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SHEAR AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PARALLEL TO GRAIN OF MANGO

(Mangifera indica)AT TWO MOISTURE REGIMES IN A HUMID ENVIRONMENT.

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INT’L JOURNAL OF AGRIC. AND RURAL DEV. SAAT FUTO 2016

SHEAR AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PARALLEL TO GRAIN OF MANGO (Mangifera

indica)AT TWO MOISTURE REGIMES IN A HUMID ENVIRONMENT.

*David-Sarogoro, N. and Aleru, K. K.

Department of Forestry and Environment Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu,
P.M.B. 5080Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]@ust.edu.ng

Abstract
This study examined Compressive strength parallel production of wood as at 1990 recording about
to grain (CS//G) and shear strength(SS) of 16,000 million cubic meters (FAO,1993). In
Mangifera indicawoods in their axial directions at Nigeria,our homes serves as relaxation niche for
Rivers State University of Science and Technology, every family member and there is virtually no home
Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. that does not have a touch of wood for decoration-
Specimens were taken from three trees selected which gives it (i.e. home) that elegance, panache,
randomlyand prepared in accordance with British warmth and ambience Labode (2013) reported that
standard(BS 373) and American Society of Testing over 74% of the people in Lagos and Ogun state,
and Materials andanalysed at the Forestry Research South-west, Nigeria are interested in the use of wood
Institute of Nigeria(FRIN). Samples were collected and its associates for their interior decoration in their
from the top, middle and base of merchantable homes. Woods are renewable resources unlike other
height.Oven dry method (12% MC) and green state materials. With proper managementof the resources
(90%MC). The result indicated that there was no they can be maintained and utilised indefinitely
significant difference (P >0.05) between CS//G in (Falk, 2010).
the wet and dry bases along axial direction but there One of such wood is theMangifera indica, it has
was significant difference (P<0.05) between been known for only it food purposes and medical
CS//grain along the vertical lengths.The CS//G was use, but little assessment has been carried out on its
highest at the base (21.32 Nmm2) followed by the usefulness of it mechanical properties.
middle (19.09 Nmm2) and least at the top (13.34 The wood tree Mangifera indica otherwise known as
Nmm2) on wet basis while on dry basis the same Mangois a juicy fruit tree species in the family of
trend followed; base (21.74 Nmm2), middle Anacardiaceaeand genus Mangifera. They are deep
(21.65Nmm2),top (14.60 Nmm2). There was no rooted evergreen trees that grows in tropical climate
significant difference (P>0.05) between SS in their and attains a height of 15-30m (50-100 feet) and
various moisture regimes along axial heights.The cultivated trees are usually 3-10m(10-33 ft) high
result showed that at the wet basis, the base had the when mature (Bally, 2006).
highest with 8.52 Nmm2 followed by the middle
with 7.98 Nmm2 and lowest at the top with 7.89 Materials and Method
Nmm2whereas on db, middle recorded the highest Study Area
with 8.96 Nmm2 followed by the base with 8.93 The study was carried out inRivers State University
Nmm2 and least at the top with 7.55 Nmm2 .Result of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo,
revealedthat Mangifera indica isstronger in their dry Port Harcourt, River state Nigeria located on
state compared to their green state both in longitude 6o44’N and 7o33N and latitude 4o38’E and
compression and in shearalong axial variation. 5o5’E in Eastern part of Niger Delta with annual
rainfall of about 2500mm. seasonal variation is wet
Keywords:Mangifera indica,Compressive strength, and dry season. Three mature standing trees of
grain, shear strength Mangifera indica were randomly selected and felled.

Introduction Preparation of Sample

From time immemorial wood has remained one of Tree samples were collected from the Top, Middle,
the natural resources which is so important to man and Base of merchantable height (Mitchell and
and found virtually in every part of his environment Dane, 1997). Specimens from the different positions
(Eaton and Hale, 1993). Woods are used for so many were trimmed to 20x20x300mm in accordance to
purposes because of its unique structural material British Standard(BS) 373( 1957) for Modulus of
ranging from pulp and paper making (PPM), Rupture, Modulus of elasticity and Impact Strength.
building, construction, medicine, acoustics etc. In Test samples were taken to the Forestry Research
fact its usefulness cannot be overemphasised. Today Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan for assessment.
the United State of America (USA) uses almost half The wood specimens were oven dried at 105 0C and
of its woods harvested from the forest as building conditioned to have a stabilised moisture content of
materials for construction purposes (Falk, 2010). 12% for comparison with the moist wood at 90%
This is evident in the fact that the growing demand MC.
for wood and its products has increased
tremendously at 1-2 % per year with the world

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Determination of Compressive strength parallel A = Cross sectional area of wood

to grain(CS//G) with area parallel to the applied force.
The compressive strength parallel to grain was
determined using the test sample (British Standard, Experimental Design and Data Analysis
373, 1957). A tensometer with a special jig was Completely randomised design with three treatments
used, to ensure uniform distribution of load over the replicated thrice and a descriptive statistics and a
cross section to prevent buckling. Loads was applied one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used
at rate of 0.01mm/sec until failure occurs and to analyse the data.
recorded accordingly. The Maximum Compressive
strength parallel to grain calculated thus; Results
Pma x The Compressive strength of the sampled wood
CS  stands showed that there was no significance
ab difference (P>0.005) at their different moisture
Where; regimes (wet and dry) and between interactions of
CS = Compressive Strength (N/mm2) the woods. Contrarily, at the axial heights, the
Pmax = Maximum Load (N) results indicated that there was a significant
a =Length of Sample (mm) difference (P<0.05) between the woods
b =Breath of Sample (mm) (Appendix1). However, Table 1.Shows that the
Determination of Shear strength Compressive strength along the axial lengths on the
The shear test was determined in accordance with wet state indicates that Tree 2 had the highest CS of
ASTM (2009) whereby the set up was consisted of a 19.66 Nmm2 (18.07-21-19 Nmm2) followed by Tree
test piece that failed along only one zone of the 3 with 17.29 Nmm2 (12.03-21.32 Nmm2) and least
shear. Calculated thus; with Tree 1 having 16.79 Nmm2 (9.93-21.45 Nmm2).
F Similarly, on dry basis, Tree 2 is highest in CS with
  20.01 Nmm2 (14.19-23.93 Nmm2) followed by Tree
A
3, 18.95 Nmm2 (14.31-21.32 Nmm2) and least was
Where; Tree 1 with 18.91Nmm2 (15.32-21.44 Nmm2) (Table
Ʈ =Shear Strength 1).
F = Applied Force

Table 1: Compressive Strength Parallel to Grain (C//G) in Axial direction on Wet and Dry (@ 12 %MC)
Bases
Tree Number Top (Nmm2) Middle(Nmm2) Base(Nmm2) Average(Nmm2)
Dry
Tree 1 9.93 19.00 21.45 16.79
Tree 2 18.07 19.73 21.19 19.66
Tree3 12.03 18.54 21.32 17.29
Average 13.34 19.09 21.32 17.91

Wet
Tree 1 15.32 21.81 19.98 18.91
Tree 2 14.19 21.93 23.93 20.01
Tree3 14.31 21.22 21.32 18.95
Average 14.60 21.65 21.74 19.29

Shear Strength of Mangifera indica Tree 3 with 8.21 Nmm2(8.10-8.32 Nmm2) and least
Shear Strength values as seen in Appendix 2 showed SS Tree 1 with 7.67 Nmm2(6.98-8.21 Nmm2).On
that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in dry basis ,the linear trend still followed with Tree 2
their various moisture regimes, along axial heights recording the highest with 9.14 Nmm2(7.59-10.05
and parameter interactions between the stands Nmm2) followed by Tree 3, 8.18 Nmm2(7.23-9.00
sampled. Howbeit, the results indicated that Tree 2 Nmm2) and least recorded in Tree 1 with 8.12
had the highest SS on the wet basis along axial Nmm2(7.84-8.70 Nmm2) (Figure 1).
lengths- 8.51 Nmm2(8.00-9.04 Nmm2) followed by

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INT’L JOURNAL OF AGRIC. AND RURAL DEV. SAAT FUTO 2016

12 Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree3

10
Shear Strength (N/m2)

0
TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM

Wet Dry
Axial Length

Figure 1: Shear strength of mango trees along vertical length

Discussion strength properties (Green et al.,2003;Ochnogor and

Compressive Strength Parallel to Grain (C//G) Onilude, 1985).
The quality of the strength properties of wood
particularly compressive strength depends on the CONCLUSION
moisture content under normal climate conditions The non effect of moisture to the wood,
because moisture gradients in wood helps to enhance Mangiferaindica indicates that the wood is strong
the risk of cracking and can have no effect on load and has exhibited high strength properties in both
carrying capacity (Alpo, 2001). The finding of this compression and shear. Hence, the wood of the
report goes contrary to this assertion –there was no species with there outstanding properties and quality
effect of moisture in their wet and dry basis of the attributes will be useable in services and where
compressive strength. This could be attributed to the maximum pressure is needed. It is pertinent that
loss of free water down to the FSP in the species has other wood strength properties be carried to unravel
no effect on the strength of the wood. Conversely, at its properties holistically.
their axial lengths there was an increase from the top
to the bottom and this disagrees with the findings of References
Nwiisuator&Emerhi(2014), Agudaet al (2012) and Adedipe, O.E. (2004). Machining and Mechanical
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floribunda,Chyrstophyllumalbidum and arborea Wood. Thesis submitted for the
Gmelinaarborea, respectively. This variation trend Award of Master of Agricultural
could be due to variability in wood properties with Technology, Department of Forestry and
special reference to morphological characteristics Wood Technology, Federal University of
and natural variation in wood (Adejoba, 2008) and Technology, Akure. 81p.
density, dynamic interstitial micro-fibril and quality
of individual wood cells (David, 2013). Adejoba, O.R. (2008). Evaluation of FicusMucuso`s
(Welw.ExFicalho) Wood Properties and
Shear strength Their Variations Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of
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of one part upon another along the grain (Yee, Engineering, University of Ibadan, 197pp.
2013). There was no variation between the shear
strength properties and different moisture regimes. Aguda L. O., Adejoba O. R., Areghan, S. E.,
Hence, it is assumed that moisture does not have any Adejoba, A. L. &Areo A. S. (2012).
major part to play in the three Mangifera indica Mechanical Properties of
species in relation to their shear strength. At their Chrysophyllumalbidum: A Lesser Used
axial length, there was an increase from the top to Species. International Journal of Applied
the base with slight variation at the middle but not Research and Technology. 1(8): 87 – 92.
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density and specific gravity of the wood it can be variations on strength; Moisture content at
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affecting Reliability Design of Timber Products at High Temperatures

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Appendices

Appendix 1: ANOVA of CS//Grain of sampled woods

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample (wet & dry) 8.514689 1 8.514689 2.241897 0.16015 4.747225
Columns (axial length) 197.4558 2 98.72791 25.99482 4.35E-05 3.885294
Interaction 3.078544 2 1.539272 0.405287 0.675579 3.885294
Within 45.5758 12 3.797983
Total 254.6248 17
Accept Ho since Fcal<Fcrit: there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between CS//grain of wet and dry
sampled wood.
Reject Ho since Fcal>Fcrit: there is significant difference (P<0.05) between CS//grain along the vertical lengths
of sampled woods
Accept Ho since Fcal<Fcrit: there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between interaction of CS//grain
parameters of sampled woods.

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Appendix 2: ANOVA of SS of sampled woods

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample 0.55125 1 0.55125 1.198949 0.295023 4.747225
Columns 3.260133 2 1.630067 3.545336 0.061682 3.885294
Interaction 1.328133 2 0.664067 1.444321 0.27413 3.885294
Within 5.517333 12 0.459778
Total 10.65685 17
Accept Ho since Fcal<Fcrit: there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between SS of wet and dry sampled
wood.
Accept Ho since Fcal<Fcrit: there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between SS of along the axial length of
sampled wood.
Accept Ho since Fcal<Fcrit: there is no significant difference (P>0.05) between interaction of SS of parameters
of sampled woods.

Volume 19(2): 2669-2673, 2016 2673

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