Unit – II

Instruments for Count Determination

1. Analytical Balance
2. Quadrant Balance
3. Beesley Balance
4. Electronic Balance
1. Analytical Balance
• Leas of yarn are wrapped using wrap reel and weight found out using analytical
balance
• Count = 1000/weight of lea in grains
2. Quadrant Balance
Technical Specifications (GSM &Yarn
Count)
1. Given length is measured out and
suspended from the hook, the
count is then read directly from
the quadrant scale.
2. Measuring range: (Weight per
square yard/meter of cloth ) –
0.25 to 20 lbs/ 0 to 500 gms
3. Count of yarn – 8 yards/50
mtslength : 1s – 100s
4. Count of yarn – 40 yards/100
mtslength : 5s – 200s
5. Measuring accuracy - ±1%

3. Beesley Balance
• Used to directly read the count when the sample size is small
• Works on the principle of fixed weight & fixed length principle
 • Instrument consists of a simple beam is initially levelled to bring the pointer
opposite a datum line.
• A standard weight is hung in a notch on the beam arm on the pointer side of the
pivot.
• Template is used to cut short lengths of yarn, the length depending upon the
count system required.
• Short lengths are added to the hook until the pointer is opposite the datum line.
• Count is the number of the short lengths required to balance the beam.

4. Electronic Balance
• Used to quickly determine the linear density of various yarns
• Automatically calculates count systems used for sliver, roving and yarn.
• Consists of an accurate electronic balance with a capacity of 600gx 0.001g
(Model G204D), connected by RS232 bi-directional interface to a computer
• 5 textile unit conversion OZ, Tex, Ne, D, g/m2
• Can be set time, date, yarn blended code, sample length
• Automatic preserve 100 groups of test data, Can be to delete arbitrary data or
continue test.
 • Can be counting and printing each test value and maximum value(Max) ,
minimum value(Min), mean value (AVG)
• Testing Standards
• ASTM D1907, ASTM D2646, ASTM D3776, BS 2471, BS EN
12127, ISO 2060, ISO 3801,IWSTM 13, IWTO 22-82
YARN TWIST
• Measure of spiral turns given to yarn in order to hold the fibres or threads
together.
• Necessary to give a yarn coherence and strength.
• Primarily instructed into a staple yarn in order to hold the constituent fibre
together, thus giving strength to the yarn.
Effects of twist
• As twist increases, lateral force holding the fibres together is increased so that
more of the fibres are contributed to overall strength.
• As twist increases, at certain point the yarn strength reaches a maximum value
after which the strength is reduced as the twist is increased still further.
TYPES OF TWIST

Level of Twist
• Expressed as the number of turns per unit length, e.g. TPM or TPI.
• Georgette is made of highly twisted yarn (up to 1000 TPM) by weaving S and
Z twisted yarns alternately both in warp and weft direction.
• Chiffon is made in the same way but yarn is more twisted (up to 2000 TPM)
and finer than that used in georgette- Cupramonium rayon is used.
• Herringbone is made by using yarns of different types and levels of twists.
• For warp yarns “Z” twist & for weft yarns “S” twist are recommended
Twist on Twist
• During doubling, twist is given in the direction similar to that of component
yarns
• If two single yarns have Z twist & during doubling, twist is given in the Z
direction
• Produce a hard twisted strand.
• Crepe & Voile yarns are produced by this method
Weft on Twist
• During doubling, twist is given in the direction opposite to that of component
yarns
• If two single yarns have Z twist & during doubling, twist is given in the S
direction
• Produce a soft twisted strand.
Balanced Twist
• Yarn said to be balance, if amount of twist is just enough to keep the
component yarns or fibers in position
• More twist – kink & Snarl effect
• Less twist – Tend to untwist & again will kink
• Hosiery yarns & sewing threads the balance of twist in yarn is very important
Corkscrew Yarn & Corkscrew Twist
• It is a ply yarn produced by twisting a coarse thread round a fine base thread
• Fine base thread is kept under tension and coarse thread is made to wrap
around the base in form of corkscrew
• Mainly used for novelty or fancy yarns
Twist Multiplier or Twist Factor
• TM Decided by spinner based on experience
• Lower for finer count
• Higher for lower count
• Fine yarns give more strength for less level of twist. For coarser yarn more
twist is needed because it is made of (short) staple fibres.
• It is possible to give same strength by low level of twist in case of finer yarn.
Effect of TM on physical properties
• Yarn having twist factor of 3 will feel soft and docile, whereas one with twist
factor 8 will feel hard and lively. (a lively yarn is one that twists itself together
when it is allowed to hang freely in a loop)
• Crepe yarns use high twist factors (5.5-8.0 cotton count Ne) to give
characteristic decorative effects.
• Fabric made from such yarns is first wetted and then dried without any
constraint to produce characteristic uneven crepe effect.
Twist Multiplier
• TPI = TM x √count
• TM(max) = (50- L+F)/9
• L – 50% Span Length
• F – Fineness in mgs/inch
YARN TWIST MEASUREMENT
• Direct counting method
• Continuous twist tester
• Untwist-twist method or Twist contraction method
• Multiple untwist-twist method
• Automatic twist tester
• Take-up twist tester
• Twist in folded yarns

1. DIRECT COUNTING METHOD (OR) SIMPLE TWIST TESTER

• Simplest method of twist measurement.
• Method is to unwind the twist in a yarn and to count how many turns are
required.
• A suitable instrument has two jaws at a set distance apart.
• One of the jaws is fixed and the other is capable of being rotated.
• A counter is attached to the rotating jaw to count the turns.
• Samples are conditioned in standard testing atmosphere before starting the test.
• Testing is started at least one meter from the open end of yarn.
• A standard tension (0.5cN/tex) is used when the yarn is being clamped in the
instrument.
• Twist is removed by turning the rotatable clamp until it is possible to insert a
needle between the individual fibres at the non-rotatable clamp end and to
traverse it across the rotatable clamp.
• A magnifying glass is needed to test the fine yarns.
• Single spun yarns : a minimum of 50 tests should be made. Specimen length
for cotton is 25mm and woolen or worsted yarns, is 50mm.
• Folded, cabled and single continuous filament yarns : a minimum of 20 tests
should be made with specimen length of 250mm.
2. Continuous Twist Tester
• On twist testers, tests on consecutive lengths of yarn are not easily made
because of the instrument design and the amount of yarn handling involved.
• So this tester has the extra advantage of allowing twist tests at fixed intervals.
• The straightened fibre principle is still used for the actual measurement of the
twist.
• The yarn passes from the sample package, through a guide, through non-
rotating jaw, then through rotating jaw and finally wound on to a (clockwork-
driven) drum.
• Assuming that a 1'' length of yarn is gripped between the jaws, the twist is
taken out and the number of turns noted.
• Fixed jaw is then opened; rotating clamp is pulled back to its work position
which pulls a new 1'' sample into the test zone.
• The drum is allowed to take up the slack yarn, fixed clamp is again closed and
the next test can be made.
• For a longer test length say 5-10'' the sequence after a test is then, Slide the
fixed clamp upto the rotating clamp, open the rotating clamp and allow the
drum to take up the slack yarn, close it again, slide the fixed clamp back to its
original position, close it and make the next test.
3. Twist in Folded or Ply yarns
• In folded or plied yarns, firstly there is the twist in the individual strands
making up the ply and secondly there is the twist that holds the individual plies
together.
• If the twist in the single strand is required the yarns can be analyzed by first
removing the folding twist and then cutting out individual yarns, leaving the
one strand whose twist is then measured on twist tester
4. Take-up Twist Tester
• Take-up is the difference between the twisted and untwisted length of a yarn.
• This tester is available with a non-rotating movable jaw which is slid away
from the rotating jaw to take up the slack yarn after the twist is removed.
• This allows the length difference to be measured.

YARN HAIRINESS
• Fibres protruding out from the main body of yarn.
• Undesirable property, giving rise to problems in fabric production.
• In natural short staple fibre yarns, the reason behind being
• Wide differences in fibre thickness
• Maturity and Inadequate spinning process.
 • In filament yarns, hairiness occurs due to
• Weak monofilaments,
• Inadequate finish, Rough surfaces,
• Loose running monofilaments which break at subsequent process.
CAUSES OF HIGHER HAIRINESS
a) Raw Material
• Maturity:
• In case of cotton 70% maturity of the fibres is needed, if less then
cause hairiness.
• Immature and dead fibres result in hairiness.
• Micronaire (fineness):
• Micronaire value of (4.2 ± 0.6) results in increased hairiness
which is used in flannel like fabrics having soft feel.
• Uniformity Ratio:
• Normally fibres uniformity ratio is 40-50%.
• If it is less than hairiness results.
B) Process
Ring/traveller combination, condition of ring , traveller, spindle speed,
guides and winding machine
Atmospheric condition of spinning
Increased in spindle speed will increase the yarn hairiness.
Coarser yarns have more hairs as compared to finer yarn.
Significance of Hairiness
– It causes problems in printing.
– Fine designs are difficult to make.
– Machine parts life is reduced.
ADVERSE OF YARN HAIRINESS
1. Yarn:
• Low strength in yarns
2. Fabric:
• Sizing: If yarn is fuzzy, size material will not penetrate to required
amount and a greater amount will accumulate on yarn surface
(coating is more and penetrating is less)
• Shedding problems: In case of air jet, clear shed is not produce.
• Wear out: Machine parts; drop wires, heald wires and reed.
• Knitting: Needles are worn out quickly.

MEASUREMENT OF YARN HAIRINESS

• Shirley yarn hairiness tester
• Zweigle hairiness tester g565
• Uster tester 3 (hairiness meter attachment)

SHIRLEY YARN HAIRINESS TESTER

• Counts the number of hairs longer than a pre-selected length (between 0 and
10mm), usually 3mm.
 • Consists of a light beam shining on a small diameter photoreceptor opposite to
it.
• Yarn under test is run between light and photoreceptor.
• As the hairs pass between the light and receptor, the light beam momentarily
broken and an electronic circuit counts the interruption as one hair.
• Instrument has two sets of yarn guides.
• Lower set leads the yarn over a guide at a fixed distance of 3mm from the
receptor.
• Upper set leads the yarn over a movable guide which can be set at a distance of
between 1 and 10mm from the receptor.
• Total number of hairs in a fixed length of yarn is counted by counting for a
given time, the yarn running at a known speed.

ZWEIGLE HAIRINESS TESTER G565

• Counts the number of hairs at distances from 1-25mm from the yarn edge.
• Hairs are counted simultaneously by a set of photocells which are arranged at
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 25mm.
 • Yarn is illuminated from the opposite side from the photocells and as the yarn
runs past the measuring station the hairs cut the light off momentarily from the
photocells, which causes the electrical circuits to count in a similar manner to
that of the Shirley instrument.
• Instrument measures the total number of hairs in each length category for the
set test length.
• Yarn speed is fixed at 50m/min but the length of yarn tested may be varied.
• Instrument calculates total number of hairs above 3mm in length which can be
used as a comparison with Shirley instrument.
• In above two instruments,
• Hairiness = No. of hairs/meter
•
USTER TESTER 3 (Hairiness meter attachment)

• Optional attachment of UT3 evenness tester.

• A parallel beam of IR-light illuminates the yarn as it runs through the
measuring head.
• Direct light is blocked from reaching the detector.
 • Only the light that is scattered by fibres protruding from the main body of the
yarn reaches the detector.
• Amount of scattered light is then measure of hairiness and it is converted to an
electric signal by apparatus.
• Thus monitoring total hairiness. UT3 hairiness data collection system can
monitor changes in hairiness along the yarn by means of a diagram,
spectrogram of hairiness and mean hairiness (similar to that of mass variation)
• Hairiness value informs about the count of fibres protruding from the yarn
base.
• Hairiness H measurement unit of the uster tester examines the hairiness of
approximately 1cm lengths of yarn.
• It is specified as the average value of hairiness over the total test length.
• e.g. Hairiness 3.5 = at a yarn length of 1cm, generally 3.5 cm fibres desist from
the yarn.
• Use: Lower the hairiness, lower the fibres get stuck and the lower the fluff

YARN FAULT CLASSIFICATION

Imperfections
• Staple fibre yarns, at a number of places along their length, contain large
variations in mass per unit length which are referred to as “imperfections”
– Thick Place,
– Thin Place,
– Neps and
– Slubs
1. Thick places: Mass per unit length (cross section) at the thick place is +50% or
more of yarn mean value
• (Ranges: +100%,+70%,+50%,+35%)
2. Thin places: -50% of yarn mean value or less.
• (Ranges: -60%, -50%, -40%, -30%)
3. Neps: +200% The thick place based on 1 mm length, is 200% of the yarn mean
value or more. Length shorter than 4 mm (Ranges: +400%,+280%,+200%,+140%)
Yarn Faults (Classimat)
• Faults have greater impact on performance of yarn.
• Faults are classified in different groups, and based on the requirements some of
them can be removed at the winding stage by yarn clearer.
• In Uster Classimat-II: 23 Categories of Faults
SHORT THICK FAULTS
This group 16 class with 1, 2, 4 and 8 cm for the lengths and +100, +150, +250
and +400% for the cross-section sizes are provided.
LONG THIN FAULTS
Faults are contained in 4 classes with the limits 8 cm and 32cm for the length
and -30, - 45 and -75% for the cross sectional sizes. The classes are H1,I1, H2 and I2.
LONG THICK FAULTS
Faults whose cross sectional lies between +45% and +100% and whose length
is longer than 32cm
Two class with length limit 8cm and 32cm and cross sectional size limits +45%
and 100% are available.
These classes are termed as F and G faults.

Frequently occurring faults

• Faults occur in the range of 10-5000 times per 1000 meters
Seldom occurring faults
• Faults refer to thin and thick places in yarn, which are so seldom
occurring for at least 100 km of the yarn.
• Grouped into three main types,
– Short thick,
– long thick and
– long thin faults
Classification of Variation
• Random variation
• Periodic variation
Random Variation
• Variation which occurs randomly in the textile material, without any definite
order.
• Example: Neps caused by immature fibres and long thick places in the yarn.
• Suppose a yarn is cut into short equal lengths, say, of 1 inch, and weight of
each consecutive lengths are found out.
• Weights are plotted in a graph against the length
• By joining the points a trace is produced, called irregularity trace
 • Graph, shows variation in weight/unit length
• Deviation of each point from the mean, and hence percentage mean deviation
(P.M.D) can be derived & used as measure of irregularity
• When the deviations are random, the percentage mean deviation (P.M.D) and
Co-efficient of variation(C.V) are related by
• CV% = 1.25 X P.M.D
• Slow and laborious
Periodic Variations
• All traces of irregularity do not show random distribution of the deviations
from the mean.
• Periodic variations are the variations with definite sequences of thick and thin
places in the strand of material
• These forms of irregularity are called as periodic variations.
• Example: Thick and thin place caused problematic roll and cots in the drafting
zone

Wave Length & Amplitude

• Two terminologies wave length and amplitude are used in order to describe a
periodic variation.
 • Wave length is the distance from the one peak of the wave to the next on the
same side of the mean line.
• Amplitude is a measure of the size of the swing from the mean level. Usually
this is expressed as a percentage of the mean.
Percentage Amplitude
• Percentage Amplitude = a/m x 100
a = Amplitude of wave
m = Mean chart height

Short, Medium & Long Term Variations

• Short term variation: Wave length 1 to 10 times of the fiber length
• Medium term variation: Wave length 10 to 100 times of the fiber length
• Long term variation: Wave length 100 to 1000 times of the fiber length
Short term variation
• Variations are of the wave length 1-10 times of fibre length.
• Amplitude of these variations is greater than long term variations.
• These result due to faulty processing at the last machine.
• Such variations if excessive produce a fabric of objectionable appearance.
Medium term variation
• These variations are of the wave length 10-100 times the fibre length.
• Such variations do not cause a pattern as it hides into the adjacent warp yarn.
• In weft it will appear as a thick line again hidden by adjacent weft. However
excessive variations give the cloth a streaky appearance.
Long term variation
• These variations are of the wave length 100-1000 times the fibre length.
• Such variation causeperiodic faults known as diamond bars or block bars in the
woven fabric along the weft direction.
• A weft yarn to cause a diamond bar pattern must have a long term periodic
variation of wave length less than twice the pick length.
Principles of Tensile Testing
Three ways to carry tensile test
• CRE: Rate of increase of specimen length is uniform with time (the load
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance).
• CRL: Rate of increase of the load is uniform with time and rate of extension is
dependent on the load-elongation characteristics of the specimen.
• CRT (Pendulum Lever Type): Pulling one clamp at a uniform rate and load is
applied through the other clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a load
measuring mechanism so that the rate of increase of either load or elongation is
usually not constant.

USTER TENSORAPID (CRE Principle)

SPECIFICATIONS FOR TENSORAPID TEST

• Measurement must be performed according the CRE principle
• Testing speed must be exactly 5 m/min.
• Gauge length or the clamp to clamp distance should be 500 mm.
• Pretension should be 0.5 cN/tex
• For testing of single and ply yarn.
• Testing of slivers, leas is also possible.
• Force measurements up to 1500N without exchanging the force transducer.
 • The clamping force, the yarn tensioner and the suction-off of the yarn can be
programmed.
• All numerical and graphical results are displayed on a video screen.
(Histogram, L-E curve, tables, etc.)
• Package creel for the automatic measurement up to 20 packages.
• Pneumatically-actuated yarn clamps ; the clamp pressure is programmable.
• Electronic elongation measurement.
• Test speed – Continuously adjustable between 50 and 5000mm/min.
• Test length.
• With horizontal position of clamps, continuously adjustable
between 200 and 1000mm.
• With vertical position of clamps, continuously adjustable
between 100 and 1000mm.
• Self test - Automatic calibration check for accuracy through inspection.
YARN CHANGER
• Device for the automatic changing of the yarn taken from up to the 40 packages
• Manual operation for single measurements is possible
Package Trunk:
Package trunk for creeling and transporting of up to 20 yarn packages (with
separate extension set for up to 40 yarn packages).
Package Creel/Tensioner Carrier:
Creel with tensioner carrier for creeling up to 40 yarn packages.
For measurements on packages where yarn is taken directly from the package
trunks without thread tensioner, the tensioner carriers are also attached.
Parameters Obtained
• Breaking load and Breaking Extension.
• Load-elongation curve.
• Initial modulus
• Yield point
• Tenacity or elongation at any stress or strain
Factors Influencing Test Results
• Ambient conditions in laboratory (R.H% & temp.)
• Operator and sampling procedures
• Instrument maintenance
• Natural variation with Cotton

Uster Tensojet

• Yarn is continuously drawn off the package, injected into the measuring zone
by a jet of compressed air and extended to rupture between two pairs of
counter-rotating rollers
• Automatic high-speed measurement of single end breaking load and elongation
of spun yarns.
• Capable of test speeds of 200 and 400 m/min and a test length of 500 mm for
performing up to 30,000 breaks per hour.
• Excellent tool for detecting weak places in yarn packages
• In order to test the at least 30000 m of yarn required for this purpose with
conventional methods of test, this would take 72 hours.
• Uster Tensojet will test the same quantity in 75 minutes

CSP or Break Factor

• Product of count & lea strength
• Useful measure of the merit of yarn from strength point of view
 • CSP = 80xNxS/W
• N = count in Indirect system
• S = Avg. breaking load in Lbs
• W = No of Wraps in skein

YARN EVENNESS
Methods of Measuring Yarn Evenness
• Visual Examination Methods
• Black Boards, Drums, Photographic Devices, Projectors
• Cutting and Weighing Methods or Gravimetric Method
• Lap Scale, Lap meter, Sliver, Roving, and Yarn Wrapping.
• Electronic Capacitance Testers
• Fielden- Walker Evenness Tester and Uster Evenness Tester.
• Variation in Thickness under Compression
• WIRA Roving Levelness Tester & LINRA Roller Yarn Diameter
Tester.
• Photoelectric Testers
• WIRA Photoelectric Testers and LINRA Tester.
• Miscellaneous Methods
• Airflow, Mercury Displacement, etc.
Visual Examination Method - Yarn Appearance Board

• Yarn to be examined is wrapped onto a matt black surface in equally spaced

turns.
 • Black boards are then examined under good lightening conditions using
uniform non-directional light.
• A.S.T.M. has a series of Cotton Yarn Appearance Standards which are
photographs of different counts with the appearance classified in four grades.
• Test yarn is then wound on a blackboard approximately 9.5 x 5.5inches with
the correct spacing and compared directly with the corresponding standard.
• Subjective measuring technique
• Provides important additional information that can be correlated with the
appearance to be expected in fabrics made from yarn.
• Grading after viewing a sample of yarn wound with a designated traverse
(depend on count) on a black board.
• Board is compared with standard photographs and then graded.
• Plus grade symbols such as B+,C+,D+ may be assigned to specimens which are
intermediate in appearance between one grade & next higher grade
• Grade A: No large neps, very few small neps, must have very good
uniformity, less fuzziness.
• Grade B: No larger neps, few small neps, less than 3 small pieces of
foreign matters per board, slightly more irregular and fuzzy than A.
• Grade C: Some larger neps and more smaller neps, fuzziness, foreign
matters more than B, more rough appearance than B.
• Grade D: Some slubs (more than 3 times diameter of yarn). More neps,
larger size neps, fuzziness, thick and thin places, foreign matters than
Grade C yarn. Overall rougher appearance than C.
Wraps/inch for different count ranges

Count Wraps/inch
3s – 7s 16
7s – 16s 20
16s – 36s 26
36s - 70s 38
70s – 135s 48
Yarn Appearance Indexes

Grade Designation Index

A Excellent 130

B+ Very good 120

B Good 110

C+ Average 100

C Fair 90

D+ Poor 80

D Very poor 70

BG Below grade 60

Gravimetric Method (Cutting and Weighing Method)

• Lap-to-lap variation
• By weighing individual laps, i.e. cut length in this case being the
lap length.
• Lap meter
• Automatically unrolls the lap, break off a 1 yard length, and
deposit into the pan of a scale
• Weights are recorded subsequently & Data analysis.
• Slivers, roving and yarn
• Hank and count CV% are checked by measuring a test length and
weighing it on an accurate balance.
• Normally, for sliver - 6 yard – by wrap block
• For roving -15 yard – by wrap block
• For yarns - 120 yard– by wrap reel
Uster Evenness Tester

• Indirect method of measuring the change in mass per unit length

• Yarn is passed though a parallel plate condenser in a continuous fashion
• Change in capacity are monitored electronically
• A change in mass of the dielectric (non-conducting material) in the condenser
changes its capacitance.
• Change in capacitance 'a' mass of material
• If the material is drawn at constant speed through the condenser continuously,
the changes in capacitance will follow the variation in weight/unit length of the
strand.

• Graphical representation of mass per unit length variation along the length of
sliver, roving or yarn is referred as diagram.
• Indicates the nature of variability present in the material
• We get following information from diagram:
 • Long wavelength variations, even with periodic variation.
• Extreme thick and thin places.
• Slow changes and step changes in the mean value.
• U% = [a/(X×T)] ×100 ]
= (100/X×T) × ∫Ix-xi I. dt
• CV % = 100×σ/X
= 100/X [1/T∫(x-xi)2dt]0.5
• CV% values have greater impact of yarn appearance and their processing
behaviour, so CV% is a better measure of unevenness than U%.

LEA STRENGTH TESTER

Preparation of Test Specimens
• Number the selected cones/cops and fix them on the bobbin holder of the wrap
reel.
• Reel out the required length of 120 yards for wrap reel.
• Cut and tie the trailing end of the lea to its leading end.
• Similarly take 20 leas from the same 10 bobbins.
• Condition the sample in a conditioning box for about 12 hours.
• Determine the mass in grams of the leas and calculate the count
• Cotton count = 64.80 / Weight of lea in gms.
• A lea strength tester measures the strength of one lea yarn.
• Strength is a measure of the steady force necessary to break a material and is
measured in pounds or Kgs.
• The m/c works in Pendulum Lever principle with constant rate of extension.
Testing atmosphere:
• Standard atmosphere: temperature – 20 degree Celsius and
• Relative humidity - 65%.
Sample:
• Size - One lea cotton yarn (1 lea =120 yards).
• No. of sample – 20.
Working procedure
• First one lea cotton yarn is measured by wrap reel and in this way 20 samples
are taken for testing.
• Now, the first sample is fixed with the upper jaw J1 and the lower jaw J2.
• The m/c is started and observed the dial until the sample is torn out.
• When the sample is torn out the m/c is stopped and the reading is taken.
• By this way the others’ reading are taken.
• Then all the samples are weighted and counts are calculated.
• C.S.P of the all samples are calculated.
• At last average and CV% are calculated.
Test Procedure
• Bring the hooks of the testing machine to zero position.
• Take a particular lea with count known and fix it on to the hooks and carefully
separate the yarn to avoid overlapping on individual strands.
• Start the m/c and carry out the test up to rupture.
 • The lea strength is automatically recorded in the system.
• The count CV%, the strength CV%, Lea CSP, maximum and minimum values
of count and strength are obtained in the form of printouts.
• Similarly find the breaking load of the remaining leas and record them against
their respective counts.
• Calculate the avg. breaking load of the, avg. linear density(count) of all the
observations taken, coefficient of variation (CV) of breaking load and CSP

SINGLE YARN STREGNTH TESTER

• Simple and versatile machine.
• They are made in different capacities up to 1, 2, 3 and 5 lbs.
• The unit records tensile strength and extension at breaking.
• The rate of traverse is 12” per minute.
• Sampling
• Take 10 cops or 5 cones per sample.