Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

1. What is structure data type? Explain.

Definition of Structures:
A structure is a collection of one or more variables of similar or dissimilar data types,
grouped together under a single name i.e. A structure is a derived data type containing
multiple variable of homogeneous or heterogeneous data types. The structure is
defined using the keyword struct followed by an identifier. This identifier is called
struct_tag.
Definition of Derived Data type: it‟s a data type created by the using primitive data
types or fundamental data types.
Examples: arrays, structures, pointers, union, etc.
The syntax and example is as follows:
Syntax for Declaring and Defining Structure: the declaration of structure defines a
template for structure and its members. No memory allocation is done for the declared
structure.
struct struct_tag
{
type var_1;
type var_2;
.
.
.
type var_n;
};
Here,
 The word struct is a keyword in C
 The item identified as struct_tag is called a tag and identifies the structure later
in the program
 Each type1, type2, …, typen can be any valid C data type including structure
type
 The item var_1,var_2,…,var_n are the members or fields of the structure
Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_number;
float average_marks;
};
Declaring Structure Variables: declaring structure variables is nothing but creating
instances of structures. Hence, actual memory allocation is done after declaring
variables of structure type. Until and unless we create structure variables, it is not
possible to store, process and access the members of the structure.

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

Total memory allocated for one variable of defined structure is sum of size of each
member of the structure.
The syntax of declaring structure variables is shown below:
struct struct_tag v1,v2,v3,…,vn;
Example: struct student s1, s2, s3;
In the above statement, three variables s1, s2 and s3 are created of type struct student.
Hence, separate memory allocation is done for each variable.
Therefore, total memory allocated for s1 = 20bytes (size of member name) + 4bytes
(size of member roll_number) + 8bytes(size of average_marks) => 32bytes.
Similarly, for s2 another 32bytes of memory is allocated and for s3 also another
32bytes of memory is allocated.

The complete structure definition along with structure declaration is as shown

below:
struct student
{
char name[10];
int roll_number;
float average_marks;
};
struct student cse, ise; //creates two variables of
structure type

Structure Initialization: Assigning the values to the structure member fields is

known as structure initialization. The syntax of initializing structure variables is
similar to that of arrays i.e all the elements are enclosed within braces i.e { and } and
are separated by commas. The appropriate values for each member of the structure
must be provided in sequence. Partial initialization is also allowed but programmer
must not omit initializers for middle members of the structure.
The syntax is as shown below:
struct struct_tag variable = { v1,v2,v3,…,vn};
Example : struct student cse = { “Raju”,18, 87.5};
Accessing Members of Structures ( Using The Dot (.) Operator ):The member of
structure is identified and accessed using the dot operator (.). The dot operator
connects the member name to the name of its containing structure.
The general syntax is:

.
structure_variablename membername;
Example: E1.name, here E1 is structure variable of structure employee and name is
one of the member of structure employee.
Structure assignment (using assignment operator): the variable of one structure
can be assigned to another variable of same structure. Every member value of one
variable is copied to corresponding member of another variable.

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

Example:
struct student cse = { “Raju”,18, 87.5}; // creates a variable cse
and initialized with values as specified in curly braces.
struct student ise; //creates another variable ise of structure student
type.
ise = cse;
in this statement, the value of name, roll_number and average_marks of cse are
copied to name, roll_number and average_marks of ise respectively.

2. How structure is different from an array? Explain declaration of a structure

with an example.
Both Structure and arrays are derived data types.
The major differences between structure and array are illustrated below:
Arrays Structures
It is a collection of homogeneous 1. It is a collection of homogeneous or
elements i.e All elements of same data heterogeneous elements i.e Members of
type a structure can belong to different data
types
For arrays, the default parameter For structure, the default parameter
passing mechanism is call-by- passing mechanism is call-by-value
address/reference technique. technique.
Example : int a[10]; char x[10]; Example:
struct complex
{
float real;
int imaginary;
};
Syntax for Declaring and Defining Structure: the declaration of structure defines a
template for structure and its members. No memory allocation is done for the declared
structure.
struct struct_tag
{
type var_1;
type var_2;
.
.
.
type var_n;
};
Here,
 The word struct is a keyword in C
 The item identified as struct_tag is called a tag and identifies the structure later
in the program
 Each type1, type2, …, typen can be any valid C data type including structure
type

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

 The item var_1,var_2,…,var_n are the members or fields of the structure

Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_number;
float average_marks;
};
Declaring Structure Variables: declaring structure variables is nothing but creating
instances of structures. Hence, actual memory allocation is done after declaring
variables of structure type. Until and unless we create structure variables, it is not
possible to store, process and access the members of the structure.
Total memory allocated for one variable of defined structure is sum of size of each
member of the structure.
The syntax of declaring structure variables is shown below:
struct struct_tag v1,v2,v3,…,vn;
Example: struct student s1, s2, s3;
In the above statement, three variables s1, s2 and s3 are created of type struct
student. Hence, separate memory allocation is done for each variable.
Therefore, total memory allocated for s1 = 20bytes (size of member name) +
4bytes (size of member roll_number) + 8bytes(size of average_marks) => 32bytes.
Similarly, for s2 another 32bytes of memory is allocated and for s3 also
another 32bytes of memory is allocated.
The complete structure definition along with structure declaration is as shown
below:
struct student
{
char name[10];
int roll_number;
float average_marks;
};
struct student cse, ise;

3. What is a structure? Explain the C syntax of structure declaration and

initialization with an example.
Definition of Structures:
A structure is a collection of one or more variables of similar or dissimilar data types,
grouped together under a single name i.e. A structure is a derived data type containing
multiple variable of homogeneous or heterogeneous data types. The structure is
defined using the keyword struct followed by an identifier. This identifier is called
struct_tag.
The syntax and example is as follows:

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

Syntax for Declaring and Defining Structure: the declaration of structure defines a
template for structure and its members. No memory allocation is done for the declared
structure.
struct struct_tag
{
type var_1;
type var_2;
.
.
.
type var_n;
};
Here,
 The word struct is a keyword in C
 The item identified as struct_tag is called a tag and identifies the structure later
in the program
 Each type1, type2, …, typen can be any valid C data type including structure
type
 The item var_1,var_2,…,var_n are the members or fields of the structure
Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_number;
float average_marks;
};
Declaring Structure Variables: declaring structure variables is nothing but creating
instances of structures. Hence, actual memory allocation is done after declaring
variables of structure type. Until and unless we create structure variables, it is not
possible to store, process and access the members of the structure.
Total memory allocated for one variable of defined structure is sum of size of each
member of the structure.
The syntax of declaring structure variables is shown below:
struct struct_tag v1,v2,v3,…,vn;
Example: struct student s1, s2, s3;
In the above statement, three variables s1, s2 and s3 are created of type struct student.
Hence, separate memory allocation is done for each variable.
Therefore, total memory allocated for s1 = 20bytes (size of member name) + 4bytes
(size of member roll_number) + 8bytes(size of average_marks) => 32bytes.
Similarly, for s2 another 32bytes of memory is allocated and for s3 also another
32bytes of memory is allocated.
Structure Initialization: Assigning the values to the structure member fields is
known as structure initialization. The syntax of initializing structure variables is

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

similar to that of arrays i.e all the elements are enclosed within braces i.e { and } and
are separated by commas. The appropriate values for each member of the structure
must be provided in sequence. Partial initialization is also allowed but programmer
must not omit initializers for middle members of the structure.
The syntax is as shown below:
struct struct_tag variable = { v1,v2,v3,…,vn};
Example : struct student cse = { “Raju”,18, 87.5};

4. What are typedefinitions? What are the advantages of typedef? Explain with
an example, how to create a structure using „typedef‟.
Type definition: The typedef is a keyword using which the programmer can
create a new data type name for an already existing data type name. So the
purpose of typedef is to redefine or rename the name of an existing data type.
Syntax:
typedef data_type newname1, newname2,…, newnamen;
Example1: typedef int NUMBER;
Example2: typedef float SALARY;
The new names that are given by the user for the already existing data types are
called user defined data types. In the above example NUMBER and SALARY
are user defined data types.
The user defined data types can be used to declare variables as illustrated below:
Example1: typedef int NUMBER;
NUMBER N1,N2,N3;
Example2: typedef float SALARY;
SALARY s1,s2,s3,s4,s5;
Advantages of typedef
a. User-defined names can be defined for existing data types
Example:
typedef int integer;
typedef char character;
integer n1, n2;
character c1;
From the above example, we can understand that, beginners of users of C can
understand the statement integer n1, n2 as n1 and n2 are variables of integer
type and similarly, c1 is of character type.
b. Based on context or application, new names can be defined for data types.
Example1: if we are developing program to represent various whole
numbers then int can be renamed as below
typedef int WHOLE_NUMBER;
WHOLE_NUMBER w1, w2;
From the above two lines, we can understand that w1 and w2 will be used to
represent whole numbers as the name of the data type indicates its purpose.
Example2: if we are developing program to represent percentage of three
semesters of student then float can be renamed as below

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

typedef float percentage;

percentage sem_1, sem_2, sem_3;
From the above two lines, it can be understood that sem_1, sem_2 and sem_3
represents the percentage of three semesters.
Hence, based on kind of application we are building, we can rename the
existing data types as required which will be more beneficial and easy to
understand.
c. Long names of existing data types can be shortened
Example: typedef unsigned long int ULINT;
In the above example, the data type name unsigned long int is renamed as
ULINT it is shorter than original. So instead of using long name of the data
type shortened name can be used which reduce time required to type from the
keyboard.
Creating a Structure using typedef:
The structure defined using the keyword typedef is called type defined structure.
There are two different ways to create structures using typedef
1) Renaming structure type after declaration of structure using typedef.
Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
char usn[11];
float marks;
};
Once, the structure has been declared, the new data type i.e. struct student can be
renamed using typedef as given below.
typedef struct student STUDENT;
Now onwards, the new name for struct student type is STUDENT. We can create
variable of this structure type by using the name STUDENT.
For example: STUDENT s; // s is variable of type struct student
2) Renaming structure type at the time of declaring structure using typedef.
The syntax of the typedefined structure along with example is as given below:
Syntax:
typdef struct [tagname]
{
data_type1 member1;
data_type2 member2;
.
.
.
data_typen membern;
} struct_ID ;

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

Example:
typedef struct student Optional
{
char name[20];
char usn[11];
float marks;

}STUDENT;

NOTE: as shown with diagram and arrow mark, the tag name i.e. student which
is used to name the structure is optional.

In this example, the new data type struct student has been declared as well it is
been renamed as STUDENT.

Programming Example: Program to simulate the addition of two complex

numbers using the typedef structures is illustrated below:
#include<stdio.h>
typdef struct
{
int real_part;
int imaginary_part;
}complex;
int main ()
{
complex c1,c2, sc;
printf(“\n Enter real and imaginary part of first complex number);
scanf(“%d %d”,&c1.real_part,&c1.imaginary_part);
printf(“\n Enter real and imaginary part of second complex number);
scanf(“%d %d”,&c2.real_part,&c2.imaginary_part);
sc.real_part = c1.real_part + c2.real_part;
sc.imaginary_part = c1.imaginary_part +c2.imaginary_part;
printf(“The real and imaginary part of resultant complex number is \n”);
printf(“%d %d \n”, sc.real_part, sc.imaginary_part);
return 0;
}

5. Explain structure within a structure (Nested Structures) with examples.

A structure can be a member of another structure. A structure which includes another
structure is called as nested structure. There is no limit for number of structures that
can be nested.
Example:
struct dob
{
int dd;

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

int mm;
int yyyy;
};
struct student_detail
{
int id;
char name[20];
float percentage;
// structure within structure
struct dob DOB;
}stu_data;
In this example, “dob‟ structure is declared inside “student_detail” structure. Both
structure variables are normal structure variables.
To access members of the main structure and nested structure we have to use the
following syntax.
To access dd of nested structure: stu_data.DOB.dd
To access mm of nested structure: stu_data.DOB.mm
To access yyyy of nested structure: stu_data.DOB.yyyy
This program explains how to use structure within structure in C.
“student_college_detail‟ structure is declared inside “student_detail” structure in this
program. Both structure variables are normal structure variables.
Please note that members of “student_college_detail” structure are accessed by 2
dot(.) operator and members of “student_detail” structure are accessed by single dot(.)
operator.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student_college_detail
{
int college_id;
char college_name[50];
};
struct student_detail
{
int id;
char name[20];
float percentage;
// structure within structure
struct student_college_detail clg_data;
};
int main()
{
struct student_detail stu_data = {1, "xyz", 90.5, 32, "REC Hulkoti"};
printf(" Id is: %d \n", stu_data.id);

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printf(" Name is: %s \n", stu_data.name);

printf(" Percentage is: %f \n\n", stu_data.percentage);
printf(" College Id is: %d \n", stu_data.clg_data.college_id);
printf("College Name is: %s \n", stu_data.clg_data.college_name);
return 0;
}

6. Explain the concept of array of structures, with suitable C program.

Solution:
In many situations, we need to create an array of structures. To name one
example, we would use an array of students to work with a group of students
stored in a structure. By putting the data in an array, we can quickly and easily
work with the data.
Like arrays, Array of Structure can be initialized at compile time.
Way1 : Initializing After Declaring Structure Array:
struct Book
{
char bname[20];
int pages;
char author[20];
float price;
}b1[3] = { {"Let us C", 700, "YPK", 300.00}, {"Wings of Fire", 500, "APJ Abdul
Kalam", 350.00}, {"Complete C", 1200, "Herbert Schildt", 450.00}};
Explanation: As soon as after declaration of structure we initialize structure with
the pre-defined values. For each structure variable we specify set of values in
curly braces. Suppose we have 3 Array Elements then we have to initialize each
array element individually and all individual sets are combined to form single set.
{"Let us C",700,"YPK",300.00}
Above set of values are used to initialize first element of the array.
Similarly - {"Wings of Fire",500,"APJ Abdul Kalam",350.00} is used to initialize
second element of the array.
Way 2: Initializing in Main
struct Book
{
char bname[20];
int pages;
char author[20];
float price;
};
int main()
{
struct Book b1[3] = { {"Let us C",700,"YPK",300.00},
{"Wings of Fire",500,"Abdul Kalam",350.00},
{"Complete C",1200,"Herbt Schildt",450.00}

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

};
}
Some Observations and Important Points :
Tip #1 : All Structure Members need not be initialized
#include<stdio.h>
struct Book
{
char bname[20];
int pages;
char author[20];
float price;
}b1[3] = {{"Book1",700,"YPK"}, {"Book2",500,"AAK",350.00},
{"Book3",120,"HST",450.00}};
int main()
{
printf("\nBook Name : %s",b1[0].bname);
printf("\nBook Pages: %d",b1[0].pages);
printf("\nBook Author: %s",b1[0].author);
printf("\nBook Price : %f",b1[0].price);
}
Output :
Book Name : Book1
Book Pages : 700
Book Author : YPK
Book Price : 0.000000
Explanation: In this example, While initializing first element of the array we have
not specified the price of book 1. It is not mandatory to provide initialization for
all the values. Suppose we have 5 structure elements and we provide initial values
for first two element then we cannot provide initial values to remaining elements.
{"Book1", 700, ,90.00}
above initialization is illegal and can cause compile time error.
Tip #2 : Default Initial Value
struct Book
{
char bname[20];
int pages;
char author[20];
float price;
}b1[3] = { {},{"Book2",500,"AAK",350.00}, {"Book3",120,"HST",450.00} };
Output :
Book Name : Book
Pages : 0
Book Author :
Book Price : 0.000000

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

It is clear from above output. Default values for different data types.
C program: to illustrate array of structures.
#include<stdio.h>
typedef struct
{
char name[20]; // Name
char usn[11]; //usn
char subname[30]; //subject name
int m1, m2, m3; //marks
}student;
int main()
{
student s[100];
int i, N;
printf(“Enter N value\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &N);
//Reading student details
printf(“Enter %d student details\n”, N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
printf(“Enter details of %d student\n” , i+1);
printf(“\nEnter name of a student :”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].name);
printf(“\n Enter USN:”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].usn);
printf(“\n Enter subject name:”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].subname);
printf(“\n Enter first, second and third IA marks :”);
scanf(“ %d %d %d” , &s[i].m1, &s[i].m2, &s[i].m3);
}
// Printing student details
printf(“\n Name \t USN \t Subject Name \t Marks1 \t Marks2 \tMarks3\n”);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf(“%s \t %s \t %s \t %d \t %d \t %d \n” , s[i].name, s[i].usn,
s[i].subname, s[i].m1, s[i].m2, s[i].m3);
return 0;
}
Explanation: in this program a structure which include name, usn, subject name
and IA marks of student is declared then an array of students is declared by using
student s[100] statement which defines array s with capable of storing 100
students information. Each student information is accessed by subscripting name
of the array s with an index i as s[i]. In this example, N student details are inputted
from the keyboard and same details are displayed on screen.

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

7. Show how a structure variable is passed as a parameter to a function, with an

example.
Solution:
In C, structure can be passed to functions by two methods:
1. Pass by value (passing actual value of structure variable as argument)
2. Pass by reference (passing address of structure variable as argument)
Passing structure using call-by-value: A structure variable can be passed to the
function as an argument as normal variable. If structure is passed by value, change
made in structure variable in function definition does not reflect in original
structure variable in calling function.
Write a C program to create a structure student, containing name and roll
number. Ask user the name and roll number of a student in main function.
Pass this structure to a function and display the information in that function.
#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[50];
int rollno;
};
void display(struct student stu); /* function prototype should be below to the
structure declaration otherwise compiler shows error */
int main()
{
struct student s1;
printf("Enter student's name: ");
scanf("%s" , s1.name);
printf("Enter roll number:");
scanf("%d" , &s1.rollno);
display(s1); // passing structure variable s1 as argument
return 0;
}
void display(struct student stu)
{
printf("Entered Name: %s" , stu.name);
printf("\nRoll Number: %d" , stu.rollno);
}
Output
Enter student's name: xyz
Enter roll number: 14
Entered Name: xyz
Roll Number: 14
Passing structure using call-by-reference: The address location of structure
variable is passed to a function using pass by reference technique. If structure is

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

passed by reference, change made in structure variable in function definition

reflects in original structure variable in the calling function.
Write a C program to add two distances (feet-inch system) entered by user.
To solve this program, make a structure. Pass two structure variable (containing
distance in feet and inch) to add function by pass-by-reference and display the
result in main function without returning it.
#include <stdio.h>
struct distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
};
void add(struct distance d1,struct distance d2, struct distance *d3);
int main()
{
struct distance dist1, dist2, dist3;
printf("First distance\n");
printf("Enter feet: ");
scanf("%d" , &dist1.feet);
printf("Enter inch: ");
scanf("%f",&dist1.inch);
printf("Second distance\n");
printf("Enter feet: ");
scanf("%d",&dist2.feet);
printf("Enter inch: ");
scanf("%f",&dist2.inch);
add(dist1, dist2, &dist3); /*passing structure variables dist1 and dist2 by
value whereas passing structure variable dist3 by reference */
printf("\nSum of distances = %d \t %f\",dist3.feet, dist3.inch);
return 0;
}
void add(struct distance d1,struct distance d2, struct distance *d3)
{
/* Adding distances d1 and d2 and storing it in d3 */
d3->feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;
d3->inch = d1.inch + d2.inch;
if (d3->inch>=12)
{
d3->inch -= 12;
++d3->feet;
}
}
Output
First distance

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

Enter feet: 12
Enter inch: 6.8
Second distance
Enter feet: 5
Enter inch: 7.5
Sum of distances = 18 - 2.3
Explaination: In this program, structure variables dist1 and dist2 are passed by
value (because value of dist1 and dist2 does not need to be displayed in main
function) and dist3 is passed by reference, i.e, address of dist3 (&dist3) is passed
as an argument. Thus, the structure pointer variable d3 points to the address of
dist3. If any change is made in d3 variable, effect of it is seen in dist3 variable in
main function.

8. Write a C program to store Name, USN, subject name and IA Marks of a

student using structure. Print the same.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[20]; // Name
char usn[11]; //usn
char subname[30]; //subject name
float m1,m2,m3; //marks
};
int main()
{
struct student s;
//Reading student details
printf(“\nEnter name of a student :”);
scanf(“%s” , s.name);
printf(“\n Enter USN:”);
scanf(“%s” , s.usn);
printf(“\n Enter subject name:”);
scanf(“%s” , s.subname);
printf(“\n Enter first, second and third IA marks :”);
scanf(“ %f %f %f” , &s.m1, &s.m2, &s.m3);
// Printing student details
printf(“\n Name \t USN \t Subject Name \t Marks1 \t Marks2 \tMarks3\n”);
printf(“%s \t %s \t %s \t %f \t %f \t %f \n” , s.name, s.usn, s.subname, s.m1,
s.m2, s.m3);
return 0;
}

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

9. Write a C program to store the following details of „N‟ students using

structure: Name: string, USN: integer, subject name:
string and IA Marks: integer. Output the same details.
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[20]; // Name
int usn; //usn
char subname[30]; //subject name
int m1, m2, m3; //marks
};
int main()
{
struct student s[100];
int i, N;
printf(“Enter N value\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &N);
//Reading student details
printf(“Enter %d student details\n”, N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
printf(“Enter details of %d student\n” , i+1);
printf(“\nEnter name of a student :”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].name);
printf(“\n Enter USN:”);
scanf(“%d” , &s[i].usn);
printf(“\n Enter subject name:”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].subname);
printf(“\n Enter first, second and third IA marks :”);
scanf(“ %d %d %d” , &s[i].m1, &s[i].m2, &s[i].m3);
}
// Printing student details
printf(“\n Name \t USN \t Subject Name \t Marks1 \t Marks2 \tMarks3\n”);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf(“%s \t %d \t %s \t %d \t %d \t %d \n” , s[i].name, s[i].usn,
s[i].subname, s[i].m1, s[i].m2, s[i].m3);
return 0;
}

10. Write a C program to input the following details of „N‟ students using
structure:
Roll No: integer, Name: string, Marks: float, Grade: char
Print the names of the students with marks>=70.0%.
Program:

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#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno; // Roll No
char name[20]; // Name
float marks; //Marks
char grade; //Grade
};
int main()
{
int i, n, found=0;
struct student s[20];
printf(“\nHow many student details ?);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf(“\n Type in %d student detail \n”,i+1);
printf(“\n Roll no :”);
scanf(“%d” , &s[i].rno);
printf(“\n Name:”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].name);
printf(“\n Marks:”);
scanf(“%f” , &s[i].marks);
printf(“\n Grade :”);
scanf(“ %c” , &s[i].grade);
}
printf(“\n The Names of the students with marks >=70.0%\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(s[i].marks>=70.0))
{
printf(“\n %s\n” , s[i].name);
found =1;
}
}
if(found ==0)
printf(“\n There is no student with marks >=70.0%\n”);
return 0;
}

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11. Write a C program to maintain a record of “n” student details using an array
of structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, Marks, and Grade). Each
field is of an appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given
student name as input.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct student
{
int rno; // Roll No
char name[20]; // Name
float marks; //Marks
char grade; //Grade
};
int main()
{
int i, N;
struct student s[20];
char key[20];
printf(“\nHow many student details ?);
scanf(“%d”,&N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
printf(“\n Type in %d student detail \n”,i+1);
printf(“\n Roll no :”);
scanf(“%d” , &s[i].rno);
printf(“\n Name:”);
scanf(“%s” , s[i].name);
printf(“\n Marks:”);
scanf(“%f” , &s[i].marks);
printf(“\n Grade :”);
scanf(“%c” , &s[i].grade);
}
printf(“Enter the name to be searched\n”);
scanf(“%s”, key);
for(i=0; i<N; i++)
{
if(strcmp(key, s[i].name))
{
printf(“\n Marks obtained by %s = %d\n” , key, s[i].marks);
return 0;
}
}
printf(“\n No student found with name = %s \n”, key);

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return 0;
}

File Handling

12. What is a file? What are the different modes of opening a file? Explain.
Solution: Abstractly, a file is a collection of data stored on a secondary storage
device, which is generally a disk. The collection of data may be interpreted, for
example, as characters, words, lines, paragraphs and pages from a textual
document; fields and records belonging to a database; or pixels from a graphical
image.
Files can be classified as input files and output files. Input files are file which
contains various data that will be provided as input to the program. Output files
are files which contains the output produced from the program.
Working with file: While working with file, you need to declare a pointer of type
FILE. This declaration is needed for communication between file and program.
FILE *ptr;
Here, ptr is pointer to file called as file pointer which will be used to address or
reference the file.
Different Modes of file opening in Standard I/O
In C, the files are opened using fopen function. Which accepts two parameters;
first parameter is name of the file to be opened and second parameter is mode of
file open.
General Syntax of fopen call:
FILE *fopen(char filename[], char mode[]);
On successful opening of specified file, fopen function returns a file pointer. On
failure, fopen function returns NULL.
File Access Mode Meaning of Mode If file doesn‟t exist
“r” Open for reading If the file does not exist,
fopen() returns NULL.
“w” Open for writing If the file exists, its
contents are overwritten.
If the file does not exist, it
will be created.
“a” Open for appending i.e If the file doesn‟t exist it
data is added from end of will be created
file
“r+” Open for both reading If the file does not exist,
and writing fopen() returns NULL.
“w+” Open for both reading If the file exists, its
and writing contents are overwritten.
If the file does not exist, it
will be created.
“a+” Open for both reading If the file does not exists,
and appending it will be created.

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13. Explain how the input is accepted from a file and displayed.
Solution:
Accepting input from a file and displaying can be done in different ways.
a. Using fscanf() and fprint()
fscanf function is used to accept input from a file. Which accepts three
parameters; first parameter is source of input which can be either file or standard
input device, second parameter defines the type of data to read and third parameter
defines address of variable where the data is to be stored. Once the data is stored
in variables then it can be displayed on standard output device i.e., monitor or can
be stored in a file using fprintf().
This program reads a string of text from a file using fscanf() and fprintf().
/* Source Code to read a text of string and display the same from a file. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // for exit function
int main()
{
char data[1000];
FILE *fptr;
if ((fptr=fopen("program.txt","r"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
fscanf(fptr,"%[^\n]",data); //read every character that is not „\n‟
fprintf(stdout,"Data from file:\n%s",data);
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
This program reads the content of “program.txt” file and stores it in a string data.
Then content of this data is displayed on screen using fprintf(). If there is no file
named program.txt then, this program displays Error! opening file and program
will be terminated.
b. Using fgetc and fputc function
fgetc() function is used to read one character at a time from a specified file. This
procedure can be repeated until end of file.
fputc() function is used to write one character at a time into a specified file. This
procedure can be repeated until all the characters are written to a file.
/* program to read text from file and store it in another file using fgetc and
fputc */
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // for exit function
int main()
{
char ch;

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FILE *fptr1,*fptr2;
if ((fptr1=fopen("read.txt","r"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
if ((fptr2=fopen("write.txt","w"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
while((ch = fgetc(fptr1)) != EOF) // Read a Character until end of file
fputc(ch,fptr2);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
return 0;
}
c. Using fgets and fputs functions
These are useful for reading and writing entire lines of data to/from a file.
If buffer is a pointer to a character array and n is the maximum number of
characters to be stored, then
fgets (buffer, n, input_file);
will read an entire line of text (max chars = n) into buffer until the newline
character or n=max, whichever occurs first. The function places a NULL
character after the last character in the buffer. The fgets function returns
NULL when no more data to read.
fputs (buffer, output_file);
writes the characters in buffer until a NULL is found. The NULL character is
not written to the output_file.
NOTE: fgets does not store the newline into the buffer, fputs will append a
newline to the line written to the output file.
/* program to read text from file and store it in another file using fgets and
fputs */
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // for exit function
int main()
{
char data[101];
FILE *fptr1,*fptr2;
if ((fptr1=fopen("read.txt","r"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
if ((fptr2=fopen("write.txt","w"))==NULL)

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

{
printf("Error! opening file");
exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */
}
/* Read 100 Characters or until end of file whichever occurs first from read.txt
file and write it to write.txt file. */
while((fgets(data,100,fptr1)) != NULL)
fputs(data,fptr2);
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
return 0;
}

14. Explain the following file operations along with syntax and examples:
a) fopen() b) fclose() c) fscanf() d) fprintf() e) feof()
Solution:
a) fopen() : Opening a file is done by a call to the function fopen( ) which tells
the operating system the name of the file and whether the file is to be opened
for reading or for writing or for appending.
General form of call to fopen:
FILE *fopen(char filename[], const char mode[]);
OR
filepointer = fopen (“Filename” , “mode”);
The function fopen takes two parameters both of which are strings.
The parameter filename is a C string which must contain the name of the disk file
to be opened. If the file is not in the default directory a full path name must be
provided.
Parameter mode is a C string which defines the way the file is to be opened. The
mode is a string not characters and must be enclosed in double quotation marks.
The various modes are shown below.
Access Description
Mode
“r” Open a file for reading. Specified file must exist.
“w” Creates an empty file for writing. If the specified file doesn‟t exist
then, it creates a new file by specified name and opens for writing. If
the file already exist then, its content is erased and opens as new empty
file for writing.
“a” Open a file for appending. If the file doesn‟t exist then, it creates new
file by specified name and opens it for appending.
“r+” Open a file for both reading and writing. Specified file must exist.
“w+” Creates an empty file for both reading and writing.
“a+” Opens a file for both reading and appending.

Example1: Creating and opening three different files in different modes

FILE *fp1,*fp2,*fp3;

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fp1 = fopen(“student.txt”,”r”); // opens a file for reading

fp2 =fopen(“One.txt”,”w”); // opens a file for writing
fp3 = fopen(“newfile.txt”,”a”); // opens a file for appending
Note:
1. One must include the complete path of the file if the file is not stored in the
default directory.
Example:
fp1 = fopen(“C:\\foldername\\xyz.txt” , “r”);
2. The data file may be named with extension .dat or .txt

ii) fclose() : After file has been used it must be closed. This is done by a call to
the function fclose(). The fclose() function breaks the connection between the
stream and the file.
General form of a call to the fclose() is
fclose(file_pointer);
The function fclose takes one parameter which is pointer to a file of opened file. If
there is an error, such as trying to close a file that is not opened, the function
returns EOF; otherwise it returns 0. The return value is usually not checked.
Example :
File *fp1,*fp2 ;
fclose(fp1) ; // closes a file referenced by fp1
fclose(fp2); // closes a file referenced by fp2
Opening and closing the File : Example program
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
fp = fopen("INPUT.txt","r"); // Open file in Read mode
while(1)
{
ch = fgetc(fp); // Read a Character
if(ch == EOF ) // Check for End of File
break ;
printf("%c",ch);
}
fclose(fp); // Close File after Reading
}

iii) fscanf()
The C library function fscanf() reads formatted input from a file or from the
standard input device i.e. keyboard.
General syntax of fscanf() is
fscanf(filepointer, “format string”, list of address of variables);

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fscanf() returns number of data items successfully read.

Here,
 filepointer − This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the opened
file or it can be stdin if we want to read data from keyboard.
 format string − This is the C string that contains one or more format
specifiers which defines type of data to read from the file or from the
keyboard.
 List of address of variables – this contains one or more address of
variables where the data will be stored.
// Example program which reads the data from file using fscanf()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10], str3[10];
int year;
FILE * fp;
fp = fopen ("file.txt", "w+");
fputs("We are in 2012", fp);
rewind(fp);
fscanf(fp, "%s %s %s %d", str1, str2, str3, &year); // reads three strings and
one integer data
printf("Read String1 |%s|\n", str1 );
printf("Read String2 |%s|\n", str2 );
printf("Read String3 |%s|\n", str3 );
printf("Read Integer |%d|\n", year );
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}

iv) fprintf()
The C library function fprintf() prints formatted output to a file, printer or to the
standard output device i.e. screen.
General syntax of fprintf() is
fprintf(filepointer, “format string”, list of variables);
fprintf() returns number of data items successfully written.
Here,
 filepointer − This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the opened
file or it can be stdout if we want to write data to screen.
 format string − This is the C string that contains one or more format
specifiers which defines type of data to be written to the file or standard
output device.

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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

 List of variables – this contains one or more variables of which the data
will be written.
/* example program to write data to a file */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
FILE * fp;
fp = fopen ("file.txt", "w+");
fprintf(fp, "%s %s %s %d", "We", "are", "in", 2012); // writes three
strings followed by an integer separated by whitespace to the file file.txt
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}

v) feof()
The C library function int feof(FILE *filepointer) tests the end-of-file indicator
for the given file. Where, filepointer is the pointer to file object which identifies
the file to be tested.
This function returns a non-zero value when End-of-File is encountered, else zero
is returned.
// use of feof() in program
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE *fp;
int c;
if((fp = fopen("file.txt","r"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error in opening file");
return (-1);
}
while(!feof(fp)) //feof() tests the End-of-File, if EOF then jumps out of loop.
{
c = fgetc(fp);
printf("%c", c);
}
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}

15. Explain the following file operations along with syntax and examples:
a) fputc( ) b) fputs( ) c) fgetc( ) d) fgets()

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a) fputc()
The C library function int fputc(int character, FILE *filepointer) writes a character
(an unsigned char) specified by the argument char to the specified file and advances
the position indicator for the file.
Here,
 character - This is the character to be written. This is passed as its int
promotion.
 filepointer -- This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the file where
the character is to be written.
If there are no errors, the same character that has been written is returned. If an error
occurs, EOF is returned and the error indicator is set.
// example program to illustrate use of fputc()
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE *fp;
int ch;
fp = fopen("file.txt", "w+");
for( ch = „A‟ ; ch <= „Z‟; ch++ )
fputc(ch, fp); // writes a character stored in ch to file pointed by fp
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}
b) fputs()
The C library function int fputs(const char *str, FILE *filepointer) writes a string
to the specified file up to but not including the null character.
Here,
 str - This is an array containing the null-terminated sequence of characters to
be written.
 filepointer - This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the file where
the string is to be written.
This function returns a non-negative value on success or EOF on error.
// program to illustrate use of fputs()
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("file.txt", "w+");
//writes this is c programming to file pointed by fp
fputs("This is c programming.", fp);
//writes This is a system programming language. to the file pointed by fp.
fputs("This is a system programming language.", fp);
fclose(fp);

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return 0;
}

c) fgetc()
The C library function int fgetc(FILE *filepointer) gets the next character (an
unsigned char) from the specified file and advances the position indicator for the
file.
Where,
 filepointer - This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the file
on which the operation is to be performed.
This function returns the character read as an unsigned char cast to an int or EOF on
end of file or error.
// program to illustrate use of fputc()
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE *fp;
int c;
int n = 0;
fp = fopen("file.txt","r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error in opening file");
return (-1);
}
while(!feof(fp)) //read until end of file
{
c = fgetc(fp); // reads an unsigned character and converts to integer.
printf("%c", c);
}
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}

d) fgets()
The C library function char *fgets(char *str, int n, FILE *filepointer) reads a line
from the specified stream and stores it into the string pointed to by str.
It stops when either n-1 characters are read, the newline character is read, or the end-
of-file is reached, whichever comes first.
Where,
 str -- This is the pointer to an array of characters where the string read
is stored.

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 n -- This is the maximum number of characters to be read

(including the final null-character). Usually, the length of the array is
passed.
 filepointer -- This is the pointer to a FILE object that identifies the file
where characters are read from.
On success, the function returns the same str parameter. If the End-of-File is
encountered and no characters have been read, the contents of str remain unchanged
and a null pointer is returned.
If an error occurs, a null pointer is returned.
// example program to illustrate use of fgets()
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
char str[60];
/* opening file for reading */
fp = fopen("file.txt" , "r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file");
return (-1);
}
// fgets() reads maximum of 60 characters from file pointed by fp and
stores in str
if( fgets (str, 60, fp)!=NULL )
{
/* writing content to stdout */
puts(str);
}
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}

16. Write a C program to read and display a text from the file.
/* Source Code to read a text of string and display the same from a file. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // for exit function
int main()
{
char ch;
FILE *fptr;
if ((fptr=fopen("program.txt","r"))==NULL)
{
printf("Error! opening file");
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Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

exit(1); /* Program exits if file pointer returns NULL. */

}
printf(“Content of file is:\n”);
while((ch=fgetc(fptr))!=EOF)
fputc(ch, stdout);
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
This program reads the content of “program.txt” file one character at a time using
fgetc function and stores it in a variable ch. Then content of this variable ch is
displayed on screen using fputc(). If there is no file named program.txt then, this
program displays Error! opening file and program will be terminated.

16. Write a C program to read the contents from the file called „abc.txt‟, count
the number of characters, number of lines and number of whitespaces and
output the same.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
int cc =0; /* number of characters */
int bc=0; /* number of blanks */
int tc =0; /* number of tabs*/
int lc=0; /* number of lines */
int wc=0; /* number of words */
fp = fopen(“abc.txt” , “r”);
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(“Error in opening the file \n”);
return -1;
}
while((ch=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)
{
cc++;
if (ch == “”)
bc++;
if(ch == “\n”)
lc++;
if(ch == “\t”)
tc++;
}
fclose(fp);

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wc = bc + lc;
printf(“\n Number of characters = %d\n” , cc);
printf(“\n Number of tabs = %d\n” , tc);
printf(“\n Number of lines = %d\n”, lc);
printf(“\n Number of blanks = %d\n” , bc);
printf(“\n Number of words count = %d\n” , wc);
return 0;
}

17. Given two text documentary files “Ramayana.in” and “Mahabharatha.in”.

Write a C program to create a new file “Karnataka.in” that appends the
content of the file “Ramayana.in” to the file “Mahabharatha.in”. Also
calculate the number of words and new lines in the output file.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char buff;
FILE *fd1,*fd2,*fd3;
int line=0,word=0;
fd1=fopen("Mahabharatha.in","r");
if(fd1==NULL)
{
printf("Error: opening Mahabharatha.in file");
exit(1);
}
fd2=fopen("Ramayana.in","r");
if(fd2==NULL)
{
printf("Error: opening Ramayana.in file");
exit(1);
}
fd3=fopen("Karnataka.in","w");
if(fd2==NULL)
{
printf("Error: Opening Karnataka.in file");
exit(1);
}
//write the content of Mahabharatha.in to the file Karnataka.in
while(( buff=fgetc(fd1))!=EOF)
fputc(buff,fd3); //write into the file
//Append the content of Ramayana.in to the file Karnataka.in
while(( buff=fgetc(fd2))!=EOF)
fputc(buff,fd3);

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fclose(fd1);
fclose(fd2);
fclose(fd3);
printf(“Content of Karnataka.in file is:\n”);
fd1=fopen("Karnataka.in","r");
while((buff=fgetc(fd1))!=EOF)
{
if(buff=='\n')
line++;
if(isspace(buff)||buff=='\t'||buff=='\n')
word++;
putchar(buff);
}
fclose(fd1);
printf("\n no of lines=%d\n",line);
printf("no of words=%d\n",word);
return 0;
}

18. Given two university information files “studentname.txt” and “usn.txt” that
contains students Name and USN respectively. Write a C program to create a
new file called “output.txt” and copy the content of files “studentname.txt”
and “usn.txt” into output file in the sequence shown below. Display the
contents of output file “output.txt” on to the screen.
Student Name USN
Name1 USN1
Name2 USN2
… …
… …

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char buff;
FILE *fd1,*fd2,*fd3;
fd1=fopen("USN.txt","r");
if(fd1==NULL)
{
printf("Error: opening USN.txt file");
exit(1);
}
fd2=fopen("OUTPUT.txt","w");
if(fd2==NULL)

Prepared By: Mr. M.V.Jerabandi, CSE, REC, HKT Page 31

Programming in C and Data Structures 15PCD13 MODULE 4: Structures and File Handling

{
printf("Error: Opening OUTPUT.txt file");
exit(1);
}
fd3=fopen("studentname.txt","r");
if(fd3==NULL)
{
printf("Error: opening studentname.txt file");
exit(1);
}
fprintf(fd2,"%s\t%s\n","Student Name","USN");
do
{
buff=fgetc(fd3); //read content from file studentname.txt
if((buff!=EOF) && (buff!='\n'))
fputc(buff,fd2); //write into the file output.txt
if(buff=='\n')
{
fputc('\t',fd2);
do
{
buff=fgetc(fd1); //read content from USN.txt file
if(buff!=EOF)
fputc(buff,fd2); //write into the file output.txt
if(buff=='\n')
break;
}while(1); //until end-of-file for USN.txt
}
}while(buff!=EOF); //until end-of-file for NAME.txt
fclose(fd1);
fclose(fd2);
fclose(fd3);
printf(“Content of output.txt file is:\n”);
fd1=fopen("output.txt","r");
while((buff=fgetc(fd1))!=EOF)
putchar(buff);
fclose(fd1);
return 0;
}

Prepared By: Mr. M.V.Jerabandi, CSE, REC, HKT Page 32