Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan.
(AWKUM)
Department of BioTechnology
IST ASSIGNMENT
Course title:-
Scope of biotechnology
Submitted to :-
Sir DR.Atif Kamil
Submitted by:-
Muhammad Fawad Khan
Reg.no:-
BS 191445734
Scope of Biotechnology
INTRODUCTION:-
The use other living organisms for industrial product improving man’s
quality of life may be termed as biotechnology. Taken in this broad sense, the practice of
biotechnology goes back a long way. Men in the Middle East are recorded to have transformed
wild varieties of wheat in to cultivated varieties, through selection of desired traits.
Biotechnology has a rapidly emerging field as an area of activities having marked impact on
all aspects on human welfare ranging from food processing to protecting the environment.
As we can say 20th century was the era of electronics’ so similarly 21st century can be
designated as the era of modern biotechnology. Some of the area in which biotechnology is
making contributions are, development of vaccines ,immune diagnostics , DNA probes for
disease diagnosis ,cancer immune therapy , cancer imaging ,tissue typing , DNA finger printing
in forensic medicine , DNA analysis in determining genetic pre disposition to inherited disease ,
production of psychologically active proteins for medical uses gene therapy, In agriculture and
veterinary medicines and industries.
Scope of biotechnology in relation to human health
Some of the applications of biotechnology for improving human health in countries such as
srilanka are;
1 Development of vaccines:-
Infections are a major cause of human illness and death in tropical countries. Immunizations
remain the principal method of preventing many vials and bacterial infectious diseases a notable
success of the vaccinization has been the small fox synthetic vaccine based on defined molecules
of the pathogens afford many advantages over the conventional vaccine based on dead
pathogens. Indeed in the case of a malarial vaccine, the use of conventional vaccine is not
possible because plasmodium falciparum is cultured in human blood and human blood derived
vaccines may cause disease such as aids or hepatitis
2 Immunodiagnostics:-
The diagnosis of disease often defends on scrological typing of pathogens .polyclonal antibodies
present in most typing sera often lack adequate specificity in this regard. The advent monoclonal
antibodies revolutionized immunodiagnostics because of their unique specificity they can be
useful in detecting minor variants of the major pathogen e.g. Dengue virus subtypes
3DNA probes for disease diagnosis:-
The use of probes provides a very sensitive and specific assay for disease causing organism that
may be difficult to detect and identify otherwise.
4 Cancer immune therapy:-
Monoclonal, antibodies against tumor specific antigens that are also covalently linked to a
toxins molecule have been termed magic bullet for ridding the body of cancer
5 Cancer imaging:-
Specific monoclonal antibodies that are tagged with radioactive or heavy atoms yield
information and spread of tumor.
6 Tissue typing:-
Before transplantation, it is necessary to match the donor and recipient tissues for
histocompatibility antigens. Similarly blood groups need to determine before transfusions,
monoclonal antibodies, because of their great specificity are very valuable in this task.
7 Gene therapy:-
It is the correction of genetic defect in man by introduction of new genes at the somatic stages, is
the ultimate dream of molecular biologists .tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient
terminally ill with melanoma are used to deliver various cytokines with anti-tumor activity.
Experiments are underway to correct deficiencies in blood clotting, cystic fibrosis, and adenosine
deanimase and lysosome storage disease
8 Fermentation to Produce Foods:-
Fermentation is perhaps the most ancient biotechnological discovery. Over 10,000 years ago
mankind was producing wine, beer, vinegar and bread using microorganisms, primarily yeast.
Yogurt was produced by lactic acid bacteria in milk and molds were used to produce cheese.
These processes are still in use today for the production of modern foods. However, the cultures
that are used have been purified and often genetically refined to maintain the most desirable
traits and highest quality of products.
9 Improved production of Vitamin B12.
10 Human gene therapies.
11 Bio-processing alkenes to valuable oxides and glycols
12Automated bio-screening for therapeutic agents.
13Production of diagnostic kits for toxoplasmosis identification.
14 Production of monoclonal antibodies for organ transplant tissue typing.
15 Production and development of vaccine to prevent calibacillosis.
16Genetical improvement of microorganisms for production of pharmaceutical
products.
Biotechnology in relation to agriculture and veterinary
medicine:-
Many of the application of biotechnology that have been described for human medicine are also
of value in veterinary science e.g. diagnosis of infection, vaccines etc. however , a major
application of genetic engineering in regard to animals is in stock improvement ,production of
transgenic animals that produce large amount of milk and meat than normal animals.
Agriculture related biotechnology is about one hundred times bigger than human health related
biotechnology some of scope of biotechnology is given below;
1 Selective plant breeding:-
Crop improvement, by selective seeds from the most successful or healthiest plants to obtain a
new crop having the successful desirable trail, is a form of early crop technology
2 production of bio pesticides
3 production of bio fertilizers
4 Production of photo-synthetically efficient plants.
5 Production of monoclonal antibodies for organ transplant tissue typing.
Biotechnology in itself is a vast subject and its scope is extended to various branches of
biology. This includes plant tissue culture, production of transgenic in animal and plants,
applications in medicine as tools and therapeutics, creation of new enzymes and their
immobilization for industrial use, development of monoclonal antibodies and control of
pollutions, etc.
The End
8 Fermentation to Produce Foods:-
Fermentation is perhaps the most ancient biotechnological
discovery. Over 10,000 years ago mankind was producing
wine, beer, vinegar and bread using microorganisms,
primarily yeast. Yogurt was produced by lactic acid bacteria
in milk and molds were used to produce cheese. These
processes are still in use today for the production of modern
foods. However, the cultures that are used have been
purified and often genetically refined to maintain the most
desirable traits and highest quality of products.
These companies are working for human welfare and opted
following areas for research and development:
(a) Automated bio-screening for therapeutic agents.
(b) Bio-processing alkenes to valuable oxides and glycols.
(c) Developing immobilized cell and enzyme systems for chemical
process industries.
(d) Engineering of a series of organisms for specific industrial use.
(e) Genetical improvement of microorganisms for production of
pharmaceutical products.
(f) Human gene therapy.
(g) Improved production of Vitamin B12.
(h) Large-scale production of fructose from inexpensive forms of
glucose.
(i) Manufacturing ethanol by continuous fermentation.
(j) Microbiological based production of human insulin and
interferon’s.
(k) Microbiologically up-gradation of hydrocarbons.
(l) Production and development of vaccine to prevent calibacillosis.
(n) Production of diagnostic kits for toxoplasmosis identification.
(o) Production of monoclonal antibodies for organ transplant tissue
typing.
(p) Production of photo-synthetically efficient plants.
(q) Production of transgenic plants and animals.
(r) Production of xanthan gum in oil fields for recovery of crude
mineral oils.
The advances in recombinant DNA technology have occurred in
parallel with the development of genetic processes and biological
variations. The development of new technologies have resulted into
production of large amount of biochemically-defined proteins of
medical significance and created an enormous potential for
pharmaceutical industries.
Biotechnology in itself is a vast subject and its scope is extended to
various branches of biology. This includes plant tissue culture,
production of transgenic in animal and plants, applications in
medicine as tools and therapeutics, creation of new enzymes and their
immobilization for industrial use, development of monoclonal
antibodies and control of pollutions, etc.
