Constantin Paidos Gramatica limbii engleze Teorie si exercitii I. Verbul ‘Copena: Catitin Soidan (© Toate dropkurile asupra preventei cdi apartin Institulului European pentru Cooperars ‘Caltura-$inyiicd agi ISBN 973-95528-8-9 Constantin Paidos English Grammar Theory and Practice I. The Verb Institutul European lagiARGUMENT It goes without saying that the learner who wants to speak and write English s rightly concerned with grammatical correciness. So, the aim of this book Is (o present the English grammar systematically, simply enough for the student to get a clear-cut, over-all picture of it, ‘The book. which is the first part of a projected two-volume grammar, contains a fair amount of theoretical information about the English verb, and also a wide range of exercises of different degrees of difficulty —a key to the most difficult exercises wil be supplied in a separate brochure. Therefore, this gram- ‘mar will be useful for classroom activities and, especially, for those students: who intend lo participate in various language competitions or to sit far entrance ‘examinations to the English faculties in Ramania, Students in the firet academic year ae well as those teachers who will take refresher courses or degrees may also find this book helpful. 1am deeply indebted to the teachers and scholars who have taught me. 1am also grateful to Katie Shoreland and especially to Cressida Evans, Rebecca Smith and Matthew Hanranhan for their careful reading of the manuscript of this book and for their valuable suggestions, My gratitude ts also extended to Dr. Anca Dumilrescu and Dr. Sorin Parvu for their dedication in the editing and production of the book. ‘The author 2.1, THE SIMPLE PRESENT 2.1.1, FORM 2.1.2, USE. 2.1.3. EXERCISES 2.2, THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS: 2. 2. 2. 2.3, THE PAST TENSE SIMPLE... 2.3.1. FORM 2.3.2 USE: 2.3.3. EXERCISES ... 2.4. THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS 2.4.1, FORM 2.4.2. USE... 2.4.3, EXERCISES ... 2.5, THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE .... 2.5.1. FORM ... 2.5.2. USE. 2.6. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS. 2.6.1. FORM .. BNQBB AMEE BSEs See 8 o2.9,11.1, USE ose 2.9.11.2, EXERCISES 2.9.12. THE PAST PERFECT... 2.9.12.1, USE «0 2.9.12.2. EXERCISES 2.9.13. T0 BETO... 2.9.13.1. USE ... 2.9.19.2. EXERCISE 2.9.14, TO BE ABOUT TO 2.9.14.1. USE... 2.9.14.2. EXERCISE 2.9.15. GENERAL EXERCISES, 3, MODAL VERBS 3.1, CHARACTERISTICS 8,2. SHALL / WILL ssc 3.2.1. USE... 3.2.2, EXERCISES .. 3.3. CAN /COULD .. 2.9.3. TO BE GOING TO (“THE NEAR FUTURE" } 2.93.1. USE. 2.9.6, THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST SIMPLE, 2.9.6.1. USE sesorcsenssniee 2.9.6.2. EXERCISES os... 2.9.7, THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST CONTINUOUS .....s 2.9.7.1. USE... 2.9.7.2. EXERCISES 2.9.8. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS. 2.9.8.1. USE. sass 2.9.8.2. EXERCISES ... 2.9.9. THE SIMPLE PRESENT 2.9.9.1, USE essere 2.9.9.2, EXERCISES 2.9.10. THE PRESENT PERFECT .. 2.9,10.1, USE 2.9.10.2. EXERCISES 2.9.11, THE PAST TENSE 3.4.2. EXERCISES: 3.5, MUST... 3.5.1. USE. 3.8.1. USE 3.8.2. EXERCISES 3.9. WOULD. 3.9.1. USE 3: 63.10.1. USE 3.10.2, EXERCISES . 3.11. DARE... 3.11.1. USE... 3.11.2, EXERCISES .. 3.12. GENERAL EXERCISE THE SUBJUNCTIVE... 4.2, EXERCISES ..... 6.2. EXERCISES «1... 7. THE PASSIVE VOICE... 7.1, FORM AND USE. 10.1. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 6... 10.1.1. USE. 10.2. THE PAST PARTICIPLE 1 TIME-TENSE-ASPECT1 te generally accepted that the word TIME stands for the concept with which all mankind is famillar, divided into past, present and future. And, one Thust also underline that it is something independent of language. ‘By TENSE we understand that correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time. "ASPECT is the manner in which a verbal action Is experienced or regarded. Ifthe action is complete, the simple/common/indefinite aspect is used. Ifit 4s in progress at a given mament, the continuous /progressive /expanded aa- pect is used. ‘Some grammarians hold that, in English. there is also a third aspect of the ‘verb showing that an action is repeated. They call this aspect the frequentative form. It is made up of wil, for the present: Children will be children. ‘When the cat is away, the mice wall ploy. ‘and of would/used to. for the past: ‘When my brothers were on holiday, they would/used toget up at nine o'clock. A must be shown that TIME is not the only conorpt rendered by the tense of the verb. TENSE may also express the completeness or incompleteness of an action which 1s or was suill on its way: ‘We are spending next week-end in the mountains. (well spend) ry2 THE INDICATIVE2.1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT 2.1.1, FORM ‘Alienate nueregate: yew) ope Do you/or they open? Unga ope Boca he/abs/M apni? egotte: Negatbe heregate you wel ey do ot speak Do youve yt ape? Vyou/we/they dont speak Dont /yourwe they spel? Hefobe/it doce not spenk. Does hefahe/t nat sale? hei doean'® speak. ean he/ahe/'t speak? 2.1.2, USE 1, to express "eternal’/“general” truths, or to make statements of general Ice metis in the sun. ‘The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. 2, to express repeated /habitual/permanent actions, Such actions are Usually accompanied by the adverbs: every (day/week/month/year/, etc). ever, occasionally, often, sometimes, seldom, twice a week, usually, etc. We goto school every morning, (repeated) Father smokes too much. (habitual Jane works in a big factory. (permanent) 3. in Direct Speech, to introduce quotations: ‘Shakespeare says: "Not marble, nor the glided monuments Of princes shail outlive this powerful rhyme. (Sonnet 55)4, sometimes in giving the summary of a story. being called "Narrative" "Historie" Present: I went into the dark room and, suddenly. I hear a strange noise. But , in telling stories, both Simple Present and Present Conlinuous can’ ‘be employed, allhough there is a difference between their uses. While the Sim- ple Present Is used for the events that happen one after another (sees, mee(s, Says. goes, ec) the Present Continuous occurs with "background situations ", thal is with the things that are already happening when the story starts or at a! certain moment of the story: “The Prince enters the cave and there he sees a witch, ‘The witeh fs boiling something and is talking to a huge black cat that ts looking at itself in a mirror. 5. in step-by-step instructions or demonstrations: Furst, I lake the potatoes and slice them. Then, I slice the tomatoes, fry the onion and parsley in a little fat until the onions are translucent... 6. in sports commentaries. In {his case the Simple Present refers ( ‘quicker actions (which are finished before the sentences that described them). ‘The Present Continuous is used for longer activities: ‘The goal-keeper passes to Maradona, bul Hagi inter- cepts, Hag {o Lacdtug and he shoois and i's a goal! ‘The Romanians are leading by three goals to nil in the second half, Nistase serves! ( this very moment) ‘Naslase Js serving in (he game we are watching now. (the service is a continuing activity) 7.10 express an offictally planned action or an action belonging to a set- ted prograname: ‘The championship sfarts next Salurday. (will start) ‘The tourists visit the Brilish Museum on Friday morn Ang, (will visi) 8. Lo express a future action a) in a conditional clause: Ifyour cousin comes here tomorrow. we'l 40 10 ” ‘the cinema, tb} ina time clause whose action is simultaneous with another fu- ‘ture action: 16 ‘Tom will like English grammar when he under- stands it. 9, in proverbs, sayings: - ‘Despair gives courage to a coward. 10. in certain contexts, especially in inlerrogative sentences, to render a modal hint: ‘Why do you move so slowly? (reproach) 1. in exclamatory sentences beginning with here or there: Here they comet “There goes the train! But, ifthese statements are not exclamalory, the progressive aspect must bbe used: ‘They're coming. ‘The train is going now. 12. with the verb to continue and its equivalents (to go on. to keep on, ete.) as they contain in themselves the idea of continuity, and so, itis nol necessary to use a continuous form: “The children continue to write. ‘The pupils go on reading. ‘But, when (ogo on means (o happen, the continuous aspect must be used: What fs going on there? 2.1.3, EXERCISES 1, Fillin the blanks with -s or -es if they are necessary: 1. 1ike- Jam, 2. My brother like- honey. 3. We go- to school in (he morn- Ing, 4. The girl go- {o the cinema on Saturday. 5. The teacher read- the lesson every day. 6. The pupils read- the lesson, too. 7. The bus stop- at the traffic lights. 8. Tom watch- TV in the evening. 9. We stop- in front of this house. 10. 1 dress- quickly every morning. 11. My sister want- to ead that book. 12. Alice wear- this blouse every Sunday. 13, You want- to see a good film, 14. We watch- TV every aflemoon. 2. Work on the model: You are singing now. ‘You aing cvery day /evory cvening/ofien/acklom, c+. 71. Tam learning a long poem now. 2, Jane is running in the street now. 3. ‘You are drinking (ea now. 4, We are walling for your friend now. are dreaming now. 6. The girl is writing with her left hand now. 7- Tare Teaving home now. 8. You are cutting the bread now. 9. Father !s opening the door now. 10. You are sthoking now. 11, We are visiting @ museum today. 12. The children are playing in the garden al the moment. 13, Ann ig making a new dress now. 14. Grannie is telling us an interesting story how. 18.The rabbits are eating carrots now. 16. The gil is hurrying. 3, Work on the model: Is the eat sleeping under the table? ‘Yes, tefien/usually/generally sleeps there. _Tet neien/uu ee 1. Are the children listening to a record? 2, Are you having a party next week? 3, Am } eating a cake? 4. {s Tom crossing the street? 5. Are you Wearing a sweater today? 6. Are the boys drinking milk now? 7. Ismother Taking the bed? 8. Am I wriling a letter? 9. Are the girls talking? 10. Are ‘you looking out of the window? 4. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present: 1. You always... 2. We only... occasionally. 3. Whenever she comes to ‘ever... nowadays, 5. Those girls never... 6. You 8. These birds alwaye... +45. Filin with do or does: 1. wu. you speak English.? 2. ...Lucy elean the blackboard? 3...father work ina factory? 4. .. Igo there every morning 7°. ..we help mother at home? 6. .. you read French books ? 7; ...children like fruit? 6. .. you live tna vilage? 9, ... the gil eat in the dining-room?20. ... we wall in the park? 6. Tur the following sentences into the interrogalive: 1. We lve in a big house. 2° Albert jumps high. 3. Iwork hard at my office, 4 You go to bed late, 5. This boy greets me in the morning, 6. We Uke Slory books. 7. You cook in the evening. 8. 1know very many jokes. 9. We help her in the garden. 10. Susan dresses beautifully on Sundays. 7. Work on the model: . ‘Are you reading now? ‘Do you read every day /overy evening/ete:? _bruradcey cio —— 11s Ann working now? 2. Am I doing an exercise now? 3. Are you singing 18 an English song now? 4. Is it ratning heavily now? 5. Are the children Saving 10 us? 6. Is father smoking now? 7, Am I walldng in the park now? 9. lsJune cutting the bread now? 9. Are you carrying a sultcase now’? 10. ‘ive the tourisis lying on the beach now? 11, Am itravelling by train now? 4p. Is the car making a strange noise now? 13. Are you leaving the house now? 14, Am I borrowing a book now? 8. Complete the following sentences by supplying the correct form of the verb given in brackets, Use the Simple Present: 1. athe doctor... to see his patient every evening? ( to come! 2, ... these iis. playing tennis? (Wolke) 3, ... Mr. Smith ... that house? {to own) 4. Where ... your friends... when they go to Paris? (io stay} 6. ... you ... milk or tea? (Wo prefer). 6. ... the museums ... on Monday in your town? (to open). 7. How often... Mary .. the theatre? ((0 go). 8... the children ... in that room? (to sleep) 9. ...anyone... when the manager left? (to know), 10. ... You .,.how far it is? (to imagine) ‘9, Work on the model: ————— ‘ane sleeps fn a large bedroom. (Where) ‘Where does she sleep? eee 1. [drink a glass of water. (What) 2. You wash your hands in the morning. (When) 3, Lucy lives in # new house. (Where) 4, We work in a hospital. (Where) 5. Mrs. Smith likes spring. (Wha) 6. We read stories in the evening, (Whal;When) 7. The children run in the fields (Where) 8. You want a new car. (Whal) 9. We eat oranges in winter. (What; When) 10. Jack plays tennis well on Saturday. (What: How; When) 10. Auswer these questions referring to Thomas using the words given brackets, Then ask and answer the same questions about his sisters: 1. When does he get up? (usually) 2. What does he do on Sunday mom- Ings? (often) 3. Where does he spend his sumer holidays? (usually: occasionally) 4. What sorts of radio programmes does he listen to? (usu- ally; always; never) 5. How does he get to school? (always) 6, What does he take if he has a headache? (usually; never) 7. What sort of books docs ‘he read? (generally) 8. What kind of films does he enjoy? (nearly; always) ‘9. What does he keep in his handbag? (usually) 10. What time does he go to bed? (almost always; never). 11, Fill in the blanks with don't or doesnt: 1. We... live ina village. 2, Mother ... cook in the bedroom. 3. You ... go 10 School in the evening. 4.1... speak French. 5. Jack... go to the theatre on Monday. 6. We ... plant trees in winter. 7, You ... write many letters. 8. In 19‘They ... draw the map of England. 9, Father ... come home late. 10.1... want to go there now. 12, Durn the following sentences into the negative: 1. You dig potatoes in the garden. 2. 1 rains heavily in the mountains. 3. Tieave home very late. 4, We read Oliver Twist. 5. The girls walk in the forest, 6, The sun rises early. 7. You quarrel with them every day. 8. 1 repair tape recorders. 9, We do a lot of exercises at school. 10. Harris plays chess very well. 13, Work on the model: jhlineneea as 1 get up at scven./You You dont getup it seven. onder getup tS 1. They speak English well./We 2. We know this street./Mary 3. You wash your hands,/1 4. [live in a large town, /Our friends 5, Nick catches Tish every week, /1 6. The boys fly a te. /The gil 7. You read a newspaper every day./We. 8. I tell jokes every evening. /You 9. Mother cooks in (he ‘afiernoon. /Jane 10, We see good films on Sunday. /They 14, Work on the model: eee Tam not speaking Spanish now. {don't spook Spanish every day/every week/, ete 1. You are not watering the flowers now. 2, The teacher is not pointing to the map now. 3, Jane is not helping her brother now. 4. We are not climbing the mountain now. 5. { am not writing an exercise now, 6. You {are not explaining the problem now. 7. The people are not shouting in the ‘street now. 8, The student Is not taking notes now. 9. I am not coming home now. 10. We are not travelling by plane now. 11, You are not danc- ing now, 12. Thomas is not looking for his hat now. 13. My uncle Is not repairing the roof of his house now. 14. 'm not signing the cheques now, 15. The curlain is not rising now. 15, Work on the model: ‘They go to schoo! inthe morning. /you . ‘They ge to school in the moming, but you dont, _They goto school the moming Dut you deve 1, Ldrink much anille /Masy 2. We help mother./you 3. You lke this song,/1 4. Tom speaks English well. (we 5. You come home early. /father & duck works in this factory. /his friends 7. We open the windows every Sicmning./the boy 8, You play the plane./my sister 16, Give short answers to the following questions: 41, Does London le on a river? (Yes) 2. Do i speak English? (Yes) 3, Do you Judy Chemistry ?1No) 4. Do the Browns watch TV inthe evening? (Yes) 5. ‘your father teach Maths? (No) 6. Do! know thisman? (No) 7. Doyou tat lunch at home? [Yes). 8. Do the girls draw many cars? (No) 9. Do Jane Sia Fred love music? (yes). 10. Does your mother mke good cakes? (Yes) 17, Work on the model: heii Uke coffec/you/yea Do you lke coffee? Yor Ido. ee 1. play in the garden every day/Tom/yes 2. ride the bicycle/you/no 3. help mother every morning/I/no 4. plant trees in spring/the children/ yes 5. edt apples/we/yes 6. know this girl/you/yes 7. visit London/ Mary/no 8. catch fish /we/no 9. cross the road/the bays/yes 10. watch Tv./l yes 212.2, THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 2.2.1. FORM 5 ‘Affirmative amit speaking ‘Am! speaking? You are You're speaking ‘Are youywe/they speaking? We are/Were speaking Is he/she) opealing? ‘They are/They'e apeaking Ale n/le's speaking She s/She's speaking Wis/its speaking Negattue Negative euerogave 1am not/tm not spenking ‘Ara not peaking? You /We/They are not /areat ‘Are you/wo/they not speaking? speaking ie/She/It 12 not/tent speaking Jahe/she/n not speaking? Isn't he/she/tt speaking? 2.2.2. USE 1. to express an action which started before the present moment. which is in progress at the moment of speaking, and which will terminate in the future. This form of the verb indicates that the duration of the action fs limited. The feeling of immediate present is often emphasized by Just and now: ‘The sun ts shining in the sky now. ‘The pupil is just writing the exercise. ‘The words Just and now are no longer mentioned when thelr meaning is ‘understood: Look, the children are sleeping! 2. 10 express a temporary action: We usually go to work by bus. but today we are going bycab. 3. lo express a definite arrangement in the near future. Its, perhaps, the most usual way 10 present somebody's immediate plans: What are you doing tomorrow? ‘The time of the action must be given in this case in order to avoid confusion, 4, 10 express fulurily, especially with verbs of movement like: to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: (Our friends are arriving tomorrow. Re fs going to London on Friday. 5, lo express a frequent repelition of an activity which has a distinct mean- ing of annoyance, irritation, sarcasm. In this case the verbs are usually com- bined with such adverbs as: always, constantly. continually, for ever: He 4s always borrowing money from his friends but never gives it back. Why are the children being so noisy today? Its to be noted that with the verbs expressing physical feelings (lo ache, to feel, to hurt, ete.) and the construction to look forward fo there is no great dif- ference between simple and continuous torms: How do you feel /How are you feeling day? My finger aches/is aching. We look forward are looking forward to thelr arrival. 6, sometimes. in subordinate clauses of time or condition: ‘The boy will play in the park while his mother is mak- inga cake. Iwill not disturb her if she is watching TV. 7. with the verbs fo get or fo grow to express a transition from one state to another: 1s getting dark. Our parents are getting older and older. Verbs not used in the continuous aspect 1. Verbs of perception: to feet, to hear, fo notice, to see, to smell, to taste:“The hay smelis nice today. Doyou see the birds now? “The soup tastes delicious. fone means to emphasize the idea of continuity of these words, can/could ‘must be used: can see the plane now. ‘We can hear the waves at last. However, the verbs to smell, to taste and to feel may be found in the con ‘tinuous aspect when they imply a voluntary action on the part of the subject: ‘The cat is smelting the bush now. ‘Mother Js tasting the soup (o see if it is warm enough for the baby. ‘When verbs of perception are used with meanings which are different from thetr “basic” ones, they may be used in the continuous aspect: TOSEE a} Lo meet by appointment, to interview: 1 am seeing my dentist on Friday. Jane fs seeing her manager now. 1) to wiolt (generally used in connection with tourists): Mary ts seetng the sights so she will be a litle late. 0) to see about (lo make arrangements or inquirements} Our form master ts seeing about the trip to the moun- tains, ) to see to {to put right, to deal with): ‘The mechanic (s just seeing tothe engine of our car. ¢) to see somebody off/ up/down/out: ‘Tom ts seeing his grandfather offat the rallway station now. 0 to see hallucinations: I'm seeing things. TO HEAR Tm heartng interesting things about our new neigh- our. (you are just telling me) p) when referring to legal cases, meaning to tng. “Tue judge isjust hearng the witnesses, TO FEEL 11s usually employed in the simple aspect. Its continuous form suggests that the state is temporary: Mary felt well yesterday but she ts not feeling well to- day. By way of, conclusion to the verbs to feel. to smell and to taste we shall say thal they are generally used in three diferent ways, with three slightly different meanings: al to experience a particular sensation. In this case the simple aspect is to be found. The idea of continuity may be given by the verbs can/couid: Jane feels/can feel a pain in her shoulder. T(can) smelt a perfume in here. ‘The children (can) taste something strarge in the cake, b) to cause somebody to have a particular sensation. The simple aspect must be used under such circumstances: ‘We know that silk feels soft, ‘The mountain air smells fresh, ‘This pear tastes sweet. ©) lo try to get a particular sensation, In this case both the simple and the continuous aspect may be employed according to the meaning of the context: ‘The doctor fs feeling the patient's foot. Father feels the edge of his penknife belore starting to sharpen his pencils. ‘The girl smells the flowers in the garden at this time ‘every morning. That is why she is smelling them now. ‘Mother tastes the milk before giving it to the baby. As she wants to feed the baby now, she 4s lasting it again, , 2. Verbs expressing mental activities: ioagree, to believe, todistrust, (odoubt, {0 find. to foresee, to forget. to guess, to tnagine, oknaw, to mean, to mind, 0 remember, to recognize, lo recollect, to regard, io suppose, fo think (Wiad, to trust, to understand, ete.: She knows what you mean. : Do you mind if give her this book? Does she think that he will be able to came? 25Ym sure she understands the lesson now. 1 doubt whether they will arrive here on time, He is always doubling his friend's words, We distrust our new classmate. Juliet is always distrusting her own judgement. 3, Verbs expressing wish: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish, ele. 1 want that book now. But, some of these verbs may appear in the continuous aspect, having different meaning: TOFORGET 1 forget her address now. (I don't remember/fail to re- member i) esses a gradi 4, Verbs expressing attitudes, feelings, emollonal states: to abhor, to adore, Tne as tars) wow # wach Joss of to detest. 10 dislike, o displease, to like, to love, to hate. to please, to prefer, etc. ‘Are you forgetting your manners? (usually said to a ‘child who has falled to perform a conventional act of politeness) TOTHINK ‘When it means (o imagine, or an opinion ts asked for, the common aspect. used: I think she loves you very much now. 5. Verbs expressing possession: to belong (o, to have, to hold, to keep, toowe, to. oun. to possess: How many friends have you (god here? Bul to have may be used in the continuous aspect when it belongs to dilfer- ent constructions: dane is having breakfast. ‘We are having a bath now, 1 think (imagine) they have already arrived. ‘What do you think of the new prices? (What is your ‘opinion about these prices?) But, when no opinion is given or asked for, the continuous form is used: 6. Verbs expressing a state, a condition: to appear, to be, to consist (a), to ‘What are you doing? contain, to differ, (0 deserve, to equal, to exist, (o resemble, to seer, to su, ete. Ym thinking. Bul, (9 be may turn up th {Ire coulinuous aspect: on a) in passive constructions, A 7 areyou about? new block of flats is being built near our house. I'ma thinking about our new teachers. 1) to imply that the subject is temporarily exhibiting some quality: 70 MIND Look, how kind our aunt is being to us today! ‘When meaning to object to or to dislike, tt 1s (o be found in the common as-| pect: . ©) sometimes to express reproach: doesn't mind if her husband comes home late. It's rather cold today, but I don't mind it. ‘This verb may be used in the continuous aspect when it means (0 look Why are you being so mean ? «d} with adjectives such as: absurd, careless, clumsy, lazy, rude, sentimental, sly, stupid, ete.. 0 express a temporary behaviour. “At the moment Ann is minding her sick mother. Ym not being sentimental, whatever you may think. thas already been shown that some verbs which are not normally used 7. miscellaneous verbs: to compare, (o expect. to mailer, to result (For), to the ounlinuous aspect. may occur in the progressive form whenever irritation, ‘tice, (0 sui, ete.: ‘sarcasm, annoyance. reproach are implied: We foresee no difficulty in solving that problem. (neutral) ‘She ts always foreseeing difficulties which never occur, (Gerttation) I expect (suppose) you know him, But: I'm expecting (wailing for) an important guest now.‘8, modal verbs. 2.2.3. EXERCISES 1. Flin the blanks with am. are or és: 1. You.,. tallding toa stranger. 2.1... reading a good book. 3. Qur teacher os the new words. 4. We ... running to the bus stop. 5. The ‘boys... playing football. 6. it... snowing, 7.1... drinking a cup of milk. 8. ‘The litle gir... clapping her hands. 9. We ... listening to the radio. 10. ‘You .., learning a poem. 2. Fill in the blanks with the Present Continuous forms of the verbs brackets: 1.Tom and John ... in the garden. (to work) 2, The little git... (to cry}. 3.1... 6 gp there. (to plan) 4. 'm sure he ... tome now. (lolle) 5. Why... you... this ld hat? (to put on) 6. Our friends ... to New Yorke now. (to travell 7. Jane letter to her sister, (to wate) 8. Mary ... just ... dae flowers on the table. (to ‘pui) 9.1... my favourite dog. (Lo pat) 10. The boys ... the carpets in the (fo shake) 11. The gir... in the sun, (to lie). 12. You ... your shoes. {fo take off) 13. A young man ... far you. (to wait) 14. Why ... you ... 30 pessimistic today? (to be) 15. What .. her friends ... this afternaan? (to do} 8. Work on the model: eee ‘You are playing football /He ets playing football, oo. _iteis playing Wrote 1, She Is reading a book /1 2. The girls are making a cake./We 3. 1 am coming from school./Tom 4. We are listening to the teacher. /You 5. Mother is dusting the furniture,/Her daughter 6. The cat is sleeping./ “The dog 7. You ate opening the window./1 8. She is studying French./ ‘You 9. We are ealing grapes./Your sister 10. You are watching TV./I 4, Work on the model: linens wash every morning. Ym washing now. _Tevashing now, 1. Father comes home in the evening, 2. We go to the theatre on Sunday, 3. You clean your shoes every day. 4. 1 speak English at school. 5. The 3 elses in tie morning. 6. The pupils read the lesson. 7. You sing Eng- fun song. 8, Lwrilelelters every Saturday. 9. The children learn a poem. 10. We open the book. . 5, Work on the model: eee Peter Maing to the iver? ‘No, he is fishing tn the lake, Thebes Boning in Dee 1. Js Tom drinking a glass of water? 2. Are you eating an apple? 9. Am I opening the door? 4. 1s father smoking a cigar? 8. Are the boys running in tee street? 6. Are you driving slowly? 7. Am sitting on a bench? 8. 1s the ign going to the window? 9, Are we writing a composition? 10. Am 1 ead- ing a newspaper? 6. Work on the model: linac os Please, apeakt/1/you Tm speaking and you are speaking, too. eee Ee eee 1, Please, read the new lessont/I/Tom 2. Please, drink the colfeet/we/you 3, Please, wash your hands!/we/they 4. Please, write this exercise!/I/my friend 5, Buy some bananas, please!/we/they 6. Drive faster, pleaset/1/they 7, Sweep the floor, please!/I/Alice 8, Play in the garden, picase!/we/the other children. 9. Horry to school, please!/I/you 10. Please, sing an English songi/we/the teacher 7. Work on the models: ‘Si downt/ (0 to the doort/we Tm ating down! We are ping to the door ‘ook, he testing down! Look iy are doing to the doott lek reso OOO 1. Speak more slowly!/we 2. Read this passage again!/we 3. Open the door/1 4, Drink this glass of milki/I 5, Eat some sweets!/we 6. Help Jane with her homework!/I 7. Cut some flowers!/we. 8, Shut the doors!/ we 9. Clean the blackboard!/1 10, Take this medicine!/we 8. Turn the following sentences into the interrogalive: 1. The dog is running aller the cat. 2. | am crossing the street, 3. The children are playing happlly. 4. We are walkirg in the park. 5. My friend is listening 10 a new record. 6, I am having supper. 7. We are talking about the film. 8. It is raining now. 9, You are working hard today. 10. ‘The gris are sitting under a tree, 9. Work on the model: ee ‘Arthur ts sopoking. Ss he smoking a cigarette? 261, Jack is learning. 2. The boys are drinking, 3. The cat is rmanurig. 4, You are singing, 5. am speaking. 6, We are wring. 7. The girl is ecekinag 8. ‘You are reading. 9. The child is ealing. 10. I am drawing, 10. Work on the model: ee ‘Do you go to achoo! by tram every day? ‘Are you going lo school now? a haa 1. Does father buy bread every day? 2. Do we clean our clothes every week? 3. Do I do difficult exercises every day? 4. Do the children brush their teeth every morning? 5. Does George get up early every morning? 6. Do you goto bed at ten oclock al night? 7. Do Learn at Maths every day? 8. Does the cat play with the dog every day? 9. Do the pupils listen to the teacher every day? 10. Do we wall in the park every Sunday? 11. Work on the model: — ane is welting another letter, (What ‘What is Jane/she writing? TT 1, We are singing happily tn the garden. (How; Where) 2. The cal ts sleep- ing under the table. (What,; Where) 3. | am washing my hands now. (What; When) 4. You are watching TV. (What) 5. We are playing in the Park today. (Where: When) 6. Mary 1s helping us these days. (Whom; When) 7. You are working in a factory this year (When; Where) 8. 1am. driving the new car carefully. (What; How] 9. The boys are drinking juice in the park, ( What; Where) 10, The child is giving mother three red flow. rs. (Whom; What; How many; What kind of) 12. Tum the following sentences info the negative: 1. Tm speaking to you now, 2. You are opening that window. 3, The ship 4s sinking, 4. We are going abroad lomorrow. 5. The teacher is writing an. the blackboard. 6. You are having breakfast. 7. I am making the bed. 8. ‘We are planting trees, 9, All the children are listening carefully. 10. The wind is blowing. 13. Work on the model: 1 don't go to school every day. Fm not going to school now. inet eine sched 1.1 dont listen {6 the radio. 2. The girls don't sing in thé street. 3. Jane 4,2 dom tn os rae, 2, Te ge dnt eng he tre, 3 year. 5. 1dont lear a new song every day. 6. The chikdren dont sleor e, ihe classroom. 7. You dont look at NE MEP every morning. &. dont ers mother every afternoon. 9, You don’t drink coffee every moming. 10, ‘Wiliam doesn't play tennis every Sunday. 14, Work on the model: Have you got a cake? Yes, bu Fm not eating ee 1, Has Jane got a new dress? 2. Have you got a big ball? 3. Has this man got good cigarettes? 4. Has Mary got a new bieycle? 5, Have I got a good ‘book? 6. Has the gir! got a ted apple? 7. Have you got a new zadio set? 8. Have I got a good TV set? 9, Has Tom got a new pen? 10. Have you got a good cake? 18, Give short answers: 1, Is it snowing? (Yes) 2. Is Mrs. Brown walking? (No) 3. Is the cat sleep- ng? (No) 4. Are you opening the door? (Yes) 5. Am I sitLing on the grass? (No) 6. Is Helen watching TV? (Yes) 7. Are the boys repatring their toys? (So) 8. Are you eating an icecream? (No] 9. Am I cutting the grass? (Yes) 10. Is the sun rising? (Yes) *16, Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given brackets: : 1. Lock, the child... now. (lo swim) 2. ..,the dog ...after a rabbit now? lo Tin) 3. You ...these words correclly. (not {o pronounce) 4. Listen, some- ody... at the front door. {to knock) 5. Look, that girl... just ... the street now. (lo cross) 6. The pupils... a new sang .(to sing) 7. The student..., he -. near the window, (not to sit; to stand) 8, ...you... another foreign lan- Buage? {lo study) 9, ...we... the soup? (to taste! 10. 1 ...now. (not to joke) 17, Answer the following questions using the Present Continuous to express plans for the near future. Work on he model: Oe Where are you apcoding this week end? Trspending tt —<—= ee 1. Whom are you meeting here tomorrow? 2. Which dress are you wear ng tonight? 8. When is your son writing to the mayor? 4. What time is Mary ging the party tomorrow? 5. What are you buying next week? 6, What are you doing this aftemoon? 7. Where is Mr. Romford making his next speech? 8. What muscums are you visiting this week? 9. Where is Your sister singing tomorrow? 10. What are we discussing at our next meeting? 28, Use the Present Continuous tn Lime clauses for actions in progress. 31N ‘Work on the model: Jane/to sing/to ook. ‘Jane wal sing whtle she's cooking. 1. You/to admire the scenery/to drive 2. 1/to watch TV/to speak 3. We/ to enter the classroom/the pupits/to read_ 4. The boys/to listen/the birds/to sing 5. Father/to open the door/the children/to sleep 6. 1/10 learn a new lesson/my brother/to play the plano 7. The girls/to fall asleep/Grannie/to tell a story 8. You/to help mother/father/to repalr the car 9. Our frtends/to talk/lo drink coffee 10. We/to remember the pleasant days in the camp/you/to show us the photos 19, Use the Present Continuous + always/continually/for ever to express] reproach, annoyance. Work on the model: ‘Does Nick talk during your class? Yer, he ts always talking. 1, Does Tom often lose his pen? 2. Do your parents often ask you about your marks? 3, Do these boys ever break that window? 4. Docs this man often ring you up late at night? 5. Do your neighbours often quarrel? 6. Does your sister often tease you? 7, Do these men oflen drink whisky? 8, Does your brother often come home late? 9, Does your car usually make ‘so much noise? 10. Do your children often eat sweets? ‘The Simple Present and Present Continuous 1. Choose the right form of the verbs given in brackets; 1. [(speak: am speaking) English at school, 2. You (understand; are un- derstanding) me well now. 3. The children (drink: are drinking) milk in the morning, 4. Grannie (tells: is telling) us a nice story now. 5. You (say: are saying) "“Good-night" now. 6. 1 (buy; am buying) flowers at this mo- ment. 7. The boy ( greets: is greeting) me every morning. 8. We (see: are seeing) the birds now. 9, You (drive; are driving) too fast. 10. We (listen; are listening) to the news now. 2. Supply the correct present tense of the verb and then change the sen: tences inlo the interrogative and negative: 1. They flo learn) English now. 2. The girl (lo make) cake at the moment. 3.1 {to get up) at 6.30. 4. 1 (to read) a new chapler now. 5. We {{o live) In a big house, 6. You (lo write) to Mary now. 7. My sister (to kiss) her son every morning, 8. We (to translate) the lesson now. 9. I (to fly) a kite Just now, 10. You (to remember) my address. - 3. Complete the following sentences with the given alternativets): 1, Lam going to the theatre. 5 a) on Friday ) seldom Di now Aotten 9, She asks you many questions. a) now often b) at the moment dat present 3. We watch TV. a) seldom ¢) al this moment bi now ) tn the evening 4, The boy is opening the window. a) often ©) usually b) in the moming a) now 5, You are sweeping the floor. a) at this moment now b) never 4) seldom 6. You knock at this door. a) at present oJ once in a while b) every day now 7. We are typing very fast. a) never ©) seldom >) often ©) today 8. You cook cabbage. a) every week o) often b) now A} at his very moment 9. 1am selling fresh fish, a)now ©) when Leatch b) at this moment @ usually 10. The telephone is ringing, a} every morning ¢) on Sundays b) now @) alweys 4, Make up sentences of your own with the following words using the Present Tense Simple or the Present Tense Continuous: today, at presentat the mo ment, now, (his week, this monlh, this year, usually, often, never, every daly every week, every month, every year, S. Supply the correct present tense and explain your choice: 1. My cousins (to work) very hard: Thomas (to study) for an exam and Lucy (to practise) the piano for her first concert, 2. "What your father (to Tead) when he is on holiday?" "He ((o read) detective stories, but now he (to read) a science-fiction book." 3. The pupils (to understand) now the use of the two present tenses? @) As soon 2s Mary (to find) Michael's address, she will write a long letter to him. 5. Everybody {to know) that ‘the Danube (to flav) into the Black Sea. @)¥ou can't tall to Jimmy now.He Just (to see) some spectoliss at the moment. 7, Grandmother (9 He Ji the Idiehen now. she always (to cook) in the afternoons. & Four times twenty (lo equal) eighty. 9. Look out! ‘Something {to burn) Fo ome) 10, The teacher generally (to sing) in English. but today she {to sing) in French. 11, That Bille boy who (lo wal) past our gate (lo live) next door. (13: We (to spend) this week-end 19 the mountains. We {lo ga) to the mbuntalns nearly every week. 18. You always Uo forget) Wo ee) Wear keys are! 14. My aunt (lo wea) that large hat becauoe the whet /anine) brightly today. 15. Trains (to trave) from Jassy to Butt: rest in about five hours. & eat A a chudren who (io hurry) to school 17. 1 (not to know) why Tims you just (to be) silly. 18. t (lo see) that you (to wear) your best ro er Yi to g0) toa party?" "No, Ilo go) loa wedding” “And we cones nappy man who (to throw) away his freedom? You must ich is ane to eed carry for him!" "He (to speak) to you now! (Stange ae ous English Siructurd 19. "What rmusic the gr (o sind new?” an eeerngy ain old Scottish song, She (to sing it very well" 20. Mower {{p tng this meat has gone bad. 21."This rule (to apply) (o any Peer oem apply) for this Job? 22. Teli me af the coffee (to taste) swett we. 25.1 lo weigh) your sotlease again since you say it (not n 28. {han 10 idlos. 24. Mary {not to be) here because she Just tte gave) a bath, 25, As you see. nothing else can be done, So. ft Wt to matte) you {to hurry) or not. 26. Call the doctor quickdy! This patient matien 1 ie child just (Wo taste) some plums, He (to know) ‘hat Gums (to taste) sweeter than apples. 28. Alice just (to sex 00) of other Rizsomates and then she will be able to talk to you. 29, Mike (to leave) csaatchop at Uaree otlock in the aftemnoof. but this week fe (lo ae ater 90, Whenever Catiy (to go) to London, she (to stay) with her ‘cousin who (to be) married to an. |. 31. We (not to like) onion cousin wito smell I, but we (Wo Jove) it when we (to taste) t. 32: Wale® Tecansis) af Hydrogen and Oxygen. 93. That student (to wild Very esaly because tne boltle which he (0 carr) (lo contain) nitrosiyger ag Earanrd) to Christmas, 35. They say that Richard (to lay) Se iy well now,G8>We usually (o get up) at 6.30. but this week we ‘20 we (to get up) later. 37, 1 (to smoke) a jot these days because I {lo study) for my final exams. ‘always (to smoke) much Dur house (o smel} pleasant now because we have Just hag ft 1) rors Pathe (to want) to speak to my brothers at once. You fo Paar eacnere they (lo be) now?" “Yes, ‘Tom {lo cut) some flowers te vearey and tte Gini that Richard stl (lo repa his eyes” A dren, But look at that! Now it (to be) friendly to them. roe ha once tian hs gey eto fo acm) tat oat new classmate (to see) only enemules all around. 47.1 (not to know) why 1 (to see) strange things, although my doctor continuously (to assuse) ‘me that I (to get) better. 48. My brother and I (to go) to the concert every Friday, but this Friday we (lo go) to some friends. 49. I (to be) sure they [ell Paris two hours ago. | (to wonder) whether they (to trave by air py car. 50. Margaret (not to come) here this afternoon becat cr father (to be) very ill and she (to mind) him, se ber 5, Answer the following questions using the appropriate present tense. Work on the model: What time does Martin get up? (usually: today) Well, he usually gets Up at 6, but today he is geting up much later, 1. Where do they spend their week-ends? (in the country: at home} ae vo wore ina factors in an ole! 3. Where doce aloe Seep? {alnome: ina big ote 4, Who helps yoor daughler with her homewos? {1 my husband) 3. How does your son go to the University? (by tram: oe ne ate. wha do your children dri i the meric? {mitk; tea) 7. What does your read? (history books; a thriller) Sen dese othe shoppin neering inthe lero 9, Where do your eilren play? (in the garden: ther room) 10. What prograinmes does your sister watch? (films; a play) 7, Translate into English: 1. Cresc pre{urile; carnea cost acum mat mult caertefnd. 2. Sint sigur 2. srt udecrare dope. © phn a cast apae eum. 4: Copa floes aac gre aur mie t. 8. Thomas ‘acum: ne face seame cu mina. 6, Ea tocmal umplirt toa cadour penta nepal tube a de ut 7. Mey elefon {imi pune intrebart stupid. 8. Acum cind are mustatd el seamiini foarte mult cu tatal siu. 9. “Uite, vine tramvatul! Ite sau agtepl. Suiobuzul?” “Cred of am se nu. Dac nu vel oa aces raat va tte In ical, St dad ol nia, ms mi ea perme sn 10 Suse tacoma mie timbre dar daorlaciiaconme atc Butut gs, 11, Copit par foarte chostin seca diminesth 12, Cee oui fet dar preting i sin preteen east el ws, 19, MA Ducur ct plac cadoul me, 14, "Deranea ranchetea mea? "Cred eid. Ort de indo pice Inedenina sudo pee sinceri.” & stall in oragul nostru?" "Cred eA inca doud-tret ale. Flee Boimtine noape. Md alla pli mel." 16. Mini decent bet Be Ft dorm a aceasta or, De biel se cule ull mal etree, ¥. ‘meu ti place sa flulere ceva vesc! in timp ce conduce magina 3 ncerel sa verihcl caiculatorut?” "Nu, calculatorul nu are nevole de 35‘niet un control” “51 dac’ face vreo gregeala?” “Calculatorul nu face nniclodaté gregell 19. Inchfpullj-va ca sintem in tren acum sl cAlatorim, spre Londra, Unul din céRitori se uitd pe fereastra, altul citeste o carte, all! dot discut’. Deodatd se aude un zgomot teribd. Trenul se opreste ‘ruse far bagajele cad unul dupa atul, 20. “Ce eau? “imi caut stiloul.” "“Mereu cau} ceva! MA Intreb cind vei fl ma! grijuliu cu hucrurile tale.” 21. “De ce este aga de mult praf aici?" “Se demolear casele vechi din jurul nostru.” 22. Jane ¢i Mary il conduc pe fratele lor la gard, De ce nu mergt ‘94 tu? Stl cd fratele lor spune o mul{ime de glume aga ci vell petrece cieva momente plicute," 29."Sora ta aratd foarte ingindurati. La ce se ndesie?" " Sint sigur cA se gindegte la vacanta de vari. 24. "Mergl undeva in seara asta, Robert?" "Nu, stau acas&. Vecinis nagtri vin sa se ulle la televizor.” “It inviti des la tine?’ “Nu, se invild singurt orf de cite ort este un film bun." 25, Este simbata seara, Familia Smith este acasi. Doamna Smith asculld un concert la radio, damnul Smuth citeste zlarul, far fica lor, Juliet, se joach cu papusile. Et igi petrec aproape flecare simbatd seara in acest fel. 26. Tata se scoati foarte devreme, dar el se ‘spala. se barblereste $1 ig! 1a micul dejun aga de incet (sulenjos) incit nu auzim nimic, dar il auzim cind pleacd de acasa fiinde’ magind noastra este veche gl face un zgomot groamic. 27, Ai nevole de caiet chiar in aceasti stiplmina? 28. Toll ghizil nostri vorbese trel-patru limbi strdine deoarece foarte multi turigtt vin alci vara sé-gl petreacd 0 parte din ‘vacantA. 2.9, THE PAST TENSE SIMPLE ‘According to the way in which they form the Pasi Tense and the Past Partl- ciple, English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. ‘Regular verbs are all those verbs thal make the Past Tense and the Past participle by adding the suffix -ed to their Short Infinttives. This ending may be pronounced either /d/after vowels and /b/, /a/. VU. /md, dnt, /v?, fet and /dg/or /t/after /1/, /k/, (pl, sf, 1S7, [17 0 fid/atter /t/or /d/. ‘Some spelling rules concerning the Past Tense of the regular verbs should be observed as follows: 1, When the Short Infinitive of the verb ends in -e, only -dis added (toclance -daneed: to recite ‘recited: etc.). 2. When a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant {with the exception of ¢,wor 3) preceded by a singe vowel, the final consonant is doubled and -ed is added (10 drop - dropped; to pat - patted: etc.). ‘3, Those verbs ending in 4c, add kafter cand then the suffix -ed is added (to panic - panicked: (o ptonic - picnicked: etc.). 4. When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant pre- cecied by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled if the final syllable 1s ‘stressed (to omit - omitted: to occur = occurred). But the final consonant is not doubled when the final syltable is not stressed (to visit - vistted: to listen - Uistened. Exceptions: io kidnap - kidnapped: to handicap - handicapped. 5, When the Short Infinitive of a verb ends in -y preceeded by a vowel, the y does not change. But, ifthe y is preceded by a consonant, it is changed into and then -ed is added (to play - played; to ty - tried). - irregular verbs are all those verbs that do not make the Past Tense and the Past Participle by adding the suffix -ed, but have their own forms: to begin ~ ‘began - begun: to give - gave - giver: to see - saw - seen: etc. 2.3.1, FORM TO HAVE‘Airave: Inderogatos: 2.3.2 USE: youre abe Awe hey tind /youfefobe/ ef ta they 1. to express an action or state wholly completed at some moment or during youre /abe wc ey saa peal some period in the past. In fact, the Simple Past Tense is a narrative tense. In eels they wo this case. a past tense adverbial such as when, then, yesterday, last week, last Too e/ shee they ada Uyou/he/she/st/we/ monuh, last year, that day, the other day, once, in 1969, on Sunday, aga, etc. hadit they? decurs in the sentence: Yesterday 1 met my old friend Jack. TOBE When did the train arrive? eee ine cepa Sometimes, the time becomes definite as the result of a quéstion and an ‘ces a Present Periecte Safely were Beecher key? answer in the Present Perfect: Where has Tim been? Negate Negative trtergtive \nefahe/itwes not was he/she nate He has been to the cinema. ‘e/sbe/i wasn Warn ifbershesi? ‘What film did he see? Your/we/they were not Were you/swe/hey not? . . You/we/they werent Wren you/we/they? ‘Although the ttme of the action in the last sentence is not given, it is under- oO stood that it eccupled a period of time now terminated. robo ‘Some proper names, by reason of thelr definite meaning. may provide the conditions for the Past Tense: ‘Aienaitve Taterogatbe Uyou/he/ahe A wef ey ai payyornele tw Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays. (04s hus tmuplied hal Shakespeare fs dead oF is no longer writing plays.) 2. to express a past habit, or a repeated action in the past: Grandmother drank three cups of coffee a day. (habit) In this case used to or would may also be employed. Negative Negaitve Interrogative Uyou/he/shefit/wefthey did not Dsl I/you/he/she/it/we/they ° sot? Hyou/he/ebe/it/we/they did't Didn't I/he/she/it/we/they? TOPLAY/TO GO ‘We went to the theatre every Friday evening, (repeated action) ‘Afiatie Thteregatie Yoea/efseliecoe ayes Dab yuh eine 3. in Indirect Speech to express a Present Tense from Direct Speech: Vyoo/efsbeftjwe/ ey went Bik /yourhe/she/t/we/ thay “We live in a big house,” the gir said. o ‘The girl sald they lived in a big house. Negative eget interrogating . Tyou/he/she/t/we/they did not Did swale we ey 4, to introduce somebody's words in Direct Speech: pot Fyeurhe/sher twee dt aunt Vyouste/abe/t/wct "Where are the children?" mother asked. Ueahe/se/t/oe/they did not Did you he/she it wer they 5. in conditional clauses, to express a Present Conditional: not go? youshe/she//we/they did 6 Bue ‘Vyou/ne/she/iwcf My friend would help me if she were here. oF SS 6. aller the verb wish or alter as f/as though; if only: would rather (when the ‘Subjects are different): it's (high) time:wish I were om holiday now. He is speaking as if he knew everything about the ac- cident. It’s (high) lime my son Jearnt English, too. ‘The construction would rather holds a special place. It is followed by a Past ‘Tense if the subjects, as already shown, are different: (Our neighbours would rather we didn't make so much noise in the afternoon. But, if the two subjects are not different, the Short Infinitive must be used: Paul would rather stay here now than go there. ‘Mention must be made of the fact that in eases 5 and 6 the Past Tense form of the verbs 1s not used to indicate tense, but rather supposition, implying non-’ fulfilment or desirability, They are actually subjunclives. . 7. to express a future action, in a time clause, which fs simultaneous with} ‘another one expressed by Future-in-the-Past: He promised me that he would tell me the truth when he knew it. ‘The Translation of the Simple Past Tense into Romanian 1. Perfect simplu; Perfect compus: ‘when he opened the door, he saw the dog. Cind a deschis usa, vazu ciinele. 2, Imperfect: “The little boy was very tired. Baletelul era foarte obostt 8. Conjunctiv perfect: Helen said she felt lonely before she met him. Elena a spus cd se simtea singura inainte si-1 {intilnit. 4, Conditjonal present: [would read that book if he gave it to me. A$ citi cartea aceea daci el mi-ar da-o. 5. Prezent: I didn't know she loved music. Nu stiam c&-1 place muzica. 6. Vittor: The wi said that she would come here when she was ree, Fata a spus ei va veni aici cind va filibera. 2.3.3. EXERCISES 1, Fill in the blanks with was or were: 1. You .., late yesterday. 2.1... happy last week, 3. The children ... tired in the evening. 4. We ... absent on Monday, 5. You ... ll last Thursday. 6. in the park in the moming. 7. The boys ... early yesterday. 8, You .. at the party on Saturday. 9. Katie .., in the classroom at eight o'clock. 10. We... sleepy last night. 2, Work on the model: Iwas absent yesterday. ‘Was [absent yesterday? 1 She was il last werk. 2. We were at home. 3. You were busy in the morning, 4. They were in front of the gate. 5. [was very surprised. 6. Lucy and Jack were sad on Sunday. 7. Pamela was in the garden. 8. Father was lired in the evening. 9. We were hungry at noon. 10. You were very proud of your father. 3. Work on the model: ‘She was here. (there) ‘She wasn't there. 1. You were thirsty. (hungry) 2. Iwas at home. fat the cinema) 3, We were {in the garden. (in the street) 4. The milk was hot, (cold) 5. You were busy. (ree) 6. Your hands were dirty. (clean) 7. { was ill. (well) 8. We wert Present, fabseni) 9. The children were happy. (sad) 10. The book was on the desk. (In the schootbag) 4. Work on the model: We/hungy/thirty Were we hungry of thirty? ‘We were hungry. We weren't thirsty. 1. 1/in the park/at home 2. You /dirty/clean 3. The book/new/old 4. The Probiems/easy/difficult 5. It/cold/hot 6. Mother/in the kitchen/in the at‘bedroom 7. 1/present/absent 8. You/here/there 9. We/at the cinema/at the theatre 10. The children/in the garden/in the street 5. Work on the model: 9, Work on the model: opened the door. (the window) Tepened the door, but Idide't open the window. ‘We have five classes today. (Yesterday) ‘We had five clasacs yesterday, 100 1. Thave a new car now, (last year) 2. You have a toy-horse now. (lwo days ago) 3. Jane has many friends now. (a year ago} 4. We have English (his Friday. (last Friday} 5. The Browns have a big house now. (len years ago) 6. [have a large garden now, (two years ago) 7. We have a small cat now. ast year) 8. You have three free days this week. (last week) 9. Danie! has awhile shirt today. [yesterday) 10, We have ripe apples this autumn. (last autumn) ‘8. Work on the model: Thad three books. hree pencils) hadn't three pencils. 1, We had a dog, fa cat) 2. 1 had a red pen. la brown peneill 3. You had many flowers. {many pictures) 4. They had much sugar. (much coffee) 5, ‘The boy had a big bal (a small ball} 6, ! had a new car. {a new bicycle) 7. ‘We had yellow apples. (yellow pears) 8. You had ripe grapes. (ripe cher- res} 9, had a large dining-room. (a small dining-room) 10, You had a cake. (an icecream) 7. Tum the following sentences into the Past Tense and read them aloud: 1. Lask many questions. 2. You recite many poems. 3. We remember her address, 4, They travel a lot. 5. You watch TV. 6. I want to help you. 7. ” She loves her daughter. 8. We skate on the skating-rink. 9. Somebody nocks at the door. 10. It snows in the morning. 8. Work on the model: oT im watching TV now. es/No) Did you watch TV yesterday, too? Yes. Tdi. No, didnt 1, Tm playing the piano now. Yes) 2. They are studying a new lesson. today. (No) 3. Tom is doing an exercise now. (Ves) 4. Wé are cleaning the ‘windows today. (Yes) 5. I'm repeating that song today. (No) 6. The girls are aking pies today. (Yes) 7. Jane is working hard this week. (Yes). 8. I'm opening this door now. (No) 9. We are skiing this winter. (Yes) 10. The children are playing games this afternoon. {No} 1. Learnt the lesson. {the poem. 2, You helped mother. (father) 3. We finished the exercise. (the composition) 4. He played tennis. (football) 5. ‘They lived in London. (New York) 6. I posted the postcard. (the letter) 7. ‘You missed the bus, (the train} 8. Mother liked the book. (the film) 9. Tora studied English. (French) 10, We skated in the morning. (in the afler- noon 10. Fill in (he blanks with the right form of the verbs given in brackets; 1. 1... English last week, (Lo speak) 2. We ... our parents yesterday. (to help) 3. The boys ... rugby last Saturday. (to play) 4. You ... a Jong letter last week. (to write] 5. I. a good cake yesterday (toeat) 6. The children .. atthe cinema last Friday. (to laugh) 7. We ... at eight o'clock last Sunday. (Go get up) 8. 1... in the sea last summer. {to swim) 9. You ... your new dress yesterday afternoon. (to wear) 10. The teacher ...us a Tew song yesterday. (to teach) 11. ‘The girls ... all the questions last lime. (to an- ‘swer) 12. I... my old friend last Tuesday. (Lo meet) 13. You ... the name of this man at last (lo remember) 14. The pupils ... this museum last month. {tovisil) 15. We ... our dog in the forest last Sunday. {Lo lose) 16. The bey on duly... the blackboard yesterday. (to clean) 17, The kid ... another toy. (ochoose) 18, 1... along poem last Wednesday. (Le recite) 18, You ... very ‘good apples then. (Wo buy} 20. Father ... a big fish last week. (Lo eatch) 11, Say what you did yesterday and at what limes. Use the following verbs: 1. to get up: 2. to wash; 3. to get dressed; 4. to have breakfast; 5:. to say ‘good-bye to your parents: 6. (o go to school; 7. to do exercises: 8. to play in the schoolyard: 9. to read a new lesson; 10. to draw a map: 11. towne ‘a composition: 12. to come back home; 13, to have lunch; 14. to have a Test; 15, to do your homework; 16. to help your parents; 17. to go for a walk 18, to waich TV; 19. to have dinner, 20. (o read a story; 21. to goto bed; 22. to say good-night. 12. Work on the model: taal ai ‘went tothe efnema. Did Igo the cinema? ale he dno? 1, Mother made a good cake. 2. The pupils did many exercises. 3. The children said good-bye. 4. Father left the house an hour ago. 5. The bell Yang at seven o'clock. 6. We bought a new car. 7. Jane sold her newdress. 8. Our friend began to study French, 9, The children drank much milk. 10. The boys sat down on a bench. 1. I/to eat/pears 2. You/to drink/coffee 3. Mother/to make/a cake 4. We td read/the newspaper 5. I/to write/a letter 6. The children/to break/some plates 7. The giri/to forget/her bag 8. You/to do/an exer- cise 9. 1/to buy/a big house 10. The boys/to take/the ball 14, Work on the modet: c/o write the letter/ yesterday last week Did fe write the letter yesterday? No, be didnt write the eter yeaterday Me wrote i lant week 1. You/to see the film/on Monday/on Tuesday 2, The children/to run/ in the street /in the garden 3. The pupll/to do/two exercises/five excr- cises 4, I/to drink/the milk/the coffee 5. You/to shut the door /the win- dow 6. We/to speak/to the schoolmaster/to the form teacher 7. The girls/to make/a cake/a pie 8. This man/to drive/fast/slowly 9. 1/to take/the bus/the train 10, You/to show her/the map/the picture 15, Work on the model: When did jou gp te school? At seven o'clack or at nine o'sock? 1 didn't go lo school at nine ovlock. Iwent to schoo! at aeven o'clock. 1. When did Tom read the letter? In the morning or in the afternoon? 2. ‘Where did grandfather live? In a village or in a town? 3. When did 1 arrive at the theatre? At 6 o'clock or at 7 o'clock? 4. What did you buy? Abook ora record? 5, Where did Jane see the cat? In the room or in the garden? 6. What did you tell her? A joke or a story? 7. When did the children swim in the sea? In summer or in winter? 8. Where did the boy ‘wash his hands? In the kitchen or in the bathroom? 9. What did I sing? An English song or a French song? 10. When did you plant this tree? In spring or in summer? 16, Work on the model: ‘John mlsved the tran, (to take a taxi) Didnt he take a tax? 1. Hob got a bad mark. (to study} 2. Tom was very thirsty. (to drink waler) 3. The boys played football. to watch TV) 4. Judith broke a glass. (tobe carefull 5, Martin lost his umbrella, tto leave it at school) 6. Her brother ‘coughed. (lo take the medicine) 7. The child was very Ured. (lo sleep dhe night before) 8. Catherine spent the week-end at home. (lo go to the mountains) 9. The dogs were very hungry. (to eat that morning) 10. Peter had a terrible accident, (Lo obey the traffic rules} 17, Work on the model: —_—— Has Jane taken off her coat? (a mote ago) ‘Yes, she took it off minute age. =aaee_s eee 1. Have your sisters laid the table? (ten minutes ago) 2. Has father come home? (an hour ago) 3. Have I repalred my car? (three days ago) 4. Have you sung this song? (lve minutes ago) 5. Have we visited the Art Gallery? {wvo years ago) 6. Have the students read a new text? (three minutes ago) 7, Have Thought a new shirt? (two days ago) 8. Has Arthur given you nice flowers? (half an hour ago) 9. Have you seen my brother? (an hour ago) 10, Have you hired a boat? (two weeks ago) 18, Work on the model: 1 haven't seen her for three days. ee three days since 1 das) aw her. 1. They haven't written to me for three months. 2, Father hasn't smoked {or five days. 3, We haven't been til for a long time, 4. 1 haven't visited my friends for a week. 5. You haven't played the plano for over a year. 6. The ‘Smiths haven't painted their house for years. 7. We haven't had sueh a ood time for months. 8. Martin hasn't gone on a trip for several months, 9. Thaven't spoken to this man for some weeks 10. You haven't bought Dread for three days. 19, Turn into Indirect Speech: 1. "am very tired today," said John. 2. "We have a large garden, * the children explained. 3. "We are good at English,’ the girls told me. 4. "My mother has a new blouse,” Tom said. 5. “live ina new flat," told her. 6. “We don't work on a farm.” the women explained. 7. "She doesn't speak English very well," Peter let me know. 8 "I am not fond of tennis," Paul told his friend. 20. Change the following sentences according to the model: oe ‘They visted their grandparents on Sundays. ‘They tned to vai thelr grandparents on Sundays,