English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.

,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Unit - 1 A TRAFFIC NIGHTMARE

Summary:

The residents and the schools in Beach Road are very

much upset with the heavy traffic on the road after the new
traffic arrangements made by the concerned authorities.
Previously, there was one way traffic and now when the road
is opened to two way traffic, it has turned the lives of the
people into a nightmare. On the other hand a spokesman for
the authorities says that the changes have been made to
improve the traffic flow. The authorities have paid no
attention on the protests of the people and assume that all the
complaints would die with the passage of time. However, the
Beach Road Residents Association will hold an emergency
meeting to discuss the situation and find out ways and means
to press for their demands.

Questions and answers:

Q.1 What changes have been made in the traffic rules on the
Beach Road?
Ans. previously, there was one way traffic on the Beach
Road. According to the new arrangements the road has now
been opened to two way traffic and as such there is now very
much rush of the traffic.
Q.2 Why are the people protesting against the new
arrangements?
Ans. The people of the area are protesting against the new
arrangements because the increase of the traffic on their road
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By: Christopher Innocent -1-
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

has created a lot of problems for them. Now there is more

noise, and more pollution, which has made their lives
miserable.
Q.3 Are the concerned authorities paying any attention on the
demands of the residents of the area? If no, why?
Ans. The authorities concerned are not paying much attention
on the demands of the people. They think that with the
passage of time the people will become used to and their
complaints will die. The other reason is that the authorities do
not have enough resources.
Q.4 What are the residents doing to press for their demands?
Ans. The residents are holding emergency meetings and
taking out processions to press for their demands.

Unit – 2 THE AGE OF THE PROBOT

Summary:

The present age is the era of computers. We can see

computers every where today and after a few years time,
robots will also become very common. With the introduction
of Robots, the life style of the people will change. Robots is
simply a modified version of a computer which can do many
kinds of job such a teaching, cooking, playing with you, and
guarding your house. At present there are some factories
where robots are working but still they are very few. The
Probots work at
homes to make our lives safer and easier and their influence
can be realized very

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

soon. Robots working in the factories can raise the gross

product of the country but can have a negative effect on the
economy by increasing the unemployment because one robot
can do the work of at least ten men. The probots and the
robots made from personal computers will prove to be very
useful. The life of the people will certainly change because of
these robots and probots.

Questions and answers:

Q.1 What is a robot?

Ans. Robot is simply a modified version of a computer, which
can do many kinds of jobs.
Q.2 What are the different kinds of jobs that robots can do?
Ans. The robots can do many kinds of different jobs. They
can teach the children, they can cook food, clean the house,
and play games with you and can guard our homes.
Q.3 Where are the robots being used at present and what
effects have they made on people’s lives?
Ans. There are a few robots being used at present in some
factories and since the number is still very low that is why
there is not much effect on people’s lives.
Q.4 Why have computers become common today?
Ans. The computers have become common because it can be
used everywhere or anywhere and is easily available on
reasonable prices.
Q.5 What is your opinion about robot? Would you like to
have one in your house?

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Ans. In my personal opinion man has already become very

sole because of certain scientific inventions. With the coming
of robots man will become more sole and his efficiency to do
the work will decrease more. On the other hand people will
become jobless and unemployment is already a big problem. I
shall perhaps never buy it.

Unit – 3 GENTLE GIANTS

Summary:

‘Gentle Giants’ is an article written by David

Attenborough. In this article the writer says that it is generally
believe that the gorillas are very frightening and fierce
creatures but it is a fact that they are not so. They are by
nature gentle and inoffensive animals. People get frightened
perhaps because of their big size, which makes them look
huge. An American explorer published a book about hunting
gorillas in the African jungles. He produced a photograph of
an injured gorilla standing on the body of a hunter in a very
aggressive style. Hollywood made a film named “King Kong”
in 1930. In this film a gigantic ape was captured and then
eventually terrorized the people of New York. The writer says
that Gorillas are vegetarians and they do to not attack other
animals. It is true that they immensely strong and can rip
apart banana stem and tear of the branches of trees but they
hardly use their strength against other animals. Since man is
cutting

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

forest where the gorillas lived their number is now no more

than a few thousand. By hunting them and killing them man
believes he has proved something about his own superiority.
Finally, the writer says that gorillas are very gentle giants.
They are not violent or
dangerous but it is we (men).

Unit – 4 THE DOOR SWINGS OPEN

Summary

This is a story of an American woman Elizabeth

Blackwell, the first lucky woman, who became a doctor.
Mary St. J. Fancourt wrote the story. Nowadays women are
found working in almost every field of life. The writer of the
article tells us that there was a time when no medical school
would accept a woman as a student. They said that only a
man could be a doctor. How Elizabeth Blackwell got
admission in the medical college is an interesting tale. After
being recommended for admission by an influential
Philadelphia doctor, Elizabeth’s case was put before the
student’s general meeting. It was surprising that the meeting
approved her admission. The students were of the opinion that
women should enjoy equal rights and go in any field they
choose. Elizabeth Blackwell got admission in Geneva College
and one day she became a doctor. At present woman is an
important part of the society and is playing its role in the

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

development of the country by working shoulder to shoulder

with men in every field of life.

Questions and answers

Q.1 Who was Elizabeth Blackwell?

Ans. Elizabeth Blackwell was an American woman. She was
the first lucky woman who became a doctor.
Q.2 Who helped her in getting admission in the medical
college?
Ans. An influential Philadelphia doctor recommended her for
admission in the medical college. He swung the door open for
the women to enter medical profession.
Q.3 Why did the people of that time thought that only a man
could become a doctor?
Ans. Perhaps the people of that time thought that women
were weak and would not be able to bear the problems and
difficulties that could be faced in becoming a doctor.
Q.4 Are the women being given equal rights in the society
today? What is your opinion?
Ans. The situation has changed a lot. Today women are
working with men in almost every field and woman has
proved that she has all the ability and potential to do what
ever she likes to do. It is said that the best man for work is
woman.

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By: Christopher Innocent -6-
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Unit – 6 HOW TO STUDY

Summary

Teachers ask the students to study, but the question is

as to how the students should study. Usually, the students do
not know how to study. There is a general concept that the
more they study, the more they will learn. In this way they are
always found with their books and they keep on studying for
hours and hours. Actually they learn very little in this way.
There is a limit to what a man can do and there should be an
optimum for the work we do. Generally the optimum for the
students to study is five hours. When a student reaches that
optimum he must stop. He must not now sit and do nothing
but you should do something else. That will relax you and
you can gain energy for doing the work again.

Unit – 7 THE TRIPODS

Summary

‘The Tripods’ is a story that tells us that the Tripods

had been the rulers of Earth for more than a hundred years.
They governed the men by dominating their mind. This was
done through the Caps. They Capped at the age of fourteen
because this point is marked at which one ceases to be a child
and becomes adult. The author of this story tells that he did
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

not believe in Capping but when Vagrant Ozymadias came to

their village he told him a very strange story about the
Tripods. He told him that the Tripods were the enemies of
man. They had been rulers of Earth and there were a few
places where free men survived and one of these was among
the White Mountains, across the sea from England far to the
south. He told him that he was going on a difficult and
dangerous journey there and asked him if he would join him.
The author tells that his cousin Jack also accompanied them.
Later another man named Jean Paul joined them in France
and before they reached the White Mountains they had a
battle with the Tripods and they killed him with a weapon
they found in the ruins of one of the great cities.

Questions and answers

Q.1 Who were the Tripods?

Ans. Tripod literally means a three-legged thing. So the
Tripods were a three-legged creatures who had been ruling
the earth for about one century.
Q.2 Why did the Tripods Capped the people at the age of
fourteen?
Ans. They did so because at the age of fourteen a person
ceases to be a child and begins to think about himself and
becomes adult.

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By: Christopher Innocent -8-
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Unit - 8 THE GREAT JEWEL ROBBERY

Questions and answers:

Q.1 What sort of evidence do you think the police might try
to collect after a crime has been committed?
Ans. After a crime has been committed, the policemen visit
the site and might try to collect the following evidences:
i) Look for the things the culprits might have left behind
at the site. For example pieces of cigarettes etc.
ii) Trace the fingerprints of the criminals.
iii) Talk to some eyewitness.
Q.2 Do you think it necessary for the police to visit the scene
of a crime if the criminals have already escaped? Give
reasons for your answer.
Ans. Well, I think the police must visit the scene of a crime if
the criminals have already escaped. It is very clear that the
criminals leave the scene soon after committing the crime. By
visiting the scene the police may find some evidence which
might be helpful in tracing the criminals.
Q.3 What sorts of people might the police interview after a
crime has been committed?
Ans. Police usually interviews the people present at the scene
at that time. They would also like to talk to the shopkeepers
or other people living there and the information, which they
get, might be of great value.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Q.4 Would you consider it sufficient for the police to

interview and obtain a statement from one person only? Give
reasons for your answer.
Ans. It is obvious that the more people they interview the
more information they will get. But if there is any difference
in the statements more people can be interviewed and the
confusion can be removed. So it is not sufficient to interview
one person.
Q.5 Why should the police want written statements from the
people they interview?
Ans. Written statements are necessary because later on the
people interviewed may change their statement. Some times
the main witnesses are killed also and as such all the
statements should be in written.
Q.6 What do you think the police do with the statements and
other evidence they collect?
Ans. Statements recorded and evidences collected are very
important. Police examines all of them very carefully and
minutely and try to find the way to reach the criminals.
Q.7 How might the police be able to tell if a statement is not
truthful?
Ans. The contradictions in the statements can tell if a
statement is false.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Unit – 9 LONDON ROAD

Summary

‘London Road’ is a story in which the writer himself is the

narrator. He left his home for London on one Sunday summer
morning in 1934, when he was nineteen years old. His three
sisters and one brother had already gone before him. Before
leaving his home he saw his old stooping mother who had got
up early and cooked a heavy breakfast for him. She did not
say any thing nor did she appeal to him not to go. The writer
says that he carried on his back a small rolled-up tent, a
blanket and a few more things and started his journey to
London on foot. He became very sad while leaving his home.
He thought that some one would ask him to stop but no body
did so. He felt very lonely. But he knew that now he was free
and he could do anything and go anywhere. This was not any
thing extra-ordinary but it was a routine and a tradition to
leave the country and settle in the city. And as he was walking
towards London, he could hear the voices of his home which
made him very sad.

Questions and answers:

Q.1 What was the part of the writer’s life that he closed
forever?
Ans. The writer had passed very important days of his life in
the village. He has spent his childhood and received early
education there. And after leaving the country for London the
chapter relating writer’s country life was closed.
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Q.2 How did the writer’s mother feel about his leaving home
and how did she show her feelings? Support your answer
with evidence from the first and second paragraphs.
Ans. His mother got up early in the morning on the day of his
leaving home. She prepared a heavy breakfast for him. She
did not say any thing, however, she felt very sad. She shook
her hand to say good bye to him. Her one son and three
daughters had already left her.
Q.3 The writer says that before his departure his mother gave
him only a long and searching look. What do you think the
look was searching for?
Ans.
Q.4 Do you think the writer s home life was a happy one?
Ans. At the time of leaving his home, he desired that someone
should stop him from leaving the village. This shows that the
writer’s home life was a happy one.
Q.5 Quote the words that tell us that the writer had an
optimistic nature.
Ans. The writer believes in good fortune and this is why he
left his home. The words that tell that the writer had an
optimistic nature are -’ Go where you will. It’s all yours. You
asked for it. It’s upto you now. You are on your own, and
nobody’s going to stop you.”
Q.6 The first sentence of paragraph four suggests that the
writer had come to

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

regard his home in the valley as a kind of.

A hotel.
B church.
C school.
D prison
Ans. D prison
Q.7 Why did the writer spend months wandering about the
hills (para .4) before he left home?
Ans. The writer spends months wandering about the hills
before he left home because he loved his village very much.
Q.8 The writer began to long for the sound of someone from
his family running after him and calling him home (para.6).
Why didn’t he just go back home and say he had changed his
mind about leaving?
Ans. The writer believed in good fortune. He had decided to
leave home for his better future and that is why he did not go
back home.
Q.9 Did the writer enjoy the feeling that he was now free?
Explain your answer briefly.
Ans. When the writer left his house and when he realized that
no one would come from behind to ask him to change his
mind about going away, he felt happy that he was now free.
He moved ahead alone and liked his freedom. He could go
anywhere and do whatever he wished.
Q.10 What would probably cause the tinkling sounds (para 7)
in the kitchen that the writer remembered?
Ans. The plates and cups and utensils and other things used in
the kitchen cause the tinkling sounds. The writer remembers
the same sounds of his kitchen when he was in his house.
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Q.11 The word that best describes the way the writer felt
towards the end of his first day…
A optimistic.
B homesick.
C excited.
D confident.
Ans. B homesick.

1. EARLY AUTUMN ( STORY )

Summary:

‘Early Autumn’ is a story written by Langston Hughes. It is a

story of Bill and Mary who had been in love with each other.
They spent a lot of time walking and talking together. They
got annoyed with each other on some thing of not very much
importance. Bill left Mary. Many years passed and they both
met each other one day in the way. They talked about each
other’s families. Bill told her that he

was a lawyer and had two children. Mary also told Bill about
herself. She told him
that she worked in Bursar’s Office and has three kids. Then
suddenly Mary’s bus came and she got in it and went away. It
seemed as if she wanted to tell something important to Bill
but failed to do so. They could not every ask each other’s
address, but had asked each other to visit their homes.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Questions and answers:

Q.1 Why did Mary and Bill not marry when they were
young? What effect did this youthful breakup have on each of
them?
Ans. Mary and Bill did not marry when they were young
because something not very important had come between
them and they left each other. The effect of this youthful
breakup on Bill was they he felt bitter about women and
Mary, married another man impulsively. Later Bill also
married some girl and settled as a lawyer.
Q.2 Did Mary and Bill both experience similar emotions
when they met after several years?
Ans. Both of them did not experience similar emotions when
they met each other after a long time. Mary seemed to be
more sentimental because she was who saw Bill and called
him. Bill did not even recognize her. Mary thought that Bill
would embrace her but he only shook hands with her. Mary
wanted to tell something but she did not have enough time
and courage to speak her mind.
Q.3 What was the last thing that Mary wanted to say to Bill
which, she was unable to express? What do you think she
actually wanted to say?
Ans. When Mary and Bill met after a long time, Mary did not
look cheerful. Since she did not mention her husband’s name
neither did she tell about his work, it could be assumed that
she wanted to tell Bill something about her husband. Perhaps
she had some complain against her husband that he did not
love her or something like that and she wanted to tell Bill the
same.
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Q.4 Formulate at least one question that you think would

benefit class discussion of this story.
Ans. The question that comes to the mind after reading the
story of Mary and Bill is that whether or not the young girls
and boys should move around freely together before
marriage?

2. CHARLES (STORY)

Summary

‘Charles’ is a story written by Shirley Jackson. In this

story, a boy named Laurie, who got admission in the
Kindergarten at the age of five years, tells each and every
thing to his parents about his classmate Charles. He tells them
that Charles is a very naughty boy. He shouts in the class, he
misbehaves with the teachers, he hits the boys. One day he
bounces a seesaw onto the head of a little girl and makes her
bleed and the teacher makes him stay inside all during recess.
However, Laurie told his parents that he was a good boy and
behaved very well

with her teacher and helped her. His parents were surprised to
hear this. On the other hand Charles became an institution at
Laurie’s house. Whenever anybody misbehaved and did any
thing wrong, they said that it was the Charles way. Laurie’s
parents thought how Charles parents and teachers managed
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

him. So they were very anxious to meet them. One day when
Laurie’s mother and father went to the parents-teachers
meeting, they looked for Charles mother, but when the met
the teacher she told them that there was no Charles in her
class. They were told that it was Laurie who made the trouble
but has changed his behaviour now.

Questions and answers

Q.1 Who is the author of the story ‘Charles’?

Ans. The story ‘Charles’ is written by Shirley Jackson.
Q.2 Describe the character of Charles.
Ans. In the story, a boy named Laurie tells his parents about
Charles by his fabricated stories. According to him Charles is
naughty, rude, mischievous and troublemaker.
Q.3 Describe the character of Laurie.
Ans. Laurie is also naughty, but he is intelligent and flexible
because he also 0misbehaved in his class but later changed.
He is different from Charles.
Q.4 What is the opinion of Laurie’s parents about him?
Ans. They think that Laurie is a good child. They are satisfied
with him but they want to change his school because of
Charles.
Q.5 What do the parents of Laurie think about Charles?
Ans. They are much concerned about him are very anxious to
meet his mother and teacher to ask as to how they would
handle such a child.
Q.6 Did Laurie’s parents meet her mother or teacher?

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Ans. They did not meet his parents. They met the teacher and
they were surprised to know that there was no Charles in her
class.
Q.6 What is the message of the lesson?
Ans. The message of the lesson is that parents should not
believe to what their children tell them about the school.

3. THE STORY OF AN HOUR (Story)

Summary

‘The story of an hour’ is written by Kate Chopin. This

is a story about Mrs. Mallard who was suffering from heart
trouble. Being aware of the fact that she is afflicted with heart
disease, she was informed about the news of her husband’s
death very cautiously by her sister Josephine. Mrs. Mallard’s
husband’s friend Richards read the news in the paper in which
Mr. Mallard’s name was on top of the list of the people killed
in a railway accident. Mrs. Mallard did not take the news
seriously. She just wept in her sister’s arms. After crying she
went to her

room alone. She sat in a chair facing the open window. After
some time she was just normal. However she thought that she
would cry again when the dead body of her husband will be
brought home. She would now life for herself only, she was
talking to herself. She whispered that now nobody will
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

impose his private will on her. Then someone opened the

front door with a latchkey. Everyone was surprised to see that
it was Mr. Mallard. He did not even know about the railway
disaster. He stood still on hearing the cry of Josephine. Mrs.
Millard saw her husband. Richards tried his best to keep
Mallard away from the sight of his wife but he failed to do so.
Dr. came to examine Mrs. Mallard and told them she had died
of heart attack.

Questions and answers

Q.1 How did Mrs. Millard react to the news of her husband’s
death?
Ans. Mrs. Millard reacted normally. She started crying on
Josephine’s (her sister) arm. She then went to her room.
Q.2 How did she feel later on?
Ans. Later on while she was alone in her room, she felt
relaxed. She started thinking of the days to come when she
will live for herself. It seems as if her husband did not love
her and she had a wish to live alone.
Q.3 What do think why did Mrs. Millard die?
Ans. Well, after hearing the news of her husband’s death she
had relaxed and thought that the later part of her life will be
good, as she will live on her own without any body’s
interference. When she saw her husband again she might have
thought that her desire to live freely shall not be fulfilled and
she died.
Q.4 How do you see the character of Richards?
Ans. Richards was the friend of Millard. He first read the
news about the death of his friend and thought of breaking the
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

news of her husband very calmly to her wife who he knew

was afflicted with a heart trouble. On the return of Millard he
tried to keep Millard away from his wife’s view but he failed.
Q.5 What is the surprise ending of the story?
Ans. The surprise ending of the story is that Mr. Millard who
was thought to have been killed in a railway disaster, returned
home safe and sound. His wife who had thought of leading a
free life now was surprised to see her husband again and died
of heart attack.

4. PLAN OF ATTACK (Story)

Summary

‘Plan of Attack’ is a story written by Saki. This story is of a

boy Bertie, who has a problem that his mother has a bad habit
of reading the letters of others. A girl named Ella McCarthy
was his friend. On a late spring afternoon Ella was sitting
alone in a Garden. There was no one to give her company.
Bertie came there and

she told him that she wanted to thank him for the
handkerchiefs given to her by him as present by writing but
she could not do so because her mother had a bad habit to
reading the letters of others. Bertie’s friend Clovis came to
know about Bertie’s problem and decided to help him. He
sent a letter in the name of a girl telling him that he should be
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

brave enough about the jewels. Bertie’s mother read the letter
and inquired about the girl and the jewels. Then another letter
came. In this letter the girl congratulated Bertie on leaving the
girl and warned him not to touch the jewels right now. Now
Bertie’s mother wanted to know the real story. She shouted
very much but Bertie locked himself in a room. Finally, the
third and last letter solved the problem. Bertie’s mother
decided not to read anyone’s letter again. This was the plan of
attack, which was very successful.

Questions and answers:

Q.1 Why did Ella McCathy’s dull afternoon suddenly

brighten up?
Ans. One late spring afternoon, Ella was sitting alone on a
chair in Kensington Gardens. She was feeling very dull. Then
suddenly Ella’s friend Bertie appeared on the scene and at
once Ella’s dull afternoon suddenly brightens up.
Q.2 List three of Bertie’s mother’s qualities. Give examples.
Ans. Bertie’s mother had a very bad habit of reading the
letters of others. This means that she had the quality of
interfering in others matters. She reads the letters of her
children to know their problems. It means that she is motherly
and curious.
Q.3 What role did Clovis play in resolving Bertie’s problem?
Ans. Clovis was Bertie’s friend. He sent three letters by the
name of girl in a day. In the first letter he asked Bertie to be
brave enough to get the jewels. In the next letter he
congratulated Bertie on killing the girl and asking him not to
touch the jewels. In the third letter he cleared the situation
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

and Bertie’s mother decided not to read anyone’s letter in

future.
Q.4 Why did Bertie fail to solve his problem?
Ans. Bertie’s mother was very strict and that is why he could
not think of any idea that could stop her mother from reading
others letters. He sought the help of his friend Clovis to deal
with this matter.
Q.5 Who is the most interesting character in this story?
Ans. The most interesting character in this story is Bertie’s
mother. She thinks that by reading the letters of her children
she can know their problems and can keep them safe
from their youthful problems if any. And at last when she
realizes that it is not good to open others letters and read them
she decides to stop it.

5. A MAN WHO HAD NO EYES (Story)

Summary

‘A man who had no eyes’ is a story written by McKinley

Kantor. This story is about Mr. Parsons and Markwardt who
worked in Westbury. Both of them lost

their eyesight in a chemical explosion that took place there.

Mr. Parsons worked hard and became insurance seller. On the
other hand Markwardt sold lighters as a peddler. One day Mr.
Parsons came across a blind man who started telling him his
story how he became blind. Mr. Parsons recognized him. He

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

was Markwardt. Then Parsons told him that he had also lost
his eyesight in an accident.

Questions and answers

Q.1 What is the difference in the description between the

blind beggar and the insurance salesman?
Ans. There is a lot of difference in the description between
the blind beggar and the insurance salesman. The blind
beggar is wearing dirty clothes and he is selling lighters as a
peddler. The other man is young, handsome and is wearing a
gray suit and gray hat.
Q.2 What did Mr. Parsons feel when he heard the blind man
approach and why?
Ans. Mr. Parsons felt very sorry for the blind. He himself was
also blind and as such he knew the misery and agony of being
blind. He wanted to help the blind man.
Q.3 Why was the blind beggar always eager to narrate his tale
of how he lost his sight?
Ans. He was eager to tell his story because he wanted the
people to know that he was not a professional beggar. He
wanted the people to know that he worked in a factory and
earned his living in a respectable manner.
Q.4 Do you think Mr. Parsons is blind? If yes, then how did
he recognize who the beggar was?
Ans. Mr. Parsons is also blind. He walks with stick as other
blinds do. He recognizes the beggar when he mentions the
name of Westbury. He even remembered the name
Markwardt.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

6. THE WRATH OF GOD (Story)

Summary

‘The wrath of God’ is a story written by Tariq Rehman. It is a

story of a man named Jamshed Jan. He moved to a big city
from his hometown Charsadda, where he got a job of a
watchman in a school. He lived very happily in a one-room
house. He had a wife named Pilwasha and a son Gul Bacha.
The children of the school in which Jamshed worked were
very neat and tidy and came in cars. They belonged to rich
families. Jamshed’s duty was at the main gate of the school to
see that no student wandered out of the big gate. Whenever
the manager was busy he carried messages to the teachers.
His son Gul Bacha also started going to a poor school. The
teachers were very strict and beat the children very much.
One day there was a function in Jamshed’s school. He took
his son to his school with him. Gul was amazed to see such a
nice school with good students and teachers. He was also
amazed to hear the children speaking English. His father told
him that English was the language of the Officers. Then Gul
saw a toy gun, which he liked very

much. He started demanding for the gun, which cost Rs.200.

Jamshed could afford to buy such an expensive gun. One day
when he was asked to call a teacher from the Library who had
a telephone call. She rushed out for the call leaving her bag
open on the chair. Jamshed stole five hundred rupees from the
bag. With that money he bought a gun for his son and a
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

necklace for his wife. He also bought meat Kababs for his
family. Next day the Principal called the domestic staff in his
office and asked them to swear on the Holy Quran that they
were not the thief and if anyone has stole, the wrath of God
should descend on him. Jamshed sweared that he was not the
thief. His life changed. His son died within a year. One-day
Jamshed’s wife told him that she wanted to go for checkup to
a lady doctor. Jamshed understood that he was going to have
another child. Now Jamshed could not hold back anything.
He told her wife everything and his fear of wrath of God. His
wife told him that the wrath of God was over now. Jamshed
felt relaxed and took his wife to the doctor.

Questions and answers:

Q.1 How does Jamshed Jan describe nature in Charsadda?

Ans. Jamshed describes Charsadda as a beautiful place with
natural beauty. It is the place where the orchards were full of
fruit and there was fish in the streams.
Q.2 Give details of Jamshed’s duties as a chowkidar of a
school?
Ans. Jamshed was working as a watchman at a good school.
His duty was at the main gate of the school and see that the
children do not wander here and there and go outside
the school. Sometimes when the manager was busy he had to
take messages to the teachers.
Q.3 What was Gul’s motivation to learn English?
Ans. Jamshed told his son Gul that English was the language
of the big people. So Gul’s motivation to learn English was

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

that he wanted to learn English so that he might become an

officer.
Q.4 What was the difference between Jamshed Jan’s
childhood environment and that of his son Gul?
Ans. There is much difference between their childhood
environment. Jamshed had grown up in Charsadda where
there was natural beauty and the open sunshine and clear air
had made him strong. On the other hand Gul was being
brought up in a slum area of a city where the streets were so
narrow that the sun’s rays never reached them.
Q.5 What is the main lesson to be learnt from this story?
Ans. The main lesson that we can learn from this story is that
worldly desires can bring nothing except destruction. We
should always try to live within our means and cut the coat
according to the cloth.

Grammar portion

ENGLISH is the language of England. It is used in Britain, USA

and most common wealth countries.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

LANGUAGE: Language is the best means and medium of the

expressions of thoughts, feelings and sentiments.

GRAMMAR:

Grammar is the study of the way in which we use words to

make sentences. The words can be divided into groups called parts
of speech. There are eight parts of speech. The parts of speech are
just like the parts of our body. Each part has its own function and
coordination with the other.

All the parts of speech are important but Verb is the most
important part of speech. It comes from a Latin word ‘verbum’ and
it is so called because it is the most important part of the sentence.
Verb is a word used to tell what a person or thing does.
Example: a) Ali writes.
b) The car runs.

The Verb can also tell what is done to a person or thing:

Example: a) Saad is beaten.
b) The door is broken.

The Verb can also tell what a person, thing or place is:
Example: a) Mary is sick.
b) Glass is brittle.
c) Karachi is a big city.

The Verb, which is the most important part of speech,

appears in five forms:

First form Base/root form Eat

Second form ‘s’ form Eats

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B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Third form Past tense Ate

Fourth form Present participle Eating
Fifth form Past participle Eaten

ALPHABET: A set of letters or signs used in a language is called

alphabet.

WORD: A meaningful element of a speech usually shown with

space on either side of it when written or printed

SENTENCE: A sentence is a unit of speech consisting of a

meaningful arrangement of words. A sentence usually contains a
subject and a predicate, as,
The dogs bark.
In the above example, dogs is the subject and bark
is the predicate.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

Sentences are classified according to their meanings and tones

of speech. These are of four kinds.
1 1. Assertive
2. Interrogative
2 3. Imperative
3 4. Exclamatory or Optative.
a) Assertive: An assertive sentence contains an assertion in the form
of a statement. The statement in ‘yes’ form is called affirmative and
the statement in ‘no’ is called negative, as,

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Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan.(Affirmative)

The children do not go to school on Sundays. (Negative)

b) Interrogative: An interrogative sentence contains a question asked

to seek any information, as,

Your name please?

Where are you from?

c) Imperative: An imperative sentence contains an order, a

request, an advise or a proposal, as,

Polish my shoes. (Order)

Please give me your book. (Request)
Respect your teachers and elders. (Advise)
Let us go for a picnic. (Proposal)

d)Exclamatory or Optative: An exclamatory or an optative

sentence contains an emotion or a wish and sentences
of this kind close with the sign of exclamation (!),as,
Oh! I have passed my examination.
How nice of you to remember me !
May God bless you!

COVERSION OF SENTENCES
(Practice exercises)

EXERCISE-1
Change the following sentences into negative:-

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 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

See an example: I live in Karachi. I do not live in

Karachi.

1. I speak French.
2. We play Chess.
3. You sing English songs.
4. They repair cars.
5. He runs a factory.

6. She looks after her ailing mother.

7. Emma does her homework.
8. Henry knows how to swim.
9. Mother cooked fish.
10. Father is sleeping on the floor.
11. The boy writes an application.
12. I was listening to the Radio.

EXERCISE-2

Correct the following sentences by changing them into

negative.
See an example: Cats eat grass. Cats do not eat grass.
1. Cows can fly.
2. America was discovered by Alexander.
3. There are ten players in a Football team.
4. Shakespeare was a German poet.
5. Earth is the centre of the universe.
6. Japanese invented paper.
7. Sunflower is red.
8. Quetta is the capital of N.W.F.P.
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 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

9. Christians go to Temples to pray.

10. People who eat meat are called vegetarians.

EXERCISE-3

Change the following sentences into

Interrogative :-
See an example: We shall learn our lesson.
Shall we learn our lesson?
1. Man will be able to build a colony on moon one day.
2. His friend is the son of a doctor.
3. I have decided to take first position in the next examination.
4. He has not come back from Islamabad yet.
5. She is teaching us English very well.
6. Father has gone to call in the doctor.
7. They never listen to their parents.
8. This building was built two years back.
9. Mother has cooked rice and chicken today.
10. We had been staying in this house for ten years.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Exercise – 4

Change the following sentences into Affirmative:

Example:
i) I do not play football. ii) He does not eat chilies.
I play football. He eats chilies.

1. I do not watch TV.

2. We do not sing English songs.
3. You do not go to school.

4. They do not learn the lesson.

5. He does not pray.
6. She does not cook rice.
7. It does not run.
8. Nina does not watch PTV.
9. Father does not repair the fan.
10. The teacher explains the sum.
11. The boy solves the problem.
12. The girl wears new clothes.
13. Mother beats the child.
14. The doctor advises the patients.
15. The mason builds the wall.
16. The hunter kills the lion.

TENSES

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

The word ‘ Tense’ has been taken from a Latin word

‘Tempus’ which means time. It is the form of verb, which shows
the time, and state of an action or event. There are three tenses.
The present tense, the past tense and the future tense. These three
tenses are further divided into twelve tenses. Three indefinite (or
simple) tenses of the present, the past and the future, three
continuous (or progressive) tenses of the present, the past and the
future, three perfect tenses of the present, the past and the future
and three perfect continuous (or progressive) of the present, the
past and the future.

EXERCISE-1

Change into Past Indefinite and Future

Indefinite tense:-
See an example: He takes tea. He took tea. He will take
tea.
1. I fly a kite.
2. We listen to the radio.
3. You repair their car.
4. They visit model farms.
5. He learns his lesson by heart.
6. She goes to the school regularly.
7. The sun sets in the west.
8. The cows give milk.
9. It rains heavily in winter.
10. Mother cooks delicious dishes.

Exercise - 2

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 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Change into Past Continuous and Future Continuous

tense:-
See an example: He is eating an apple. He was eating an
apple. He will be eating an apple.
1. I am sewing my clothes.
2. We are flying kites.
3. You are writing a story.
4. They are building a new house.
5. He is telling a lie.
6. She is doing her homework.
7. It is raining.
8. Henry is learning his lesson.
9. Emma is playing in the garden.
10.Father is typing a letter.

EXERCISE-3

Change into Past Perfect and Future

Perfect tense:-
See an example: I have broken the window. I had broken
the window. I will have broken the window.

1. I have repaired this car.

2. We have cleared our dues.
3. You have spoken the truth.
4. They have opened the fast.
5. He has learnt the poem.
6. She has washed her uniform.
7. It has stopped working.
8. Ian has passed his examination.
9. Gilbert has finished his Computer Course.
10. Nine has sung a song.
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

EXERCISE-4

Change into Past Perfect Continuous and

Future Perfect Continuous: -
See an example: I have been saying my lesson since
morning . I had be saying my lesson since morning. I shall
have been saying my lesson since morning.
1. I have been swimming in the river for one hour.
2. We have been travelling by bus since afternoon.
3. You have been reading the books since morning.
4. They have been singing English songs for two days.
5. He has been wasting his time since two years.
6. She has been paying full attention on her studies since
childhood.
7. Henry has been flying kite for three hours.
8. Emma has been plucking flowers since morning.
9. The peon has been dusting the classes for half an hour.
10. Chloris has been watching television since afternoon.

Conditional sentences
Summary of basic verb

Meaning of Verb form in Verb form in

the ‘if clause’ the ‘if clause’ The ‘result Example
clause
True in i) If he has enough time, he visits
Present / Simple simple present / me every month.
future present future ii) If he has enough time
tomorrow, he will visit me.
Untrue in the Simple past Would + simple iii) If he had enough time, he
present/future form would visit me. (In truth, he does

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

not have enough time, so he will

not visit me)
Untrue in the Past perfect Would have + iv) If he had had enough time, he
past past participle would have visited me yesterday.
(In truth, he did not have enough
time, so he did not visit me)

Exercise – Type 1

Complete the sentence with the verb in parentheses.

e.g. If I go to Lahore, I (bring) bedtime stories for you.

If I go to Lahore, I shall bring bedtime stories for you.

i) If I meet him, I (take) your book from him.

ii) If we hurry, we (catch) the train.
iii) If you work hard, you (get) through the test.
iv) If I go to bed in time, I (wake) up early.
v) If you do not learn the lesson properly, you (not get)
good marks.
vi) She may cry if the teacher (scold) her like that.
vii) I will understand the lesson if somebody (explain) me
nicely.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Compare the following two sentences: -

1. Christopher Columbus discovered America.

2. America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.

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 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

It will be seen that these two sentences express the same

meaning, but in sentence 1, the verb shows that the subject
performs the action.

Columbus ( the person denoted by the subject) did

something. The verb ( discovered) is said to be in the active
voice.

In sentence 2, the form of the verb shows that something

is done to the place denoted by the subject. Something is
done to America ( the place ) denoted by the subject. The
verb ‘ was discovered’ is said to be in the passive voice.

EXERCISE-1

Change the following sentence into passive:-

See an example: I write a letter to my mother every week.
A letter is written by me to my mother every
week.
1. I wash my car everyday.
2.We sang a song.
3.You will cook rice for dinner.
4.They are playing cricket.
5.He was ringing the bell.
6. Yusra will have washed her uniform.
7.The teacher will give Nina homework.
8.Husnain had played games on Computer.
9.My friend invited me on his birthday.
10.Father has taught Mathematics.

Exercise-2

Change into passive voice:-

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 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

See an example: Sing a song.

Let a song be sung.

1. Put on this machine now.

2. Polish my shoes.
3. Solve these sum in your copy.
4. Write a story on any one of these topics.
5. Do this work at once.
6. Open all the windows and doors.
7. Shut the main gate.
8. Change the curtains of the sitting room.
9. Ring the bell at 8 o’clock.
10.Take tea with biscuits.

EXERCISE-3
Change into passive voice:-
See an example: Who plays chess?
By whom is chess played?
1.Who makes a noise.
2 .Who will drive this car.
3.Who will have eaten rice?
4.Who was teaching the lesson?
5.Who is playing the piano?
6.Who has switched off the lights?
7.Who made the tea for guests?
8.Who broke the door?
9. Who was singing a song?
10. Who had raised his voice?

Exercise-4
Change the following into Passive Voice:
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

1. Allama Iqbal wrote Bang-e-Dara.

2. Police arrested him for shoplifting.
3. He is polishing your shoes now.
4. People in India speak Hindi.
5. My mother made this tea.
6. Diesal drives this car.
7. Edison invented Bulb.
8. She sells sweets.
9. Pakistanis speak English also.
10.Everybody considers her wise.

Change the voice:

i) I love Pakistan.
ii) The mason is building the wall.
iii) The boy rang the bell.
iv) The girls were playing tennis.
v) The boys have learned the poem.
vi) He will write a story.
vii) Who wrote this?
viii) Why did you not solve this sum?
ix) How is he flying the kite?
x) Let the door be opened.
xi) It is time for the prisoner to the freed.
xii) Your are requested to walk straight.
xiii) The cat drank all the milk.
xiv) Yohana scored sixty-five runs.
xv) Every one loves him.
xvi) We expect good news.
xvii) They sell radios here.
xviii) People will soon forget it.
xix) We prohibit smoking.
xx) Someone has broken the glass.
xxi) The bank was robbed.
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

There are two ways of reporting the words of the

speaker. If we mention the actual words of the speaker, the
statement is said to be in the direct form of speech, as:

Emma says, “I am at home and I am cooking.”

In the above sentence, Emma is the speaker and

what ever she has said, has been enclosed in the same way
as it was stated by her, between the inverted comas. In the
above sentence, Emma said, is Reporting Speech and “I am
at home and I am cooking” is Reported Speech.

The other way to mention the words of the

speaker is that we may give the substance of the actual
speech. If we do so, the statement is said to be in the indirect
form of speech, as:

Emma says that she is at home and she is cooking.

In the above sentence we have removed the
inverted comas and have put‘ that’ (Conjunction). We have
read that we use Conjunction to join two sentences. To
change the Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, we have to
make certain changes.
a) Change in Tenses.
If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future Tense there
shall be no change in the verbs of the Reported Speech, but if
the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, the verb of the

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
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Reported Speech will have to be changed into the Past Tense,

as,

(Present) Emma says, “I am at home and I am

cooking.”
Emma says that she is at home and she is
cooking.
(Future) Henry will say, “I am in the market and I am
buying shoes.”
Henry will say that he is in the market and he
is
buying shoes.
(Past) Nina said, “ I am in the class and I am
studying.”
Nina said that she was in the class and she
was
studying.
Now note the changes:-

He goes becomes he went

He will go becomes he would go
He went becomes he had gone
Is, am becomes was
Are becomes were
Do becomes did
Have, has becomes had
Can becomes could
May becomes might

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
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OTHER WORDS

this becomes that

these becomes those
here becomes there
now becomes then
today becomes that day
tomorrow becomes the next day
yesterday becomes the previous day,
the day before

For changing the reporting verbs follow the

chart given below:-
Reporting verb Changes

says - says (no change)

will say - will say (no
change)
said - said (no change)
says to - tells
will say to - will tell
said to - told

COVERSION OF
SENTENCES
(PRACTICE EXERCIES)

EXERCISE-1
( Change into Indirect Speech)

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B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

First see the example:-

Henry says, “I am reading.”

Ans. Henry says that he is reading.

1. I say, “ I am coming.”
2. We say, “We are going.”
3. You say, “I am sleeping.”
4. They say, “We are singing.”
5. He says, “I am studying.”
6. She says, “I am sewing.”
7. Saad says, “I am playing.”
8. Madiha says, “I am writing.”
9. Father says, “I am waiting.”
10. Mother says, “I am cooking.”

EXERCISE-2
First see the example:-

Ian says to me, “I am your son.”

Ans. Ian tells me that he is my son.

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
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1. I say to him, “I am your teacher.”

2. He says to me, “You are coming.”
3. She says to her, “I am your neighbour.”
4. Gilbert says to him, “I am your class fellow.”
5. The boys says to the girl, “You are good.”

EXERCISE-3

First see the example:

1. Julius will say to me, “You are my brother.”

Ans. Julius will tell me that I am his brother.

1. I will say to her, “You are my good student.”

2. You will say to him, “You are my good friend.”
3. We will say to them, “You are our good neighbours.”
4. They will say to us, “We are your class fellows.”
5. Father will say to mother, “We are life partners.”

EXERCISE-4

First see the example:-

Arshad said, “I like bananas.”

Ans. Arshad said that he liked bananas.

1. I said, “I am unwell.”
2. You said, “I shall come tonight.”
3. We said, “We shall attend the class tomorrow.”
4. They said, “We shall go to Lahore today.”
5. He said, “I shall help you.”

EXERCISE-5
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
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First see the example:-

Gilbert said to his uncle, “I shall visit Quetta in July.”
Ans. Gilbert told his uncle that he will visit Quetta in July.

1. Sobia said to Ali, “You can solve this sum easily.”

2. Ian said to them, “ The Principal wants to see you.”
3. You said to him, “You can see me anytime.”
4. They said to them, “ We shall see you next time.”
5. Rimsha said to Maham, “I shall gift you a book.”

EXERCISE-6 (Universal truths)

First see the example:-

The teacher said, “The sun is the centre of the solar

system.”
Ans. The teacher said that the sun is the centre of the solar
system.

1. My father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

2. The Principal said, “Virtue is its own reward.”
3. He said to me, “Karachi is a sea-port.”
4. Henry said his friend, “Man is mortal.”
5. Father said to his son, “God is one.”

EXERCISE-7

First see the example:-

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He said to me, “Are you ready.”

Ans. He asked me if I was ready.

1. I said to him, “Where do you come from?”

2. You said to her, “Why are you feeling shy?”
3. He said to me, “When will you be back from Korea?”
4. They said to us, “Why don’t you stay with us?”
5. Chloris said to me, “How do you go to school?’
6. Father said to me, “Who is your class teacher?”
7. The Cashier said to me, “Haven’t you paid your fee?”
8. The boy said to the girl, “Aren’t you happy to see
me?”

Words often mis-spelled

absence conquer interest

quite
acknowledge describe knowledge
quiet
across divine laboratory
receive
address either length
seize
already excellent library
separate
altogether February marriage
success
among fiery minute
surprise
article fifth necessary
through
beginning foreign neither
trouble
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By: Christopher Innocent - 46 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

believe fourth niece

truly
benefited forty ninety
until
breathe goddess ninth
usually
business government occasion
Wednesday
certain grammar parallel
whether
coarse guard privilege
writing
coming height prove
written

SYNONYMS:

1. adoration: devotion; admiration

2. anxiety: uneasiness; worry
3. excitement: agitation; enthusiasm,
4. friendliness: admirable; genial
5. frustration: disappointment; annoyance
6. happy: cheerful; delighted
7. hostility: unfriendliness; hatred
8. joyousness: cheerfulness; happiness
9. sadness: sorrowful; pitiful
10.satisfaction: pleasure; gratification

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 47 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

WORD FORMATION AND PARTS OF SPEECH:

Form nouns from these words:

1. long length
2. heat heat
3. conclude conclusion
4. destroy destruction
5. explode explosion
6. simple simplicity
7. provide provision
8. deter deterrent
9. Britain British
10. narrate narrator
11. real reality
12. guard guardian
13. able ability
14. alter alteration
15. engrave engraving
16. false falsehood
17. pronounce pronunciation
18. explain explanation
19. inferior inferiority
20. broad breadth

FORM ADJECTIVES FROM THESE WORDS:

1. danger dangerous
2. comfort comfortable
3. brute brutal
4. suburb suburb
5. circle circular
6. legend legendary
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 48 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

7. boil boiling
8. freeze frost
9. absence absent

10. statue statuary

11. use useful
12. race racial
13. horror horrible
14. cube cubic
15. music musical
16. walk walking
17. vice vicious
18. fool foolish
19. create creative
20. sense sensible
21. child childish
22. brother brotherly
23. omen ominous

FORM VERBS FROM THESE WORDS:

1. flame inflame
2. deep deepen
3. wide wider
4. horror horrifying
5. belief believe
6. joy enjoy
7. sharp sharpen
8. threat threaten
9. solid solidify
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 49 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

10. natural naturally

11. general generalize
12. gulf engulf
13. knee kneel
14. pure purify
15. popular populate

FORM NOUNS FROM THESE VERBS:

1. pronounce pronunciation
2. explode explosion
3. explain explanation
4. annoy annoyance
5. agree agreement
6. listen listener
7. describe description
8. provide provision
9. rob robbery
10. burgle burglar
11. seize seizure
12. choose choice
13. know knowledge
14. apply application

15. behave behaviour

16. carry carrier
17. clear clarity
18. decide decision
19. deliver delivery
20. enclose enclosure

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 50 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

SUFFIX

dejected dejectedly
bright brightly
husky huskily
friend friendly
sulky sulkily
timid timidly
appropriate appropriately
tentative tentatively
careful carefully
awkward awkwardly

FORMS OF VERBS

1ST FORM 2ND FORM 3RD FORM 1ST FORM 2ND

FORM 3RD FORM
ask asked asked grow grew
grown
attack attacked attacked guide guided
guided
arise arose arisen go went
gone
arrive arrived arrived get got
got
bear bore borne give gave
given
buy bought bought guess
guessed guessed

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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 51 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

begin began begun hide hid

hidden
beat beat beaten hold held
held
break broke broken know knew
known
bite bit bit live lived
lived
blow blew blown ring rang
rung
catch caught caught rise rose
risen
choose chose chosen ride rode
rode
come came come run ran
run
do did done swim swam
swum
draw drew drawn see saw
seen
dig dug dug sing sang
sung
drink drank drunk show
showed showed
eat ate eaten shake shook
shaken
fall fell fallen shoot shot
shot
fight fought fought sit sat
sat
fire fired fired sell sold
sold

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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 52 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

forget forgot forgotten speak spoke

spoken
find found found steal stole
stolen
fly flew flown strike stroke
struck
forbid forbade forbidden swear swore
sworn
freeze froze frozen swing swang
swung
fill filled filled sleep slept
slept
feed fed fed throw threw
thrown
feel felt felt think
thought thought
flee fled fled take took
took
float floated floated tell told
told
use used used uproot
uprooted uprooted
vote voted voted Weep wept
wept
win won won write wrote
written
waste wasted wasted work worked
worked
whisper whispered whispered wait waited
waited

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 53 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

PREPOSITIONS

Absent from Preside over

Eligible for
Agree with Protect against
Famous for
Assist in Run into
Faithful to
Assure of Recover from Fond
of
Accuse of Refer to ` Full of
Access to Send for
Hopeful of
Add to See off Kind
to
Aim at Superior to Known
to
Approve of Senior to Junior
to
Appear at/in Similar to
Grateful to
Arrive at Take off Guilty
of
Avail of Turn on Good
at
Avenge on Turn off Loyal
to
Bark at Turn up
Believe in Thankful to
Beware of Tired of
Boast of Wait for
Belong to Weak in
________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 54 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Burst into Affection for

Bring up Attention to
Break out Aware of
Carry on Afraid of
Consist of Ahead of
Charge with Accustomed to
Comply with Abide by
Count upon Ashamed of
Die of Anxious for
Depend on Blind of
Deprive of Beneficial to
End in Because of
Escape from Confidence in
Fail in Connection with
Gaze at Capable of
Give up Confident of
Get into Congratulate on
Get through Contrary to
Get out Dispose of
Hinder from Desire for
Introduce to Desirous of
Inform of Differ from
Insist on Different from
Knock at Due to
Look for Enmity with
Look at Equal to
Look over Greedy of
Look after Hope for
Look into Hide from
Laugh at Inferior to
Listen to Introduce to
Object to Interested in
Prefer to Invite to
________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 55 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Put on Injurious to
Put out Innocent of
Pick up Jealous of

Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions:

1. I bought this book _______ten rupees______ the market.
2. He is good ______mathematics but week_____ English.
3. We are thankful_____ him ______ his kindness.
4. I agreed ______ him.
5. He took _______ his old hat and put _____ his new one.
6. When I was _______ home, I work _______ the garden.
7. I shall fetch the _______ you ________ a few minutes.
8. He took ________ a book _______ his bag and gave it to me.
9. I put _____ new dress and went out _______my father.
10. He is junior _____ me.
11. We should be proud ______ our country.
12. It has been raining ________ morning.
13. The women look _______ the food crops.
14. He came ______ Sunday _____ ten o’clock.
15. He started ______ six ______ the morning.
16. You should reach school______ time.
17. The dog ran _______ the hare.
18. Latif’s urs is held _____ his shrine.
19. I thanked him ______ all my heart ______ his assistance.
20. He was born _______ a small village ______ district Thatta.
21. He remains busy ______ Monday.
22. Please turn ______ radio and turn ______ the TV.
23. He was _____time ______ School.
24. You should not laugh ______ the beggars.
25. She is a very fond ______ apple.
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 56 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

26. Look _____ the matter.

27. He has been suffering from fever ________ last night.
28. Profits are divided ________ the stock holder.
29. I am not interest ______ this job.
30. He puts _____ a new shirt.
31. We live _______ Karachi.
32. The police was looking ______ the criminal.
33. Ahmed was standing _____ the bus stop.
34. She sits ________ me in the class.
35. The cat is sitting _____ the chair.
36. Look ______ your pocket.
37. These things are not _____ sale.
38. Who is standing _______ the tree?
39. What is ______ front of you?
40. Stop talking _____ me.
41. Mother took me _____ her.
42. The sweets were distributed ______ them.

Fill in the blanks with correct articles:

1. He is not _____ honorable man.
2. This is ______ shortest way to my school.
3. Copper is _____ useful metal.
4. ______ rich should help _____ poor.
________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 57 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

5. He is ____ clerk in _____ office.

6. ______ owl can see in the dark.
7. Honest man speaks _____ truth.
8. ______ Indus fall into ______ Arabian sea.
9. He is _______ Shakespeare of his time.
10. He drinks _____ glass of mil daily.
11. What _____ intelligent girl she is.
12. She gave me _____ glass of water.
13. He returned after ______ hour.
14. ______ faithful friend is ______ best friend.
15. Do not make ______ noise.
16. _______ Indus is ______ largest river of Pakistan.
17. Iron is _______ metal.
18. Shah Latif’s message is _______ message of love.
19. My teacher is _______honest and hard working person.
20. Honest is _______ best policy.
21. I bought _______ apple and _______ mango from the market.
22. _______ book you want is out of market.
23. Iron is one of _______ heaviest metal.
24. The man knocking at _______ door is _______ beggar.
25. _______ Balochis lead _______ simple life.
26. He came here after _______ hour.
27. The K2 is one of _______ highest mountain peaks.
28. _______ Holy Quran is _______ book of God.
29. Karachi is _______ biggest city of Pakistan.
30. _______friend of mine sent me _______ book which I like
most.
31. _______ train was half _______ hour late.
32. His father died _______ year ago.
33. This is _______ important matter.
34. In _______ evening we usually go for _______ drive.
35. I met _______ stranger in the garden.
36. _______ honest man never tells _______ lie.
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 58 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

37. _______ most righteous is _______ most honorable.

38. Eye sight is _______ great blessing.
39. They saw _______ animal in _______ forest.
40. I admired _______ way she asked _______ question.

ANTONYMS
(Opposite words)

WORDS ANTONYMS WORDS

ANTONYMS
awake sleep clean
dirty
efficient inefficient careful
careless
brave timid obey
disobey
active passive buy
sell
near far life
death

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 59 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

high low rich

poor
day night agree
disagree
ascend descend cheap
costly
gain lose dry
wet
deep shallow sharp
blunt
wide narrow fair
foul
honour dishonour maximum
minimum
possible impossible safe
unsafe
optimist pessimist retreat
advance
alike different fat
thin
hot cold faithful
unfaithful
educated uneducated clean
dirty
intelligent dull written
oral
heavy light attack
defend
present absent reward
punishment
wise foolish spring
autumn

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 60 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

beautiful ugly summer

winter
either neither knowledge
ignorance
slow fast barren
fertile
love hate assemble
disperse
like dislike contract
expand
rise fall early
late
construct destroy comfortable
uncomfortable
lead follow arrival
departure
believe doubt smile
frown
attract repel merit
demerit
correct incorrect antonym
synonym

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 61 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

SYNONYMS
(Words having same meanings)

WORDS SYNONYMS WORDS

SYNONYMS

Reality Truth Fortune

Luck
Real True Link
Join
Reason Cause Glad
Happy
Foe Enemy Century
One hundred
Pleasure Joy Firm
Strong
Treat Behave Feeble
Weak
Noble Gentle Purchase
Sale
Cling Stick Dense
Thick
Achieve Gain Astonish
Amaze
Explore Search Idle
Lazy
Utterly Completely Ponder
Think
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 62 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Appreciate Admire Gather

Assemble
Beg Request Sick
Ill
Ceiling Roof Disguise
Hide
Empty Vacant Bold
Brave
Cross Angry Freedom
Independence
Pleasant Friendly Ancient
Old
Cultivate Develop Popular
Famous
Dignity Honour Articles
Things
Par-excellence The best Foolish
Stupid
Divine Related to God Active
Smart
Reflection Image Costly
Expensive
Puzzled Confused Mingle
Mix
Shiver Tremble Wages
Salary
Honoured Respected Stiffen
Harden
Severe Stern Obvious
Clear

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 63 -
 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

MAKING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS

NOUNS ADJECTIVES NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

Accident Accidental Origin

Original
Affection Affectionate Peace
Peaceful
Air Airy Pride Proud
Centre Central Profit
Profitable
Child Childish Science
Scientific
Circle Circular Sense
Sensible
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 64 -
 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Cloud Cloudy Storm Stormy

Comfort Comfortable Sun Sunny
Commerce Commercial Sympathy
Sympathetic
Courage Courageous Year Yearly
Danger Dangerous Depth Deep
East Eastern Bravery Brave
Fame Famous Honesty Honest
Fortune Fortunate Equality Equal
Gold Golden Freedom Free
Health Healthy Justice Just
Hero Heroic Perfection Perfect
Honour Honourable Poverty Poor
Hope Hopeful Purity Pure
Industry Industrial Safety Safe
Joy Joyful Strength Strong
Mercy Merciful Truth True
Month Monthly Youth Young
Music Musical Wisdom Wise
Nation National Stupidity Stupid
Nature Natural Simplicity Simple
Need Needy Reality Real
North Northern Regularity
Regular

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 65 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

COMPARISONS
As black as coal. As brown as a berry.
As blind as a bat. As busy as a bee.
As brave as a lion. As cheerful as a lark.
As bright as silver. As cold as ice.
As clear as crystal. As dark as midnight.
As cunning as a fox. As dry as dust.
As deep as a well. As easy as A.B.C.
As dumb as a statue. As firm as a rock.
As fair as a rose. As good as gold.
As free as air. As greedy as a dog.
As gentle as a lamb. As happy as a king.
As grave as a Judge. As hot as fire.
As green as grass. As innocent as a
dove.
As hard as a stone. As obstinate as a
mule.
As heavy as lead. As playful as a kitten.
As light as a feather. As proud as a
peacock.
As ugly as a toad. As quiet as a mouse.
As white as snow. As alike as two peas.
As sweet as honey. As slippery as an eel.
As soft as butter. As old as the hills.
As stupid as a donkey. As red as blood.
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 66 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

As timid as hare. As sure as death.

As rich as a Jew. As wise as Solomon.
As sharp as a razor. As playful as a kitten.
As loud as thunder. As poor as church
mouse.
As quick as lightning. As regular as clock.
As unstable as water. As hungry as a hunter.
As coward as a chicken.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 67 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

One word for the whole expression

1. A person’s own handwriting. Autograph

2. A cure for all ailments. Panacea
3. A poem without the name of the poet. Anonymous
4. A woman whose husband is dead. Widow
5. A person who believes in one God. Monotheist
6. A person who believes in many gods. Polytheist
7. A persons who does not believe in God. Atheist
8. A person who is always hopeful. Optimist
9. A person who is never hopeful. Pessimist
10. Something that cannot be done. Impossible
11. Two words having the same meaning. Synonyms
12. Two words having opposite meaning. Antonyms
13. Fit to be chosen or selected. Eligible
14. The life history of a person.
Autobiography
15. Something that cannot be seen. Invisible
16. A place where experiments are carried. Laboratory
17. A life history written by oneself.
Autobiography
18. A person who lives on vegetables. Vegetarian
19. One whose father or mother or both are dead. Orphan
20. A person who checks accounts. Auditor
21. A post for which no salary is paid. ` Honorary
22. One who goes on foot. Pedestrian
23. That cannot be cured. Incurable
24. A speech delivered without preparation. Extempore
25. That cannot be read. Illegible
26. That cannot be avoided. Inevitable
27. A person who cannot read or write. Illiterate

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 68 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

IDIOMATIC STRUCTURES

Break into The thieves broke into a house.

Break out Typhoid has broken out in the
village.
Bring up She was brought up by her aunt.
Bring down The Government is brining down the
prices.
Call at I called at his house.
Call on The Minister called on the President
at the
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 69 -
 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Aiwan-e-Sadar.
Come across I came across an old friend
yesterday.
Go through. I have gone through this book.
Get into. The Police tried to get into the
details of the case.
Keep away Keep away from this dog.
Keep up You are doing you studies well; keep
it up.
Look after His servant looked after his ailing
mother.
Look back He looks after his childhood with
great pleasure.
Look for He is looking for his lost purse.
Make of I cannot make anything of this letter.
Make up She is making up her deficiency in
English.
Put off Never put of till tomorrow what you
can do today.
Put on She put on her new dress and went to
the party.
Run at The tiger ran at the hunter.
Run over The bus ran over a pedestrian.
Set aside The High Court set aside the
judgement of the
Lower Court.
Set out He set out on a long journey.
Set up My uncle has set up a new factory.
Take off He took off his shoes and went to
bed.
Take over The Government has taken over the
management of this school.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 70 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Take up I shall take up your case with the

Manager.

IDIOMS AND PHRASES SENTENCES

A red letter day. ( an auspicious day) 14th August 1947 is the red
letter day in the history of Pakistan.
A bed of roses.(a very comfortable existence) The post of President
is not a bed of roses.

All in all. ( an all powerful person) The Manager is all in all in the
mill.

At the eleventh hour. ( at the last moment) The members were

informed about the meeting at the eleventh hour.
A bone of contention. ( cause of dispute) Money was the bone of
contention between the two brothers.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 71 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

To beat about the bush (to talk of here and there) He always beat
about the bush but never comes to the point.

To break the ice (to end the shyness) The teacher broke the ice in
the class.
To make the most of (to avail the opportunity) Youth is the best time
to make the most of it.
To make both ends meet (to live within one’s income) It is very
difficult to
make both ends meet in these days of dearness.
With heart and soul (with all one’s energy) She is preparing for her
examination with heart and soul.
By fits and starts (irregularly) It is not fair to study by fits and
starts.
Day in and day out (every day) He is working hard day in and day
out to get first position.
With a high hand (to do something without respecting the feelings
of others) The Prime Minister should not decide matters with a
high hand.
To cry over spilt milk (to have useless regret) It is no use to cry
over spilt milk.
High time (right time) It is high time to start our studies.
To shed crocodile tears (pretend to have been crying) The beggar is
shedding crocodile tears to get charity.

To nip in the bud (destroy in the beginning) Nip the evil in the bud.
To put into practice (to start acting upon) We must put into practice
the principles of Quaid-e-Azam to make Pakistan a welfare state.
To wind up (to end) My uncle is winding up his business in Dubai.
In black and white (in written) He has resigned from his post in
black and white.
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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 72 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Apple of one’s eye. ( very dear) The baby is the apple of

everybody’s eye in the family.
Fits and starts. (irregular) We should work regularly and not by fits
and starts.
Narrow escape. ( to escape with the slightest margin) He had a
narrow escape in the accident.
To turn a deaf ear. (disregarded) We should not turn a deaf ear on
our elders advice.
To turn over a new leaf. ( behave better in future) My friend gave
up his bad habits and turned over a new leaf.
To take to task. ( to punish) The bad boys will be taken to task
today.
Ups and downs. ( rise and fall) I have experienced my ups and
downs in life.
To see eye to eye with someone (to agree with) My friends do not
see eye to eye with me.
To turn a deaf ear to (not to listen) We must turn a deaf ear to
rumors.

A black sheep (worthless member of the group) He is a black sheep

in his department.

To take to task (to call to account) The Clerk was taken to task for
absenting himself from office without permission.

Far and wide ---- My father has traveled far and wide in the country.

Null and void (non-existent ; ineffective) The Director declared his

dismissal orders null and void and ordered his reinstatement.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 73 -
 English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Once in a blue moon (extremely rare) Only once in a blue moon

things
happen as one wishes.

Odds and ends (remnant ; unimportant things) After the picnic we

gathered all the odds and ends.

Get rid of (get free from a thing you wish to be freed) I am trying to
get rid of my bad habits.

Hue and cry (a great noise) The man who was robbed raised hue
and cry but the pickpocket ran away.

Kith and kin (near relatives) My father looks after his poor kith and
kin.

A rainy day. ( bad days ) Save something for a rainy day.

To take to heels. ( to run away) Suddenly the Police patrol appeared

and the thief took to heels.

To pick holes in. ( to criticize ) Do not pick holes in other’s affairs.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 74 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

COMPOSITION

A. PARAGRAPH WRITING:

A paragraph is a short piece of composition. It describes a

thing or narrates a story briefly. You may have many things to say
about a particular topic, but you cannot say all of them in a
paragraph. Your paragraph should be between 100 to 150 words.
There is therefore no room for less necessary details or repetition
of ideas in a paragraph. You have to write only those things, which
are directly related to the subject. Your paragraph, however, should
be complete in it self. If it is descriptive, it should tell the story in
an interesting way, what happens first should come first and what
happens last should come at the end. Your verbs should be in the
same tense, so far as possible.

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______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 75 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

The paragraph should be written in simple correct English.

Long sentences are not always good. Simple and short sentences
are easy to manage, but do not write all the sentences in the same
pattern. Your paragraph should begin with a good sentence that
tells something important about the subject. The last sentence
should sum up the paragraph. One more thing you must remember
is that a paragraph contains only one paragraph. You should not
break it up into smaller parts.

1. When you are asked to write a paragraph on a particular

topic, try to remember all things you know about it.
2. Then write down all the ideas that come to you.
3. Now read carefully what you have written and score out all
the sentences, which are not really necessary.
4. Read what remains and think over it for some time. Perhaps
you have another good idea. If it is really important and
relevant, include it in the paragraph.
5. You have one more thing to do before writing the final
draft. Make sure that your sentences are grammatically
correct and are properly arranged.
6. Now write your paragraph and read it to make sure that you
have not missed a word here
or made a spelling mistake there.
7. Remember that a good paragraph in interesting and
readable.

________________________________________________________________
______________________
By: Christopher Innocent - 76 -
English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Specimen paragraph:

1. A Policeman

A policeman is one of the most important junior officials of

the government. His salary is not high but his powers are many. He
likes to use his powers. He is not a very polite man. To maintain
law and order is his duty. He has to be on his job for long hours.
We see him in his grey and khaki uniform wherever we go. He
controls traffic on main roads. At railway stations, bus-stands and
cinemas. He is also present to discourage pickpockets. Then he is
on patrol duty on deserted roads at night. He obeys his officers and
goes wherever they send him. He is not a popular man. People are
rather afraid of him. If he were more educated and polite, everyone
would have liked him. He is doing useful work but not all that he
can do. He has his difficulties and problem, too. Prices of all things
are rising and he has a family to support.
2. The annual prize distribution

It was a colourful function. The District Education Officer

had come to give a way the prizes. The programme began with the
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recitation from the Holy Quran. The first event was three-legged
race. It was very interesting race. Many competitors fell down
while trying to run fast. Next came the sack race. Many boys took
part in this funny race. Wearing sacks up to their waists, they
hopped towards the finishing line. Only few reached there. Then
came the staff race. It was an interesting experience to see our
teachers running like young boys. After these sports events, the
Headmaster read out his report about the activities of the school.
Then the guest of honour gave away the prizes to students who
have secured positions in various games and sports. In the end he
made a speech and told us some interesting things about his school
days.
Exercise-1:
The exercise consists of a number of questions. Write your
answers with the help of hints given against each questions. After
writing your answers make sure that the sentences are properly
arranged.
Q.1 Who was Allama Iqbal?
one of the most important Muslim thinker and poet
Q.2 When and where was he born?
Sialkot – 9th November, 1877
Q.3 Where did he receive his early education?
home town
Q.4 Where did he go after completing his early education?
Lahore – joined the Government College – passed
M.A. – went to Europe for higher studies – received Ph.D.
in Philosophy from Germany – passed Bar-at-Law from
London
Q.5 Did he return home?

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returned home and started law practice in the Lahore High

Court – most of his time devoted to poetry, philosophy and
religion.
Q.5 What were his achievements?
wrote many great and beautiful poems to awaken the
Muslims from their deep sleep – proposed the creation of
Pakistan
Q.6 Did he live to see the creation of Pakistan?
did not live to see his dream come true – died on April 21,
1938 – lies in his grave near the main gate of Badshahi Mosque –
lives on in our memory

B. COMPREHENSION

It is important for all of us to form good reading habits.

Reading should not mean only the ability to, pronounce the printed
words. Nor should we be satisfied with getting a general and vague
impression about the things we read, we should aim at a complete
understanding of all that we read. This kind of reading is possible
only when we pay full attention to every word and every sentence.
This is no doubt hard work but it will in time give us command
over a large number of words and sufficient knowledge of the
structures and patterns of English language. It is a useful habit to
ask yourself after reading a paragraph or a page, “What is it all
about? What are the main ideas?” then try to answer the questions
without referring to the passage. If you are able to remember what
you have read, you are a good reader. If you cannot, try again, read
the paragraph once again slowly and carefully and ask yourself the
same questions. Make it a regular habit and you will become a
good reader.

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Exercises in comprehension are meant to test whether the

student has acquired the ability to understand what he reads. He is
asked to read a paragraph and answer questions relating to various
parts of the paragraph. He may also be asked to make a precise of
the whole.

The student should read the given paragraph slowly and

carefully taking in its meaning. Before going on to the questions,
he should satisfy himself that he had understood the complete
meaning of the paragraph. Then he should read the questions and
understand their nature and scope. After this he should once again
read the paragraph and mark those of its parts, which contain
answers to the questions. Now he is ready to write his answers.

He should not copy sentences from the paragraph. His

answers should be in his own words. They should be clear, simple
and to the point. Answers should be in complete, correct sentences
and not in ‘yes’ or ‘no’ except when he is specifically asked to do
so.

C. PRECIS WRITING:

A storyteller, a novelist or an essayist writes because he

wishes to say something. He wants to impress and influence his
readers. He wants to arouse their feelings or change their opinions.
Therefore, he writes in a style that will help his purpose. He uses
similes and metaphors. He gives arguments and examples. He
repeats his ideas again and again in different words and phrases.

A student writing a précis, on the other hand, is not

interested in anything but writing in a clear and simple language
the essential points of the passage assigned to him. He reproduces
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only the main ideas contained in the passage. He ignores those

parts, which are explanatory or decorative. He writes his précis in
as few words as are necessary to state the central theme.

Précis-writing is not a difficult art. Whenever we ask or

answer a question in a simple and straight manner, we are
practicing the art of précis making. Whenever we understand the
meaning of what we read or hear without being confused by the
beauties of style, we are doing an exercise in précis making.

Précis writing is test incomprehension. If you understand

the meaning of the sentences as well as the whole passage, you
will be able to write a good précis. You cannot, however, make a
précis of what you do not understand. You should, therefore, work
hard and acquire command over the vocabulary and structures used
in your textbooks. It will enable you to understand simple modern
prose in standard English.

Here are certain suggestions that will help you write a good
précis:
1. Read the passage carefully and think of a title that tells
what the passage is about. It will help you keep to the point
while writing the précis.
2. Read through the passage once again and mark those parts
of the passage, which express the main ideas. Then write a
phrase or a sentence to sum up each of these ideas.
3. Read the passage again to see if the phrases and sentences
you have written really sum up the passage. Make
corrections if necessary.
4. Now write your précis using the phrases and sentences you
have already written.
5. Read your draft and mark those phrases and clauses, which
can be replaced by single words or short phrases without
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loss of meaning. Also make sure that you have not repeated
any idea.
6. Make sure that your précis does not exceed the prescribed
length. If you are not told the length, it should be one-third
of the original passage.
7. Now write the final draft. It should be in your own words
as far as possible. However, certain words from the original
passage cannot be replaced.
8. The précis of a letter or a speech should usually be written
in Indirect Speech.
9. The précis should preferably be in the third person. Even
when the passage uses pronouns of first person, your précis
should begin with words like, “The speaker says’, ‘The
writer states’, ‘The author expresses’.
10. The précis should not contain anything that is not stated in
the original passage. Do not express your opinion in the
précis.

D. ESSAY WRITING:

The only way to learn writing is to write and write. There

are no rules by learning which we are able to write a good essay.
Certain suggestions may however help us if we follow them while
writing our essays.

1. First of all we should think over the subject on which we

want to write. By doing this we shall be able to form in our
mind a broad outline of our essay. Then we should write
down the outline or important points.
2. Now we are ready to write the first draft of our essay. All
we have to do is to expand the outline. It means writing a
few sentences about each of the important points we have
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already noted. While doing this, we should not stop after

every few minutes to consult a book or a dictionary to look
up this word or that; we can do so later.
3. When our first draft is ready, we should read it once or
twice. Now we should mark words and phrases that seem
incorrect or clumsy. It is time to get the help of a dictionary
and a good book of grammar. We have to make sure that
our (a) tenses are right, (b) spellings are correct and (c)
prepositions are appropriate. We should do this even if it
takes quite some time.
4. We have to be sure of one thing more. Have we arranged
our composition appropriate paragraphs? Remember that
one paragraph is to deal with only one idea or one aspect of
a thing. Suppose we are writing an essay of ‘My best
friend’. How should be begin writing it?

(i) The first paragraph should introduce the subject:

we may say something about friends and
friendship. We may begin it in some such way:
A good friend is a blessing or an old proverb
says that a friend in need in a friend indeed, or
friendship is the finest expression of love we
have for each other and it is great and noble
thing…
(ii) After the introductory paragraph, we may write
the name of our friend and say something about
his appearance manners habits and qualities.
(iii) In the third paragraph, we may write about our
affection for each other for example going for a
walk, playing a game and helping in studies.
(iv) If we wish to say something about out friend’s
family, we should better do so before or after the
paragraph about his appearance, habit etc.
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5. Now let us write the final draft. We should read it carefully

when we have completed it. If it does not satisfy us, it will
not satisfy anyone else. If we think that we can improve it,
we should try to do so and write another draft. Before
taking our essay to the teacher, we must satisfy ourselves
that we have really done our best. Why should we wait for
our teacher to tell us that we have mis-spelled the word
‘friend’? We can ourselves look it up in the dictionary.

My favourite teacher

The importance of teachers cannot be ignored in the

society. They are a blessing. They groom the youth of the country
and make them able to shoulder the responsibilities in future. In
other words they are the builders of the nation.

I feel it really very difficult to decide which of my teachers

I like the most. I really respect and regard all my teachers equally.
Anyway I think Sir _______________ is my favourite teacher. He
teaches us English. His method of explaining is excellent. He does
not use hard and tough words but uses simple sentences to explain
the lesson. He teaches us by stories. We enjoy them very much. So
long as he stays in our class we all remain very attentive and listen
to him very carefully. We feel extremely sorry when his period is
over. He is in fact our friend. He mixes with us and helps us just
like a friend.

So far as his personality is concerned, he is an excellent and

perfect smart man. He is highly educated. He holds Master’s
Degree in English. He is never proud of his learning. Besides
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teaching in our school, he is also lecturing at the well-reputed

coaching centers of the city in the evening. These are some of the
reasons I like Sir ____________ the most of all my teachers. May
God bless him!

MY COUNTRY

Country is the part of the land where a person is born,

where he spends his or her childhood, where he plays and grows
young. Where he lives with his relatives, mixing with whom he
spends the days with love and happiness. He has deep affection
with its lawns. He loves its environment. Its streets are very dear to
him. He can never forget the place where his feet had touched. The
memory of that place becomes the part of his nature.
Without the feelings of patriotism, the completion of
humanity is not possible. Patriotism is honourable. The attraction
of the country is felt when a person is away home. When a person
remembers the spring season of his country he wants to fly back to
his country. Sacrificing life for the respect and defence of one’s
country is a great character. One can only understand and realize
the attraction of the country when one is away from his homeland.
When one remembers the pleasure of the spring of one’s country
one wants to fly and reach one’s homeland.

My dear homeland is Pakistan. Pakistan is not the country,

which we got in heritage, but we achieved it after a long and hard
struggle of our forefathers. In the struggle for the creation of this
country, the bones of our ancestors served as bricks their flesh as
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paste and blood as water. The people who sacrificed their relatives
and property can estimate this valuable creation.

Nature has blessed Pakistan with all beneficiaries. There

are rivers, sea, mountains, planes, deserts, forests and green
valleys. The youngsters of this land are well built, courageous and
skillful. The valleys of my country present the scene of paradise.
Its green and vast fields are pouring out gold.

Pakistan is making progress in the field of Trade, Industry

and Agriculture. We have wheat, barley, cotton and other crops in
abundance. We have mineral reserves as well, for instance, gas,
salt, coal, kerosene oil, stone for making cement, gypsum and an
emerald deposits as well. Further research is going on. Time shall
come when we will be self-sufficient in oil as well.

Pakistan is also participating in the International Affairs as

well. Pakistan is interested in relations with all the countries of the
world especially with its neighbours. We believe in living in peace.
But we take it as our responsibility to maintain our power for our
protection.

May God Almighty bless all the Pakistanis and grant them
all the vision to love Pakistan more.

A rainy day

It was 16th July last year and perhaps the hottest day in
summer. The sun was shining very brightly. A hot wind was
blowing. The birds took shelter in their nests and people retired to
their house. Streets were left deserted. In these houses, everybody
was perspiring. Though the fans were on but they gave no relief.
Iced water was in great demand. Every one was feeling uneasy.
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Shopkeepers were dozing. All were praying for rain. Then

suddenly the sky was overcast with dark clouds. A drizzle was
followed by a heavy rain. The roads were full of water. People took
refuge in their houses. But the children came out and began to play
in the rain. A few people slipped on the roads. After an hour the
rain stopped. Everybody can out in the open and all were very
happy. There was no dust on the roads. Trees and plants looked
fresh and green. There was a beautiful rainbow in the sky. The
night became very cool and everyone had a sound sleep.

The teachers

It is no denying the fact that teachers are the most

important people of the society. They are the people who teach
others. With the teachers none of us will be educated. There will be
no doctors, engineers, lawyers, politicians or any kind of
workmanship because most of them graduate from schools, college
and universities taught by teachers.

Not anyone can become a teacher. Only selected people

with great skills and good personality can be chosen for this
profession. To be an ideal teacher, a lot of sacrifices have to be
made. Teachers have to commit themselves fully. There are certain
skills, which a teacher must possess. Most important of all is
patience, because some students might be quite slow in picking up
things. A teacher must understand the student’s position and
problems.

Nowadays, a lot of parents are working. In these cases, the

teacher must be a parent as well. A teacher must be hard working,
intelligent and attentive and willing to work. He must be fully
trained and always looking for new materials and aims at different
angles to educate his students and bring out the best in them.
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Teachers are the role models for the students. They must carry
themselves in the right way in order to set a good example to their
students.

Finally, teachers are the architects of the nation. They are

the most delicate people of the society. Without them there will be
no society. Therefore teachers must have great skills and
personality to do the job.

E. STORY WRITING

It is always pleasant to hear or tell a story. It is equally

pleasant to read or write a story. A good story is always interesting.
Story writing is an art and we have to learn it carefully. To write a
story from a given outline, the following points should be kept in
mind:

i) The outline should be read with full attention.

ii) A clear idea of the plot of the story should be formed in
mind.
iii) The story should be written in an interesting manner
and the given hints should be developed properly.
iv) The story should be written in past tense even when the
outline is in the present tense.
v) Its length should be limited to 150 words.

Specimen Story:

THE HARE AND THE TORTOISE

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Outline: a hare and a tortoise – hare challenges tortoise to a race –

tortoise accepts it – an oak tree across the forest fixed winning post
7– race begins – hare sleeps on the way – tortoise moves on slowly
and steadily – defeats the hare.

The story: Once upon a time a hare and a tortoise were

neighbours. The tortoise lived in a pond and the hare had his hole
nearby. The hare often boasted of his fast speed and laughed at the
poor tortoise. One day he challenged him to run a race. The
tortoise accepted the challenge. They decided to run to an oak tree
across the forest. Next morning the race began. The hare was very
swift and soon he was out of sight. When he had covered half the
distance, he thought of taking some rest. He sat under the shade of
a tree and fell asleep. The tortoise, on the other hand, moved
slowly and steadily and reached the winning post. When the hare
got up, he rubbed his eyes and looked back. He could not see any
sign of the tortoise. He thought that the tortoise must be far behind.
So he began to move leisurely and reached the destination at
sunset. ‘”Most welcome:, said the tortoise. The hare felt ashamed.
He had lost the race.

Moral: Slow and steady wins the race.

F. LETTERS, APPLICATIONS AND INVITATIONS:

Letters may be formal or informal, but in each case they are

written in accordance with some set rules. Usually the letters are
classified under the following three heads:
i) Personal letters of private nature.
ii) Official letters and applications.
iii) Business letters.
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Every letter has several parts and all these parts taken
together make the whole. Any omission is liable to mar the
quality of the letter. The parts of a letter, other than the main
body, are given below:

i) The name and address of the writer along with

the date of writing.
ii) Salutation or greeting.
iii) Subscription or the close of the letter.
iv) Name (or official position) of the addressee;
(This may be omitted in personal letters which
should mention the relation as My dear Brother,
Father, etc, etc.)

A chart that shows proper salutations and subscriptions is

given here for guidance:

Addressee Salutations
Subscriptions

i) Relatives My dear… (Relation),

Yours affectionately,
ii) Friends My dear… (Name),
Yours sincerely,
iii) Acquaintances Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss…,
Yours truly,
iv) Strangers Sir/Madam,
Yours truly,
v) Officers, Teachers Sir/ Madam,
Yours truly,
vi) Editors of Newspapers Sir/ Madam,
Yours truly,
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vii) Business firms Dear Sir,

Yours faithfully,

The subscription can also be written as ‘your affectionate

(son), ‘your sincere friend’ ‘your obedient servant or pupil’ etc. etc.

a) Writer’s address should normally be written at the top of

the letter paper in the right hand corner. In applications it
may be written at the bottom in right hand corner.
b) The date is normally given just below the writer’s address
when written in the top right hand corner. It may also be
written in the bottom left corner in case of applications.
The date must be written in any one of the following ways:

August 27, 2003.

27th August, 2003

c) In salutations we greet the person whom we address. The

words are to be used according to the status of the
addressee and the degree of friendship or intimacy that the
writer enjoys with him. Students should refer to the chart
given above.
d) The body of the letter is the main part of the letter and may
contain a number of paragraphs. The opening sentence
should be of a general nature and may indicate the
continuity of correspondence with the addressee. Some
suitable opening sentences which may be used according to
the occasion are:

i) I received your kind letter only the other day.

ii) It is quite a long time since I heard from you.
iii) I am very glad to receive your letter.
iv) My joy knew no bounds when I learnt of your success.
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v) I am much pained to hear that…

vi) You will be sorry to know that…
vii) You will be pleased to know that…
viii) Thank you very much for your letter …

The letter should be closed with proper phrase. One of the

following phrases may be used according to the occasion:

i) With best regards,

ii) With love and best wishes to all at home,
iii) With best wishes,
iv) Hoping to see you soon,
v) Hoping for an early reply,
vi) Hoping to hear from you soon,
vii) Thanking you,

e) The subscription is put after the closing of the letter at the

bottom of the right hand corner of the page. Students
should refer to the chart given above for using appropriate
subscription.
f) The address of the person to whom the letter is sent is
written on the envelope. We write:
i) The name of the person in the first line,
ii) The number of the house and the street or the
name of village in the second line,
iii) The name of the post office or the town in the
third line,
iv) The name of the district in the last line.

SPECIMEN

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Ian Innocent,
A.11, Joe Apartments, Saddar,
Karachi.

1. FORMAL LETTERS:

i) Write a letter to your father telling him about your

progress in studies.

A
.
B
.
C
.

H
i
g
h

S
c
h
o
o
l
,
K
a
r
a
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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
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c
h
i
.
A
u
g
u
s
t

2
7
,

2
0
0
3

My dear father,

I have received your kind letter today and I am pleased to

read that you are fine. You want to know the progress of my
studies. You need not worry in this context. I am working very
hard for my examination. I study upto 11 o’clock at night. I get up
again at 5.00 a.m. and study for three hours at a stretch. The
teachers give us tests and revise important lessons. I have finished
all my courses. I got 80% marks in the last test and hope to get
more in the annual examination.

With live to all at home,

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English (New Syllabus) B.A., B.Com.,
B.Sc., B.Sc. Home Economics

Your
loving son,

xyz

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