A Report on

STUDY OF RELAY CO-ORDINATION IN A POWER

SYSTEM USING ETAP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In Electrical Engineering
By

Renuka Chavan 401510

Jyotsna Anand 401515

Nincy George 401538

Melvin Makasare 401572

Under the guidance of

PROF. DIVYA SAJEESH (Internal Guide)

Mr. KULDEEP YADAV(External Guide)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FR. CONCEICAO RODRIGUES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SECTOR-9A, VASHI, NAVI MUMBAI 400703

2018-19
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “STUDY OF RELAY CO-ORDINATION IN A

POWER SYSTEM USING ETAP”, is a bonafide work of RENUKA CHAVAN (401510),
JYOTSNA ANAND (401515), NINCY GEORGE (401538),
MELVIN MAKASARE(401572) submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of
Engineering” in “ElectricalEngineering”.

Mr. KuldeepYadav Prof.DivyaSajeesh

Project Guide(External) Project Guide(Internal)

Dr. Bindu S. Dr.S.M.Khot

Head of Department Principal

 Project Report Approval for B.E.

This project report entitled “Relay Coordination Study in a Power System Using ETAP” by
Renuka Chavan (401510), Jyotsna Anand (401515), Nincy George (401538) and Melvin
Makasare (401572) is approved for the degree of “Bachelor of Engineering”
in“Electrical

Engineering”.

Examiners:
1.

2.

Date :

Place:
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where others’ ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles
of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be caused for
disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources
which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been
taken when needed.

Renuka Chavan (401510) Jyotsna Anand (401515)

Nincy George (401538) Melvin Makasare(401572)

Date:
Place:
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to our guides for their
guidance, encouragement, and support throughout the course of this thesis work. It was an
invaluable learning experience. We express our warm thanks to our Project guide Mr.
Kuldeep Yadav at HPCL, Mumbai Refinery for his invaluable constructive criticism and
friendly advice.

We are very much thankful to Prof. Dr. Bindu S., Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering, and Dr. S.M. Khot, Principal, F.C.R.I.T, Vashi, for their constant support.
Also, we are indebted to them for providing us all official facilities.

We would like to give a token of appreciation to our family and friends who supported us
and motivated us throughout the project. They have been major contributors to our work.

We are also thankful to all the teachers of electrical department and officials at HPCL and
who provided us conductive and approachable environment for our project activities.
 ABSTRACT

Protection devices like relays and circuit breakers form the mainstay of large interconnected
power systems such as those in power generation industries. Relays are designed to detect
faulty scenarios and work to isolate the system at the earliest to ensure that continuous power
supply is ensured. Protective relays are an economical way of preventing damage to equipment
and minimum system disruption of service to healthy portion of network. Selection of
appropriate relay settings under various system conditions plays an important role in timely
isolation of the faulty section of power system. Distance and overcurrent relays are mainly used
for transmission and sub transmission protection system. In many sub-transmission and
transmission power systems directional overcurrent relays are used as secondary protection
while the main protection schemes use distance relays. For optimal coordination of protection
systems, the operating times of the relays are minimized in the frame of the objective function,
subject to coordination constraints, relay characteristic curves and the limits of the relay
settings.
Simulation software can guarantee accurate and fast representation of real-world systems which
are made of many complex interconnected systems. It may be used to test various fault
scenarios without having to experiment on the physical systems.
This report presents relay co-ordination studies and simulation of actual fault area of 50MW
CPP at HPCL, Mumbai Refinery using ETAP Version 7.1.The single line diagram of the system
under consideration is constructed and ETAP software is used for adjusting relay settings and
then to simulate the system.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO.
Abstract 1
Table of Contents 2
List of Figures 3
Chapter1 Introduction 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Motivation 4
1.3 Aim and Objective 5
1.4 Problem Statement 5
1.5 Scope of the Project 5
Chapter 2 Relays and Types of Protection 6
2.1 Working of Relay 6
2.2 Siemens Relays used in HPCL 7
2.3 Protection Requirement 9
2.4 Types of Protection 10
2.5 Desirable Characteristics of Protection 13
2.6 Protection Resistance 15
Chapter 3 Plug and Time Settings 16
3.1 Plug Setting Multiplier of Relay 16
3.2 Time Setting Multiplier of Relay 16
3.3 Time vs PSM Curve of Relay 17
3.4 Calculation of Relay Operation Time 17
3.5 Time Current Characteristics 18
Chapter 4 Software Implementation 20
4.1 Softwares used 20
4.2 Simulation of MSS 5 on ETAP 22
4.3 Simulation Result 23
4.4 Observations from Relay and Breaker Panels 24
Conclusion 26
References 27

2
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

2.1 Siemens Relay Panel 7

2.2 Overcurrent Protection 10

2.3 Directional Overcurrent 11

Protection
2.4 Distance Protection 11

2.5 Zones of Protection 14

3.1 Operating time characteristic 18

with variation in TMS
3.2 Types of Time-Current 19
Curves
4.1 Features of ETAP 21

4.2 Simulation of MSS 7 22

4.3 Result of Simulation 23

3
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The term relay co-ordination covers concepts of discrimination, selectivity and backup
protection. This relay coordination depends on the factors like selectivity, sensitivity and
reliability. Its main objective is to achieve selectivity without losing sensitivity and quick fault
clearance time. Proper co-ordination of relays is essential to minimize power disruption in
healthy part of the system. Relay coordination is an important aspect in the protection system
design as coordination schemes must guarantee fast, selective, and reliable relay operation to
isolate the power system faulty sections.
To ensure continuity of power supply to the Refinery in addition to the CPP at HPCL, Mumbai
Refinery, TATA Power also supplies power. In any power system network, protection should be
designed such that protective relays isolate the faulty portion of the network at the earliest, in
case of failure of primary relays, back up relays operate after enough time discrimination. The
time current characteristic curve is also to be analysed.
These protective relays are designed which are able to discriminate between faulty conditions,
normal and abnormal operating conditions and functions only for those they are designed. It
doesnot operates for any normal or short term abnormal conditions for which they are not
intended to act and thus provides protection.

1.1 Background:
In industries non-coordination of relays causes delayed isolation of fault or it may affect the
healthy part of the system to mitigate these issues, simulation of actual system can be done using
ETAP. ETAP being the major software used for fault analysis at HPCL is chosen as
software platform for our project. ETAP Version7.1 also has advantage of customizing relay
setting and manufacturer, is fast and accurate which is done by entering time and plug setting
appropriate for required protection.

1.2 Motivation:
Replacement of the 3.3 kV, three phase motor would incur a cost of about US
$17,0000. However, if the reasons for fault and mitigation methods are determined, it would

4
ETAP is essential to check relay settings to ensure that faulty area is quickly isolated. It reduces
the cost of testing, safety concerns and removes need for checking various range
adjustments by manual calculations. Characteristics of large power system such as that at
HPCL can be understood. Fault mitigation can also be done comparing time current
characteristics under normal and fault condition.

1.3 Aim and Objective:

As safety is a major concern in industries Relay coordination plays an important role by
avoiding the nuisance tripping and allowing the safe and a correct functioning of the power
system. The reason for nuisance tripping is modification of protective devices and their settings
at the time of upkeep without performing suitable study and analysis.

1.4 Problem Statement:

A 3.3kV, three phase, 575kW Induction motor experiences a recurring fault. It is a
cooling tower pump motor which is used to circulate coolant. The fault is not being cleared by
relay 10 which is its primary protection but instead relay7 clears the fault.

1. To determine reason for repetitive fault on 95P1E motor

2. To determine reason/s for non-clearance of fault by motor relay 10
3. To determine reasons for nuisance tripping of relay 7 due to fault at 95P1E motor
4. To simulate fault area using ETAP Version 7.0 and to analyze relay coordination of the
system.

1.5 Scope of the project:

To study relay co-ordination, simulate parts of main substations 5,6 and 7 which lie
under faulty area on ETAP software platform. Also, real time simulation of the plant is done,
and its time current characteristic is obtained. The simulation is done by varying relay settings.

5
 CHAPTER 2

RELAYS AND TYPES OF PROTECTION

A relay is an electrical switch where a signal is used to control a circuit operation. With
advanced technology, numerical relays are proficient of multiple functions which have been
implemented in industries.

PROTECTIVE RELAY:

For protecting electrical devices and transmission lines, electromechanical relays with same
operating characteristics are used to sense overload, short-circuits, and other defects. While
numerous relays are used, digital protective relays offer equivalent and more compound
protective functions.

DIGITAL PROTECTIVE RELAY:

A digital protective relay is a computerized system with software-built protection algorithms for
recognition of electrical faults. These relays are known as microprocessor-protective relays.
They are practical alternatives for electro-mechanical protective relays which comprises of
many protective functions in a single unit, along with metering, communication, and self-test
functions. Hence, a digital protective relay is known as "numeric protective relay".

2.1 WORKING OF RELAY

2.1.1 INPUT PROCESSING

Low voltage and low current signals are carried into a low pass filter that eliminates frequency
contents above 1/3 of the sampling frequency. The AC signal samples from four to sixty-four
per power system cycle is experimented by relay's A/D converter. Magnitude of the input, which
commonly uses Fourier transform would be used in a simple relay function. Progressive study of
such can regulate phase angles, power, reactive power, impedance, waveform variation, and
other quantities.

6
2.1.2 LOGIC PROCESSING
The relay examines the resulting outputs of A/D converter to ascertain if action is essential
under its protection algorithms. Protection algorithms as a group of logic equations is created by
the protection engineer and by relay manufacturer.
The relay can utilize advanced logic. It is able to analyze whether or not the relay should trip or
restrain from tripping, based on its parameters fixed by the operator, compared against several
functions of its analog inputs, relay contact inputs, timing and order of event orders. If a fault is
detected, output contacts will trip the related circuit breakers.

2.1.3 EVENT RECORDING

For oscillography records, a short history of the whole sampled data is kept in relays. The
recording of events would contain some ways for the operator to view the timing key logic
decisions, relay I/O changed, and see at least the basic component of the incoming analog
parameters in an oscillography manner.

2.1.4 DATA DISPLAY

Digital / numerical relays, via a communication interface, deliver a front panel display or
display on a terminal. This is used to display current/voltage values and relay settings in real
time, etc.

2.2 SIEMENS RELAY USED IN HPCL

Fig 2.1 Siemens Relay Panel

7
2.2.1 RELAY 7SJ63

This relay is equipped for motor protection available with all sizes. Motor protection comprises
of under current monitoring, starting time supervision, restart, inhibit locked motors. The
integratedprogrammable logic CFC all-ows the user to implement their own function. Example:
For the automation of switchgear(interlocking),the user can generate user defined messages.

2.2.2 RELAY 7SJ64

It is used as protection relay or a control for distribution feeder and also used for transmission
lines of any voltage levels which are earthed or grounded. For radial or looped network it is
suited for and for lines with single and multi-feeder, provides up to 20 flexible protection to be
added according to the requirement. Capacity of 7SJ64 is much larger than 7SJ63.

2.2.3 BUS PROTECTION DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 7SS60

The SIPROTEC 7SS60 is an inexpensive differential relay suitable for centralized configuration
with all the voltage levels adapted to large no of bus bars with unlimited feeders. It has compact
design, short trip times. It is suitable for all voltage levels and allows unlimited number of
feeders

2.2.4 RELAY 7SJ61

Its purpose is same as 7SJ64. The functions like backup protection supplementary to
transformer differential protection and control to the circuit breaker, further switching devices
and automation functions all these functions are performed by relays. Some user-defined
messages are also allowed to generate by the user. The flexible communication interfaces are
open for modern communication architectures with control systems.

2.2.5 RELAY 7UT613

It features 4 voltage inputs. The protections available are for overvoltage, undervoltage,
frequency protection, reverse/ forward power protection, fuse failure monitor and
overexcitation.

8
2.3 PROTECTION REQUIREMENT

The main equipment’s involved in protection of a power system are Relays and Circuit
Breakers. A Circuit Breaker (CB) is basically a switch used to interrupt the flow of current. It
basically opens on relay command. Interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker is expressed in
MVA. Current in an inductive circuit (with finite resistance) cannot change instantaneously. The
abrupt change in current, if it happens due to switch opening, will result in infinite di/dt and
hence will induce infinite voltage. Even with finite di/dt, the induced voltages will be quite high.
The high induced voltage developed across the CB will ionize the dielectric between its
terminals.

This results in arcing. The dielectric medium in CB used at HPCL is vacuum as all CB used are
Vacuum CB. When the current in CB goes through the natural zero, the arc can be quenched.
However, if the interrupting medium has not regained its dielectric properties then the arc can
be prestruck. As the time passes the arcing current reduces after few cycles the current is
interrupted finally .

Usually CB opening time lies in the 2-6 cycles range. The opening mechanism of circuit
breaker requires larger power than what logical element relay provide to it. Hence when relay
gives a trip command, it closes a switch which provides energy to circuit breaker for the
opening mechanism powered by a separate dc source. Protective devices can provide the
following assortment of protection, many of which can be coordinated: Distance, Differential,
Under/Over frequency, Under/Overvoltage, Overcurrent, Earth Fault.

9
NORMAL ABNORMAL FAULT

System operating within System operating outside System subjected to severe

designed limits. designed limits. stress.
Maximum life expectancy of Allowed to operate for short Threat of immediate damage
equipment. periods. to equipment and system.
Higher margin for operating Accelerates aging of Risk of human and financial
contingencies. equipment’s. loss.

Susceptible to failure. Can affect adjacent system.

Lower margin for future

contingencies.

Table 2.1 Identifying normal, abnormal and fault conditions

2.4 TYPES OF PROTECTION

2.4.1 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Fig 2.2 Overcurrent Protection

The principle used by overcurrent relaying and fuse protection is that when the current exceeds
a predetermined value, it indicates the presence of fault. In radial distribution systems with
single source this protection scheme is used. Fig shows a radial distribution system with a single
source. The fault current is fed from only one end of the feeder To relay R2, fault F1, an
upstream fault is not seen, only F2 is seen. This is because no component of IF1 passes through
CT of R2. To relay R1, both downstream faults F1 and F2 are visible i.e. IF1 as well as IF2 pass
through CT of R1. Thus, selectivity is achieved naturally. Based on magnitude of fault current
relaying decisions are made. Such a protection scheme is said to be non-directional.

10
2.4.2 DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Fig 2.3 Directional Overcurrent Protection

Fig 2.3 shows such a case for a radial system with source at both ends. Due to source at both the
ends fault is fed from both the ends. To interrupt the fault current both the ends are provided
with relays. Here, the magnitude of the current seen by relay2, it is not possible to distinguish
whether the fault is at the section AB or BC. Since faults in section AB are not in its
jurisdiction, it should not trip. A directional overcurrent relay is required here for selectivity as
it uses both magnitude and phase angle information for proper decision making.

2.4.3 DISTANCE PROTECTION

Fig 2.4 Distance Protection

The basic principle of distance relay is, in presence of a line fault the apparent impedance seen
by the relay drastically reduces where apparent impedance is the ratio of phase voltage to line
current of transmission line. A distance relay compares this ratio with the positive sequence
impedance (Z1) of the transmission line.If the fraction Zapp/Z1 is less than unity, it indicates a
fault. This ratio also indicates the distance of the fault from the relay. Because, impedance is a
complex number, the distance protection is inherently directional. The first quadrant is the
forward direction i.e. the impedance of the transmission line that is to be protected lies within
this quadrant. If only magnitude information is used, non-directional impedance relays are used.
11
If magnitude of the impedance is within the circular region then the impedance relay gets
tripped. Since the circle spans all the quadrants, it leads to non-directional protection scheme.
The mho relay which covers the first quadrant is directional in nature.
Thus, the trip law for the impedance relay can be written as follows:

(1)
then trip; else restrain. While impedance relay has only one design parameter, ZSet; 'mho
relay' has two design parameters Zn, . The trip law for mho relay is

given by if (2), then trip; else restrain. ' ' is the angle of transmission
line. ' ' is also called 'torque angle'

2.2.4 EARTH-FAULT RELAY

To protect the feeder against the faults involving ground this relay is used. Earth faults are
single line to ground and double line to ground faults. For a proper coordination and setting only
single line to ground faults are considered.
Earth fault relays will not respond to the three phase or line to line faults.
Consider a radial system. For a fault near the source, the maximum fault current for a-g fault is

given by (3)
If we model the utility system with identical values for all the sequence impedances

then, . (4)
This value is identical to three phase fault current. If however, ZS0 < ZS1 then line to ground
fault current of bloted single can be higher than the three phase fault current. For a bloted fault,
fault current reduces due to larger feeder impedance contribution to denominator as we move
away from the source. For such a feeder zero sequence can be much higher than the positive or
negative sequence impedance.
Thus, as we go away from the source, the bolted three phase fault current will be higher than
corresponding ground fault current as it does not depend upon zero sequence impedance of the
feeder. In addition, if the single line to ground fault has an impedance ZF, then the fault current
can fall even below

12
 (5)

2.5 DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTION

A protection system is characterized by following important parameters:

2.5.1 DEPENDABILITY

If the relay trips when it is expected to trip then the relay is said to be dependable. This happens
only when the fault is in its primary jurisdiction or when it is to be used as backup protection.
However false tripping or tripping for faults that is within or not within the jurisdiction,
compromises system operation.Power system may get unnecessarily stressed or else there can
be loss of service. Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay will operate correctly:

(6)

Dependability can be improved by increasing the sensitivity of the relaying system.

2.5.2 SENSITIVITY
Consider the case of overcurrent protection. To detect the smallest possible fault current the
protective system must have the capability.
The smaller the current that it can detect, the more sensitive it is. One way to improve
sensitivity is to determine characteristic of a fault which is unique to the fault type and it does
not occur in the normal operation. For example, earth faults involve zero sequence current. This
provide a very sensitive method to detect earth faults. Once, this characteristic is seen,
abnormality is rightly classified, and hence appropriate action is initialized.

2.5.3 SELECTIVITY

Like sensitivity, selectivity also implies an ability to discriminate. A relay should not confuse
some peculiarities of an apparatus with a fault. For example, transformer when energized can
draw up to 20 times rated current (inrush current) which can confuse, both overcurrent and
transformer differential protection. Typically, inrush currents are characterized by large second
13
harmonic content. This discriminant is used to inhibit relay operation during inrush, thereby,
improving selectivity in transformer protection. A relay for a feeder should be able to
discriminate a fault on its own feeder from faults on adjacent feeders. This implies that it should
detect first existence of fault in its vicinity in the system and then take a decision whether it is in
its jurisdiction.

2.5.4 RELIABILITY

A relaying system must be reliable. Reliability can be achieved by redundancy i.e. duplicating
the relaying system which can be a costly proposition. Another way to improve reliability is to
make an existing relay to protect an apparatus as a backup protection. Back-up protection must
be provided for safe operation of relaying system. Redundancy in protection also depends upon
the criticality of the power apparatus.

(7)

2.5.5 ZONES OF PROTECTION

This jurisdiction of a relay is also called as zone of protection. Zones are classified into primary
and backup zones. In detecting a fault and isolating the faulty element, the protective system
must be very selective. Ideally, the protective system should zero-in on the faulty element and
only isolate it, thus causing a minimum disruption to the system. Selectivity is usually provided
by (i) using time discrimination and (ii) applying differential protection principle.

Fig 2.5 Zones of Protection

14
2.6 PROTECTION RESISTOR

2.6.1 STABILIZING RESISTOR

A stabilizing resistor is needed when residually connected current transformers are used to
measure the earth-fault current. The purpose of the stabilizing resistor is to prevent the relay
from operating due to saturation of the current transformers during motor start-up.

2.6.2 NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTOR

Neutral Grounding Resistors are used to limit the fault current for safety of equipment and
personnel in industrial systems. In solid grounding, the system is directly grounded, and the
fault current is limited only by the soil resistance. The fault current can be very high and can
damage the transformers, generators, motors, wiring and other equipment’s in the system. The
NGRs are inserted between neutral and ground in order to increase the net resistance in the
event of flow of high current.
Advantages of NGRs include:
• Reduce the single-phase fault currents for securing each equipment in MV electrical networks,
Reduce the transient overvoltage’s which can occur during an earth fault, and be monitored and
used to activate the earth fault relay.
• Increase protection of generators, transformers and related equipment’s,
• Reduced operation/maintenance costs,
• Increase safety, Provide simple, reliable, selective means of protection,
• Allows the use of equipment, and in particular cables with lower insulation levels than for an
insulated neutral scenario
• Reduce the step voltage The fault current value should be limited to a value that can be safely
handled by the machine or transformer.

To be sensed by earth fault protection relays the values must be high enough. The resistance
used in NGR must be of low value, if the value of resistance is high then the fault current will
be very low and will not be able to activate the earth fault protection relay during fault
conditions.

15
CHAPTER 3
PLUG AND TIME SETTINGS
The ratio of relay pick up current to the rated secondary current of CT is known as current
setting of relay. For example, suppose, you want that, an over current relay should operate when
the system current just crosses 125% of rated current. If the rated value is kept as 1A, then the
normal pickup value is kept as 1A which should be equal to rated secondary current transformer
connected to the relay. Then as soon as the CT secondary becomes more than or equal to 1.25
the relay gets operated, the current setting sometimes also referred as current plug setting.
The current setting in relays is different for each relay like for overcurrent relay it is 50% to
200% at the interval of 25% and in earth fault relay it is 10% to 70% at the interval of 10%.

3.1 PLUG SETTING MULTIPLIER OF RELAY

The ratio of fault current in the relay to its pick up current is known as plug setting multiplier of
relay. Suppose we have connected protection CT of ratio 200/1 A and current setting is 150%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 × 150 % = 1.5A Now, suppose fault current in the CT
primary is 1000 A. Hence, fault current in the CT secondary, i.e., in the relay coil is,
1000 × 1/200 = 5A Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33

3.2 TIME SETTING MULTIPLIER OF RELAY

The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two factors:
1. For closing relay contacts how long distance to be travelled by moving parts of relay.
2. By adjusting relay operating time we can get to know how fast the relay moving parts cover
the distance, both factors must be adjusted. Time setting is nothing but adjustment of travelling
distance of an electromechanical relay, this is commonly known as time setting multiplier of
relay. The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1at the interval of 0.05 sec.
But we cannot set the actual time of operation of an electrical relay, only by adjusting time
setting multiplier. Time of operation is also dependent on speed of operation. Speed of moving
parts of relay depends on the force due to the current in relay coil. Hence level of fault current
determines the speed of operation of any electrical relay.
In other words, the time of operation of the relay depends upon plug setting multiplier. The
relation between time of operation and plug setting multiplier is plotted on time vs PSM graph.
Total time taken by the moving parts of an electromechanical relay can be determined by this
16
graph, to complete its total travelling distance for different PSM. In time setting multiplier, this
total traveling distance is divided and calibrated from 0 to 1 at the interval of 0.05. So, when the
time setting is 0.1, the moving parts of the relay must travel only 0.1 times of the total traveling
distance, to close the contact of the relay.
So, if we get the total operating time of the relay for a PSM from time vs PSM graph and
and if we multiply the same time with time setting multiplier, we get actual time of operation of
relay for required PSM and TSM.

3.3 TIME vs. PSM CURVE OF RELAY

It is relation curve between operating time and plug setting multiplier of an electrical relay.
The x-axis or horizontal axis of the Time/PSM graph represents PSM and Y-axis, or vertical
axis represents the time of operation of the relay. The time of operation represents in this graph
is that, which required to operate the relay when time setting multiplier set at 1. From the
Time/PSM curve of a typical relay shown below, it is seen that, if PSM is 10, the time of
operation of the relay is 3 sec. That means the relay will take 3 seconds to complete its
operation, with the time setting 1. It is also seen from the curve that, for a lower value of plug
setting multiplier, i.e., for a lower value of fault current, the time of operation of the relay is
inversely proportional to the fault current. But when PSM becomes more than 20, the operating
time of relay becomes almost constant. This feature is necessary to ensure discrimination on
very heavy fault current flowing through sound feeders.

3.4 CALCULATION OF RELAY OPERATION TIME

For calculating actual relay operating time, we need to know these following operations.
1. Current setting
2. Fault current level.
3. Ratio of current transformer.
4. Time vs PSM curve.
5. Time setting.

Step-1 From CT ratio, we first see the rated secondary current of CT. Say the CT ratio is
100 / 1 A, i.e. secondary current of CT is 1 A.
Step-2 From current setting we calculate the pickup current of the relay. Say current setting of
the relay is 150 % therefore pick up current of the relay is 1 × 150% = 1.5 A.

17
Step-3 Now to calculate PSM for the specified faulty current level we divide primary faulty
current by CT ratio to get relay faulty current. Say the faulty current level is 1500 A, in the CT
primary, hence secondary equivalent of faulty current is 1500 / (100/1) = 15 A.
Step-4 After calculating PSM, to find out the total time of operation of the relay from
Time/PSM curve, say we found the time of operation of relay is 3 second for PSM =10.
Step-5 Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time setting multiplier, to
get actual time of operation of relay. Hence say time setting of the relay is 0.1. Therefore, the
actual time of operation of the relay for PSM 10, is 3 × 0.1 = 0.3 sec or 300ms

3.5 TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

Operating time characteristic – variation with TMS:

Increasing TMS has the effect of moving the curve up.For the same pickup, higher TMS
means higher time delay.

Fig 3.1 Operating time characteristic with variation in TMS[3]

18
 Fig 3.2 Types of time-current curves [3]

Simple Inverse,SI

0 .14
t= I 0.02
×(8)
TMS (8)
(I )F −1
s

Very Inverse, VI
13.5
t= I × TMS (9)
( IF )−1
s

Extremely Inverse, EI

80
t= I 2
× TMS (10)
(IF) −1
S

Long Time Inverse, LTI

120
t= I × TM (11)
( IF )−1
S

19
 CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 SOFTWARE USED

4.1.1 DIGSI

The PC operating program DIGSI 4.85 version is the user interface to the SIPROTEC devices.
It is designed with a modern, intuitive user interface. With DIGSI 4.85version, SIPROTEC
devices are configured and evaluated – this is used for industrial and energy distribution
systems. For the system engineering of DIGSI 4.85version parameterized devices the IEC
61850 system configurator is used.

The IEC 61850 system configurator is the manufacturer-neutral solution for the interoperable
engineering of IEC 61850 products and systems. This software supports SCL (substation
configuration description language).

FUNCTIONS:

With this software the required function can be selected easily from the numerous functions
installed in it. The required settings can be entered and displayed as primary or secondary
values. This software also allows the switching over between primary and secondary values
with one mouse click in the tool bar.

The DIGSI 4.85 version matrix helps to see the complete configuration of any device at a
glance. For example, the assignment of the LEDs, the binary inputs and the output relays are
displayed in one image.

4.1.2 ETAP

ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) is a full spectrum analytical engineering
software company specializing in the analysis, simulation, monitoring, control, optimization,
and automation of electrical power systems. This software offers the best and most
comprehensive suite of integrated power system enterprise solution that starts from modelling to
operation. To analyse and evaluate the performance of power system protection ETAP provides
intelligent tools. ETAP offers insight into troubleshooting false trips, relay mis-operation, and
mis-coordination.
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• Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) Curve
• Protective Device Coordination & Selectivity
• Sequence-of-Operation
• Protection Zone Selection & Viewer
• Automated Protection & Coordination
• Verified & Validated Protective Device Libraries

Fig 4.1 Features of ETAP

KEY FEATURES OF THE ETAP SOFTWARE
• AC & DC Overcurrent protective device coordination / selectivity
• Integrated database and embedded analysis capabilities
• Graphically adjustable device settings via TCC view
• Equipment damage curve plotting
• Sequence-of-operation fault analysis
• Enables coordination engineers to easily and efficiently perform an overcurrent
protective device coordination study
• Provide an accurate and realistic operating characteristic, time including state of
protective devices
• Aids coordination engineers and planners to quickly realize possible design issues and
make informed decisions.

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4.2 FAULT ANALYSIS
The SWCT Cooling pump motor 95P1E had tripped and power loss was observed at 3.3KV as
well as 22 KV. The fault was rectified once and coordination was improved. However when
95P1E motor tripped again, only loads at 3.3KV had experienced power loss.
The fault could not be cleared by motor relay 6 when the motor tripped again so blackout was
observed at 3.3KV substation .

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 SIMULATION OF MSS-5 ON ETAP

Fig.4.3 Single Line Diagram of Fault Area(MSS-5)

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Relay Settings:

Relay-1:MSS-5 110KV Siemens 7SJ645-CTR-2000/1

OC IEC-VI,0.75,TMS 0.28
EF DT, 0.1,T,S 0.75

Relay-2:MSS-7 outgoing to MSS-5 Siemens 7SJ62-CTR 400/1

OC 1100A DT 160Ms 1100A NI TMS 0.16; Inst 12000A 30mS

EF 230
A DT 400ms

Relay-3:MSS-5 22KV IC relay-GE Multilin SR 750-CTR-400/1

OC 1100A (2.75*In) IEC A TMS 0.16; Inst 8000A delay 0.13s

EF 228 A DT 400ms

Relay-4:MSS-5 TR-2 22KV primary relay GE Multilin SR 750-CTR-400/1

OC 700A (1.75*In) IDMT IEC-A TMS 0.14; Inst 3500A delay 0

EF 180 A (45% In) DT 50ms

Relay-5: 3.3KV IC Siemens 7SJ645-CTR-3000/1

OC 4500A (1.5*In) IDMT NI,TMS 0.1

EF 300 A IDMT NI TMS 0.05

Relay-6: Motor Relay-MICOM P1432

OC 975 A (6.5*In) DT Delay 100ms

EF 22.5 A (15% of In) DT delay 100ms

When earth fault occurs at 95P1E motor, simulation of MSS-5 fault area is
observed to have overlapping time current curves which represents an improper
coordination situation. Due to this 22KV and 3.3KV loads experienced power loss.

24
Fig. 4.4 Simulation of Fault Area with Improper Coordination

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Fig 4.5 Simulation of Fault Area with Proper Coordination

26
It is observed that time current curves of Relay 2 is overlapping with that of Relay 4 and
Relay 5 which shows improper coordination.. The relay settings of all the relays are verified and
type of curves are observed. Through trial and error it is understood that type of curve that was
selected for Relay 2 is incorrect. The actual required relay settings for Relay 2 is shown below.

Relay-2:MSS-7 outgoing to MSS-5 Siemens 7SJ62-CTR 400/1

OC 1100A DT 160Ms 1100A NI TMS 0.16; Inst 12000A 30mS

EF 230A DT 400ms

After these relay settings were changed motor 95P1E tripped again wherein relay
5 and relay 6 show the following data

INFORMATION FROM RELAYS

27
28
OBSERVATIONS FROM MB REAKER AND PANEL

29
Why there was a fault in 95P1E motor? Relay-2:MSS-7 outgoing to MSS-5 Siemens
7SJ62-CTR 400/1
Tripping of MSS-5 3.3 KV incomer breaker at due to Earth Fault in 3.3 KV motor 95P1E
and there was trip indication on 95P1E motor as well. It resulted in loss of power to 3.3 KV bus
of MSS-5 as stand by incomer was not in service due to ongoing maintenance activities.
Incomer 1 was taken in service after isolating 95P1E motor. Upon opening the motor Terminal
box it was found that the R Phase lead had grounded..

Why the fault could not be cleared by motor relay 6?

The breaker was tested in fault condition though primary current injection method and found to
be operating properly.
Breaker tripping time was also checked and found to be 50mS which is acceptable.
The fault current flown in the system was 500 Amps. But the current sensed by Relay 10 is max
up to 90 amps only.
Upon checking the resistor, it was found open. It led to de-sensitization of the relay. Due to
which it did not sense the earth fault current even when it was higher than the threshold value of
22.5 Amps.
It is verified by looking at the fault current in 3.3 KV incomer relay as well. Ideally, earth fault
current sensed by both the relays should have been the same. Fault current in incomer relay is
1500 amps in incomer relay wherein it is only 90 amps ( maximum peak) in motor feeder relay.

30
 Fig.4.6

3. Why 3.3 KV incomer relay 5 detected earth fault and tripped?

The magnitude of earth fault current detected by the relay is 1500 Amps.
The earth fault setting of motor feeder and incomer relays are coordinated up to 600 amps, as
desired, due to current limiting effect of NGR (rated for 600 Amps).
However, the incomer relay 7 sensed 1500 amps at which level time gradation between motor
and incomer earth fault is reduced to only 60 mS while the minimum gradation required to
determine sequence of tripping is 200 mS.
In case of time gradation of less than 200 ms in two radial feeders, both upstream and
downstream breakers are likely to trip while clearing a fault.

31
Fig.4.7 Simulation for Earth fault at 1500A

32
 Fig.4.8 Observations from Relay 6 software

4. Why earth fault current detected by 3.3 KV incomer relay 7 is more than the NGR rated current
(600 Amps)?

Upon checking, it was found that vector some of Ia,Ib and Ic is equal to Io (earth fault current).
In fact, magnitude of sum of Ia,Ib and Ic comes out to be 500 amps while the current sensed by the relay is
3 times of it, 1500 Amps.
This phenomena of relay was confirmed by carrying out primary current injection test in which ground
fault element of the relay was sensing 3 times the injected current.
To understand this problem, 7SJ64 relay manual was referred. In which it was given that for normal earth
fault setting, X 65 jumper on relay CT/PT card should be set at IE wherein in this case it was set at IEE. IEE setting
is used for sensitive earth fault.
The jumper was set at IE and carried out primary current injection testing, this time the relay sensed
accurate current i.e. the same current as injected.
Therefore, it could be concluded that the because of wrongly set jumper of X65 on relay card, it was
sensing three times the current of earth fault.
It means that during the fault in the motor , system earth fault magnitude was around 500 Amps which
could not be sensed properly by the motor relay 10 due to open stabilizing resistor and it was sensed three times by
the incomer relay 7 due to wrong jumper setting and the relay coordination between these two relays doesn’t hold
accurate at 1500 amps. Therefore, both the relays operate around the same time too clear the fault.

33
Fig.4.9 Simulation of Fault area after incorporation of recomendations

34
Result of simulation:

A part of the power system namely Main Substation has been simulated on ETAP.The IEC standards are
observed.
Time dial and Pickup settings have been found by trial and error such that no two curves intersect. Working of
Relays have also been observed by DIGSI and softwares AREVA are observed.

Sr. No Recommendation

1 Changing Relay Settings from DT to NI type curve

2 Replacement of stabilizing resistor

3 Correct jumper setting of X65 on relay CT card

CONCLUSION

Simulation of MSS5 was done on ETAP software. The time current characteristics was
observed. The basic principle is that if no two curves overlap, the relay settings are appropriate
and detect any faults. The various curves observed are Standard Inverse and Very Inverse which
are standards observed by IEC. The 3.3kV 3 phase Induction Motor causes the relay 7 to trip
due to earth fault as observed by Relay 10 panel . Outgoing motor feeder to 95P1E(B4) also
gets tripped on earth fault.
Relay 6 is MICOM 143 relay for Outgoing motor feeder to 95P1E and Relay 5 Siemens make
7SJ64 relay for Incomer 1 breaker of 3.3 KV Bus.
Firstly motor 95P1E is tripped due to earth fault. Delay in operation of primary relay (Relay 6)
resulted in power loss at 3.3KV and 22KV. Relay settings of Relay 2 were changed from
DT(Definite Time) to NI(Normal Inverse).The second time when the same motor tripped,only
loads at 3.3KV experienced power .loss. Recommendations were incorporated and
improvement in system operation under fault condityiions was observed.

35
REFERENCES

[1] Schneider-electric Manual

[2] ETAP-Training Manual

[3] Mr. H Mehta “Relay Setting and Relay Co-ordination” HPCL training Manual

[4] Siemens Manual-Operation software for SIPPROTEC 4, SIPROTEC Compact.

SIPROTEC 3 and SIPROTEC 2 protection devices

[5]Sunil S. Rao “Switchgear Protection and Power Systems”, Khanna Publishers

[6] Hima.A.Patel, Vaibhav.Sharma and Anuradha Deshpande “Relay Co-ordination using

ETAP”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,Volume 6, Issue 5,May
2015

[7] Ms. Serene C Kurian and Mr. Navin Kumar-“ Relay Co-ordination in a 11Kv Substation
using ETAP”, International Journal of Recent Innovation in Engineering and Research

[8] Ralph M. Parsons “Selection of system neutral grounding resistor and ground fault
protection for industrial power systems”, Co-Pasadena US

[9] Rasheek Rifaat “Power System Protection Coordination”, P. Eng., Sr. Member IEEE
Jacobs
Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

[10] Doug Durand “Overcurrent Protection & Coordination for Industrial Applications”, P.E.
IEEE Continuing Education Seminar - Houston, TX

[11] Divya S Nair and S. Reshma “Optimal Coordination of Protective Relays”,Dept. of

Electrical and Electronics, Saint Gits College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala, India

[12] Yawen Yi and Jun Xie “Study on Relay Protection Coordination In Complex Auxiliary
Power System” ,Three Gorges Hydropower Plant China Yangtze Power Co. Ltd.

[13] Anupreyaa K “Relay Coordination for Distribution System”

36
[14] Overcurrent Protection NPTEL Course: Module 4-

37