Sewage

Sequential
Batch
Reactor

Moving Bed
Bio Reactor
 H H Evaporation
O
Gas

Floating
Dissolved

Suspended
Inter Molecular
Inorganic Organic Space
Colloidal
Ionic, Na+Cl-
Non Ionic, SiO2 Sediment

Dead, BOD, COD, TOC etc.

Live, Bacteria, Virus etc.
 A Good water Doctor
RAW SEWAGE & TREATED SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Parameters Unit INLET OUTLET
pH -- 6-8.5 7.0 to 8.0
BOD5 mg/l 180-225 < 10
COD mg/l 400-550 < 150
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS mg/l 250 - 400 < 10
FAECAL COLIFORM mpn/100 ml 10 7 < 100
TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (AS N) mg/l 45 < 10
AMMONICAL NITROGEN (AS N) mg/l 10 <5
TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS mg/l 5 <2
Pollutant : and removal
pH TSS, colloids Metal TDS

• Neutral. • Sediment. • Chemical precipit. • Evaporation

• Flotation • Ion exchange • RO
• filtration

COD, BOD Nitrogen Phosphor. Coliforms

• Chemical treatment • Biological • Chemical precipit. • Biological

• Biological treatment • Biological Treatment
treatment • Stripping treatment • Oxidation
• Tertiary treatment • Disinfection
• Evaporation.
Technology Map
1 Pre-treatment 2 Secondary 3 Solids 4 Polishing
Screening/Clarifier Treatment Separation Adsorption
Clarification
Chemical treatment Biological Filtration/
Anaerobic Treatment Flottation membrane
Neutralization
UASB,
Oxidation
Air Flottation Aerobic Treatment Disk Filter
Liquid-Liquid Activated Sludge, SBR, Désinfection
Trickling filter, MBBR, Membranes
Extraction
MBR
Treated Effluent
Thermal
Or
High Efficiency Water for Reuse
Evaporators 5
VOC & Odour
control

Scrubbers
Airfilters (
6 Sludge
Activated Carbon

Dewatering + Drying
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic treatment
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
100% organic carbon 100% organic carbon

O2 X O2 (no aeration)

70-80% CO2 70-80% biogas (CH4

+ CO2)
20-30% sludge 5% sludge

1% 15-25%
in outlet in outlet
Why biological treatment?

• Because it is the cheapest OPEX and CAPEX

• Because most wastewaters can be treated

biologically
Biological treatment: what for ?

• Reduce soluble organic carbon (COD, BOD5)

• Coagulate non settle able colloids,

• Remove nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous)

• Stabilise organic matter (microorganisms)

Biological treatment: how ?
1. Biodegradation. Bacteria « eat » the pollution (C5H7NO2 : New Cell
Tissue)

2. Separation. Treated water is separated from the purifying bacteria (e.g. By

sedimentation/Floatation or Filtration)
Microorganisms nutritional requirements
To reproduce and function properly organisms need:

Energy

Carbon

Nutrients
Carbon source
2 main sources of cell carbon for microorganisms

Carbon
source

Organic Inorganic
COD CO2

Heterotrophic Autotrophic
bacteria bacteria
Energy source
2 main sources of energy (chemical reaction)

Energy
source

Heterotrophic Autotrophic
bacteria bacteria

COD NH4
oxidation oxidation
Nutrients
Nutrients are essential for cell synthesis and growth.
They can be lacking in industrial wastewaters. Their addition is then
required for proper treatment.

• Nitrogen, Phosphorous

• S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl

• Zn, Mn, Mo, Se, Co, Cu, Ni, etc.

3 major types of metabolisms

• Bacteria use Oxygen gas (O2)

AEROBIC

• Bacteria use nitrates (NO3) for oxygen

ANOXIC

• Bacteria operate without any oxygen

ANAEROBIC
Microorganisms in biological treatment
Ø Biological treatments use
thousands of microorganisms
species from different groups
Bacteria

Protozoa
Biological reactor
= Complex
ecosystem

Fungi &
Rotifers
Algae
 Biological treatment process

Controlling the environment required for optimum

growth of the microorganisms involved

Major Biological Processes

• Aerobic (BOD,COD, NH4)

• Anoxic (NO3)
3 Major
types • Anaerobic (BOD, COD)

• Suspended growth (Act. Sludge / SBR)

2 modes of • Attached growth systems (MBBR)
growth
Quantity of bacteria
• Biomass estimation through MLSS and MLVSS

• MLSS: Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid

• Takes into account all suspended solids making up the sludge: living biomass, cell
decay, mineral sludge

• MLVSS: Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid

• Takes into account the organic fraction of the sludge

MLVSS is an indicator of the active biomass

A biological design parameter: F/M ratio
• F/M = Food/Microorganisms ratio (kgBOD5/kgMLVSS.day)

The more people eating, the less leftovers

Lower F/M à higher pollution removal
Biological Aerobic Solutions
Moving Bed Biofilm
Activated Reactor Sequential Batch
sludge Reactor

Membrane
Bio Reactor
 Sewage Treatment
expectations
ASSUMPTIONS EXPECTATIONS

Compact Plants – Should occupy Minimum Space.

Should have less O&M Cost
Should have less Manpower requirement
No Odor Nuisance.
Flexibility for future Expansion
Minimal Sludge Handling.
Easy To Use & Operate.
TREATMENT STAGES
SEWAGE

For Removal Of Physical Treatment

PRIMARY
Floating material Screening, Grit Removal
TREATMENT
and Grit etc.

For Reduction Of SEC. Biological Treatment

BOD, COD etc. TREATMENT

DISINFECTION DISPOSAL

Polishing Units TERTIARY

Dual Media Filter TREATMENT
Activated Carbon Filter

RECYCLE
 TREATMENT STAGES
PRIMARY TREATMENT – UNITS & ITS ROLE
COARSE SCREENS To trap floating material from sewage, designed on the basis of velocity of sewage

RECEIVING SUMP To facilitate the sewage pumps, designed for 10-15 minutes retention at peak flow

RAW SEWAGE PUMPS For transferring sewage from sump to above ground unit designed for peak flow conditions

STILLING CHAMBER To eliminate pressure for reduction of velocity of pumped sewage, volume is normally of 1 minute
retention at peak flow

FINE SCREENS Provided after stilling chambers to trap fine floating material from sewage pumped by the pumps.
 PRIMARY TREATMENT – UNITS & ITS ROLE

GRIT CHAMBER For removal of grits presents in the sewage, designed on the basis of overflow rate.

OIL & GREASE REMOVAL It is necessary to remove free floating oil & grease from sewage before biological reaction as it
creates layer over media and surface of sewage which reduces oxygen transfer efficiency and surface
of media for bacteria. Location of this chamber is subject to the scheme which we consider.

EQUALISATION TANK To dampen the effluent flow variation and to ensure desired treatment efficiency of the down line
system, air is provided in this tank to keep sewage in mixed form to obtain homogeneous
characteristic. Designed on peak factor and duration of sewage generation

SECOND STAGE PUMPING For transferring of sewage from Equalisation tank to process rector at average flow
 SECONDARY TREATMENT

MBBR PROCESS In MBBR, two reactors are provided in series to achieved desired treatment efficiency.

Volume & Media quantity is calculated on the basis of BOD load.

TUBE SETTLER It is clarifier with PVC tubes, which are provided to increase settling velocity of sludge. It is provided
to separate sludge produced during bio-degradation from treated sewage.

SBR PROCESS In SBR technology single tank is used and sewage is pumped in batches to the tank and sludge is also
removed from same tank during settling process.
 DISINFECTION
CHLORINATION Treated sewage need to be disinfected to kill the pathogens / E-Coli coliforms before disposal or before
feeding to the tertiary treatment plant

Sewage coming out from Tube settler / Decanted from SBR is collected in RCC tank, where chlorine in
the form of Sodium Hypo Chlorite is dosed @ 3-4 mg/l, to achieved desired results.

From this tank the treated sewage can be disposed of in surface water bodies or can be pumped to
tertiary treatment unit, if required.

ULTRAVOILET LIGHTS This is an option available as replacement of Chlorination but drawback is regeneration of bacteria if
water will be stagnant as not having any residual things like in chlorine

OZONATION This option is also available but yet not popular

 TERTIARY TREATMENT

DUAL MEDIA FILTER It is used to reduce level of suspended solids present in the treated sewage.

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER It removes color and odour from the sewage

NEXT LEVEL TREATMENT ULTRAFILTERATION – For reuse treated sewage in toilet flushing, cooling tower makeup, MT
wash or equivalent secondary applications.

TREATED WATER TANK Maximum of 4 hour retention can be considered, beyond that aeration and chlorination should
be considered.
 SLUDGE MANAGEMENT – STORAGE & DEWATERING
SLUDGE HOLDING TANK Digested sludge coming out from bottom of the tube settler is collected in this tack to facilitate the
pumps in case mechanical dewatering unit considered for dewatering of sludge.

SLUDGE THICKENER In higher capacity plant to reduce the sludge volume its thickened from 1% concentration to 3%
solid concentration by sludge thickener, it alos reduced the size of dewatering equipment

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS In small capacity plant, this is ideal solution for sludge dewatering through percolation and
evaporation. In this case Sludge Holding tank is not required

MECHANICAL - For moderate capacity plant filter press can be considered, however the operation of filter press is
FILTER PRESS tedious.

CENTRIFUGE This is used in medium and big capacity plants, operation is continuous and having good efficiency.

SUGGESTION Sludge drying beds (SDB) should also be provided for emergency . It can be for
25% of the sludge generated.
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES
• Stabilization Ponds

• Anaerobic Systems

• Aerobic Processes

• Suspended Growth : (ASP & Variants)

• Attached Growth Processes

• Trickling Filter
• SAFF
• Moving Bed Bio Reactor

• Sequential Batch Reactor

EXTENDED AERATION PROCESS
AERATORS
AFTER
PRIMARY
TMT. TREATED
F/M ? M.L.S.S. ? SETTLING EFFLUENT
DISSOLVED OXYGEN ? TANK

AERATION TANK

RECYCLED SLUDGE % ?

RECYCLED SLUDGE
F/M : FOOD TO MICRO-ORGANISM RATIO
M.L.S.S. : MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS SLUDGE FOR TREATMENT /
DISPOSAL

PUMPING COST
 PREFERRED TECHNOLOGIES
FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT

— Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR) -Most popular and

widely used for small & medium capacity plants

—Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) – Mostly used for large

capacity plants.
 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)

FLEXIBILITY
u Increase capacity by filling in
more media RELIABILITY
u Easy to create multi-stage u Simple operation
systems with specialized u No sludge bulking problems
micro-organisms Based on biofilm principle,
micro-organisms grow on the
surface plastic carriers
ROBUSTNESS
COMPACTNESS u Tolerates variations and
disturbances
u Biological conversion and
u Toxicity resistant
separation optimised separately
u Easily be installed in existing
tanks or basins
TREATMENT SCHEME – IL UPTO 2.5 m

RAW SEWAGE FINE BAR O&G REMOVAL EQUALISATION

SCREEN CHAMBER TANK
Pump
HYPO
AIR BLOWER
Pump
DMF
ACF

CHLORINE CONTACT TUBE ANOXIC

MBBR - 2 MBBR - 1
cum FILTER FEED TANK SETTLER TANK

TREATED
WATER TANK Pump

SCREW
PRESS
SLUDGE
ARBORIC
ULTURE

SUMP Pump

Nurturing The Mother Nature

 TREATMENT SCHEME – BEYOND 2.5 m IL

Pump STILLING FINE BAR GRIT O&G EQUALISATION

COARSE

SCREEN

CHMABER SCREEN CHMABER CHMABER

BAR

TANK
SEWAGE SUMP
AIR BLOWER
HYPO Pump
Pump
DMF

CHLORINE
ACF

TUBE ANOXIC
CONTACT cum MBBR - 2 MBBR - 1
SETTLER TANK
FILTER FEED TANK

ARBORIC Pump
TREATED
WATER TANK ULTURE
SCREW
SLUDGE PRESS
SUMP
Pump

Nurturing The Mother Nature

ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MBBR

AIR INLET PIPING

RAW SEWAGE TREATED

SEWAGE

SPECIALLY DEVELOPED
CARRIER ELEMENTS

MEDIA RETAINING SIEVES

AIR DISTRIBUTION GRID

MBBR FEATURES

AIR
BUBBLES
V V V V V V V V

REACTOR WITHOUT REACTOR WITH

CARRIER ELEMENTS CARRIER ELEMENTS

ENHANCED OXYGEN TRANSFER

MBBR FEATURES

FB FB
REACTOR-I REACTOR-II

NO SLUDGE RECYCLING
 OUR SOP
SEWAGE
SEWAGE INLET
INLET
SEWAGE

AIR

SEWAGE AIR DISTRIBUTION

OUTLET GRID (Down ward face) V V V V

COUNTER CURRENT FLOW TO AVOID ANY SHORT CIRCUITING

 Key elements in the process

Aeration system

The oxygen transfer 99% Know How – 1% Plastic

rate is enhanced by
the biofilm carriers
PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE - MBBR

Parameters Inlet Disposal Arboriculture Toilet Flushing, etc.

pH 6.5 – 7.5 6.5 – 7.5 6.5 – 7.5 6.5 – 7.5

BOD 275 mg/l < 30 < 10 <5

COD 600 mg/l < 150 < 100 < 50

TSS 400 mg/l < 50 < 10 N.D.

O&G 10 mg/l < 10 < 10 <5

Coliform 106 - 107 mpn < 1000 < 100 N.D.

Nitrogen 40 – 60 mg/l < 10 < 10 < 10

 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

OPERATING HOURS Ensure continuous round the clock operation of plant i.e. Blower &
Pumps (Only moving parts)

DESLUDGING Ensure Auto de-sludge valve, provided at the bottom of Tube settler, is
working properly and draining sludge as required

CHLORINATION Ensure continuous and proper dosing of chlorine.

BACK WASH OF FILTERS Ensure daily back wash of filters for minimum one hour

CLEANING OF BAR Timely & regular removal of trapped floating material to avoid over flow
SCREENS of sewage.
 The SBR
wastewater treatment process
ideal for intermittent flows

Each wastewater treatment system is designed to meet the specific

requirements of each project. It is built in accordance with design criteria
supplied in the form of a technical specification or as required to meet
varying influent and effluent characteristics and flows.
 SBR PROCESS - TREATMENT STAGES
Primary Treatment (Stilling Chamber, Sewage
Collection
Raw Sewage Fine Bar Screen, Grit Removal , O&G equalization
sump
Removal)

Disposal Chlorination SBR Reactor

Arboriculture

Sludge Dewatering (Filter Press /

Sludge Centrifuge / Thickener cum belt filter
press)

Ultra Filtration Toilet Flushing & Other Sec

applications
SBR Sequences
SBR systems typically have the following sequences:

§ Fill
§ React (aerate/mix)
§ Settle

§ Decant
 Fill & React Sequence

INFLUENT IN

IN HIGH
POSITION

LOW WATER LEVEL

AERATION/MIXING ON
Settle Sequence

INFLUENT OFF

HIGH WATER LEVEL

IN HIGH
POSITION

AERATION OFF
Start of Decant Sequence

INFLUENT ON

HIGH WATER LEVEL START TO

LOWER

AERATION/MIXING OFF
End of Decant Sequence
INFLUENT ON

IN LOW
POSITION

LOW WATER LEVEL

EFFLUENT

AERATION/MIXING OFF
SBR Components
PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE -SBR

Parameters Inlet Arboriculture Toilet Flushing, etc.

pH 6.5 – 7.5 6.5 – 7.5 6.5 – 7.5

BOD 275 mg/l < 10 <5

COD 600 mg/l < 100 < 50

TSS 400 mg/l < 10 N.D.

O&G 10 mg/l < 10 <5

Coliform 106 - 107 mpn < 100 N.D.

Nitrogen 40 – 60 mg/l < 10 < 10

 Polishing
DISINFECTION
„ Destruction of bacteria, Tertiary
viruses and cysts
„ Chemical (Chlorine, ozone, Treatment
chlorine dioxide, etc.);
„ Sand filter, Carbon Filter, membranes
Physical (Ultraviolet light)
„ Ultra filtration
„ Reverse Osmosis
 ANCILLARY WORK REQUIRED

Ø Site development

Ø Building with toilet facility for operating staff & store room

Ø Uninterrupted power supply & area lighting

Ø Water supply for operating staff & for making the solution of chemicals

Ø Fencing with gate

Ø Approach road & internal path to access different civil units

Ø Area drainage

Ø Treated water disposal / reuse system