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Digital Systems
Principles and Applications
TWELFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 1
Introductory Concepts
Modified -J. Bernardini
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Objectives
• Distinguish between analog and digital
representations.
• Describe how information can be
represented using just two states (1s
and 0s).
• Cite the advantages and drawbacks of
digital techniques compared with
analog.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1 Objectives
• Describe the purpose of analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-
analog converters (DACs).
• Recognize the basic characteristics of
the binary number system.
• Convert a binary number to its decimal
equivalent.
• Count in the binary number system.
• Identify typical digital signals.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Objectives
• Identify a timing diagram.
• State the differences between parallel
and serial transmission.
• Describe the property of memory.
• Describe the major parts of a digital
computer and understand their
functions.
• Distinguish among microcomputers,
microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and
0s
• A large part of the worldwide
telecommunications system falls in the
category of “digital systems.”
It started as a simple digital system that
used only
two states to represent information.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital system:
A combination of devices that manipulate
values represented in digital form.
• Analog system:
A combination of devices that manipulate
values represented in analog form.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Digital and Analog Signals
Discrete Values
Continuous Values
Digitized Analog Signals
Analog signal
represented
by binary
Numbers
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Analog Signal Sources
• Analog Representation—a continuously variable,
proportional indicator.
Sound through a microphone causes voltage
changes.
Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of
values with temperature.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Digital Anvantages
• Advantages of digital:
Ease of design
Well suited for storing information.
Accuracy and precision are easier to
maintain.
Programmable operation.
Less affected by noise.
Ease of fabrication on IC chips.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Limitations
• There are limits to digital techniques:
The analog nature of the world requires
a time consuming conversion process:
• Convert the physical variable to an
electrical signal (analog).
• Convert the analog signal to digital form.
• Process (operate on) the digital
information.
• Convert the digital output back to real-
world analog form.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Reasons to Shift to Digital Technology
Digital systems are generally easier to
design.
Information storage is easy.
Accuracy and precision are easier to
maintain throughout the system.
Operations can be programmed.
Digital circuits are less affected by
noise.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Morse Code - Digital 1s and 0s
• The telegraph system
used on or off two
distinct “symbols” to
transmit any word or
number.
Short & long electric
pulses, the dots &
dashes
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Digital 1s and 0s and Timing
• A timing diagram shows which state (1
or 0) the system is in at any point in
time.
And shows the time when a change in
state occurs.
Time
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Logic Levels
Digital circuits respond to binary levels not actual voltages
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Digital Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Periodic Digital Signal
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Pulse Frequency Period Width
A periodic signal has a frequency (F) The period (T) is the
reciprocal of frequency
• Pulses have transitions between LOW and HIGH and LOW and
HIGH
• Pulses width is measured at the 50% level between LOW/HIGH
• Pulses have Rise( tr )and Fall Times( tf ) measured at the 10% and
90% levels between LOW/HIGH
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Logic Circuits and Technology
• Digital circuits apply digital logic to digital
signals
• Digital circuits have evolved from discrete
components to integrated circuits (ICs) to
large scale integration
Vacuum Tube
Integrated Circuits
Transistors
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Number Systems
• Understanding digital systems requires
an understanding of the decimal,
binary, octal,
and hexadecimal numbering systems.
Decimal – 10 symbols (base 10)
Hexadecimal – 16 symbols (base 16)
Octal – 8 symbols (base 8)
Binary – 2 symbols (base 2)
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Decimal Number Systems
• The Decimal (base 10) System
10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9.
• Each number is a digit (from Latin for finger).
Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).
Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
1-6 Digital Number Systems
• Decimal
Counting
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Binary Number Systems
• The Binary (base 2) System
2 symbols: 0,1
• Lends itself to electronic circuit design since only
two different voltage levels are required.
Positional value may
be stated as a digit
multiplied by a
power of 2.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Binary Number Counting
Largest Number
represented by 8-bits
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Analog to Digital Conversion
• Analog signals can be converted to digital by taking
measurements or “samples” of the continuously
varying signal at regular intervals.
Appropriate time between samples depends on
the maximum rate of change of the analog signal.
• Air temperature is an
analog quantity
• Recorded samples are
discrete integer data
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Sources
• Two state devices:
Light bulb (off or on)
Diode (conducting or not conducting)
Relay (energized or not energized)
Transistor (cutoff or saturation)
Photocell (illuminated or dark)
• Do they turn ON and OFF
instantaneously?
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Viewing and Testing Digital
• The oscilloscope and logic analyzer are used to
produce timing diagrams.
Timing diagrams show voltage versus time.
Used to show how digital signals change with time,
Compare two or more digital signals.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Parallel Transmission
• Parallel transmission – all bits in a
binary number are transmitted
simultaneously.
A separate line is required for each bit.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission – each bit in a binary number
is transmitted, per some time interval.
USB Signaling
Ethernet Signaling
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Systems and Memory
• A circuit which retains a response to a
momentary input is displaying memory.
Memory is important because it provides a way
to store binary numbers temporarily or
permanently.
Memory elements: magnetic, optical, electronic latching circuits.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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1-10 Digital Computers
• A computer is a system of hardware
that performs arithmetic operations,
manipulates data, and makes decisions.
Performs operations based on
instructions in the
form of a program at high speed, and
with a high degree of accuracy.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Digital Computers
The control and arithmetic/logic units are often treated
as one and called the central processing unit (CPU).
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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Types of Computers
Microcomputer.
• Most common (desktop PCs).
• Has become very powerful.
Minicomputer (workstation).
Mainframe.
Microcontroller- Designed for a specific application.
Cell Phone – uses computer
Routers- Use computers
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
Cell Phone Technology
• When you speak into your phone, the voice signal
is converted to a string of digital (binary)
numbers.
Signals get separated and routed to the proper
place by digital multiplexers and
demultiplexers.
Digital Systems, Twelfth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Neal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci All Rights Reserved
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