NEW PRINCE SHRI BHAVANI
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
Affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi
No.27, Sabapathy Street, Ullagaram, Chennai – 91.
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
BURGLAR ALARM
NAME: Anantha Narayanann.R
CLASS: XII SEC: A
Registration No:
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CERTIFICATE:-
This is to verify that ANANTHA NARAYANANN R of XII –
A did this Bonafide Certificate project work in Physics
Laboratory, NEW PRINCE SHRI BHAVANI SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL, Ullagaram, Chennai 600 091
during the academic year 2019-2020.
Registration No:
Date:
Submitted for AISSCE EXAMINATION held in Physics
Laboratory of New Prince Shri Bhavani Senior Secondary
School during the academic year 2019-2020.
External Examiner Internal Examiner
Principal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks & gratitude to
my project guides Mrs. Divya and Mrs. Asha for guiding me
immensely through the course of the project. They always
evinced keen interest in my work. Their constructive advice &
constant motivation has been responsible for the successful
completion of this project.I would also like to thank my
principal for her help & support
I would also like to thank my parents for their motivation &
support. I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help &
support for completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all those who had
helped directly and indirectly towards the completion of this
project.
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CONTENTS
S. No. Details Page No.
01 INTRODUCTION 5
02 AIM 5
03 MATERIALS REQUIRED 5
04 THEORY & PRINCIPLE 6
05 WORKING & CONSTRUCTION 8
06 TEST & RESULT 11
07 PRECAUTIONS & LIMITATIONS 12
08 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
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BURGLAR ALARM
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent days, burglars are carrying harmful weapons along with them starting
from small knife to life threatening guns which is resulting the custodian of the
property to receive injury, in some cases, they lose their invaluable life as the
robbers attack mercilessly and kill the innocent people who fight with the robbers
to protect their hard earned money and valuable things from them. As a result,
people are always living under the threat of being robbed and attacked by the
unwanted elements of the society at any time irrespective of the location.
An attempt has been made to protect our houses through security system called
as “Burglar Alarm”. Installing of a burglar alarm system can protect homes from
burglars and criminals.
2. AIM
To design and construct a working model of burglar alarm.
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED
In this project, fewer electronic components, few switches, Integrated Circuit
components etc., have been used to design the Burglar Alarm.
The following sections will describe, in brief, the details about those components.
3.1 Components used:
a. IR sensor (transmitter and Receiver)
b. LM358 IC
c. 330 Ohm resistor(2 nos.) and a 10Kilo ohm resistor
d. 10K potentiometer
e. LEDs (6 nos.)
f. 9V battery with Cap.
g. Buzzer
h. Bread board and
i. Jumper wires.
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4. THEORY & PRINCIPLE
a. Infra-Red (IR) sensor – Receiver,Transmitter
IR sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects IR radiation in
order to find out certain objects/obstacles in its range. Some of its features are
heat and motion sensing.
b. IC LM358/ 358N/ 324 - Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit is a set of various electrical and electronic components like
resistors, capacitors, transistors. All these components are integrated onto a
single chip.
In this project, Integrated circuit LM358 has been used.
c. Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
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d. Potentiometer
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider
used for measuring electric potential (voltage). Potentiometers are commonly
used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.
e. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
The LED is a PN-junction diode which emits light when an electric current passes
through it in the forward direction.
The LEDs are extensively used in segmental and dot matrix displays of numeric
and alphanumeric character. The several LEDs are used for making the single line
segment while for making the decimal point single LED is used.
f. Battery with CAP (9V)
Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The
cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of a
traditional battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit.
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When a device is connected to a battery — a light bulb or an electric circuit —
chemical reactions occur on the electrodes that create a flow of electrical energy
to the device.
g. Buzzer
There are many choices for communicating information between a product and
the user. One of the most common choices for audio communication is a buzzer.
5. WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION
5.1 Working principle:-
The burglar alarm raises an alarm when unauthorised movement is detected. It
makes use of IR sensors, which emit infrared radiations. When these radiations
are interrupted, the resistance changes, causes the voltage change, which is used
to generate sound and light.
5.2 Working
Comparing signal in the IC LM324 as a comparator occurs due to the change of
potential across the receiver (Rx) of the IR pair when the object is put in front of
it. The light bounces off the latter and falls on the photo diode (black one) and it
results its fall in resistance. The fall in the potential is compared with the
potentiometer which is also connected to IC and it will generate an output of logic
1 or in other words the LED will glow.
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Brief Description:
An IR LED is a specially designed LED which transmits infrared rays. These rays
are not able to be seen by the human eyes as it’s not in the range of human visible
electromagnetic radiation spectrum. We can only see light rays from violet to red
whose wavelength travels from 380 (violet light) to 750nm (red light).
The IR LED is same in aspect as the normal LED. IR LED stands for “Infrared Light
Emitting Diode”, they allows to emit light with the wavelength of up to 940nm,
which is the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The wavelength
range varies from 760nm to 1mm. These are mostly used in the remote control
of TV’s, cameras and different types of electronic instruments. The semiconductor
material used to make these LEDs are gallium arsenide or aluminium arsenide.
Mostly used in IR sensor as it is the combination of IR receiver and IR transmitter
(IR LED).
5.3 Construction
1. An appropriate circuit diagram was made which showed the appropriate
placement of components.
2. Connections were made upon the breadboard accurately with the given circuit
diagram.
3. The circuit was completed with the appropriate application of LDR.
5.4 Applications
IR LED is used in various, daily-used electronic appliances.
As in the remote of the television, infrared cameras, transmission systems.
We can make various projects, sensor using the IR LED like obstacle detector,
visitor-counter and line-followers.
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An Infrared LED looks same as normal LED, but human eye is not capable of seeing
the IR light as it’s beyond our visible electromagnetic spectrum. We are only able
to see a light having a wavelength ranges 380 to 750nm. You can see an IR light
through your phone camera, night-vision and etc.
5.5 Usage
The most common use of this LED is in IR sensor, with companion to IR receiver.
An IR sensor works as by sending IR signal through the IR transmitter and receives
through IR receiver. If we place an object near to the IR sensor, the LED connected
to the sensor goes high.
As in the circuit below, you can adjust the sensing strength through the
potentiometer. The photodiode here works as the IR receiver which receives
infrared rays of Infrared LED. The op-amp LM741 used to compare the voltage
through the inverting and non-inverting terminal, as the voltage at non-inverting
terminal increases than the inverting terminal, it gives power to the LED connected
in the circuit which means there is an object in front of IR sensor or in the viewing
angle of it.
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6. TEST & RESULT
After connecting the circuit to battery, bring your finger/ paper near the IR
sensors, the alarm emits sound and LED lights up indicating that the project is
constructed and completed as per the aim of the project.
Thus a working model of the burglar alarm was successfully designed and
constructed.
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7. PRECAUTIONS & LIMITATIONS
PRECAUTIONS:
The connections should not be loose.
All the components of the circuit should be functional.
Battery and resistor should have the specified limits.
VCC and Ground should remain isolated and on different rails.
Make sure that both the IR sensors are placed close to each other. Otherwise,
system will be unresponsive.
Connect the sensors with appropriate biasing (Make sure resistors are connected
well).
If the LED does not light up after completing the circuit and moving objects near
IR sensors, check for any loose connection on the breadboard. All the components
and jumper wires need to be properly inserted.
LIMITATIONS:
The IR transmitter sends an infrared signal that, in case of a reflecting surface
(e.g. white colour), bounces off in some directions including that of the IR
receiver that captures the signal, detecting the object.
When the surface is absorbent (e.g. black colour) the IR signal isn’t reflected
and the object will not be detected by the sensor. This result would occur even if
the object is absent.
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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Google.com
Wikipdedia.com
Icbse.com
NCERT Text Book
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