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Lab 05

This document outlines the procedures for differential leveling. It describes the necessary instruments, including a dumpy or wye level, leveling rod, hubs or pegs, and range poles. It provides the step-by-step process for setting up the level, taking backsight and foresight measurements, and transferring to subsequent stations. It also covers how to compute height of instrument, elevation of points, and check the arithmetic. Finally, it lists important remarks, hints, and precautions for accurate differential leveling.

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Trixie Amoyan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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96 views

Lab 05

This document outlines the procedures for differential leveling. It describes the necessary instruments, including a dumpy or wye level, leveling rod, hubs or pegs, and range poles. It provides the step-by-step process for setting up the level, taking backsight and foresight measurements, and transferring to subsequent stations. It also covers how to compute height of instrument, elevation of points, and check the arithmetic. Finally, it lists important remarks, hints, and precautions for accurate differential leveling.

Uploaded by

Trixie Amoyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
LAB EXERCISE NO. 05

PROBLEM : DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING


OBJECTIVES : To determine the elevation of points by
differential leveling.

LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE

A. INSTRUMENTS & ACCESSORIES:

1. Dumpy or Wye Level


2. Leveling Rod
3. Hubs or Pegs
4. Range Poles
5. Hammer or Mallet
6. Chalk

B. PROCEDURE

1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM-1 and the final or
terminal point as BM-2.
2. Set up and level the instrument at convenient location along the general
designated route between the two points.
3. Take and record a back sight on BM-1.
4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not necessarily in a
straight line between BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. Take and record a foresight in TP-1.
6. Transfer and set up the level at another suitable location beyond TP-1 and take
and record a back sight on TP-1.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument and
establish TP-2.
8. Take and record a foresight on TP-2.
9. Repeat the procedure until a foresight is finally taken on BM-2.
10. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed field
data.
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STA BS HI FS ELEVATION REMARKS

C. COMPUTATIONS

1. Computing Height of Instrument and Elevation.


In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used.
a) HI = Elev + BS b) Elev = HI – FS

Where:
HI = height of the instrument above a reference datum
BS = back sight reading on the rood (or plus sights)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a point sighted

2. Arithmetic Check
To check the accuracy of the arithmetical computations, add back sights as
well as all the foresights. The difference between these two sums must be equal
to the difference in elevation between the initial and final points of the level line.

D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS

1. To reduce to a negligible amount the effect of curvature and refraction, keep the
back-sight distance approximately equal to its co responding foresight distance.
2. Limit foresight and back sight distance to a maximum of 90 meters since most
leveling rods cannot be read accurately beyond this distance.
3. Always keep the telescope bubble centered at instant of sighting. The accuracy
of leveling depends on the bubble being in this position during each rod sighting.
4. Avoid reading too near the top or bottom of the rod. Select suitable locations for
the instrument so that back sight and foresight rod readings will fall between 0.50
and 1.50 m marks of the leveling rod.
5. Avoid the use of a long (extended) rod especially when it is windy, and the
leveling rod is not provided with a rod support.
6. Since more time is spent at a setup of the instrument, care must be observed so
prevent settlement of the instrument between back sighting and fore sighting
periods. To guard against settlement of the instrument, such as when working on
soft grounds during rainy days, the tripod legs must be driven firmly into good
bearing soil.
`

7. Turning points should have a rounded or leveled top to give a definite point of
support for the bottom of the leveling rod. If a hub or peg is used, avoid locating
such points on soft and unstable grounds.
8. The rod should be held plumb and steady when a reading is made on it.
Preferably, use a rod level to assure that the rod will always be held plumb and
keep fingers off the face of the rod.
9. Use the proper tension on the leveling screws. They should have bearing on the
tripod head without being too tight.
10. For non-precise surveys, rod readings may be made to the nearest hundredth of
a meter.
11. The number of instrument set-ups will depend largely on the con figuration of the
terrain, length of the level circuit or route, and the length of sight distances. It is
best to select the shortest level out possible to reduce the amount of error
closure.

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