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Lab No 2

This lab covered the implementation of basic logic gates using integrated circuits. Students were introduced to common ICs like AND, OR, NOT, NAND and XOR gates. They learned to identify the ICs, test their functionality using a digital trainer, and observe the output behaviors using truth tables. Proteus software was also used to simulate circuit designs and verify the logic gate operations. The objectives were to familiarize students with typical logic gate ICs, understand their pin configurations, and experimentally implement simple digital logic circuits.

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151 views11 pages

Lab No 2

This lab covered the implementation of basic logic gates using integrated circuits. Students were introduced to common ICs like AND, OR, NOT, NAND and XOR gates. They learned to identify the ICs, test their functionality using a digital trainer, and observe the output behaviors using truth tables. Proteus software was also used to simulate circuit designs and verify the logic gate operations. The objectives were to familiarize students with typical logic gate ICs, understand their pin configurations, and experimentally implement simple digital logic circuits.

Uploaded by

AdilSaeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab No.

2
Implementation of basic functions of logic gates

Objectives:
Objectives of this lab includes:
1. Introduction of necessary IC’s and their logic gates.
2. Identifying and testing the IC’s.
3. Using the digital trainer to make basic Digital Logic Circuits.
4. How to design and fabricate the PCB of a given circuit.

Equipment Required:
In this lab we would make use of the following equipment:
1. Digital integrated circuits(IC’s).
2. Digital trainer.
3. Proteus.
4. IC tester machine.

Introduction of basic IC’s and Logic gates:


IC’s:

Logic Gates come in forms of integrated circuits that usually have two or more Logic Gates
built into them. These ICs have various input/output pins, VCC and GND pins. Some ICs require
5 volts to operate optimally but can run on 3.3 volts as well, some ICs operate at 3.3 volts and can
get damaged or even burn at 5 volts. Some operate nominally at 3.3 volts but can tolerate up to 5
volts. The information regarding pin numbers, functions, nominal and maximum/minimum
voltages and currents is all present in an ICs datasheet. Thus, it is essential to study the datasheet
of an IC before using it.

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat
piece of semiconductor material mainly silicon. IC’s have two main advantages over discrete
circuits: Cost and Performance. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building-block
approach to circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs
using discrete transistors.
Logic Gates:

A digital logic gate is the physical implementation of a Boolean function. It takes one or
more digital signal as input and gives one output signal. All the circuits using digital logic consist
of Logic Gates. The output and input of a Logic Gate can either be HIGH or LOW, 0 or 1 and true
or false depending on its functions.

Logic gates are used to compute a function on a two valued signal.

You can write procedure first then with each gate, mention its pin configuration, paste your
working IC on trainer picture then its proteus and truth table. However this is a general format,
you can modify it in a better way.

Logic gates and their IC’s:

Following IC’s and their Logic gates were discussed in the lab, their list is as follows:
1. OR Gate
2. AND gate
3. NAND Gate
4. NOT Gate
5. NOR Gate
6. XOR Gate

The IC’s provided by the lab instructor were Logic Gates and some other most frequently used
equipment such as 7 segment display, decoders, 555 timer IC. With the help of these ICs we
implemented their logic gates and verified the results.

S No. IC No. IC Name Input Pins Output Pins


1 7404 HEX inverter 6 NOT 6
Gate
2 7400 2 I/P NAND 8 4
Gate
3 7402 2 I/P NOR 8 4
Gate
4 7408 2 I/P AND 8 4
Gate
5 7432 2 I/P OR Gate 8 4
6 7486 2 I/P XOR 8 Gate 4
7404 IC (NOT Gate):
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as
NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The
diagrams below show two ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT
gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.

Fig 2.1 Connection diagram of 7400 IC (A is input Y is output)

7400 IC (NAND Gate):

The 7400 devices contain four independent, 2-input NAND gates. It is a combination of
an AND gate and a NOT gate.

Fig 2.2 Connection diagram of 7400 IC.

7408 IC (AND Gate):

The 7408 devices contain four independent 2-input AND gates. The nominal voltage being
5 volts while the minimum is 4.5 volts and the maximum is 5.5 volts. It comes in DIP, SMD, and
SMT forms. Pin 14 is VCC and pin 7 is GND.
Fig 2.3 Connection diagram of 7408 IC.

7402 IC (NOR Gate):


The 7402 contains four independent gates each of which performs the logic NOR function. Pin 7
is GND and pin 14 is VCC. The nominal voltage being 5 volts while the minimum is 4.5 volts
and the maximum is 5.5 volts. It comes in DIP, SMD, and SMT forms.

Fig 2.4 Connection diagram of 7402 IC

7486 IC (XOR Gate):

The 7486 devices contain four independent 2-input Exclusive-OR gates. They perform the Boolean
XOR functions in positive logic. A typical application is, as a true/complement element. If one of
the inputs is low, the other input will be reproduced in true form at the output. If one of the inputs
is high, the signal on the other input will be reproduced inverted at the output.
Fig 2.5 Connection diagram of 7486 IC.
7432 IC (OR Gate):

The 7432 devices contain four independent 2-input OR gates. The nominal voltage being 5 volts
while the minimum is 4.5 volts and the maximum is 5.5 volts. It comes in DIP, SMD, and SMT
forms. Pin 14 is VCC and pin 7 is GND while other pins are input/output pins.

Fig 2.6 Connection Diagram of 7432 IC.

Procedure:

Step 1: Power the trainer and make sure all the digital input switches are at 0.
Step 2: Plug the IC into the breadboard.
Step 3: Use the 5V supply to give VCC to the IC at its designated pin.
Step 4: Connect the GND pin of the IC to ground.
Step 5: Use digital output pins (red) of the trainer by connecting them to input pins of a gate of
the IC.
Step 6: Connect the output pin of that gate to an input (white) pin of the trainer.

Step 7: Draw a truth table for the gate and turn the inputs on and off in all sequences.

Step 8: Note the LED state of output and fill the truth table accordingly.

Truth tables, Symbols and simulations of IC’s on Proteus:


7404 (NOT Gate)

Fig 2.7: Truth table of NOT gate.


7400 (NAND Gate)

Fig 2.8: Truth table of NAND gate


7402 (NOR Gate)

Fig 2.8: Truth table of NOT gate.


7408 (AND Gate)

Fig 2.9: Truth table of AND gate

7432 (OR Gate)

Table 2.10: Truth table of OR gate.


7486(XOR)

Fig 2.11: Truth table of XOR gate.


Conclusion:
From this lab we learned that:
1. Every logic gate has a unique behavior when inputs are applied to it’s input terminals.
2. Moreover, every logic gate has a different pin configuration
3. We observed that logic gates are used to compute a function on a two valued signal.

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