Customs of the Tagalogs ❖ Slavery and Ownership

Juan De Plasencia, O.S.F. SOCIAL and Governmental Structure

❖ Born to the illustrious family of the Portocarreros in Plasencia, in the region of THE BARANGAY
Extramadura, Spain.
-The Tribal Gathering of 30-100 houses
❖ Arrived at the port of Cavite on July 2, 1578
THE DATO
❖ his life was characterized by zeal, prayer, and dedicated service.
-The chief of the barangay who serves as the governor, legislator, and judge
❖ Promoter of Language Inculturation during peace time and becomes the Captain/Commander in war time.

❖ Started the Reduccion Policy (centralization) -Revered and obeyed, considered as royalty together with their wives and
children.
❖ Literary Works
The social Classes
❖ Arte de la Lengua
THE MAHARLICA
❖ Coleccion de Frases Tagala
-The Nobility Class, free-born
❖ Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana (1581?)
-The bannermen of the Dato, must accompany the chief in war at their own
❖ Customs of the Tagalogs (1589) expense, they do not pay taxes.
❖ -his most popular work , may be considered as the first Civil The Castes
Code of the Philippines
THE ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
Brief background of the Document
-They are commoners
The document first appeared in The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 by Emma Helen
Blair and James Alexander Robertson, a 55-volume book that consists of primary -They can marry
source documents for Philippine History translated in English.
-They serve a master, either the datu or maharlica
The Contents of the Document
-They live in their own houses, and and are lords of their own property and
❖ The government of the Tagalog gold

❖ Traditions and Beliefs of the Natives -The estate and status of their fathers are inherited.

❖ Early Legal System -They cannot be made like European slaves, nor be sold away.

❖ Administration of Justice THE ALIPING SA GUIGUILIR

❖ Social Stratification/ System -The traditionalslaves, they serve a master in his house and work his land.

❖ Inheritance -May be sold.

❖ Marriages -majority are actually captives in war.

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Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
CUSTOMS ( Vol. XLVIII, Chapter III, 1763)

MARRIAGE Antonio S. Mozo

❖ Maharlica + Slave = Children are divided accordingly.  Augustinian order

❖ Maharlica after marriage – Cannot change allegiances and domicile without  Chapter III of the Philippine Islands
penalty.
 Noticia Historico natural
JUSTICE
 Secretary to Fray Manuel Carrillo - provincial
❖ Transparency in litigation
Content: focused on ethnological information regarding the savage tribes of Central
❖ Arbitration Luzón

❖ Death Penalty  = lived in the mountain ranges that are very extensive, lofty, and rugged.

❖ Fines Stretches from the province of Pampanga and bordering that of Pangasinan, runs
throughout Ilocos, through a space with bends and turns, of about a hundred leguas.
❖ Loans and payment thereof
The Igolot
INHERITANCE
 To a great degree cruel, barbaric, and fierce. Their only desire is to take
❖ Legitimate vs. Illegitimate Children captives
DOWRY  Said to be a caste of those Chinese led by the pirate Limahon, who took refuge
in these mountains and multiplied exceedingly.
❖ Ownership, division and consumption thereof.
 Go around naked, light in color ( like the Chinese) show gracefulness of their
NATIVE TERMS
bodies
❖ Datos
The Tinguian
❖ Barangay
 Gentle, industrious, maintain a more civilized condition. They havemore
❖ Maharlica interaction with Christians

❖ Tingues  Always had a very satisfactory harvest of souls from this tribe

❖ Alipin The Apayao

❖ Namamahay  To a great degree surpasses the cruelty, bloodthirstiness and barbarism of

the igolot.
❖ Saguguilir
 Killed men at the death of a prominent person, thus the diligence to seek and
❖ Inaasava capture captives. Cut off their heads, carry them to their dead and place the
heads about him.
❖ simbahan
 There was scanty results of missionary works among these savages
The Philippine Islands (1493 -1898)
The Adang
Antonio S. Mozo

GHIST Reviewer – Midterms

Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
  Fewer population thus less powerful, and dwellings are inaccessible.  Studies Southeast Asian History in Yale University

 What follows is a depiction of practices = not to immediately give burial to the  Professor of Southeast Asian History at the University of Wisconsin
dead; bonfires about the corpse; barbecued hair, hides, entrails of the animal
savory to their taste, 10 -20 days until a swarm of maggot appear.  Published Philippine Cartoons in 1985 together with Alfredo Roces

The contrast in depiction – bias  Political Cartoons and caricatures are a rather recent art form, which veered
away from classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its
 Descriptive though with a tinge/ a lot of religion based judgment subjects.

 Terms used for the tribes: heathen, barbaric, frontier of infidels, souls to be  Became part of the print media as a form of social and political commentary
harvested, which usually targets persons of power and authority

 Terms used for the Missionaries: labored indefatigably, zealous, forgetful of

self, hunter of souls, worked for miraculous changes

Political Caricatures of the American Era

Fernando Amorsolo

 Born on May 30,1892 in Paco, Manila

 Showed early signs of artistic talent
 Fabian dela Rosa- a prominent painter in Manila
 Perico joined the Katipunan
 His father died when Amorsolo was eleven years old
 Returned to Manila
 Don Fabian dela Rosa opened his doors to the family
 Amorsolo drew sketches and sold them for 15 centavos a piece to help his
family and to pay for his schooling
 1914, he finally earned his degree, with honors, as a member of the first
graduating class of the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts
 Comment upon the inauguration of the Spanish Cultural Center, Casa de
 became a professor in his early 20’s and was already establishing himself in
Espana in January 1917
the art world
 designed the logo for Ginebra San Miguel, still in use in its original form  Celebration of Hispano-Philippine Friendship
today, depicting St. Michael vanquishing the devil
 Don Enrique Zobel, a leading figure in the business community and an
ardent patron of the arts, was so impressed by his work that he offered to
send Amorsolo to the Academia de San Fernando in Madrid for further
studies
 Accepted not as a student but as a professor at the school
 When WWII broke out, Amorsolo continued to paint from his home in Manila
 Amorsolo continued painting through declining health
 a heart attack eventually took his life on April 24, 1972

PHILIPPINE CARTOONS: Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941

Alfred McCoy
 Fiscal office is pre-occupied by Jesuit complaints
 Born in 1945 in Massachusetts, USA
GHIST Reviewer – Midterms
Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
  Lack of government intervention • -taught history at UP Diliman
• -teaching assistant – UC Berkeley
• -also taught at San Francisco State College, San Jose State University, and
the College of Almeda

Date of Publication:

1998 (Ateneo De Manila University Press)

AIMS

• To help resolve the controversy of the First Cry which led to the Philippine
Revolution of 1896.
• To resolve the questions on when and where cedulas were torn and when and
where the initial skirmish between the revolutionaries and the Spanish forces
took place.

4 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE “CRY”

1. Traditional View of the Cry

2. Literal Interpretation
3. Formation of a Revolutionary Government
4. On Cedulas Torn

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN THE ARTICLE

1. Pio Valenzuela

- Balintawak (first encounter) (August 26) to Pugad Lawin (cedulas torn)

What can be learned? (August 23)

 Jesuit influences in Philippine Politics 2. Briccio Pantas

 Oppression of the masses - Pugad Lawin (cedulas torn)

 Rise of Chinese merchants 3. Cipriano Pacheco

 Turncoatist Politics - Pugad Lawin (cedulas torn)

THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK : A CONTRIVED CONTROVERSY 4. Guillermo Masangkay

Soledad Borromeo-Buehler - Balintawak (August 26, 1896)

Educational Background: WHY IS THERE A CONTROVERSY OVER THE FIRST CRY?

• PhD in History – UC Berkeley • Teodoro Agoncillo’s treatment of the subject

• Fulbright-Hays scholar
• The translation of el grito (The “Cry”) led to the confusion
Career:
• Blatant distortion of historical facts by some scholars

GHIST Reviewer – Midterms

Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
4 DEVELOPMENTS THAT DISTORTED THE FACTS REGARDING THE DATE AND -The supremo invited him to join the “movement of defensive
VENUE OF THE “CRY” concentration” on the expectation of an attack that evening from the Civil
Guard. Valenzuela said that he demurred…
1. Agoncillo’s flawed methodology that ignored all documentary evidence in
favor of one source (memoirs of Pio Valenzuela) b. 1911 Press Statement and 1947 Conversation with Agoncillo

2. Agoncillo’s decision to change the interpretation of the phrase “Unang Sigaw” -Night of August 24, 1896 – “…we transferred to the village of Pasong
to adapt it to Valenzuela memoirs. (tearing of Katipuneros’ cedulas) Tamo (house of Melchora)…”

3. Unauthorized use and misrepresentation of an interview made by Agoncillo -August 25, 1896 – “…sentinel atop a tall tree shouted that he discerned
with Masangkay dated October 11, 1947 some civil guards coming towards our way” (began the uprising as
instructed by Bonifacio prior to the scheduled date on 29 August 1896)
4. Removal of an important piece of evidence (the transfer of the 1911
monument of the Cry from Balintawak in 1968 to UP Diliman) -night of August 25, 1896 – stayed at a house in Kulyat. “I was in the
company of Andres Bonifacio…”
DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE CRY
-August 26, 1896 – proceded to Balara and stayed until the next day
1. DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS OF PIO VALENZUELA
a. PIO VALENZUELA’S 1896 Statements before the court of Judge c. Memoirs
Advocate Francisco Olivé
August 20, 1896-his arrival in Balintawak
-Valenzuela claimed that he joined the Katipunan only around March,
April or May 1895 (Moriones Affidavit of surviving Katipuneros: August 22, 1896 – meeting of some 500 members of the Katipunan at the
Valenzuela joined Katipunan in March 1895) house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong.

-Late entry of Valenzuela to Katipunan because he admitted that he did -Views were only exchanged and no resolution was debated or adopted.
not know anything about its founding and early history.
August 23, 1896 – “...over 1000 members of Katipunan met and debated
-He was with Bonifacio and others that he was in Balintawak on 23, 24, lengthily...” at the yard of Juan Ramos in Pugad Lawin
and 25 August 1896 (confirmed by Masangkay and Samson)
“The discussion was whether or not the revolution against the Spanish
-also included in the accounts were his salary as physician of the government should be started on 29 August 1896.”
Katipunan, derogatory comments about Bonifacio, his disapproval of the
-Teodoro Plata was the only one who protested and fought against an
planned uprising that led to his escape and surrender to the authorities.
early war
-2 corrections he made:
-Pantas and Pacheco were present.
*Date of attack of Civil Guard in Balintawak: from 25 to 26 August 1896
-”…many of those present tore their cedulas and shouted: “Long live the
*Details of his flight from that place on the 25 August Philippines!”

-He left Balintawak with 2 guides on the night of 25, 1896 and went to 1896 VERSION VS. MEMOIRS
Biñang.
1896 Statements Memoirs
Other corrections made by him:
Arrival in Balintawak August 22, 1896 August 20, 1896
-He left Balintawak on the night of 25 August 1896 on instructions from
Bonifacio, that he proceeded to Montalban to encourage its residents to
rise up in arms.

GHIST Reviewer – Midterms

Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
 Arrival of Bonifacio and Early morning of August 22, August 19, 1896 • They did not escape from Balintawak.
companions 1896
• He and Valenzuela were sent by Bonifacio to perform errands elsewhere.
Discussions or Discussions in Kangkong – Inconclusive “exchange of
• Alleged that Valenzuela was a cofounder of the Katipunan.
exchange of views in August 23, 24, and 25, views” –August 22, 1896
Kangkong 1896 • Laong raids on the evening of 25 August 1896 (same with the accounts of
Valenzuela and the Spanish sources)
On cedulas torn August 23, 1896
PANTAS’ NEW ACCOUNT OF THE BALINTAWAK EVENTS

• Unknown to the Bonifacio group, he left Balintawak while Bonifacio and Plata
debated the idea of an attack on Fort Santiago.
• Since his 1896 court statements after the revolution were damaging his
credibility, Valenzuela tried to nullify them, by alleging these were made “under • Suggested a literal interpretation of the term “Cry” because he could not
duress.” provide any information about the Cry of Balintawak

• Agoncillo considered the Valenzuela memoirs a better source. • Assembled at the place of Apolonio Samson [no mention is made of Pugad
Lawin at all]
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S EXPOSE ON THE “CRY”
• The first encounter [allegedly] took place in Santa Mesa.
• Jose P. Santos published a signed statement by Valenzuela, Pantas, and
Pacheco about the supposed “Cry of Pugad Lawin” • His family burned the minutes of Katipunan meetings in the wake of mass
arrests and executions
-refuted by Masangkay
• A revolutionary government was formed in Caloocan in late June or early July
• “…when the Cry of Balintawak took place, Valenzuela and Pantas already fled 1896 in the form of a War Cabinet.
to surrender to the Spaniards, while Pacheco was never there.”
• The founding fathers of the Katipunan were Deodato Arellano, Andres
• Assembly in Balintawak at the invitation of Bonifacio. Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Valentin Diaz.
• Bonifacio laid out the plan for general uprising against the Spanish CIPRIANO PACHECO’S RESPONSE
government
• He insisted on the Pugad Lawin version
• Bonifacio and other katipuneros tore up their cedulas.
• He contradicted Valenzuela by asserting that Teodoro Plata made a speech
• Pantas, Valenzuela, and Plata opposed the uprising. in Pugad Lawin in support of the revolution and enjoined his fellow katipuneros
to tear their cedulas.
• “…the alarm was raised that the civil guards were coming. The first to flee
were Pantas and Valenzuela. For this reason, they could not have witnessed WHICH INTERPRETATION?
the ‘Supreme Cry’ that launched the [fight for] the independence of the
Philippines at that moment; neither did they smell gunpowder of the first • Agoncillo discarded the Masangkay version “because in 1932 he
shots.” [Masangkay] said that the Cry took place on 26 August 1896, he nullified in
1947, in the course of an interview with him, that the cry took place on 24
BRICCIO PANTAS’ RESPONSE August 1896.”
• He denied Masangkay’s revelations. CRITICISMS TO AGONCILLO’S CLAIM
• Criticized the Balintawak uprising as ill-prepared and counter-productive. • Transcript of 1947 interview with Masangkay in Tagalog was found in the
Masangkay papers together with a self-addressed, self-stamped envelope.
• He and his colleagues did not oppose the planned revolution.
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Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala
 • Agoncillo’s transcript contains only Masangkay’s answers to Agoncillo’s ▪ Captured in December 1899 and deported to Guam in January 1901
questions, but not the questions themselves.
▪ February 26, 1903 – he returned to the country
• August 24 & 26, 1896 - cedula shredding in the Masangkay version
▪ May 13, 1903 – died of cholera
• “When I questioned Masangkay on the subject in the early 1960s, he said that
Agoncillo was mistaken, because neither Pio Valenzuela nor Emilio Aguinaldo La Liga Filipina & The Katipunan
were in Balintawak at the time.”
▪ La Solidaridad had faithfully interpreted the aspirations of the Filipinos but rich
• “If, as Masangkay explained, the tearing of cedulas in Balintawak signified an men of Manila contributed little because of mistrust and fear
act of defiance against continued Spanish rule and an irrevocable commitment
▪ Established in July 3, 1892; dissolved after 3 days – exile of Rizal in Dapitan
to support the planned uprising, is it conceivable that those who strongly
opposed that uprising would have torn their cedulas? Would these have dared ▪ Reorganized but was dissolved again to avoid conflict
flee and surrender to the Spanish authorities without this very important
document?” ▪ “Cuerpo de Compromisarios” (supporters of La Solidaridad) and the
Katipunan (independence)
CONCLUSION
First Stage Of The Revolution
• 1896 Court Statements of Valenzuela – more reliable
▪ Discovery of the KKK – Katipuneros, Masons, members of the dissolved ‘Liga’
• Valenzuela’s memoirs- poor credibility and ‘Compromisarios’, prominent Filipinos in concerned provinces were
arrested
• Cry of Pugad Lawin -invention
▪ The Katipuneros managed to put themselves beyond reach of the persecution
LA REVOLUCION FILIPINA
in time
by Apolinario Mabini
▪ Many died, executed or shot without due process
Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero
▪ *Death of Rizal – “political activities in the Philippines antedated Rizal,
Presented by Janice P. Dominguez because Rizal was only a personality created by the needs of these activities:
if Rizal had not existed, somebody else would have played his role.”
APOLINARIO MARANAN MABINI
▪ “Rizal went to the execution ground calm and even cheerful, to show that he
▪ July 24, 1864 – May 13, 1903 was happy to sacrifice his life, which he had dedicated to the good of all the
Filipinos, confident that in love and gratitude they would always remember him
▪ Talaga, Tanawan, Batangas and follow his example and teaching.”
▪ 2nd of 8 children of Inocencio Mabini (peasant farmer) and Dionisia Maranan ▪ “In truth the merit of Rizal’s sacrifices consists precisely in that it was voluntary
(market vendor) and conscious.”
▪ Early education: Fr. Valerio Malabanan Bonifacio vs Aguinaldo
▪ Studied at San Juan de Letran; Bachelor’s degree and officially recognized as ▪ Magdalo and Magdiwang
a professor in Latin in 1887
▪ Tejeros assembly – March 1897
▪ Earned his law degree in 1894 at UST
▪ On Bonifacio’s death – “in any case, such a crime was the first victory of
▪ January 1896 – he contracted polio which left his legs paralyzed personal ambition over true patriotism”
▪ October 1896 – imprisoned and released in June 1897
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▪ Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Bulacan) – gave the leaders of the Revolution an
advantageous way out of an indefensible position

▪ “Only the grant of the reforms sought by La Solidaridad could have restored a
spirit of peace…”

GHIST Reviewer – Midterms

Andi Te’a Mari O. Simbala