Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

Vol. 6(1), pp. 697-704, January, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0477

Research Article
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley
Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
*1Ashenafi Guye, 2Oliyad Sori
1Hawassa University, Department of Agricultural Economics & PhD Candidate in Agricultural Economics at Haramaya
University
2Wollega University, Department of Agricultural Economics & PhD Candidate in Agricultural Economics at Haramaya

University

Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are
numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to
investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers
in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers
were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive
statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study
identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are;
improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-
adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and
intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of
Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family
size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to
demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers
adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore,
government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such
institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income
to small scale

Keywords: Adoption, Malt barley, technology package, Tobit Model, Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION

In most developing countries wide-scale adoption of yearly production of 375,000 tonnes. In the country across
improved agricultural technologies is perceived as different region, there are known potential areas for their
significant pathways to increase agricultural productivity agro ecology suitability and rich biodiversity to produce
and to decrease poverty this in turn enhances sustainable malt barley, but they are not producing to expected extent
food and fiber production which is critical for sustainable due to observable and unobservable reasons. For
food security and economic development (Mwangi and instance: Arsi and Bale zones are the known malt barley
Kariuki 2015 and Simtowe et al., 2011). According to producers in Oromia region, west and east Gojam, north
Beshir and Wegary (2014), a new agricultural innovation is and south Gondar in Amhara region including Awi zones
assumed to offer a pathway to substantially boost have been supplying for brewery factory. However, their
production and income. Barley (Hordem Vulgare) is the supply of raw materials (malt barley grain) to brewery
one of staple food and subsistence crop in the country; it
is annual crop that cultivated in more than 800,000 ha
between 2000 and 3500 meter above sea level. Barley *Corresponding Author: Ashenafi Guye, Hawassa
classified into food barley and malt barley. Malt barley is University, Department of Agricultural Economics & PhD
an important cash crop for resource poor farmers in Candidate in Agricultural Economics at Haramaya
Ethiopia (Getachew et al., 2007). Malt barley production University. Email: [email protected]
in Ethiopia covers about 150,000 ha with an estimated Co-Author Email: [email protected]

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 698

factory is not enough to substitute import from abroad and kebeles and 3 rural towns. The capital town of Malga
alone couldn’t able to keep with expanded capacity Woreda is Manicho which is located at 26 km away from
(Minale et al., 2011). The farmers are unable to supply the regional capital, Hawassa and 299km from Addis
required amount of malt barley because of personal, Ababa. The total land size of the Woreda is 32,651ha of
demographic, socio-economic, institutional and other which the cultivated land is estimated to be 18,177 ha of
factors affecting their production and productivity. This which 6,988 ha used for cereal and enset production
indicates that there is gap between malt barley demand (WOA, 2013). Among the food crops, barley is the most
and supply which is unexploited opportunity for small scale dominant crop followed by Irish potato production in the
farmers to raise their income if their productivity increased. area. Average annual temperature varies from 12.6-20oC.
In the study area, despite malt barley is cash crop which It receives an average annual rainfall ranges from 1201
helps small scale farmers to raise their income various mm -1600 mm. The Woreda has two agro-ecological
factors are constraining them from high productivity such zones, namely Dega (78.3%) and Woina Dega (21.7%).
as lack of functional and viable seed system, low Regarding to road accessibility 65.22% of the kebeles are
productivity and impediments in malt grain marketing accessible throughout the year, 21.74% of kebeles are
(CASCAPE, 2012). To solve this problem new malt barley accessible only during the dry season of the year while
technology package was introduced in different region of 13.04% of them are inaccessible throughout the year
the country by CASCAPE project. (WOA, 2013). The altitude of the Woreda fall within 1501-
3000 mean above sea level. The Woreda has an estimated
In Malga Woreda of Sidama Zone adaptation and total population of 109,793 persons, out of which of 55,676
demonstration of malt-barley was conducted in 2004 and were male while 54, 117 were female (CSA, 2007).
consequently since 2005 production of the crop was
started at farmers’ field (CASCAPE, 2013). With the
introduction of new crop varieties, Participatory varietal
selection, trial adaptation, training, demonstration,
promotion and adoption are the key sequential steps
foreseen by the Ethiopian agricultural research and
extension system. Even though new malt barley
technology package such as improved malt barley
seed/varieties, new planting techniques (row planting and
spacing) and new management practice (fertilizer
application rate, seeding rate, chemical application) were
introduced. The adoption and intensity of adoption of malt-
barely technology package has not been evaluated. All
farmers were not adopting the new technology package
because of different adoption behavior and other
exogenous factors. Many adoption studies have been
conducted in different parts of the country at different times
for various commodities and interventions. However,
adoption of malt-barley technology package adoption has
been less investigated than other crop these days at the
country level except some areas specific studied Fig 1. Map of the study area.
conducted by both national and regional CASCAPE Source: SNNPR & Finance Bureau
project that is included in the extensive drivers of adoption
study (Komen et al., 2016). Sampling technique and sample size

Therefore, the aim of this study was analysis of personal, This study defines survey population at farm household
demographic, socioeconomic and institutional factors head level. After the researcher defined target population,
influencing adoption and intensity of adoption of malt the next task was the question of taking representative
barley technology package. The result of this study can samples from the population. The research sample design
help to develop improved technology diffusion strategies was non-experimental based on purposive for selecting
which may play a great role for increasing adoption and area of the study however random and systematic
intensity of adoption in the study area. sampling techniques were used for sample selection.
Malga Woreda was selected purposively among the malt-
barely producer Woreda and South CASCAPE project
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY intervention area in SNNPR due to its potential for malt-
barley production. An important decision that has to be
Description of the study area
taken into consideration when adopting a sampling
Malga Woreda is one of the 19 Woreda in Sidama Zone of technique is about the size of the sample. Appropriate
SNNP Regional State. The Woreda is divided in to 23 sample size depends on various factors relating to the

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
 J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 699

subject under investigation like the time and cost aspect, tabulation) for discrete variables while mean, standard
the degree of accuracy desired, etc. (Rangaswamy, 1995). deviation and one-way ANOVA analysis for continuous
If sample is too small, it might be difficult to achieve variables. The choice of this technique was informed by
objective of inferences whereas when it is too large, it may (Adofu et al., 2007). To analyze determinants of farmers’
require excess resource to collect the necessary data. adoption behavior in malt-barley technology package in
Sample error occurs not because of studying the whole study area Tobit econometric model applied. Tobit
population. However, during sampling period, it is common econometric model is an extension of probit model and it
to miss some helpful information about the population is one of the approaches dealing with the problem of
(Levin and Richard, 1989). The higher the desired censored data (Johnston and Dandiro, 1997). Some
precision or the level of confidence, the larger (more authors call such model limited dependent variable model,
costly) would be the sample requirement. Sampling theory because of the restrictions put on the values taken by the
is of little help in arriving at a good estimate of the sample regressand (Getahun Degu, 2004).
size in any particular situation (Gupta, 2002).
Many researchers have used Tobit model to identify
Therefore, based on this concept two kebeles of Malga factors affecting adoption and intensity of adoption of
Woreda were taken namely Guguma and Gomeshe Tulu improved agricultural technologies. To mention some of
purposively since these two kebeles were considered as the researcher, for instance (Nkonya, 1997) used Tobit
potential kebeles and consists two malt barley seed model to identify factors affecting adoption of improved
producer cooperative and malt barley producers maize seed and fertilizer in Northern Tanzania. He used
cooperative than the other kebeles in the Woreda. These area planted with improved seed and area receiving
kebeles are known to supply malt barley to Assela brewery fertilizer as continuous dependent variables for running
factory based on information from South CASCAPE Tobit model. In the same country (Kaliba et al., 1998) used
project. Lastly, sample from total household head of two Tobit model to study factors affecting adoption of maize
kebeles were taken by using random sampling technique production technologies particularly maize variety and
based on Yamane’s formula from each kebeles at 8% used proportion of area allocated to improved maize seed
confidence interval. as continuous dependent variable. Besides the adoption
𝑁 studies from a broad there is also adoption studies
𝑛= ………………………………….. (1) conducted in Ethiopia, (Legesse, 1992) used Probit and
1+𝑁(𝑒)2
Where n is sample size to be computed, N is the total size Tobit model to identify factors affecting adoption of
of malt barley producers in the study area, and e is the improved varieties, fertilizer and herbicide. Both of them
level of precision. The minimum level of precision is used probit model to identify factors affecting adoption of
acceptable at 10%. However, for this study 8% of precision improved variety and Tobit model to identify factors
level was used. affecting intensity of fertilizer and herbicide use. On the
other hand (Techane, 2002) used Tobit model to identify
Data source and method of data collection determinants of adoption and intensity of use of fertilizer in
Ethiopia. In the same line, (Endrias , 2003) and (Getahun,
Both quantitative and qualitative data gathered from both 2004) used Tobit model to assess factors affecting
primary and secondary sources were used for this study. adoption and intensity of adoption of sweet potato varieties
The interview schedule was administered on 251 sample and wheat technologies respectively.
household heads, which were the main source of the data-
collection tool in the research work. Then using the Model specification
amended structured interview schedule, primary data were
collected by using personal interview technique from The econometric model applied for analyzing factors
sampled farmers. The interview schedule was influencing adoption and intensity of adoption of malt
administered by using trained enumerators. In order to barley technology package was the Tobit model shown in
increase the reliability of the survey data and to reduce equation (Adofu et al., 2007). This model was chosen
technical and linguistic problems at the farm level; the because, it has an advantage over other adoption models
researcher (the author) spent much time with enumerators (LPM, Logistic, and Probit) in that, and it reveals both the
during all survey days. Besides primary source, secondary probability of adoption and intensity of use of malt barley
data was taken from Sidama Zone Bureau of Agriculture, technology package. Following (Maddal, 1992; Amemiya,
SNNPR finance and economic development bureau and 1985; Johnston and Dandiro, 1997). Tobit model for the
other sources such as published and unpublished sources. continuous variable adoption index, can be defined as:

Methods of data analysis and model specification AIi * = β0 + βiXi + Ui

AIi=AIi * if β0 + βiXi +Ui>0.................................. (2)
To analyze data descriptive statistics, inferential statistics =0 if β0 + βiXi +Ui ≤0
analysis and Tobit econometric model were applied to Where: AIi* = is the latent variable and the solution to utility
meet the objectives of the study. Descriptive statistics maximization problem of intensity of adoption subjected to
applied were percentage, frequency and chi-square (cross a set of constraints per household and conditional on being

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 700

above certain limit, AIi= is adoption index for ith farmer, Xi RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
= Vector of factors affecting adoption and intensity of
adoption, βi= Vector of unknown parameters, and Ui= is Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
the error term which is normally distributed with mean 0
and variance σ2. The result presented in Table 1 indicated that 95% of the
respondents were male-headed, and the rest 5% were
Intensity of Adoption female-headed. This implies that male-household heads
Analytical techniques have access of adopting malt barley technology package
than females who are in most cases restricted to home
For multiple practices (package), there are two options of chores. Similarly, the mean age of household heads was
measuring adoption; (i) adoption index: measures the 40.68years, which implies most of the malt barley
extent of adoption at the time of the survey or (ii) adoption producers had more experience in barley production.
quotient: measures the degree or extent of use with Likewise, the mean family size and land size of households
reference to the optimum possible without taking time into were 6.80 in man day equivalent and 1.49ha, respectively.
consideration. In this study, the first option was employed. Moreover, on average the total livestock holding in tropical
Accordingly, adoption index which shows to what extent livestock unit was 0.28. This implies that households that
the respondent farmer has adopted the whole set of owned large livestock have two competing ends, livestock
packages was calculated using the following formula. In production and crop production. Therefore, they will
order to know the intensity of adoption of malt barley classify their land for both cases and this may affect
technology package, adoption index of individual farmer adoption decision negatively and significantly. In addition,
was calculated as follows. the majority of respondents (17%) were illiterate.
Intensity of adoption of malt-barely technology package for Furthermore, most respondents had no off-/non-farm
those of adopters can be computed using the following income source (81%) and no credit source (65%)
formula considering five package components. The (Table 1). On the other hand, mean distance to nearest
adoption index of individual farmers can be computed: market is 1.63 and mean oxen in TLU is 0.28 while mean
𝑛 𝐴𝑇𝑖 labor in MDE is 1.72. Similarly, 65%, 61%, 50.2% and 50.6
( ) has no access to credit, field day, training and
𝐴𝐼𝑖 = ∑ 𝑅𝑇𝑖 demonstration respectively.
𝑁𝑃
𝑖=1
Where AIi= is adoption index of ith farmer Table 1. Mean and proportion of households’ characteristics
AT= is the level or quantity of input the farmer actually
Continuous Variables Mean SD
applied
Age in years 40.68 12.93
RT= is the recommended level or quantity of an input he
Family size in AE 6.80 2.171
ought to apply
Land size in ha 1.49 0.998
NP= is the number of practice
Livestock number in TLU 5.26 3.89
After summing up for all the elements of the package of Distance in km 1.63 1.130
recommendations, a maximum obtainable adoption score Experience in years 14.64 8.914
is fixed at 1 or 100%. Based on the above general formula, Oxen in TLU 0.28 0.642
the following specific formula was applied for this study: Labor adult 1.73 1.19
𝑛 𝑆𝐴 𝐹𝐴 𝑃𝐹𝐴 𝑀𝑃𝐴 𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑆
( + + + + )
𝐴𝐼𝑖 = ∑ 𝑆𝑅 𝐹𝑅 𝑃𝐹𝑅 𝑀𝑃𝑅 𝐿𝐶𝑇𝑆 Dummy variables Response Frequency Percent
𝑁𝑃 Sex Male 239 95
𝑖=1
Where AIi = adoption index of the ith farmer Female 12 5
I= 1, 2, 3….n; n is total number of farmers Education status Yes 43 83
SA =seed applied per hectare and SR=seed No 208 17
recommended per hectare Non-farm income Yes 47 19
FA= fertilizer applied per hectare and FR= fertilizer No 204 81
recommended per hectare Hired labor Yes 87 35
PFA= plowing frequency applied and PFR= plowing
frequency recommended No 164 65
MPA= Method of planting applied and MPR= Method of Access to credit Yes 78 39
planting Recommended No 153 61
LCCS= land covered by improved seed and LCTS= land Participation field day Yes 125 49.8
covered by total seed No 126 50.2
On the basis of adoption index respondent farmers were Participation training Yes 124 49.4
classified into three categories, viz., non- adopter, partial No 127 50.6
and full adopter. Adoption index is thus a continuous Participation Yes 73 71
dependent variable which is affected by different factors to demonstration
be investigated. No 178 29

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
 J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 701

Determinants of malt barley technology adoption and livestock unit will decrease adoption and intensity of
its intensity adoption of malt barley technology package by 1.6 % and
15 % respectively (Citrus paribus). Livestock and crops
In the study area, malt barley producer’s attempt to adopt were the two competitive enterprises as a result an
different technology package. However, there are various increase in the land under malt barley production would
factors that affect producers in selecting the appropriate decreases land under livestock thereby decrease pasture
technology packages. The decision of producers to land which in turn decreases livestock holding. So in our
adoption was determined by various demographic, study as expected in the beginning it had negative effect
socioeconomic and institutional factors. The Wald Chi- since farmers in the study area those who have large
square statistic was used to test the overall significance of number of livestock unit preferred allocating their land
variables. This result implied that the model was significant partly or fully for grazing. The reason behind their
at 1% level, and the explanatory power of the factors allocation for grazing is that in study area there is no
included within the model is satisfactory. The results of communal/range land. Our finding is inconsistent with the
model revealed that among sixteen variables such as age, study of (Solomon et al., 2011). According to his study
family size, land size, livestock unit, distance, experience TLU affects adoption of agricultural technology positively
,oxen, labor adult , Sex, education status, non-farm and significantly. The farmers who are near to markets
income, hired labor, access to credit, participation in were better adopter than those who are far from the
training, demonstration and field visit included in the nearest market. Increase in distance from nearest market
model and eight variables such as education of household, decrease the probability and intensity of adoption of malt
livestock unit family size, land size, distance, access to barley technology package by 2.9 % and 9 % respectively
credit, participation in training and demonstration were (Citrus paribus). Our result agrees with the study by (Isaiah
found to have significant effects on adoption and intensity et al., 2007). As the Tobit model result indicates, the
of adoption (Table 2). The probability of adoption and its variable access to credit had positive and significant
intensity were affected by education, family size, land size, influence on the likelihood of adoption of malt barley
participation on training, participation on demonstration technology package at less 1% significance level. From
and credit access positively and significantly, while Total this result it can be stated that those farmers who have
livestock holding and distance to nearest market had a access to formal credit, from agricultural Office or from
negative and significant effect. cooperative and cooperative farmers (farmers who are
members of cooperative) are more probable to adopt malt
As expected in the beginning education level of household barley technology package than those who have no
head was affected the adoption decision and intensity of access to formal credit. Increases in the probability of
adoption of farmer in the study area positively and adoption and intensity of adoption of malt barley
significantly at less than one percent significance level. As technology package resulting from having access to credit
participation in formal education/as level of education is 12 % and 4.9 % respectively (citrus paribus). In the
increase the probability and intensity increased by 5.9 % study area, access to credit is determined by on
and 13.7 % respectively (citrus paribus). Our result membership to cooperative to access credit from
confirms with studies by (Nzomoi et al., 2007) education of cooperative and half amount of payment of inputs from the
household head affects positively and significantly effects total on hand to access from agricultural office. On the
on adoptions of production of horticultural export produce. other hand, farmers who are not member of the
Also, the studies by (Ozor et al., 2005; Motuma et al., 2010 cooperative cannot use the opportunity. The earlier studies
and Isaiah et al., 2007) confirmed similar results. Family that agree with our result indicating that credit is one of
size expressed in adult-equivalent affects the adoption factors that affect the probability of adoption of improved
decision of farmers of the study area positively and varieties and the quantity of fertilizer farmers apply
significantly at 5% significance level. Increase in family (Legesse, 1992; Tesfaye and Shiferew, 2001). The
size increase adoption and intensity of adoption by 1.8% attendance in training had positive and significant effect on
and 19.5 % respectively (citrus paribus). The result is adoption and intensity of adoption. Since it is one of the
consistent with the study on adoption of improved maize means through which farmers get information/knowledge
seed by (Motuma, 2010). Land size of the household was about new technologies. Result of the finding indicated
found to be one of the factors that positively influence malt attendance in training was positively and significantly
barley technology adoption and intensity of adoption. It related to adoption of malt barley production package at
was statistically significant at 5% probability level. An 10% significance level. An increase in attendance in
increase in land size increase the probability and intensity training increases probability of adoption and intensity of
of adoption of malt barley technology package by 4% and use of malt barley production package by 7.2 % and 5 %
8.8 % respectively (citrus paribus). Our finding is respectively (citrus paribus). The implication is that
consistent with earlier study of (Tesfaye et al., 2001). As emphasis has to be given to farmers’ training to enhance
expected, tropical livestock unit affects the adoption level adoption of malt barley production package. Our finding
of farmers negatively. Livestock possession decreases the confirms with the findings of (Tesfaye and Shiferew, 2001)
intensity of malt barley adoption and statistically significant and he reported that participation in non-farm
at 1% significance level. An increase in the tropical demonstration and attendance of training contributed

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
Guye and Sori. 702

positively to farmers’ adoption decision. Similarly, as their productivity even more. These statements were
expected attendance in demonstration had positive and common testimonies by the interviewed farmers, even
significant effect on adoption and intensity of adoption. farmers who did not adopt the full package were clear
Since it is one of the techniques that extension agents about the positive effects of the malt barley technology
share their skill to farmers and farmers try by themselves. package on their farms and families. Despite its positive
Result of our finding indicated attendance in contribution, the emphasis given nationally to the malt
demonstration was positively and significantly related to barley technology package adoption is relatively low
adoption of malt barley production package at 5% compared to other cereals such as wheat, teff and maize.
significance level. Attendance in demonstration increases As a result of this, institutional support provided to this
probability of adoption and intensity of adoption of malt sector, such as credit service, research and extension is
barley technology package by 7.2% and 3.4 % not to the expected level. These factors together with
respectively (citrus paribus). The implication is that several household personal, demographic and socio-
emphasis has to be given to farmers’ demonstration to economic factors greatly affect the adoption of the malt
enhance adoption of malt barley production package. The barley technology package and consequently production
same findings (Yishak, 2005) in his study of determinants and productivity of the sub-sector. Broadly speaking three
of adoption of improved maize technology in Damote Gale major areas that need policy interventions was identified if
Woreda found that farmers’ participation in demonstration the adoption and intensity of adoption of malt barley is to
had positive and significant relationship with adoption. be increased.
Table 2: Tobit model estimation for determinants of malt Depending on the result of the paper the following
barley technology package recommendations were forwarded: Members have a
Variables Change in Change in linkage with Assela malt factory; they have the opportunity
probability of intensity of of accessing seed and fertilizer, while non-members
adoption adoption cannot access these inputs as easily. This may create
Education of household .0597477*** .1372541*** difference between adopters and non-adopters and even
Land size .0186395** .1952941** in intensity of adoption among adopters. Again, access to
Family size .0412838** .0888577** credit was related to membership to cooperatives in the
Tropical livestock unit -.0163706*** -.0934921*** study area. There is no formal ways of obtaining credit
Distance -.0291361** .0493359** except via the microfinance institution. Microfinance
Access to credit .1205538*** .0456386*** institution in the study area provides fertilizer for farmers.
Participation to training .0721289** .0518717* It requires half amount of cash up front. But during the
Participation to .0725387* .0348644** production season most of the farmers were unable to
demonstration provide cash up front and they indicated this as one of the
Constant .2778153*** .3678254*** main reasons to deviate from adopting malt barley
Log likelihood function= -13.392374 technology package fully. This shows that it is not
Observation summaries: unwillingness among farmers, but limited access to inputs
LR chi2 (19) = 167.30*** which impedes adoption. Moreover, facilitating the use of
19- left censored observation at Adoption index=0 inputs in terms of establishing appropriate credit
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 mechanisms would also increase the likelihood of adoption
232-uncensored observation of the recommended seed varieties and fertilizer type and
Pseudo R 2 = 0.8620 recommendations. For this reason, increasing
0 -right censored observation membership to cooperative can open the way for farmers
Dependent variables are probability of adoption and to access input and credit.
intensity; ***, ** and * are statistically significant at 1%, 5%
and 10% level of significance, respectively. ABBREVIATIONS
CASCAPE: Capacity building and scaling up for evidence
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION based- best agricultural practice in Ethiopia
CSA: Central Statistical Agency
The role of malt barley in income generation and food
e: error;
security for smallholder farmers is very high in highland
MDE: man day equivalent
areas of Ethiopia. The production of malt barley among
n: sample size
Ethiopian farmers reduces government’s expenditures by
N: target population
substituting import from abroad. Besides income, its straw
SNNPR: Southern nation, nationalities and peoples region
can serve as both animal feed and as raw material for
SD: standard deviation: SML: TLU: Tropical livestock unit
house construction. Adoption of the malt barley technology
WoA: Woreda office agriculture
packages increases farmers’ incomes and with that they
are able to improve their living conditions such as sending
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
their kids to school, improve their housing, diversify their
diets, and again invest more of their assets in increasing All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia
 J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 703

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Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Package in Malga Woreda Southern Ethiopia