Dead & Blind Zone
Dead & Blind Zone
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Zones of Protection and Dead
Load Factor, Diversity Factor
and Capacity Factor or Blind Zone in Power System
October 2, 2016
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Ideally, the zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of
the power system is left unprotected. This is shown in figure
below. As can be seen from the figure below, each Breaker is
included in two different zones of protection to increase the
reliability of protection scheme.
For practical physical and economic reasons, this ideal zoning in
protection is not always possible to achieve because
accommodation for current transformers being in some cases
available only on one side of the circuit breakers, as shown in
figure below.
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This leaves a section between the Current Transformers and
Circuit Breaker CBA that is not completely protected against
faults. As shown in figure above, a fault at F would cause the
busbar protection to operate and open the circuit breaker but the
fault may continue to be fed through the feeder. The feeder
protection, if of the unit type, would not operate, since the fault is
outside its zone. This problem is dealt with by intertripping or
some form of zone extension, to ensure that the remote end of
the feeder is tripped also.
The section of Power System which is not covered under any
zone of protection is called Dead Zone or Blind Zone and
special kind of protection shall be provided to take care of fault
in Dead Zone. Normally overcurrent element is used for the
protection of Dead Zone with some suitable logic interlock. The
logic interlock depends on the configuration of power system
and the condition in which Dead Zone is created. Let us take an
example to have more insight. Carefully observe the figure
below.
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Transformer is fed by the Bus when the Breaker CBA is close.
Now suppose we want to take Transformer under maintenance,
so for isolating the Transformer we will open CBA and DS. After
opening DS, it may be required to close the CBA to feed some
other connected feeder. As the Breaker is closed, a portion up to
DS is charged. Now suppose a fault take place in between DS
and CT3. Assuming that CT1, CT2 and CT3 are meant for
protection of Zone in between the CTs using Differential
protection, so a fault outside this zone will not be protected and
hence zone in between CT3 and DS is unprotected and called
Dead Zone.
Read:
Difference between Isolator and Breaker.
Over Current Relay and Its Characteristics
What will be the logic for implementing protection of this
Dead Zone?
One may say, if the DS is open and CT3 senses an overcurrent
then Relay shall issue a tripping command to CBA. That is all,
Dead Zone is no more Dead rather it is protected. Notice that in
this case Dead Zone or Blind Zone is created in a particular
condition where the DS is open and CBA is close.
Any doubt? Please ask.
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