International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science

Vol. 7(1), pp. 589-597, January, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449

Research Article

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum

indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
1Feyera Takele*, 2Dagnachew Lule, 3Sentayehu Alemerew
1BakoAgricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 3, Bako, West Shoa, Oromia
2OromiaAgricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 81265, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3Jimma University P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia

Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of
forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data
were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant
differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes
into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four
while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that
about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four
PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative
traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color
and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability
among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of
highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the
present study.

Keywords: Cluster analysis, Genetic diversity, Principal Component analysis

INTRODUCTION
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant of the known how much they contribute to the variability. Genetic
Pedaliaceae family with diploid chromosomes (2n = 26) diversity is an important tool of plant breeding in
and considered as the oldest oilseed crops cultivated by developing high yielding varieties and maintaining the
man (Kafiriti and Deckers, 2001). It is a self-pollinated crop productivity of such varieties by incorporating resistance
containing 60 species organized into 16 genera (Zhang et genes for biotic as well as abiotic stresses (Kobayashi,
al., 2013). Hiltebrandt (1932) considered Africa as the 1990; Allard, 1999). Genetic distance is measured from
original home of sesame, since this continent hosts high the average genetic divergence between cultivars or
number of wild species. The presence of weedy or wild populations and is defined as genetic divergence of two
forms of sesame (S. alatum; 2n=26 and S. latifolium, varieties as a function of their ancestry, geographic
2n=32) in Ethiopia show that it is indigenous and separation and adaptation at different environments. Here
considered as the center of origin for sesame and the comes the importance of genetic divergence analysis in
genetic diversity is high, serving as resources for further classifying genotypes into distinct genotypic classes and
improvement of the crop (Daniel and Parzies, 2011). identifying parents for hybridization (Rao et al., 1981).
Sesame has been cultivated for centuries in India, However, information generated is not sufficient as far as
Pakistan, Burma, Indo-China, China, Japan and Africa. In genetic diversity in sesame genotypes is concerned.
more recent times sesame has been introduced into Hence, the present study was initiated to assess genetic
Mexico, Central America, South America, and the U.S.A diversity among sesame genotypes according to their
(Lalpantluangi and Shah, 2018). genetic similarities based on the phenotypic traits.
Breeding programs have evaluated large quantities of
traits owing to the lack of reliable information on the *Corresponding Author: Feyera Takele; Bako
performance of the main morphological and agronomic Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 3, Bako, West
descriptors. In particular cases traits are used before it is Shoa, Oromia. Email: [email protected]

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
Takele et al. 590

MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 1. Site description of the study area.

Site Rain Longitude Latitude Altitude Soil Soil
Description of the Study Areas fall(mm) (E) (N) (m.a.s.l.) type PH
Bako 1161.7 37o 09’E 09o06’N 1590 Sandy- 4.9-
The experiment was conducted at two locations viz. Bako clay 5.1
Agricultural Research Center (BARC) and Uke sub site Uke NI 036o 31’E 09o22’N 1383 Sandy- NI
during 2018 cropping season. BARC is located in Oromia loam
Regional State at 250 kilometers West of Addis Ababa. NI = not indicated.
BARC has a warm, humid climate with mean minimum and
mean maximum temperatures of 13.97oC and 29.80oC, Experimental Materials
respectively. Relative humidity of BARC is 49.81% (BARC
Agro metrology data, 2018). The experimental materials were consisted of 46
genotypes (pure lines) and three checks (Waliin, Chalasa
Uke is located in East Wollega zone, Guto Gida district at & Obsa) (Table 2). These genotypes are progenies of the
about 365 kilometers away from Addis Ababa to the west intra-specific cross of 11 morphologically diverse sesame
on Nekemte-Bure-Bahir Dar main road and 34 kilometers genotypes through continuous maintenance of progenies
away from Nekemte town. The area is located at altitude up to the seventh filial generation (F7) through selfing
of 1383 m.a.s.l. and it is an area with high temperature and using F2- derived pedigree breeding method at Bako
rain fall conditions. Major crops produced in the area Agricultural Research Center (Table 2). The original parent
include maize, sorghum, soybean, sesame and groundnut. materials were collections from Western Ethiopia and
Some of the study site description for both study area was includes; EW002, EW003, BG006, EW023 (2), EW006,
indicated in the following Table (1). EW003 (1), EW019, EW010 (1), Obsa, Dicho and Wama.
These eleven parent materials were crossed in 11 x 11
diallel mating design, including reciprocals in 2011
cropping season.
Table 2. List of sesame genotypes used for the study.
No. Pedigree No. Pedigree
1. EW002 X Obsa-1-1 26. BG006 x EW023(2)-10-2-1
2. EW002 X Obsa-16-1 27. BG006 x EW010(1)-11-1-1
3. EW002 X Obsa-22-1 28. EW023(2) x Obsa-9-1-1
4. Obsa x Dicho-19-1 29. Obsa x BG006-2-2-1
5. Obsa x Dicho-19-3 30. Wama x Dicho-6-1-1
6. Obsa x Dicho-27-1 31. Obsa x EW023(2)-5-2-1
7. EW002 x Dicho-1-1 32. EW003(1) x EW002-4-1-1
8. EW002 x Dicho-5-3 33. Obsa x BG006-2-4-1
9. EW002 x Dicho-12-1 34. EW003 (1) x EW019-4-1-1
10. EW002 x Dicho-17-2 35. EW019 x Obsa-16-2-1
11. EW002 x EW006-3-1 36. EW003(1) x Obsa-2-1-1
12. Dicho x EW006-9-1 37. EW019 x Obsa-16-1-1
13. Dicho x EW006-1-14-1 38. Dicho x Wama-10-1-1
14. BG006 x EW023(2)-11-2-1 39. EW002 x EW019-1-2-1
15. EW003 (1) x EW019-3-1-1 40. EW019 x Dicho-8-2-1
16. EW006 x EW003 (1)-4-1-1 41. EW010(1) x EW003-1-1-1
17. Dicho x EW006-2-1-1 42. Obsa x EW019-6-3-1
18. EW002 x BG006-4-1-1 43. EW002 x Wama-6-1-1
19. EW002 x BG006-7-2-1 44. Dicho x Wama-11-1-1
20. EW023(2) x EW006-11-1-1 45. EW019 x Dicho-6-1-1
21. EW002 x WAMA -2-1-1 46. EW019 x Dicho-8-1-1
22. Dicho x EW006-1-1-1 47. Chalasa/EW023(2) (Parental check)
23. EW006 x BG006-2-2-1 48. Waliin (standard check)
24. BG006 x EW010(1)-9-1-1 49. Obsa (parental check)
25. Obsa x EW023(2)-5-5-1

Experimental Design and Trial Managements plants within row and spacing of 1m between plots and
1.5m between blocks). The seeds were drilled by hand in
The trial was laid out using 7 x 7 simple lattice design. each row at the rate of five kgha-1 and then covered by soil.
Each genotype was planted in 4 rows in plot size of 6.4m2 The plant depth and soil compactions were kept at a
(4m row length, 40cm between rows and 10cm between minimum. Twenty days after planting, the plants were

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 591

thinned to maintain the spacing between plants of 10cm. per each plot and oven dried at 105 0C for 3 hrs. and
Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 100 kgha-1 of NPS at cooled for 30 minutes. Twenty-two-gram oven dried seed
planting time whereas, 50 kgha-1 of Urea was applied two sample was used to analyze oil content using NMR. The
times at planting time and four weeks after planting. Other NMR read oil content of the sample seed with reference to
cultural practices were kept constantly for all experimental a standard of extracted sesame oil.
units.
Qualitative data collected
Data Collection
Seed color: 1 = White, 2 = light white, 3 = Light brown, 4
All data were collected from the two central rows for both = gray, 5 = medium brown, 6 = Dark brown, 7 = Brick red,
plants based and plot-based data. The data were collected 8 = tan and 9 = olive
according to the International Plant Genetic Resources
Institute (IPGRI, 2004) descriptor for sesame. Leaf color: 1 = Green, 2 = Green with yellowish cast, 3 =
Green with blue gray cast and 4 = green with purple cast
Plant based quantitative data collected
Flower color: 1 = Purple, 2 = light purple and 3 = whitish
Plant height: the average length of 10 randomly taken
plants from the base of the ground level to the tip of the Stem color: 1 = Green, 2 = Yellow, 3 = Purplish green and
plant at maturity. 4 = Purple

Number of branches per plant: number of branches on Data Analysis

each of the 10 randomly taken plants.
The efficiency of simple lattice design over RCBD was
Number of capsules per plant: mean number of checked and in most of the response variables simple
capsules obtained from ten randomly taken plants at lattice design found to be more efficient than RCBD. Thus,
harvest. ANOVA was computed based on simple lattice design.
The quantitative data for each location was subjected to
Bacterial blight (%): Bacterial blight severity (1-9) was analysis of variance (ANOVA) and done using Proc lattice
recorded from 10 selected plants from each plot. and Proc GLM procedures of SAS version 9.3 (SAS,
2012), according to simple lattice design. Before
Plot based quantitative data collected computing the combined analysis, homogeneity test for
the error variance of two locations was done using
Days to 50% flowering: number of days from planting to Hartley`s test (1950) and checked by using F-test (ratio of
a stage when 50% of the plants in a plot produced flower. the largest mean square error to the smallest mean square
error in the set) according to Gomez and Gomez, (1984)
Days to maturity: number of days from planting to a stage and they were homogeneous. Hence, combined analysis
when 90% of the plants in a plot produced matured was computed.
capsules.
Cluster analysis
1000 Seed weight: weight in grams of 1000 seeds.
The analysis was based on mean values of all yield and
Biomass yield per plot: weight in grams was recorded by yield contributing traits. Clustering of genotypes were done
weighing the total above ground biomass of the into groups using the average linkage method by PROC
harvestable central two rows of each experimental plot clustering strategy of SAS 9.3 (SAS, 2012) and
appropriate numbers of clusters were determined from the
Seed yield per plot: seed yield was obtained from the values of Pseudo F and Pseudo T2 statistics (SAS,
harvestable central two rows of each experimental plot. 2012).The dendrogram constructed based on the average
Biomass yield per hectare: the total above ground linkage and Euclidean distance used as a measure of
biomass harvested from the central rows of each plots was dissimilarity.
converted to get biomass yield per hectare.
Genetic divergence analysis
-1
Seed yield (kg ha ): Seed yield obtained from each
harvestable plot was converted to get seed yield per D-square statistics (D2) developed by Mahalanobis (1936),
hectare. has been used to measure a group distance based on
multiple traits of genotypes into different groups. Eleven
Harvest index: ratio of dry seed yield to the above ground quantitative traits were analyzed using the procedure Proc
biomass yield. discrim of SAS version 9.3 facilities (SAS, 2012). The
generalized distance between any two set of genotypes
Oil content: Oil content was determined by wide line was defined as:
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Seeds were bulked D2ij = (Xi - Xj) S-1 (Xi - Xj),

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
Takele et al. 592

Where, D2ij = the distance between cases i and j, Xi and Xj diversity for each character of all the genotypes. The
= vectors of the values of the variables for cases i and j Shannon-Weaver diversity index as described by
and S-1 = the inverse of pooled variance covariance matrix. Hutcheson (1970) is given as;
𝑛
The D2 values come from pairs of clusters were considered
as the calculated values of chi-square (X2) and tested for 𝐻′ = − ∑ 𝑝𝑖 log 𝑒 𝑝𝑖
significance both at 1% and 5% probability levels against 𝑖=1
the tabulated value of X2 for 'P' degree of freedom, where
P is the number of traits considered (Singh and Where, Pi= the proportion of accessions in the ithclass of an
Chaudhary, 1996). n-class character and
n=the number of phenotypic classes fora character.
Principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

multivariate statistical techniques which is a powerful tool
for investigating and summarizing underlying trends in Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
complex data structures (Legendre and Legendre, 1998).
Principal component analysis reflects the importance of The pooled analysis showed highly significant (P < 0.01)
the traits with largest contributor to the total variation at genotypes effects across locations for days to 50%
each axis for differentiation (Sharma, 1998). Principal flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), branches per
component analysis was computed by using SAS (SAS, plant, capsules per plant, biomass yield per hectare (kgha-
1), seed yield per hectare (kgha -1), harvest index (%),
2012) computer software. In principal component analysis,
eigenvalues greater than one were considered important thousand seed weight (g), oil content (%) and severity of
to explain the observed variability. bacterial blight (%) indicating that the presence of
considerable variation in the genetic materials (Table 3).
Shannon weaver diversity index Supportive results were reported by Mohammed et al.
(2015), Iqbal et al. (2018) and Singh et al. (2018)
The Shannon-Weaver index is one of several diversity significant difference for days to flowering, days to
indices used to measure diversity in categorical data. The maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant,
Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) was computed using number of capsules per plant, thousand seed weight (g),
the phenotypic frequencies to access the phenotypic seed yield and oil content.

Table 3. Mean square of combined analysis of variance for 11 traits of 49 sesame genotypes evaluated at Bako and Uke
in 2018 cropping season
Traits MSl (Df =1) MSg (Df =48) MSgl (Df = 48) MSe (Df = 84) CV (%) R2
Days to Flowering 861.84** 27.22** 11.05** 2.15 2.34 0.94
Days to maturity 4585.22** 12.97** 5.36** 1.49 1.08 0.98
Plant height(cm) 38.88ns 133.82** 71.81** 28.57 4.59 0.82
No. of branch/plant 22.22** 4.63** 1.78** 0.46 10.79 0.90
No. capsule/plant 12542.40** 833.32** 288.06** 147.41 12.73 0.86
Biomass yield/ha 3259905.05** 1040847.35** 313201.83ns 237629.93 14.09 0.80
seed yield/ha 400989.23** 218667.70** 60193.05** 33417.32 17.22 0.85
Harvest index 4.69ns 60.31** 34.54* 19.34 14.38 0.76
1000 Seed weight (g) 12.13** 2.62** 0.88ns 0.65 12.55 0.79
Oil content (%) 80.00** 2.27** 0.90** 0.18 0.77 0.94
Bacterial blight % 412.53** 47.36** 16.87** 5.29 12.09 0.90
Key: **, * and ns Indicate highly significance (P < 0.01), significant (P < 0.05) and not significance, respectively; MSl =
Mean square of location, Mean square of genotype, MSgl = Mean square of genotype by location, MSe = Mean square of
error, Df = degree freedom, CV= Coefficient of variation and R2 = R square
Cluster Analysis Based on Quantitative Traits reported by Gadisa et al. (2015) where 64 sesame
genotypes grouped into four clusters with different number
Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four of genotypes. Kante (2017) reported similar findings,
clusters with variable number of genotypes in each cluster where 65 sesame genotypes were classified into four
(Figure 1). The genotypes were distributed in such a way clusters with different number of genotypes per cluster and
that 29 genotypes were grouped into cluster I (59.18%), 11 maximum number of genotypes were grouped in cluster I
genotypes into cluster II (22.45%), 5 genotypes in the third followed by cluster I, cluster III and minimum number of
cluster III (10.2%) and 4 genotypes in cluster IV (8.16%) genotypes were grouped in cluster IV. Similarly, Iqbal et al.
(Figure 1). This indicated that there is moderate diversity (2018) was reported related findings where 70 genotypes
among tested sesame genotypes. Supportive results were of sesame grouped into four clusters.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 593

Cluster-II

Cluster-I
Cluster-IV
Cluster-III

Figure 1. Dendrogram showing grouping of 49 sesame genotypes in to 4 clusters based on 11 quantitative traits.

Table 4. Mean value of 11 traits for the four clusters of 49 sesame genotypes evaluated at Bako and Uke in 2018 cropping
season.
Traits Cluster –I Cluster -II Cluster –III Cluster –IV
Days to Flowering 62.371 63.364** 61.650* 63.188
Days to maturity 113.241 112.182 111.650* 113.563**
Plant height 117.560 114.783 110.026* 121.415**
No. of branch/plant 6.529 5.435* 5.568 8.148**
No. capsule/plant 99.131 82.589 81.736* 120.468**
Biomass yield/ha 3636.000 3068.482 2433.820* 4530.950**
seed yield/ha 1134.966 830.436 791.540* 1502.200**
Harvest index 31.210 27.212* 32.204 33.295**
1000 Seed weight (g) 6.336 6.455 6.120* 7.108**
Oil content (%) 55.475 55.666** 55.568 55.443*
Bacterial blight % 17.832 21.600 22.900** 15.775*
Key: *, **= represents lowest and highest cluster mean values, respectively.
The mean value of the 11 quantitative traits in each cluster Cluster IV had 4 genotypes which are characterized by the
is presented in Table 4. The first cluster was characterized highest in plant height, number of branches, number of
by medium flowering, late maturing, taller plant height, capsules, biomass yield, seed yield, harvest index and
higher number of branches per plant, higher capsule per thousand seed weight. Although, the lowest in oil content
plant, higher biomass yield per hectare, higher seed yield and severity of bacterial blight. Generally, cluster III had
per hectare and lower bacterial blight severity. The second lowest mean values for most traits including seed yield and
cluster was characterized by late flowering, lowest number cluster IV had highest mean of most traits including seed
of branching and harvest index as well as the highest oil yield. Crossing of genotypes grouped in cluster III with
content. Cluster III consisted of 5 genotypes and other all clusters cannot give as good yield performance.
characterized by early flowering and maturity, shortest Therefore, these especial characteristics in clusters is
plant height, lowest number of capsules per plant, biomass important and would be considered in sesame variety
yield, seed yield, thousand seed weight and the highest development program through selection and hybridization
severity of bacterial blight. including correlation and path coefficient analysis.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
Takele et al. 594

Estimation of Inter-Cluster Square Distances (Genetic is expected from crosses involving parents selected from
Distance) cluster III and IV followed by II and cluster IV (Table 5),
However any crossing program based on the breeder
The average inter-cluster distance (D2) values of 49 objectives. So that the breeder must specify his/her
sesame genotypes are presented in Table 5. The x2- test objectives in order to get best use of the traits those highly
for the four clusters indicated that there was a statistically divergent.
significant difference between pairs of clusters except
between cluster I and II. The highest average inter-cluster Table 5. Average inter cluster divergence (D2) value
D2 value was recorded between cluster III and cluster IV among 49 sesame genotypes evaluated at Bako and Uke
followed by cluster II and cluster IV indicating the presence Clusters Cluster –I Cluster –II Cluster –III Cluster –IV
of genetic variability between groups of tested genotypes
Cluster -I 0 13.439ns 52.725** 30.295**
(Table 5). Minimum inter-cluster distance was observed
Cluster -II 0 20.647* 78.710**
between cluster II and cluster III indicating little genetic
Cluster -III 0 157.820**
diversity between these clusters. This signifies that,
Cluster -IV 0
crossing of genotypes from these two clusters might not
give higher heterotic value in F1 and narrow range of Key: * Significant at 0.05 (X2) = 19.67 and ** Significant at
variability in the segregating F2 population. Maximum P<0.01(X2) =24.72
genetic recombination is expected from the hybridization
of the parents selected from divergent cluster groups Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
(Singh et al., 1987).
Principal component analysis reflects the importance of
However, the chance of getting segregants with a high the traits with largest contributor to the total variation at
yield level is quite limited when one of the clusters has a each axis for differentiation (Sharma, 1998). Eigenvalues,
very low yield level (Samal et al., 1989). Cluster III had the percent of total variance and percent of cumulative
lowest mean performance in seed yield and other variance for 11 quantitative traits in 49 sesame genotypes
important traits. This indicates that the chance of getting are given in Table 6.
segregants with high yield is limited between crosses of
Cluster III with the other clusters. The selection of parents The result of the study showed that the first four principal
should also consider the special advantages of each components with eigenvalues greater than one have
cluster and each genotype within a cluster depending on accounted for 76.1% of the total variation. The first two
specific objectives of hybridization (Singh, 2001; Chahal principal components PC1 and PC2 with values of 37.7 %
and Gosal, 2002).Thus, in the present result crosses and 16 %, respectively, contributed more to the total
involving Cluster VI with Cluster II and Cluster I are variation. Similar result was reported by Akbar et al.
suggested to exhibit high heterotic and could result in (2011); Gadisa et al. (2015b) and Kante (2017). According
segregants with higher seed yield. to Chahal and Gosal (2002), traits with largest absolute
values closer to unity with in the first principal component
According to Ghaderi et al. (1984) increasing parental influence the clustering more than those with lower
distance suggests a great number of distinct alleles at the absolute values closer to zero. Therefore, in this study,
desired loci and cross of distantly related parents will be differentiation of the genotypes into different cluster was
produce greater offspring and increases the opportunities because of a cumulative effect of the number of traits
for the effective selection for desired traits. Therefore, rather than the contribution of specific few traits (± 0.06-
maximum recombination and segregation of the progenies 0.722).
Table 6. Principal component analysis for 11 quantitative traits of 49 sesame genotypes evaluated at Bako and Uke in
2018 cropping season.
Traits PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
Days to Flowering 0.071 0.485 0.503 0.174
Days to maturity 0.136 0.574 -0.167 -0.320
Plant height 0.249 0.351 -0.294 0.210
No. of branch per plant 0.401 0.078 0.068 0.387
No capsule per plant 0.427 -0.119 -0.058 0.253
Biomass yield per ha 0.423 0.012 -0.128 -0.088
seed yield per ha 0.460 -0.172 0.005 -0.045
Harvest index 0.295 -0.341 0.164 0.034
1000 Seed weight (g) 0.103 -0.331 0.352 -0.266
Oil content 0.062 0.180 0.674 -0.084
Bacterial blight (%) -0.283 -0.060 0.059 0.722
Eigenvalue 4.149 1.754 1.403 1.059
Total variance explained (%) 0.377 0.160 0.128 0.096
Cumulative total variance explained (%) 0.377 0.537 0.664 0.761
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 595

The traits having relatively higher value in the first principal high (H′ ≥ 0.60), intermediate (0.40 ≤ H′ ≤ 0.60), or low
component (PC1) were number of branches per plant, (0.10 ≤ H′ ≤ 0.40), as described in Eticha et al. (2005).
number of capsule per plant, biomass yield and seed yield
had more contribution to the total diversity and also the High value of phenotypic diversity index was recorded
major contributor for the first PCA. Traits such as days to from measured traits viz, seed color (1.19), flower color
flowering, days to maturity, plant height, harvest index and (1.01) followed by stem color (0.63) and leaf color (0.63).
thousand seed weight had contributed a lot for principal This indicated that the existence of more descriptors states
component (PC2), days to flowering, thousand seed for each trait and express diversity for that trait of tested
weight and oil content had contributed in the PC3, days to genotypes. The percentage frequencies of the phenotypic
maturity, number of branches per plant and bacterial blight classes of each trait values are presented in Table 7. For
severity were the major contributors to in the fourth all genotypes, the percentage of frequencies of the
principal component (PC4) (Table 6). In general, traits phenotypic classes’ values varied from 8.16% to 67.35%.
contributing more to the variation should be more focused
for sesame yield improvement through selection and Here, out of 49 genotypes, 51.02% had light white, 24.49%
hybridization. had light brown, 16.33% had white and 8.19% had gray
color. Based on flower color, 53.06% of genotypes had
Shannon Weaver Diversity Index (H’) light purple color, 28.57% of genotypes had purple color
and the remaining genotypes shows whitish color. Three
Qualitative traits are considered as marker traits in the types of flower color viz., purple, light purple and whitish
identification of sesame species and varieties, which are color have been observed from tested genotypes and
less influenced by environmental fluctuations. The majorities of them shows light purple color. Although,
numbers of phenotypic classes, which differed for each based on leaf and stem color 33 genotypes have been
trait, used for the Shannon–Weaver diversity index were grouped into green color and 16 of remains genotypes
listed in Table 7. Estimated diversity (H′) for individual traits have been grouped into purple color. Supportive findings
ranged from 0.63 for leaf color and stem color to 1.19 for were reported by (Furat and Uzan, 2010; Talla et al., 2016
seed color (Table 7).The diversity index was classified as and Loko et al., 2018).

Table 7. Estimation phenotypic diversity index (H′) in sesame genotypes, their numbers of classes and proportion (%) of
occurrence of each class for each trait.
No. Traits State Code Class Genotypic freq Proportion (%) H'
White 1 8 16.33
1 Seed color light white 2 4 25 51.02 1.19
light brown 3 12 24.49
Gray 4 4 8.16
2 flower color Purple 1 14 28.57
light purple 2 3 26 53.06 1.01
Whitish 3 9 18.37
3 stem color Green 1 33 67.35
Purple 4 2 16 32.65 0.63
4 leaf color Green 1 33 67.35
Purple 4 2 16 32.65 0.63

CONCLUSION of the total variation among sesame genotypes through

PC1 to PC4 and the total variation loaded largely by traits
The results showed that there were highly significant like branch per plant, capsule per plant, biomass yield and
differences among tested genotypes for all traits indicating seed yield. Estimation of genetic diversity based on
the presence of high variability for yield and other related qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color is the
traits in the studied genotypes. Generally, the analysis of highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf
variance results showed the presence of considerable color of tested sesame genotypes.
variations among 49 sesame genotypes for all traits
thereby suggesting possibility for further genetic analyses Generally, the present study showed existence of
for all tested traits. significant genetic diversity among tested genotypes
indicating the presence of a huge opportunity for further
Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four improvement through selection and other breeding
clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster approaches. Besides, hybridization which involves
distance occurred between clusters three and four while crossing of genotypes for selected traits of cluster VI with
the lowest was between cluster one and cluster two. cluster I and II would result in heterotic progenies.
Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia
Takele et al. 596

crossing of highly divergent group to produce best Iqbal, A., Akhtar, R., Begum, T. and Dasgupta, T., 2016.
heterotic progenies were recommended from the studied Genetic estimates and diversity study in Sesame
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Accepted 20 December 2019

Citation: Takele F, Lule D, Alemerew S (2020).

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia.
International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science,
7(1): 589-597.

Copyright: © 2020: Takele et al. This is an open-access

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Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Bako and Uke, Western Oromia