Indian Journal of Open Science Publications

Nutrition

Volume 6, Issue 3 - 2019

© Mohiuddin AK, et al. 2019
www.opensciencepublications.com

Fast Food Addiction: A Major Public Health Issue

Review Article
Mohiuddin AK* and Nasirullah M
Dr. M Nasirullah Memorial Trust, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Abdul Kader Mohiuddin, Dr M Nasirullah Memorial Trust, 44/1 Station Road, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215,
Bangladesh, Tel: +8802-9110553; E-mail: [email protected]
Article Information: Submission: 03/12/2019; Accepted: 30/12/2019; Published: 02/01/2020
Copyright: © 2019 Mohiuddin AK, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Fast food/Junk food is designed to be tasty, comforting and convenient. Unfortunately, whilst these foods contain lots of calories, they often have far lower
levels of fiber, water and minerals as compared to natural foods. Packaged food and snacks are also created specifically so that we get enough texture and
taste from each bite to tantalize our taste buds; but not enough to make us feel full. It’s evident that fast food feels good to eat and tempts us in many different
situations. Fast food first popularized in the 1970s in the United States, which has today the largest fast food industry in the world. As taste, time considerations,
convenience, and cost are major factors that contribute to an adolescent’s or young adult’s food choices, fast food restaurants serve as popular sites for their
meals eaten outside the home. Current approaches suggest that fast food restaurants should be required to clarify nutrition information such as energy and fat
content on their menu boards and on product packaging. This is important to help the consumer to make better food choices before purchasing. An adequate,
nutritious, and balanced diet is essential to maintain health for one’s lifetime. To achieve this healthy diet, fast food consumption should be limited.

Keywords: Morbidity and overweight; Obesity among children; Junk food; Stroke and heart diseases; Food induced neuro-degeneration; Carbonated
beverages; Red meat over-consumption; Food effects in fertility and sex drive; Artificial sweeteners and condensed milk

Introduction documented, repeated several times in newspapers, health bulletins,

journals and so on. New York city became the first jurisdiction in
Menus, as lists of prepared foods, provides origin of the food items
the US to require restaurant chains to post calorie information on
(Thai, Chinese, Continental), restaurant’s mission, chef’s philosophy
menus and menu boards [4]. However, the dark side of the fast food
of cooking, brief idea about food processing, special combo offers
consumption is not ended yet, some more are there to look forward.
along with their cost. The colorful menu or flyers attracts fast food
lovers to spend more and more in their favorite restaurants for both its Obesity
decadent yumminess and its ultra-convenience. High income, rapid
Most of the fast food contains a large amount of sugar, fats and
urbanization, free home deliveries, mouthwatering advertisements
carbs and less minerals and vitamins. This means that people are
and international cuisines have contributed to a rising trend in
taking in large amounts of unhealthy calories in the shape of fast food
increased junk food intake. Calculation of monetary cost gets more
which leads to weight gain and ultimately obesity. In a Brazilian study,
priorities than the actual hidden health costs, as usual. The growing
widespread use of fast food among adolescents and young adults is several products were identified as obesogenic: sweets and sugar,
of concern due to the high fat and energy intake, which may cause typical rich food dishes, pastries, fast food, oils, milk, cereals, cakes and
obesity and subsequently obesity-related chronic diseases. The added sauces [5]. Obesity is linked to several long-term health conditions,
fat, sugar, and salt create a taste that makes people crave these foods, a premature death and illness including diabetes, heart disease, stroke,
sensation that many describe as an addiction. Increase in the junk food gall bladder disease, fatty liver, arthritis and joint disorders and some
consumption is a global phenomenon having a prevalence of around cancers [6]. In a newspaper interview, Professor AK Azad Khan,
70% [1]. US fast-food sales increased exponentially between 1970 and President, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh said 40% school
2000, from $6 billion to $110 billion [2]. During this time, obesity going children of Dhaka city were either obese or overweight [7].
rates among US adults doubled and it is expected that 85% of US A community level cross-sectional study in Bangladesh, Hossain et
citizens will be affected by obesity by 2030 [3]. The real-life cost of fast al. 2019 reported that nearly 65% of the mothers of preschool aged
foods in terms of obesity, diabetes and cardiac complications are well children were not aware of childhood obesity as a health problem [8].

01 ISSN: 2395-2326
INDIAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Mohiuddin AK, et al
Fast food consumption habit has been found as a potential risk factor community-based study. Accessibility to fast food restaurants may
for overweight and/or obesity among children in other studies [9,10]. be one pathway by which neighborhood disadvantage contributes to
Also, Al Muktadir et al. 2019 reported that (systematic random atherosclerosis [21]. Interestingly, living farther away from a fast food
sampling attending in 27 established public and private universities) restaurant was found to be associated with lower BMI for children, as
more than 40% of the youth went to fast food restaurants at least once reported by Huang et al. 2019 [22]. Caffeinated energy drinks have
per week and over 27% went regularly (2 times/week). Youth having also been associated with seizures and stroke [23].
fast foods 2 times/week, consuming soft drinks 3-4 times/week were
Heart Diseases
more likely to be obese [11]. Processed and fast foods contain high
amounts of saturated fats. Fast foods reduce the quality of diet and The prevalence of fast food consumption, obesity and hypertension
provide unhealthy choices especially among children and adolescents is high among children in major cities in China, according to Zhao et
raising their risk of obesity. al. 2017. 16-20% of Chinese children have high BP [24]. Association
between increased BMI and hypertension in children with fast food is
Diabetes
also detailed in another study done in Sikkim, India [25]. A significant
Junk food includes many types of fast food, processed foods, and association was found between fast food consumption, BP levels, and
premade snack foods. Fast food is often highly processed, and this can anthropometric indices in another Iranian study among children
have a negative impact on health. Fast food consumption and out- [26]. Body size has a major impact on the association between intake
of-home eating behavior is a main risk factor for lower diet quality, of the modern dietary pattern and hypertension. Alsabieh et al. 2019
higher calorie and fat intake and lower micronutrients density of demonstrates that increased systolic BP significantly correlated with
diet [12]. The fast food market is mostly unregulated in Bangladesh an increase in BMI [27]. Both Kar et.al and Bahadoran et al. 2015
with no government policy to control pricing and advertisements supports association between increased BMI and fast food [13,25]. Shi
giving the way of new global chains in the market. Consumption of et al. 2019 concluded that reducing the consumption of modern fast
fast foods ≥2 times/week increased the risk of insulin resistance and foods is important to prevent hypertension in Thailand [28]. Higher
T2DM. Frequent consumption of fast foods was accompanied with consumption of fast foods and higher exposure to multiple sources
overweight and abdominal fat gain, impaired insulin and glucose of accessible, cheap, energy-dense fast foods were also accompanied
homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein disorders, induction of systemic with a 56-162% increased risk of coronary heart disease mortality
inflammation and oxidative stress [13]. Fast food restaurants were [13].
found to be positively associated with diabetes prevalence in all
Neurodegeneration and psychological changes
counties except high poverty/medium-minority [14]. Research has
shown that excess calories shorten lifespan, whereas moderate caloric Several cross-sectional studies have found significant associations
restriction slows the aging process and protects the body and brain between poor nutritional status and behavioral disturbances, worse
[15]. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. cognitive status, and more impaired functioning in adult daily
Again, nitrosamines of processed meats, mostly used in fast foods, living activities [27]. Fat-filled snack foods may heighten the risk of
have been demonstrated to be toxic to beta cells and subsequently to developing advanced age-related neuro-degeneration, the leading
increase the risk of T2D in animal studies [16]. Higher pre-pregnancy cause of vision and hearing impairment [29]. Researchers from the
consumption of fast foods was associated with an increased risk of University of Bristol warn that such poor diets can also permanently
diabetes in pregnancy and high birth weight in first-time mothers, damage the nervous system, particularly vision [4]. It negatively affects
found in a southwest Sydney-based study [17]. brain health by damaging regions relevant to memory tasks and by
diminishing brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. This amplifies
Stroke
the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease later in life
Stroke, previously thought a condition belonging to the elderly, is [6,27]. Also, presence of depressive symptoms is positively associated
now increasingly a middle-aged health problem too. Healthy lifestyle with fast-food intake [30] and junk food consumption may increase
choices reduce the risk of stroke by ~80%, according to Spence, 2019. the risk for psychiatric distress and violent behaviors in children and
Also, each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, within the range of 25-50 kg/ adolescents [31,32]. A study among Iranian children and adolescents
m2 is associated with about 40% higher stroke mortality [18]. Higher reveals that junk food consumption was significantly associated with
consumption of fast food was associated with higher BMI Z score mental distress, including “worry, depression, confusion, insomnia,
[13]. Frequent consumption of fast food, ≥ 2 times/week, compared anxiety, aggression, and feelings of being worthless” [33]. In addition,
to <1 time/week, has been accompanied with ≥ 4.5 kg weight gain caffeine content of cola and carbonated beverages are responsible for
during a fifteen-year follow-up of US adolescents and young adults, hyperactivity/attention deficit in children [34].
says the same study. Fuhrman, 2018 stated that eating unhealthier
Headache/precipitation of migraine
fast and processed foods 7-fold increase the risk of early-life stroke
[15]. Vaitkevičiūtė et al. 2019 also pointed associations between the Monosodium Glutamate is one of the most widely used food-
frequencies of consumption of unhealthy, high-fat food, soft drinks additives in commercial foods. It has linked with obesity, metabolic
and higher BMI in children [19]. Wall et al. 2018 found an inverse disorders, thyroid disorders, Chinese Restaurant Syndrome
association between BMI and higher consumption of fruit, vegetables, (headache, skin flushing, and sweating), neurotoxic effects and
pulses and nuts in adolescents [20]. There was a significant association detrimental effects on the reproductive organs [35-39]. As it triggers
between fast food restaurants and stroke risk in neighborhoods in a tenderness of the peri-cranial muscles (most prominent clinical

Citation: Mohiuddin AK, Nasirullah M. Fast Food Addiction: A Major Public Health Issue. Indian J Nutri. 2019;6(3): 208.
02
INDIAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Mohiuddin AK, et al

Figure 3: Health impact of carbonated beverages (Source: Daily Infographic).

finding in tension-type headache), people with migraine should

strictly avoid it. The absence of a significant relationship between
processed meat products and canned foods consumption and
migraine headache might be due to people’s interest in traditional
foods and lack of tendency to consume fast foods in Iran [40]. The
interruption of daily consumption of caffeine-containing beverages
can cause headache and other symptoms within 8 hours [41]. Also,
caffeine abstinence is associated with better efficacy of acute migraine
treatment [42].
Physical performance
A Newcastle-based study among elderly people shows that
Figure 1: The effects of fast food on the body (Source: Health line). dietary pattern high in red meats, potato or butter may adversely
affect muscle strength and physical performance in later life [43].
The fat and sugar levels in junk foods stress the metabolism, causing
it to work less effectively. Particularly daily consumption of junk
food, may be associated with poorer mental and physical health [44].
Abstaining from junk foods is one way to keep cholesterol levels low
and prevent clogged arteries, which can reverse the symptoms of
heart disease and improve athletic performance. Excess consumption
of junk food can affect the physical as well as mental performance
of children. Addiction of junk-food in early age may cause serious
illness in later age. The harmful effect of junk-food are overweight,
low physical stamina and other health problems among adolescents
[45,46]. Also, Stokes et al. 2018 suggested fast food alternatives to
young athletes [47].
Cancers and Auto-Immune Disorders
Gluten, another notorious protein responsible for auto-immune
disorders, was found in more than 50% pizza and pasta samples
in “Gluten-Free” labelled restaurants [47]. A new study in PLOS
Medicine finds eating unhealthy food is associated with a higher
Figure 2: One Hour after eating a big Mac. The website ‘Fast Food Menu risk of developing cancer [48]. People who ate the most junk food
Price’ created this infographic outlining what happens to body inside after an showed a higher risk of stomach, colorectal, and surprisingly, lung
hour following ingestion of a Big Mac. It also might shed some light on why
we all like fast food so much, even though we’re aware it’s bad for our health cancers. Separately, men showed a higher risk of lung cancer, and
(Source: awesomeinventions.com). women showed a higher risk of liver and postmenopausal breast

Citation: Mohiuddin AK, Nasirullah M. Fast Food Addiction: A Major Public Health Issue. Indian J Nutri. 2019;6(3): 208.
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INDIAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Mohiuddin AK, et al
cancers [49]. Nitrate and nitrite, which are abundant in processed so-called condensed milk added as artificial sweeteners is nothing
meats, are potential carcinogens found in breast, prostate, pancreas, but over-boiled palm oil that deposits in the deep tissues, imparts
colorectal cancers along with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic disorders and poorly eliminates.
insulin resistance [50-58]. Beyond nutritional composition, neo-
Conclusion and Recommendations
formed contaminants, some of which have carcinogenic properties
(such as acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic Children and adolescents are exposed to various forms of food
hydrocarbons), are present in heat treated processed food products marketing while using social media applications, most of which
as a result of the Maillard reaction, says Cangemi et al. 2019 [59]. promotes unhealthy foods [75]. Teenagers are aggressively targeted
Again, Buckley et al. 2019 demonstrated that the packaging of ultra- by food marketing messages (primarily for unhealthy foods) and
processed foods may contain some materials in contact with food susceptible to this messaging due to developmental vulnerabilities
for which carcinogenic and endocrine disruptor properties have and peer-group influence [76]. Fast-food consumption is associated
been postulated, such as bisphenol A [60]. Finally, ultra-processed with lower diet quality [77]. Healthier foods cost nearly twice as
foods contain authorized, but controversial, food additives such as much as unhealthier foods per serving on an average among high
sodium nitrite in processed meat or titanium dioxide (TiO2, white income countries [78]. Americans allocate more than 40% of their
food pigment), for which carcinogenicity has been suggested in food budget to restaurants and fast foods [40]. The scenario is
animal or cellular models [59,61]. Interestingly, people hooked on opposite in Bangladesh. In capital city, people often pay restaurant
fast food and have limited intake of vegetables and fruits. High salt bills equivalent to more than 500% cost involved in regular meals.
intake, including salt preserved foods, smoked or dried meat and Again, traditional fast foods including Singara, Samucha, Puri,
fish, pickled food, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, obesity are Piaju, Lachcha Shemai and Paratha all are generally deeply fried.
among the most contributory to stomach and colorectal cancers [62]. Commercially available packaged bakery and fast foods often do not
contain any declaration of their fat content [79]. Occasional fast food
Gut, Bone Health& Premature Aging consumption (considered as cheat foods) has been encouraged in
A moderate increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome is reported various bodybuilding websites, as it stimulates many enzymes that
in a French Internet based study [63]. Symptoms of bloating, gas, or were previously deactivated. Butin Bangladesh, Non-Communicable
pain passing bowel movements may be aggravated by high fast food Disease Risk Factor Survey 2013, consumption of inadequate fruit
consumption [64]. Use of Aspartame, a low-calorie sugar substitute and/or vegetables (<5 servings per day) was found in more than 90%
in Coke Zero or Diet Coke is still controversial due to possibility people [80]. Strong advocacy on the detrimental effects of fast food
of cancer development [65]. Another study says that a high-fat diet consumption should be routinely done in educational institutions.
alters the structure of the microbiome even in the absence of obesity But Alas! Most fast foods are consumed by youth and children from
[66]. Western diet is characterized by a high intake of saturated and the nearby shops of educational institutions or the canteens run by
omega-6 fatty acids, reduced omega-3 fat intake, an overuse of salt, the institutions themselves.
and too much refined sugar [67]. “Ingestion of sugar, in particular, Acknowledgement
can accelerate premature aging”, says The Journal of Clinical and
Aesthetic Dermatology [68], as exceeded free blood sugar promotes I’m thankful to Dr. Colin D. Rehm, Clinical Assistant Professor,
cross-linking of skin collagen fibers [69]. Fast food and carbonated Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Alert Einstein
beverages often contain large amounts of phosphate additives. This, College of Medicine, NY, USA for her precious time to review my
according to another leading journal in vivo, hampers kidney function literature and thoughtful suggestions. Also, I’m also grateful to
and bone health [70]. seminar library of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka and
BANSDOC Library, Bangladesh for providing me books, journal and
Reproductive health newsletters.
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Citation: Mohiuddin AK, Nasirullah M. Fast Food Addiction: A Major Public Health Issue. Indian J Nutri. 2019;6(3): 208.
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