisations: Anxiety,
Defence and Culture in Health Care . Hove and New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Holland, J. (2007), Emotions and research. International Journal of Social Research
Methodology , 10(3): 195209. doi:10.1080/13645570701541894
Hollway, W. (2007), Afterword. International Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications ,
10(3): 331336. doi:10.1080/13698030701698075
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000), Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free
Association, Narrative and the Interview Method . London: Sage.
Hopkins, J. (1988), Facilitating the development of intimacy between nurses and infants in day
nurseries. Early Child Development and Care , 33: 99111.
Huffington, C. , Armstrong, D. , Halton, W. , Hoyle, L. , and Pooley, J. (2004), Working below
the Surface: The Emotional Life of Contemporary Organizations . London: Karnac.
Maiello, S. (2000), The cultural dimension in early motherinfant interaction and psychic
development: an infant observation in South Africa. Infant Observation , 3(2): 8092. DOI:
10.1080/13698030008406149
Meltzer, D. , with Gelati, M. (1986), A One Year Old Goes to Day Nursery: A Parable of
Confusing Times in Studies in Extended Metapsychology . Perthshire: Clunie Press.
Miller, L. (1999), Babyhood: becoming a person in the family. In D. Hindle & M. V. Smith (eds.),
Personality Development: A Psychoanalytic Perspective (pp. 3347). London: Routledge.
Monti, F. , and Crudeli, F. (2007), The use of infant observation in nursery (03 years). Infant
Observation , 10(1): 5158. DOI: 10.1080/13698030701234749
Robertson, J. , and Robertson, J. (1989), Separation and the Very Young . London: Free
Association Books.
Rustin, M. E. (2009), Esther Bicks legacy of infant observation at the Tavistock some
reflections 60 years on. International Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications , 12(1):
2941. doi:10.1080/13698030902731691
Rustin, M. J. (1989), Observing infants: reflections on methods. In L. Miller , M. E. Rustin , M. J.
Rustin , and J. Shuttleworth (eds.), Closely Observed Infants (pp. 5275). London: Duckworth.
Rustin, M. J. (1997), What do we see in the nursery? Infant observations as laboratory work.
International Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications , 1(1): 93110.
doi:10.1080/13698039708400828
Rustin, M. J. (2001), Reason and Unreason: Psychoanalysis, Science and Politics . London:
Continuum.
Rustin, M. J. (2006), Infant observation research: what have we learned so far? International
Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications , 9(1): 3552.
doi:10.1080/13698030600593856
Rustin, M. J. (2011), In defence of infant observational research. European Journal of
Psychotherapy and Counselling , 13(2): 153167. Doi:10.1080.13642537.2011.572444.
Rutter, M. (2002), Nature, nurture and development: from evangelism, through science towards
policy and practice. Child Development , 73(1): 121. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00388
Shuttleworth, J. (1989), Theories of development. In L. Miller , M. E. Rustin , M. J. Rustin , and
J. Shuttleworth (eds.), Closely Observed Infants (pp. 2251). London: Duckworth.
142 Sorenson, P. (2000), Observations of transition-facilitating behaviour: developmental and
theoretical implications. International Journal of Infant Observation and its Applications , 3(2):
4654.
Stanley, K. , Bellamy, K. , and Cooke, G. (2006), Equal Access? Appropriate and Affordable
Childcare for Every Child . London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
Tarsoly, E. (1998), The relationship between failures in containment and early feeding
difficulties a participant observational study in a Hungarian residential nursery. Infant
Observation , 2(1): 5878. DOI: 10.1080/13698039808404699
Urwin, C. (2001), Getting to know the self and others: babies interactions with other babies.
Infant Observation , 4(3): 1328. DOI: 10.1080/13698030108401634
Urwin, C. (2006), Exploring the unexpected: transference phenomena in a research setting.
Infant Observation , 9(2): 165177. DOI: 10.1080/13698030600818931
Urwin, C. (2007), Doing infant observation differently? Researching the formation of mothering
identities in an inner London borough. International Journal of Infant Observation and its
Applications , 10(3): 239251. doi:10.1080/13698030701706753
Waddell, M. (1999), Inside Lives: Psychoanalysis and the Growth of the Personality . Tavistock
Clinic Series. London: Duckworth.
Wengraf, T. , and Chamberlayne, P. (2006), Interviewing for life histories, lived situations and
personal experience: the biographical-narrative-interpretive method (BNIM). Short guide to
BNIM interviewing. Available at [email protected]
Wittenberg, I. (2001), The transition from home to nursery school. Infant Observation , 4(2):
2335. DOI: 10.1080/13698030108401621
Social photo-matrix and social dream-drawing
Armstrong, D. (2005), The organization-in-the-mind: reflections on the relation of
psychoanalysis to work with institutions. In R. French (ed.), Organization in the Mind:
Psychoanalysis, Group Relations and Organizational Consultancy (pp. 2943). London: Karnac.
Arnheim, R. (1969), Visual Thinking . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bain, A. (1999), On socio-analysis. Socio-Analysis , 1(1): 117.
Bain, A. (2005), The organisation containing and being contained by dreams: the organisation
as a container for dreams. Unpublished manuscript.
Bion, W. R. (1961), Experiences in Groups, and Other Papers . London: Tavistock Publications.
Bollas, C. (1987), The Shadow of the Object: Psychoanalysis of the Unthought Known . New
York: Columbia University Press.
Clarke, S. , and Hoggett, P. (2009), Researching beneath the Surface: A Psycho-Social
Approach to Research Practice and Method . London: Karnac.
Elias, N. (1987), Changes in the weI balance. In The Society of Individuals (pp. 153237). New
York: Continuum, 1991.
Hau, S. (2004), Trume zeichnen: ber die visuelle Darstellung von Traumbildern [Drawing
Dreams: On the Visual Representation of Dream Images]. Tbingen: edition diskord.
Hutton, J. , Bazalgette, J. , and Reed, B. (1997), Organisation-in-the-mind: a tool for leadership
and management of institutions. In J. E. Neumann , K. Kellner , and A. Dawson-Shepherd
(eds.), Developing Organizational Consultancy (pp. 113126). London: Routledge.
Lawrence, W. G. (1998), Social Dreaming as a tool of consultancy and action research. In W.
G. Lawrence (ed.), Social Dreaming @ Work (pp. 123140). London: Karnac.
Lawrence, W. G. (1999), The contribution of Social Dreaming to socio-analysis. Socio-Analysis ,
1(1): 1833.
Long, S. (1999), Who am I at work? An exploration of work identifications and identity. Socio-
Analysis, 1(1): 4864.
Long, S. (2006), Drawing from role biography in Organizational Role Analysis. In J. Newton , S.
Long , and B. Sievers (eds.), Coaching in Depth: The Organizational Role Analysis Approach
(pp. 127143). London: Karnac.
Long, S. (2010), Re: ISPSO: Working Note on Social Dreaming, 8 May.
[email protected], accessed 22 August (online).
Long, S. (2013), Using and creating socioanalytic methods. In S. Long (ed.), Socioanalytic
Methods: Discovering the Hidden in Organisations and Social Systems (pp. 307314). London:
Karnac.
167 Long, S. , and Harney, M. (2013), The associative unconscious. In S. Long (ed.),
Socioanalytic Methods: Discovering the Hidden in Organisations and Social Systems (pp. 322).
London: Karnac.
Manley, J. (2010), The slavery in the mind: inhibition and exhibition. In W. G. Lawrence (ed.),
The Creativity of Social Dreaming (pp. 6583). London: Karnac.
Manley, J. (2016), Skype conversation with Rose Mersky, 8 February.
Manley, J. , and Trustram, M. (2018), Such endings that are not over: the slave trade, social
dreaming and affect in a museum. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 23(1): 7796.
Mateeva, T. (2016), Email to Rose Redding Mersky, 1 February.
Mersky, R. (2001), Falling from grace when consultants go out of role: enactment in the service
of organizational consultancy. Socio-Analysis , 3: 3753.
Mersky, R. (2012), Contemporary methodologies to surface and act on unconscious dynamics
in organizations: an exploration of design, facilitation capacities, consultant paradigm and
ultimate value. Organisational and Social Dynamics , 12(1): 1943.
Mersky, R. (2013), Social Dream-Drawing: drawing brings the inside out. In S. Long (ed.),
Socioanalytic Methods: Discovering the Hidden in Organisations (pp. 153178). London: Karnac.
Mersky, R. (2015), How can we trust our research and organisational praxes? A proposed
epistemology of socioanalytic methodologies. Organisational and Social Dynamics , 15(2):
279299.
Mersky, R. (2017), Social Dream-Drawing (SDD): praxis and research. Doctoral dissertation.
Newton, J. , S. Long , and B. Sievers (eds.) (2006), Coaching in Depth: The Organizational Role
Analysis Approach . London: Karnac.
Peirce, C. S. (19921998), The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings (EP), Vol. 2,
18931913. The Peirce Edition Project. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Ristovic, N. (2014), Personal email to Rose Mersky, 16 April.
Samuels, A. (1993), The Political Psyche . London: Routledge.
Sendak, M. (1963), Where the Wild Things Are . New York: Harper & Row.
Sievers, B. (2008a), Pictures from below the surface of the university: the Social Photo-Matrix
as a method for understanding organizations in depth. In M. Reynolds and R. Vince (eds.),
Handbook of Experiential Learning and Management Education (pp. 241257). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Sievers, B. (2008b), Perhaps it is the role of pictures to get in contact with the uncanny: the
Social Photo-Matrix as a method to promote the understanding of the unconscious in
organizations. Organisational and Socia1 Dynamics , 8(2): 234254.
Sievers, B. (2013), Thinking organizations through photographs: the Social Photo-Matrix as a
method for understanding organizations in depth. In S. Long (ed.), Socioanalytic Methods:
Discovering the Hidden in Organisations (pp. 129151). London: Karnac.
Sievers, B. (2014), It is difficult to think in the slammer: a Social Photo-Matrix in a penal
institution. In K. Kenny and M. Fotaki (eds.), The Psychosocial and Organization Studies: Affect
at Work (pp. 129157). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Social Dream-Drawing Transcript (2009), Santiago, Chile. 2 November.
Taylor, A. (2012), Forward re: positioning drawing. In S. Garner (ed.), Writing on Drawing:
Essays on Drawing Practice and Research (pp. 911). Bristol: Intellect.
168 Uellendahl, K. (2014), Was hat es gebracht? Versuch eines Resumees. In B. Sievers (ed.),
Hier drinnen sind irgendwie alle Tren zu. Eine Soziale Photo-Matrix in einer
Justizvollzugsanstalt (pp. 125135). Mnster: Agenda Verlag.
Vince, R. , and Broussine, M. (1996), Paradox, defense and attachment: accessing and working
with emotions and relations underlying organizational change. Organization Studies , 17: 121.
Walde, C. (1999), Dream interpretation in a prosperous age? In D. Shulman and G. G.
Stroumsa (eds.), Dream Cultures: Explorations in the Comparative History of Dreaming (pp.
121142). New York: Oxford University Press.
Winnicott, D. W. (1953), Transitional objects and transitional phenomena: a study of the first
not-me possession. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 3: 8997. [Reprinted in Playing
and Reality (pp. 125). London: Routledge, 1991.]

Is it a bird? Is it a plane?
Bion, W. R. (1959), Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 40: 308315.
[Reprinted in Bion, W. R. (1967), Second Thoughts (pp. 93109). London: Heinemann; and in
Elizabeth Bott Spillius (1988), Melanie Klein Today, Volume 1. London: Routledge.]
Bion, W. R. (1962), Learning from Experience . London: Heinemann.
Bion, W. R. (1970), Attention and Interpretation . London: Tavistock.
Bloomfield, N. (dir.) (2005), Fetishes . DVD. London: HBO.
Breuer, J. , and Freud, S. (1893), On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena. The
Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud , Volume 2: 317. London: Hogarth.
Briggs, S. (1997), Growth and Risk in Infancy . London: Jessica Kingsley.
Burks, A. W. (1946), Pierces theory of abduction. Philosophy of Science , 13: 301306.
Darwin, C. (1872), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . London: John Murray.
Freud, S. (1900), The Interpretation of Dreams. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of
Sigmund Freud , Volumes 45. London: Hogarth.
Havsteen-Franklin, D. (2016), When is a metaphor?: Art psychotherapy and the formation of the
creative relationship metaphor. PhD thesis, University of Essex. Available at Ethos, British
Library, http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.695085
182 Hinshelwood, R. D. (2008), Repression and splitting: towards a method of conceptual
comparison. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 89: 503521.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2016), Research on the Couch: Subjectivity, Single Case Studies and
Psychoanalytic Knowledge . London: Routledge.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000), Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free
Association, Narrative and the Interview Method . London: Sage.
Holmes, J. T. (2014). Countertransference in qualitative research: a critical appraisal.
Qualitative Research , 14(2): 166183.
Jaques, E. (1955), Social systems as a defence against persecutory and depressive anxiety. In
M. Klein , P. Heimann , and R. Money-Kyrle (eds.), New Directions in Psycho-Analysis (pp.
478498). London: Tavistock.
Klein, M. (1935), A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states. International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 16: 145174. [Republished in The Writings of Melanie Klein,
Volume 1 (pp. 262289). London: Hogarth, 1975.]
Klein, M. (1946), Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
, 27: 99110. [Republished in The Writings of Melanie Klein, Volume 3, Envy and Gratitude (pp.
124). London: Hogarth, 1975.]
Kvale, S. (1996), InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing . London:
Sage.
Menzies Lyth, I. (1959), The functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety: a report
on a study of the nursing service of a general hospital. Human Relations, 13: 95121.
[Republished in I. E. P. Menzies, Containing Anxiety in Institutions. London: Free Association
Books, 1988; and in Trist and Murray (eds.), The Social Engagement of Social Science.
London: Free Association Books, 1990.]
Vonofakos, D. (2009), Differentiating anxiety, defence and work-related functioning in the
psychodynamics of social systems: observing the unconscious cultures of psychiatric
organisations. PhD thesis, University of Essex. Available at Ethos, British Library, 1867.
Walker, G. P. (2018), Masochism as container. PhD thesis in preparation, University of Essex.

Comparative analysis of overlapping psychoanalytic concepts using

operationalization
Abram, J. , and Hinshelwood, R. D. (2018), The Clinical Paradigms of Melanie Klein and Donald
Winnicott: Comparisons and Dialogues . New York: Routledge.
Bion, W. R. (1959), Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 40: 308315.
Bion, W. R. (1962a), The psycho-analytic study of thinking. International Journal of Psycho-
Analysis , 43: 306310.
Bion, W. R. (1962b), Learning from Experience . London: Maresfield Library.
Bion, W. R. (2005), The Italian Seminars . London: Karnac.
195 Britton, R. (1989), The missing link: parental sexuality in the Oedipus complex. In R. Britton
, M. Feldman , and E. OShaugnessy (eds.), The Oedipus Complex Today: Clinical Implications
(pp. 1150). London: Karnac Books.
Britton, R. (2008). He thinks himself impaired: the pathologically envious personality. In P. Roth
and A. Lemma (eds.), Envy and Gratitude Revisited . London: Karnac.
Feldman, M. (2008), Envy and the negative therapeutic reaction. In P. Roth and L. Alessandra
(eds.), Envy and Gratitude Revisited . London: Karnac.
Freud, S. (1917), Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. The Standard Edition of the
Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , Volume 16: 241463. London: Hogarth.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1991), A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought , 2nd edn. London: Free
Association Books.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2008), Repression and splitting: towards a method of conceptual
comparison. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 89: 503505.
Hinshelwood, R. D. , and Skogstad, W. (2000), Observing Organisations: Anxiety, Defence and
Culture in Health Care . Hove and New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Joffe, W. (1969), A critical review of the status of the envy concept. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis , 50: 533545.
Joseph, B. (1986), Envy in everyday life. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , 2: 1322.
Kernberg, O. (1980), The Internal World and External Reality . New York: Jason Aronson.
Klein, M. (1946), Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
, 27: 99110.
Klein, M. (1957), Envy and gratitude. In Envy and Gratitude, and Other Works, 19461963 (pp.
176236). London: Hogarth Press.
Ogden, T. (1979), On projective identification. Internationa Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 60:
357373.
Ogden, T. (1986), The Matrix and the Mind: Object Relations and the Psychoanalytic Dialogue .
London: Karnac.
Polmear, C. (2008), An independent response to envy and gratitude. In P. Roth and A. Lemma
(eds.), Envy and Gratitude Revisited . London: Karnac.
Racker, H. (1960), A study of some early conflicts through their return in the patients relation
with the interpretation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 41: 4758.
Rosenfeld, H. (1971), A clinical approach to the psychoanalytic theory of the life and death
instincts: an investigation into the aggressive aspects of narcissism. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis , 52: 169178.
Roth, P. , and Lemma, A. (2008), Envy and Gratitude Revisited . London: Karnac.
Segal, H. (1962), The curative factors in psycho-analysis. International Journal of Psycho-
Analysis , 43: 212217.
Segal, H. (1993), On the clinical usefulness of the concept of death instinct. International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 74: 5561.
Segal, H. (1998), The importance of symbol-formation in the development of the ego in context.
Journal of Child Psychotherapy , 24: 349357.
Spillius, E. (1993), Varieties of envious experience. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis ,
74: 11991212.
Steiner, J. (2008), The repetition compulsion, envy and the death instinct. In A. Lemma and P.
Roth (eds.), Envy and Gratitude Revisited . London: Karnac.
Thom, H. , and Kchele, H. (2007), Comparative psychoanalysis on the basis form of treatment
report. Psychoanalytic Enquiry , 27(5): 650689.
196 Tuckett, D. (2008), Psychoanalysis Comparable and Incomparable: The Evolution of a
Method to Describe and Compare Psychoanalytic Approaches . Hove and New York:
Routledge.
Urwin, C. (2007), Doing infant observation differently? Researching the formation of mothering
identities in an inner London borough. Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant
Observation and its Applications , 10(3): 239251.
Vonofakos, D. (2009), Differentiating anxiety, defence and work-related functioning in the
psychodynamics of social systems: observing the unconscious cultures of psychiatric
organisations. University of Essex, unpublished PhD thesis.
Winnicott, D. (1959), Melanie Klein: on her concept of envy. In C. Winnicott , R. Shepherd , and
M. Davis (eds.), Psycho-Analytic Explorations . London: Karnac, 1989.

Psychoanalysis in narrative research

Andrews, M., Day Sclater, S., Squire, C., and Treacher, A. (eds.) (2000), Lines of Narrative:
Psychosocial Perspectives . London: Routledge.
Austed, L. (ed.) (2012), Psychoanalysis and Politics . London: Karnac.
Blackman, L. , and Venn, C. (eds.) (2010), Special Issue: Affect. Body and Society , 16(1).
Butler, J. (2005), Giving an Account of Oneself . New York: Fordham University Press.
Davies, B. , and Harr, R. (1990), Positioning: the discursive production of selves. Journal for the
Theory of Social Behaviour , 20: 4363.
Davies, J. E. (2011), Cultural dimensions of intersubjectivity: negotiating sameness and
otherness in the analytic relationship. Psychoanalytic Psychology , 28(4): 549559.
Emerson, P. , and Frosh, S. (2004), Critical Narrative Analysis in Psychology: A Guide to
Practice . London: Palgrave.
Freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , Volume XII: The Case of Schreber, Papers on
Technique, and Other Works: 97108. London: Hogarth.
Frosh, S. (1997), For and Against Psychoanalysis . London: Routledge.
Frosh, S. (2010), Psychoanalysis Outside the Clinic . London: Palgrave.
Frosh, S. (2012), A Brief Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory . London: Palgrave.
Frosh, S. (2013), Psychoanalysis, colonialism, racism. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical
Psychology , 33(3): 141154.
Frosh, S. , and Baraitser, L. (2008), Psychoanalysis and psychosocial studies. Psychoanalysis,
Culture and Society , 13: 346365.
Gee, J. P. (1991), A linguistic approach to narrative. Journal of Narrative and Life History , 1(1):
1539.
Gough, B. (2004), Psychoanalysis as a resource for understanding emotional ruptures in the
text: the case of defensive masculinities. British Journal of Social Psychology , 43: 245267.
Hollway, W. (2010), Conflict in the transitions to becoming a mother: a psycho-social approach.
Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15: 136155.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2005), Panic and perjury: a psychosocial exploration of agency.
British Journal of Social Psychology , 44: 147163.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2013), Doing Qualitative Research Differently (second edition).
London: Sage.
Kingsbury, P. (2007), Psychoanalytic approaches. In J. Duncan , N. Johnson , and R. Schein
(eds.), A Companion to Cultural Geography . Oxford: Blackwell.
Laplanche, J. (1997), The theory of seduction and the problem of the other. International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 78: 653666.
Nobus, D. , and Quinn, M. (2005), Knowing Nothing, Staying Stupid: Elements for a
Psychoanalytic Epistemology . London: Routledge.
Parker, I. (2005), Lacanian discourse analysis in psychology: seven theoretical elements.
Theory and Psychology , 15: 163182.
Parker, I. (2010), Psychosocial studies: Lacanian discourse analysis negotiating interview text.
Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15(2): 156172.
Potter, J. , and Wetherell, M. (1987), Discourse and Social Psychology . London: Sage.
Riessman, C. (2003), Performing identities in illness narratives: masculinity and multiple
sclerosis. Qualitative Research , 31(1),533.
Riessman, C. (2008), Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences . London: Sage.
210 Roseneil, S. (2006), The ambivalences of Angels arrangement: a psycho-social lens on the
contemporary condition of personal life. The Sociological Review , 54(4): 846868.
Saville Young, L. (2014), Becoming other to oneself: misreading the researcher through
Lacanian discourse analysis. In I. Parker and D. Pavon-Cuellar (eds.), Lacan, Discourse, Event:
New Psychoanalytic Approaches to Textual Indeterminacy (pp. 279290). London: Routledge.
Saville Young, L. , and Jearey-Graham, N. (2015), Theyre gonna come and corrupt our
children: a psychosocial reading of South African xenophobia. Psychoanalysis, Culture and
Society , 20(4): 395413.
Turkle, S. (2004), Whither psychoanalysis in computer culture? Psychoanalytic Psychology ,
21(1): 1630.
Weinberg, H. (2007), So, what is this social unconscious anyway? Group Analysis , 40: 307322.
Wetherell, M. (2012), Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding . London:
Sage.

Researching dated, situated, defended, and deciding/evolving

subjectivities by biographic-narrative interview
1
Bar-On, D. (1995), Fear and Hope: Three Generations of the Holocaust . London: Harvard
University Press.
Bhaskar, R. (1998), The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary
Social Sciences , 3rd edition. London: Routledge.
Bollas, C. (2008), The Evocative Object World . London: Taylor and Francis.
Carpenter, P. (2002), Learning from Our Mistakes: Beyond Dogma in Psychoanalysis and
Psychotherapy . Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
Froggett, L. , and Wengraf. T. (2004), Interpreting interviews in the light of research team
dynamics. Critical Psychology , vol. 10: Psychosocial Research (pp. 93121). London: Lawrence
and Wishart.
Graham, J. (2010), Full of empty promises? Exploring what drug use achieves for the individual
. PhD thesis, University of Central Lancashire.
Hollander, N. (2010), Uprooted Minds: Surviving the Politics of Terror in the Americas
Psychoanalysis, History, Memoir . New York: Routledge.
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2013), Doing Qualitative Research Differently , 2nd edition.
London: Sage.
Lertzman. R. (2013), The myth of apathy: psychoanalytic explorations of environmental
subjectivity. In S. Weintrobe (ed.), Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and
Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 117132). London: Routledge.
238 Moen, K. (2018), Death at Work: An Interpretation of Biographical Work of Professionals in
End-of-Life Care . London: Palgrave.
Nicholson, C. , Meyer, J. , Flatley, M. , and Holman, C. (2012), The experience of living at home
with frailty in old age: a psychosocial qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies ,
50(9): 11721179.
Ogden, T. (2008), Rediscovering Psychoanalysis: Thinking and Dreaming, Learning and
Forgetting . London: Routledge.
Rosenthal, G. (ed.) (1998), The Holocaust in Three Generations: Families of Victims and
Perpetrators of the Nazi Regime . London: Cassell.
Russell, K. (2015), Psychosocial Concerns and Individual Anxieties for Fathers with Testicular
Cancer . Professional doctorate, University of East London.
Spence, D. (1982), Narrative Truth and Historical Truth: Meaning and Interpretation in
Psychoanalysis . New York: Norton.
Turner, D. (2015), Telling the story: what can be learned from parents experience of the
professional response following the sudden unexpected death of a child. PhD thesis, University
of Sussex. [Published by Palgrave, 2017.]
Turner, D. (2016), Research you cannot talk about: a personal account of researching sudden
unexpected child death. Illness, Crisis and Loss , 24(2): 7387.
Wengraf, T. (2001), Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-
Structured Method. London: Sage Publications, chapters 6 and 12, particularly on BNIM.
Wengraf, T. (2011), Can psychoanalysts think about the psycho-societal? Journal of Psycho-
Social Studies , 5(1): 184195.
Wengraf, T. , with Chamberlayne, P. (2013), Biography-using research (BNIM), Sostris,
institutional regimes and critical psychosocietal realism. In J. Turk and A. Mrozowicki (eds.),
Realist Biography and European Policy (pp. 6392). Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Wengraf, T. (2017), BNIM Short Guide bound with BNIM Detailed Manuals .
Wengraf, T. (2017), BNIM Quick Outline Sketch .
Constantly updated: current versions always available from [email protected]
Wilkinson, K. , Tomlinson J. , and Gardiner, J. (2017), Exploring the worklife challenges and
dilemmas faced by managers and professionals who live alone. Work, Employment and Society
, 31(4): 640656.
Zwerman, G. (2014), Persona: psychodynamic and sociological dimensions of a project on US
activism and political violence. In L. Chancer and J. Andrews (eds.), The Unhappy Divorce of
Sociology and Psychoanalysis: Diverse Perspectives on the Psychosocial (pp. 239265).
London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Psychoanalytic ethnography
Andersen, L. L. (2003a). When the unconscious joins the game: A psychoanalytic perspective
on modernization and change. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung , 4 (3), 113.
Andersen, L. L. (2005a). The long gone promise of social work: Ambivalence and
individualisation in social services administration. Journal of Social Work Practice , 19 (1), 7386.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530500071985
Andersen, L. L. (2012). Interaction, transference, and subjectivity: A psychoanalytic approach to
fieldwork. Journal of Research Practice , 8 (2),Article M3, 1-13.
Andersen, L. L. (2013). Inner and outer life at work. The roots and horizon of psychoanalytically
informed work life research. Historical Social Research-Historische Sozialforschung , 38 (2),
124139.
Andersen, L. L. (2015). Micro-processes of collaborative innovation in Danish welfare settings: a
psychosocial approach to learning and performance. In Collaborative Governance and Public
Innovation in Northern Europe (pp. 249268). Bentham EBooks.
Andersen, L. L. (2016). A psycho-societal perspective on neoliberal welfare services in
Denmark: Identification and ambivalence. Journal of Psycho-Social Studies Volume , 9 (1),
94109.
Andersen, L. L. , and Dybbroe, B. (2011). The psycho-societal in social and health care:
Implications for inquiry, practice and learning in welfare settings. Journal of Social Work
Practice , 25 (3), 261269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2011.597190
Andersen, L. L. , and Dybbroe, B. (2017). Introspection as intra-professionalism in social and
health care. Journal of Social Work Practice , 31 (1), 2135.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2016.1142952
Becker-Schmidt, R. , and Knapp, G. A. (1987). Geschlechtertrennerung - Geschlechterdifferenz.
Suchbewegungen sozialen Lernens . Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft GmbH.
Becker-Schmidt, R. , and Knapp, G. A. (1994). Det er ikke os der har minutterne - det er
minutterne, der har os. ( B. S. Nielsen , K. Weber , and H. Salling Olesen , Eds.), Arbejde og
subjektivitet. En antologi om arbejde, kn og erfaring . Viborg: Erhvervs- og
voksenuddannelsesgruppen, Roskilde Universitetscenter.
Britzman, D. P. (2010). Freud and education . London: Routledge.
Britzman, D. P. (2012). What is the use of theory? A psychoanalytic discussion. Changing
English , 19 (1), 4356. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358684X.2012.649143
Britzman, D. P. (2013). Between Psychoanalysis and Pedagogy: Scenes of Rapprochement
and Alienation. Curriculum Inquiry , 43 (1), 95117. https://doi.org/10.1111/curi.12007
254 Brown, J. (2006). Reflexivity in the research process: psychoanalytic observations.
International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 9 (3), 181197.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570600652776
Cargill, K. (2006). Off the couch and onto the streets: toward an ethnographic psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society , 11 (1), 99105.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pcs.2100073
Corin, E. (2012). Commentary: Interdisciplinary dialogue: a site of estrangement. Ethos , 41 (1),
104112.
Devereux, G. (1967). From anxiety to method in the behavioral sciences (Vol. 3). Walter de
Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Erdheim, M. , and Nadig, M. (1991). Ethnopsychoanalyse. Ethnopsychoanalyse , 2 , 187201.
Freud, A. (1993). The ego and the mechanisms of defence (1937th ed.). Karnac Books.
Friedman, L. , and Samberg, E. (1994). Richard Sterbas (1934) The fate of the ego in analytic
therapy. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 42 (3), 863873.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000306519404200310
Froggett, L. , and Briggs, S. (2012). Practice-near and practice-distant methods in human
services research. Journal of Research Practice , 8 (2), 117.
Froggett, L. , Ramvi, E. , and Davies, L. (2015). Thinking from experience in psychosocial
practice: reclaiming and teaching use of self. Journal of Social Work Practice , 29 (2), 133150.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2014.923389
Gammeltoft, T. M. , and Segal, L. B. (2016). Anthropology and psychoanalysis: explorations at
the edges of culture and consciousness. Ethos , 44 (4), 399410.
https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12138
Hollway, W. (2011). Psycho-social writing from data. Journal of Psycho-Social Studies , 4 (2),
110. Retrieved from http://hls.uwe.ac.uk/research/current-volume.aspx
Hollway, W. , and Jefferson, T. (2000). Doing qualitative research differently: Free association,
narrative and the interview method . Sage.
Hunt, J. C. (1989). Psychoanalytic aspects of fieldwork. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Kenny, K. , and Gilmore, S. (2014). From research reflectivity to research affectivity:
ethnographic research in organizations. In M. Kenny , K., & Fotaki (Ed.), The psychosocial and
organization studies: Affect at work . (pp. 130158). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leithuser, T. (1976). Formen des Alltagsbewusstseins . Frankfurt: Campus.
Leithuser, T. , Meyerhuber, S. , & Schottmayer, M. (2009). Sozialpsychologisches
Organisationsverstehen . Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fr Sozialwissenschaften.
Leithuser, T. , and Volmerg, B. (1988). Psychoanalyse in der Socialforschung. Eine Einfhrung
am Beispiel einer Socialpsychologie der Arbeit . Westdeutscher Verlag.
Nadig, M. (1986). Die verborgene Kultur der Frau. Ethnopsychoanalytische Gesprche Mit
Buerinnen in Mexiko. Frankfurt Am Main .
Nadig, M. (2000). Interkulturalitt im Proze. Ethnopsychoanalyse und Feldforschung als
methodischer und theoretischer bergangsraum. In L.-B. M. Lahme-Gronostaj H. (Ed.), Identitt
und Differenz. Beitrge zur psychologischen Forschung (pp. 87101). VS Verlag fr
Sozialwissenschaften.
Nadig, M. , and Hegener, W. (2013). Hegener Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum :
Qualitative Social Konstruktionen sind im aktiven Handeln entstanden, und wir sind nicht nur
Opfer, die von der herrschenden Kultur, die sich globalisiert, erschlagen und zu etwas
Farblosem geklont, 5 (3), 110.
255 Redman, P. , Bereswill, M. , and Morgenroth, C. (2010). Special issue on Alfred Lorenzer:
Introduction. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 15 (3), 213220.
https://doi.org/10.1057/pcs.2010.15
Rubin, L. B. (1985). Worlds of pain. In James M. Henslin (ed.), Marriage and family in a
changing society. New York: Free Press .
Sterba, R. (1934). The fate of the ego in analytic therapy. PEB Web: The International Journal
of Psychoanalysis , 15 , 117126.
Sturm, G. , Nadig, M. , and Moro, M. R. (2010a). Current developments in French
ethnopsychoanalysis. Transcultural Psychiatry , 48 (3), 205227.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461511402868
Sturm, G. , Nadig, M. , and Moro, M. R. (2010b). Writing therapiesAn ethnographic approach to
transcultural therapies. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research ,
Art. 1, 11 (3).
Tietel, E. (1994). Institutionelle bertragung und institutionelle Gegenbertragung als methodische
Aspekte des Verstndnisses latenter Prozesse in Organisationen. Arbejde og teknik: kultur og
bevidsthed , 4457.
Tietel, E. (2000). The interview as a relational space. In Forum Qualitative
Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol.1).
Tietel, E. (2002). Triangular spaces and social skins in Organisations.
http://psydok.psycharchives.de/jspui/handle/20.500.11780/375
Wellendorf, F. (1986). Supervision als Institutionsanalyse. In H. Phl & W. Schmidbauer (Eds.),
Supervision und Psychoanalyse - Selbstreflexion der helfenden Berufe . Fischer Taschenbuch
Verlag.
Wellendorf, F. (1996). Der Psychoanalytiker als Grenzgnger. Journal Fr Psychologie , 4 (4),
7991.

Conclusion
Froggett, L. , Manley, J. , and Roy, A. (2015), The visual matrix method: imagery and affect in a
group-based research setting. Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 16(3).
Liveng, A. , et al. (2017), Imagining transitions in old age through the visual matrix method:
thinking about what is hard to bear. Journal of Social Work Practice , 31(2): 155170.
Manley, J. , and Roy, A. (2016), The visual matrix: a psycho-social method for discovering
unspoken complexities in social care practice. Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society , 22(2):
132153.