How does it work?

Whole Numbers

Place values 142

Numbers can be separated into columns that represent diīerent mulƟples of 10.
The column where a number is found determines the place value of that number.

Hu and san nds

a
ou ou us
ds
Th f th tho
f
ns s o

nd s
ns s
Te red

Te red
Hu ns

o
s
o
nd

es
illi

On
M

N U M B E R S
× 1 000 000
× 100 000
× 10 000
× 1000
× 100
× 10
×1

Remember: When mulƟplying by mulƟples of 10, just add the same number of zeros to the end
2 #1 0 0 = 2 0 0 5 #1 0 0 0 0 0 = 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 #1 0 0 0 0 = 1 1 0 0 0 0

What is the place value of 4 in the number 34 250?

Method 1: MulƟplying the number by the mulƟple of 10 matching its posiƟon in the number

3 42 5 0

4 is in the thousands posiƟon IdenƟfy the posiƟon of the 4 in the number

` 4 #1 0 0 0 MulƟply 4 by the place value

` place value of 4 is 4000

Method 2: The place value of a number can also be found by changing all the other numbers to a 0
3 42 5 0

04 000 Change all the other numbers to a zero

` place value of 4 is 4000 Ignore all zeros in front of the 4

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

MulƟplying the number by the mulƟple of 10 matching its posiƟon in the number.
(i) Write 631 405 using words
(ii) Write 631 405 in expanded form

Hu sand san nds

a
ou ou us

nd s ds
Th f th tho
o f
o
Te reds

Te reds
nd

es
ns

ns
Hu

On
6 3 1 4 0 5
× 100 000
× 10 000
× 1000
× 100
× 10
(i) Using words: Six hundred and thirty one thousand, four hundred and Įve ×1
Name using groups of three

(ii) Expanded form:^6 #1 0 0 0 0 0 h+ ^3 # 1 0 0 0 0 h+ ^1 # 1 0 0 0 h+ ^4 # 1 0 0 h+ ^0 # 1 0 h+ ^5 # 1 h

MulƟply each number by the place value and add together

Here is another example.

(i) Write 1 072 138 using words
(ii) Write 1 072 138 in expanded form
Hu and san nds
a
ou ou us

nd s ds
Th f th tho
f
ns s o

ns s
Te red

Te red
Hu ns

o
s
o
nd

es
illi

On
M

1 0 7 2 1 3 8
× 1 000 000
× 100 000
× 10 000
× 1000
× 100
× 10
×1

(i) Using words: One million, seventy two thousand, one hundred and thirty eight
Name using groups of three

(ii) Expanded form: ^1 #1 0 0 0 0 0 0 h+ ^0 # 1 0 0 0 0 0 h+ ^7 # 1 0 0 0 0 h+ ^2 # 1 0 0 0 h+ ^1 # 1 0 0 h+ ^3 # 1 0 h+ ^8 # 1 h

MulƟply each number by the place value and add together

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 How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Place value

1 Write down the place values for each of these numbers

a 1426 b 42 603

Place value of 1: Place value of 3:

Place value of 2: Place value of 4:

c 560 142 d 7 380 261

Place value of 5: Place value of 7:

Place value of 6: Place value of 8:

2 Write each of these ordinary numbers in:

(i) worded form
(ii) expanded form

a 2560

(i) Two thousand, Įve hundred and sixty

(ii) (2 # 1000) + (5 # 100) + (6 # 10)

b 1 306 211

(i)

(ii)

c 891 026

(i)

(ii)

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Place value

d 708 002 E N U M
O L B

E
H W
(i)

S R
Place Value

*
..../...../20...

S R
O

H W
(ii) M U N E L

E B
e 9 011 060

(i)

(ii)

3 Write the ordinary number for each of these:

a Four hundred and thirty nine thousand, two hundred and six

b ^4 #1 0 0 0 0 0 0 h+ ^2 #1 0 0 0 0 0 h+ ^0 #1 0 0 0 0 h+ ^1 # 1 0 0 0 h+ ^0 #1 0 0 h+ ^3 # 1 0 h+ ^0 #1 h

c Eighty one thousand and Įve

d ^9 #1 0 0 0 0 h+ ^8 # 1 0 0 0 h+ ^9 #1 0 0 h+ ^9 #1 0 h+ ^8 # 1 h

e Any number whose place values for 4, 5 and 2 are 4000, 5 and 200

f Three million, thirty thousand and thirty

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Adding and subtracting large numbers

When adding or subtracƟng large numbers, make sure the place values are lined up correctly.
Here are some addiƟon examples to refresh your memory.
Calculate 13 829 + 4271

13 8 2 9 +
13 829 + 4271 =
41 21 7 1 1 Ensure matching place values are aligned

13 8 2 9 +
= Carry over the 'tens' value
41 21 7 1 1
18 1 0 0

`1 3 8 2 9 + 4 2 7 1 = 1 8 1 0 0

You can check your answer by simply entering the sum into your calculator.

Always check that your answer makes sense if using a calculator.

It is easy to accidentally press a wrong buƩon when entering numbers and operaƟons into a calculator.

Calculate 317 293 + 20 011 + 102 356

317 293+
317 293 + 20 091 + 102 356 = 2 0 0 9 1
102 356 Ensure matching place values are aligned

317 2 9 3+
= 20 0 9 1
1 0 2 32516 Carry over the 'tens' value

439 7 4 0

`3 1 7 2 9 3 + 2 0 0 9 1 + 1 0 2 3 5 6 = 4 3 9 7 4 0

3 1 7 2 9 3 + 2 0 0 9 1 + 1 0 2 3 5 6 = 439 740

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There are many diīerent accurate ways to subtract large numbers. You should always use the method
that you were taught or know best.

Here is an example using one way.

Calculate 7635 – 4829

Step 1: 7 6 3 5 – Line up matching place values

1 1
4 8 2 9

Step 2: 7 6 3 5 – Since 5 1 9 we cannot subtract, ` place a 1 between 5 and 2

1 1
4 8 2 9 The 1 is in front of the 5 (in the tens posiƟon), making it 15
The 1 is added to the 2 to make it 3 as ‘payback’ for using the 1 to make 15

Step 3: 7 6 3 5 – 15 – 9 equals 6 and 3 – 3 equals 0

1 1
4 8 2 9
0 6

Step 4: 7 6 3 5 – Since 6 1 8 we cannot subtract, ` place a 1 between 4 and 6

1 1
4 8 2 9 The 1 is in front of the 6 (in the tens posiƟon), making it 16
0 6 The 1 is added to the 4 to make it 5 as ‘payback’ for using the 1 to make 16

Step 5: 7 6 3 5 – 16 – 8 equals 8 and 7 – 5 equals 2

1 1
4 8 2 9
2 8 0 6

`7 6 3 5 - 4 8 2 9 = 2 8 0 6

7 6 3 5 – 4 8 2 9 = 2806

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Here is another example for subtracƟon.

Calculate 38 234 – 21 576

Step 1: 3 8 2 3 4 – Line up matching place values

2 1 5 7 6

Step 2: 3 8 2 3 4 –
1
Since 4 1 6 we cannot subtract, ` place a 1 between 7 and 4
2 1 5 7 6 The 1 is in front of the 4 (in the tens posiƟon), making it 14
The 1 is added to the 7 to make it 8 as ‘payback’ for using the 1 to make 14

Step 3: 3 8 2 3 4 – 14 – 6 equals 8
1
2 1 5 7 6
8

Step 4: 3 8 2 3 4 – Since 3 1 8 we cannot subtract, ` place a 1 between 3 and 5

1 1
2 1 5 7 6 The 1 is in front of the 6 (in the tens posiƟon), making it 13
The 1 is added to the 5 to make it 6 as ‘payback’ for using the 1 to make 13
8

Step 5: 3 8 2 3 4 – 13 – 8 equals 5
1 1
2 1 5 7 6
5 8

Step 6: 3 8 2 3 4 – Since 2 1 6 we cannot subtract, ` place a 1 between 2 and 1

1 1
2 1 5 7 6 The 1 is in front of the 2 (in the tens posiƟon), making it 12
5 8 The 1 is added to the 1 to make it 2 as ‘payback’ for using the 1 to make 12

Step 7: 3 8 2 3 4 – 12 – 6 equals 6, 8 – 2 equals 6, 3 – 2 equals 1

1 1
2 1 5 7 6 Do all the subtracƟons since there are no more columns with the top 1 boƩom
1 6 6 5 8

`3 8 2 3 4 - 2 1 5 7 6 = 1 6 6 5 8

3 8 2 3 4 – 2 1 5 7 6 = 16 658

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How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Adding and subtracting large numbers

1 Calculate each of these addiƟon quesƟons showing all working.

a 5 6 2 1 0 + b 7 1 4 0 0 +
8 8 3 5 1 0 8 0 9
3 0 6 1 4 4 2 0 1

Large Whole
Numbers
..../...../20...
c 9 9 + d 8 4 3 +
4 3 2 1 1 9 5
8 6 4 2 6 0 4
6 3

e 2 4 6 3 9 9+ f 8 7 6 3 8 +
3 9 5 1 1 2 1
7 2 6 0 9 3 1 0 5
1 9 3 3 4 1 2

2 Combo Time!

Calculate the sum (+ ) of three hundred and forty Įve thousand, two hundred and nine and
eighteen thousand, seven hundred and ninety six.

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 How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Adding and subtracting large numbers

3 Calculate each of these substracƟon quesƟons showing all working.

a 5 2 6 8 – b 2 5 2 7 2 –
2 3 5 2 5 6 4 0

c 3 6 5 2 6 8 – d 5 4 3 2 1 –
1 0 4 8 2 1 2 3 4 5

e 2 0 3 0 4 0 – f 7 0 0 0 0 –
1 0 2 0 3 2 6 7 8 9

4 Combo Time!

Calculate the diīerence (–) between:

Įve hundred and seventy thousand, two hundred and seventeen

and

ninety eight thousand, four hundred and twenty one

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Long multiplication

As you i wen aing an subracƟng, keep your place value columns line up nealy.
You nee o be aware of e place value of e number you are mulƟplying by.

Calculate 1429 # 32

1 4 2 9 # Line up macing place values

3 2 MulƟply e 1429 by 2
+1
2 8 4 8 Carry over any ‘ens’ values aŌer mulƟplying

1 4 2 9 #
3 2
2 8 5 8 For 1429 # 3 ens, pu a 0 in e ones column an mulƟply by 3
+1 +2
3 2 6 7 0 Carry over any ‘ens’ values aŌer mulƟplying

1 4 2 9 #
3 2
2 8 5 8 + Add the two new numbers together
4 2 8 7 0
4 5 7 2 8
`1 4 2 9 # 3 2 = 4 5 7 2 8

Here is anoer example. Be careful o line up e columns correcly.

Calculate 423 # 506

4 2 3 # Line up macing place values

5 0 6 MulƟply e 423 by 6
+1 +1
2 4 2 8 Carry over any ‘ens’ values aŌer mulƟplying

4 2 3 #
5 0 6
2 5 3 8
0 0 0 0 0 For 423 # 0 ens, pu a 0 in e ones column Įrs an mulƟply by 0

4 2 3 #
5 0 6
2 5 3 8 For 423 # 5 unres, pu a 0 in the ones and ens columns an mulƟply by 5
0 0 0 0 0 Carry over e ‘ens’ value aŌer mulƟplying
+1 +1
2 0 0 5 0 0

4 2 3 #
5 0 6
2 5 3 8 + Add the two new numbers together
0 0 0 0 0
+1
2 1 1 5 0 0
2 1 4 0 3 8
`4 2 3 # 5 0 6 = 2 1 4 0 3 8

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L E N U M
Long multiplication H O
M u l t i p Ll o n g

B
S R E
W
1 Calculate each of these mulƟplicaƟon quesƟons showing all working. ication

*
Check your answers on the calculator.
..../.....

*
/20... O H

S R E

W
a 3 0 1 6 b 2 5 8 1 M U N E L

B
# #
2 1 1 9

c 9 5 7 0 # d 3 8 7 6 #
6 3 4 5

e 1 0 1 2 # f 2 0 2 0 2 #
3 7 1 5

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Long multiplication

2 Calculate each of these mulƟplicaƟon quesƟons showing all working.

Check your answers on the calculator.

a 2 1 2× b 2 5 8×
1 2 1 4 0 5

c 9 0 8× d 8 6 4×
2 0 9 3 4 5

e 1 3 2 5× f 6 4 8 5×
4 3 7 1 2 3

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Short and long division

Short and long division are only diīerent due to the size of the number you are dividing by.
Here is a short division quesƟon.

Calculate 75 408 ' 6

g7
Step 1: 1 Divide 7 by 6
1
6 5 4 0 8 Put the whole number answer (1) above the 7
Make the remainder (1) the ‘tens’ digit for the next number

g7
Step 2: 1 2 Divide 15 by 6
1 3
6 5 4 0 8 Put the whole number answer (2) above the 5
Make the remainder (3) the ‘tens’ digit for the next number

g7
Step 3: 1 2 5 Divide 34 by 6
1 3 4
6 5 4 0 8 Put the whole number answer (5) above the 4
Make the remainder (4) the ‘tens’ digit for the next number

g7
Step 4: 1 2 5 6 Divide 40 by 6
1 3 4 4
6 5 4 0 8 Put the whole number answer (6) above the 0
Make the remainder (4) the ‘tens’ digit for the next number

g7
Step 5: 1 2 5 6 8 Divide 48 by 6
6 1
5 3
4 4
0 4
8 Put the answer (8) above the 8

`7 5 4 0 8 ' 6 = 1 2 5 6 8

the amount leŌ over

remainder fracƟon =
the divisor
If there is a remainder at the end, always write it as a fracƟon.

Calculate 518 ' 3

g5
Step 1: 1 Divide 5 by 3
2
3 1 8 Put the whole number answer (1) above the 5
Make the remainder (2) the ‘tens’ digit for the next number

g5
Step 2: 1 7 Divide 21 by 3
2
3 1 8 Put the whole number answer (7) above the 1
There is no remainder this Ɵme

amount
2
1 7 2
g5
Step 3: 3 leŌ over Divide 8 by 3
3 2
1 8 Put the whole number answer (2) above the 8
divisor
Write the remainder as a fracƟon ( 23 ) to the right

`5 1 8 ' 3 = 1 7 2 2
3

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Here is a long division quesƟon.

Calculate 6259 ' 14

Step 1: 4
14 g 6 2 5 9
Divide 62 by 14
Put the whole number answer (4) above the 2
5 6
MulƟply 14 by the answer (4) and write this underneath the 62

Step 2: 4
14 g 6 2 5 9 Subtract 56 from 62
5 6 Drop the 5 down next to the answer
6 5

Step 3: 4 4
14 g 6 2 5 9 Divide 65 by 14
5 6 Put the whole number answer (4) above the 5
6 5
5 6 MulƟply 14 by the answer (4) and write this underneath the 65

Step 4: 4 4
14 g 6 2 5 9 Subtract 56 from 65
5 6 Drop the 9 down next to the answer
6 5
5 6
9 9

Step 5: 4 4 7
14 g 6 2 5 9 Divide 99 by 14
5 6 Put the whole number answer (7) above the 9
6 5
MulƟply 14 by the answer (7) and write this underneath the 99
5 6
9 9
9 8

Step 6: 4 4 7
14 g 6 2 5 9 Subtract 98 from 99
5 6 Write the remainder as a fracƟon
6 5
5 6
9 9
9 8
1
`6 2 5 9 ' 1 4 = 4 4 7 1
1 4

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 How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Short and long division L E N U M

H O
Short &

B
Calculate each of these short division quesƟons showing all working.

S R E
DivisioLong

W
1
Check your answers on the calculator.
n

*
..../.....

*
/20... O H

S R E
a 4767 ' 3 b 6180 ' 5

W
M U N E L

B
g g

c 6912 ' 4 d 12 054 ' 6

g g

2 Calculate each of these short division quesƟons showing all working.

(psst: remember to write any remainders as a simpliĮed fracƟon)
Check your answers on the calculator.

a 8965 ' 7 b 3879 ' 2

g g

c 9263 ' 8 d 5801 ' 6

g g

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How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Short and long division

3 Calculate each of these long division quesƟons showing all working.

Check your answers on the calculator.

a 15 g3 8 5 5 b 23 g8 9 4 7

c 24 g5 1 8 5 d 17 g2 5 7 8

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Divisibility tests

Divisibility tests are used to see if a small whole number will be a factor of a larger composite number.
A number is always divisible by 2 if the last digit is an even number (i.e. 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 or 8)

234 is divisible by 2 as the last digit (4) is even

A number is always divisible by 3 if the sum (+) of all its digits is divisible by 3

234 is divisible by 3 because 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 (which is divisible by 3)

A number is always divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4

1324 is divisible by 4 because the last two digits form the number 24 (which is divisible by 4)

A number is always divisible by 5 if the last digit of the number is a 0 or 5

265 is divisible by 5 because the last digit is a 5

A number is always divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3

234 is divisible by 6 because it is even (so divisible by 2) and 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 (which is divisible by 3)

A number is always divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8

1328 is divisible by 8 because the last three digits form the number 328 (which is divisible by 8)

A number is always divisible by 9 if the sum (+) of all its digits is divisible by 9

234 is divisible by 9 because 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 (which is divisible by 9)

A number is always divisible by 10 if the last digit of the number is a 0

1840 is divisible by 10 because the last digit is 0

InvesƟgate the divisibility tests for 7 and 11. They are a liƩle more involved but interesƟng!

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 How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

Divisibility tests

Use the divisibility tests to determine whether each of these numbers are divisible by the numbers listed
on the right hand side. Draw a line to all the numbers each one is divisible by.

The Įrst number is completed for you.

620 2

136
3
96

1491 4

345
5
207

512 6

588
8
738

1 001 001 9

312 756
10
8640

12 871 Y T E S T
I T
S
L I B I S I V I

R O F

6030
..../.....
/20. M
U N

D * S R. . E B

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 How does it work? Whole Numbers

Index notation for numbers

Index notaƟon uses a small number called a ‘power’, ‘index’ or ‘exponent’ to show how many Ɵmes a
number is mulƟplied by itself.
Simplify these products by using index notaƟon and then calculate:

(i) 4 # 4 4 #4 = 4 2 Two 4s in the mulƟplicaƟon, so the index is 2

= 1 6 We say ‘4 squared’

When a number is mulƟplied by itself once, this is called squaring the number

3
(ii) 2 # 2 # 2 2 #2 #2 = 2 Three 2s in the mulƟplicaƟon, so the index is 3
= 8 We say ‘2 cubed’

When a number is mulƟplied by itself twice, this is called cubing the number.

The same paƩern conƟnues for any number of mulƟplicaƟons

(iii) 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 3 #3 #3 #3 #3 #3 = 3 6
Six 3s in the mulƟplicaƟon, so the index is 6
= 7 2 9 We say ‘3 to the power of 6’

A mixture of numbers mulƟplied together can also be simpliĮed using index notaƟon
(iv) 4 #5 #5 #5 #4 #5

4 #5 #5 #5 #4 #5 = 4 #4 #5 #5 #5 #5 Group idenƟcal numbers

= 4 2 #5 4 We say ‘4 squared Ɵmes 5 to the power of 4’
= 1 6 #6 2 5
= 1 0 0 0 0

Doing the reverse to simplifying is called expanding.

Write these in expanded form:

4 4
(i) 7 7 = 7 #7 #7 #7 The index is 4, so four 7s mulƟplied together

7
(ii) 9 7
9 = 9 #9 #9 #9 #9 #9 #9 The index is 7, so seven 9s mulƟplied together

4
Be careful: A lot of people make this mistake: 7 = 7 #4 , which is NOT true.
7 4 ! 7 #4
Make sure you can see the diīerence.

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How does it work? Your Turn Whole Numbers

E X N O T
Index notation for numbers N D

T A
I *

I
Write each of these products using index notaƟon.

O
1

N
..../.....

N O I
/20...

I *
a 5 # 5 b 4 # 4 # 4
N
T O N X E D

T A
c 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 d 11 # 11 # 11 # 11

e 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 f 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 3×3 # 3

2 Write each of the mixed products using index notaƟon and then calculate.

a 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 b 5 # 5 # 4 # 4

c 6 # 6 # 6 # 6 # 7 # 7 # 7 d 2 # 1 # 2 # 1 # 2

e 2 # 8 # 8 # 2 # 8 # 8 # 8 f 4 # 3 # 3 # 4 # 3 # 2 # 2 # 2

3 Change each of these to expanded form.

4
a 33 b 8

5
c 6 d 1 2 7

3 2 4 2
e 5 #7 f 2 #3

5 4 2 4 2
g 7 #2 h 2 #3 #5

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Puzzle Time 2 units

Area = 2 # 2
The area of a square can be wriƩen using index notaƟon: 2 units = 22 units 2
= 4 units 2

2
6

Using each of the diīerent grey squares below twice and the black square only once, form a rectangle
on the grid above. You can do this by shading in the squares using a pencil or cut some similar-sized
squares out of another sheet of paper and try to complete like a jigsaw.

2
The top leŌ-hand corner of the rectangle is already completed for you, so only one more 6 grey square
can be used.

2
1
2
use twice 3 2 4
2
5 6 2

use once
use twice
use twice
use twice

When Įnished, have a go at wriƟng two diīerent expressions for the total area of the rectangle using
index notaƟon.
Hint: For one expression mulƟply the side lengths together.

Area expression 1 Area expression 2

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Square roots and cube roots

Finding the square root or cube root of a number is the opposite operaƟon to squaring or cubing.
The radical symbol ( ) is used for roots, with used for square root and 3 for cube root.

The square root sign is asking: What number mulƟplied by itself once will get the number inside me?
Calculate the square root of these whole numbers

(i) 9 9 = 3 9 = 3 #3 9 wriƩen as a product of its prime factors

2 2
Because 3 # 3 = 3 = 9 = 3
= 3
or
(ii) 36 3 6 = 6 3 6 = 6 #6 36 wriƩen as a product of its prime factors
2 2
Because 6 # 6 = 6 = 3 6 = 6
= 6 We look closely at
prime factors next

The cube root sign is asking: What number mulƟplied by itself twice will get the number inside me?
Calculate the cube root of these whole numbers

3 3 3
(i) 8 8 = 2 or 8 = 2 #2 #2 8 wriƩen as a product of its prime factors
3 3 3
Because 2 # 2 # 2 = 2 = 8 = 2
= 2

3 The liƩle ‘root’ number indicates how many Ɵmes the same number appears
in the mulƟplicaƟon.

3 3 3
(ii) 343 3 4 3 = 7 or 3 4 3 = 7 #7 #7 343 wriƩen as a product of its prime factors
3 3 3
Because 7 # 7 # 7 = 7 = 3 4 3 = 7
= 7

You could be asked to write a value using square or cube root notaƟon.
Rewrite these numbers

2
(i) 4 as a square root 4 = 4 #4 = 1 6
`4 = 1 6

3
(ii) 3 as cube root 3 = 3 #3 #3 = 2 7
`3 = 3
2 7

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L E N U M
Square roots and cube roots H O
Squa

B
& C u b re e r o o t s

S R E
W
1 Calculate each of these square roots roots

*
..../.....

*
/20... O H

S R E
a 4 b 1 6

W
M U N E L

B
c 2 5 d 4 9

e 8 1 f 1 2 1

2 Calculate each of these cube roots

3 3
a 2 7 b 6 4

3 3
c 2 1 6 d 5 1 2

3 Write each of these values using square root notaƟon

a 3 b 8

c 6 d 12

4 Write each of these values using cube root notaƟon

a 1 b 2

c 5 d 7

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Factor Trees

Composite numbers can be divided exactly (with no remainder), by other smaller or equal whole numbers
called factors.

Composite numbers: 15 9 12 4 24

Factors: 1 , 3 , 5 , 15 1,3,9 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 1,2,4 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 24

Prime numbers only have 1 and themself as factors.

Prime numbers: 2 3 17 11 31

Factors: 1,2 1,3 1 , 17 1 , 11 1 , 31

All composite numbers can be wriƩen as the product ( # ) of prime factors

(all the prime numbers that divide exactly into them). Let’s see how.

‘Express’ is a another way of saying ‘write’ in MathemaƟcs.

Express 18 as a product of its prime factors

18 Split 18 into two smaller factors

Solid circle around prime numbers to stop that branch

6 3 Split 6 into two smaller factors

Solid circle around prime numbers to stop that branch

2 3

Once every branch has reached a prime number, mulƟply all the prime numbers together

`1 8 = 2 # 3 # 3
= 2 # 3 2 Simplify answer

ALWAYS at the prime number.

Don’t ever do this 3

Remember:
1 3 A prime number has
two factors, itself and 1
because 1 is NOT a prime number

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Here are some more examples.

Express 38 as a product of its prime factors

38 Split 38 into two smaller factors

19 2 Solid circle around prime numbers to stop that branch

Once every branch has reached a prime number, mulƟply all the prime numbers together

`3 8 = 1 9 # 2

There is oŌen more than one way to create a factor tree for numbers with a lot of factors.
Express 48 as a product of its prime factors

48 Split 48 into two smaller factors

Split 6 and 8 into two smaller factors

8 6

4 2 3 2 Solid circle around prime numbers to stop that branch

Split 4 into two smaller factors

2 2
Solid circle around prime numbers to stop that branch

Once every branch has reached a prime number, mulƟply all the prime numbers together

`4 8 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 2
4
= 2 # 3 Simplify answer

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Factor trees
1 Fill in the missing values on the following factor trees and write the number as a product of its primes.

a 12 b 18

4 2

2 3
` 1 2 = ` 1 8 =

c 32 d 56

4 14

4 2 2

` 5 6 =
2 2 I M E F A C
P R T

R O
` 3 2 =
* S

S E E R T
E E R T

..../...
84 128 .
T C ./20... I R P
*
e f
R O

A F E M

12 2

2 3

` 8 4 =

` 1 2 8 =

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Factor trees

2 Complete a factor tree for each number below and express them as a product of their prime factors.

a 8 b 20

` 8 = ` 2 0 =

c 24 d 60

` 2 4 = ` 6 0 =

e 96 f 144

` 9 6 = ` 1 4 4 =

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Highest common factor (HCF)

The HCF is the largest number that divides exactly into two or more composite numbers.

Write all the factors of each number then circle the largest one which appears in both lists.

Find the highest common factor for these pairs of numbers

(i) 6 and 8

Factors of 6: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 List all the factors for each number

Factors of 8: 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 Circle the largest number common to both lists

` The HCF for 6 and 8 is: 2

(ii) 18 and 12

Factors of 18: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 18 List all the factors for each number

Factors of 12: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 Circle the largest number common to both lists

` The HCF for 18 and 12 is: 6

We can use the list of prime factors for larger numbers to Įnd the HCF.

Find the HCF for these pairs of larger numbers

(i) 72 and 96

Factors of 72: 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 List all the prime factors for each number

Factors of 96: 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3

` The HCF for 72 and 96 is: 2 #2 # 2 #3 = 2 4

(ii) 528 and 624

Factors of 528: 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 11 List all the prime factors for each number

Factors of 624: 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 13

` The HCF for 528 and 624 is: 2 #2 #2 #2 #3 = 4 8

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Highest common factor (HCF) C T O

R S * H I
F A G
HCFs

E H
1 Find the highest common factor for these pairs of numbers.

N O M

T S
M O C

M O C
a 8 and 12 b 6 and 15 ..../.....
/20...

N O M
T S
G I A F

E H
H * S R O T C

c 10 and 18 d 18 and 24

e 14 and 28 f 16 and 36

2 Use the prime factors to Įnd the HCF for these larger numbers.

a 42 and 84 b 92 and 72

c 280 and 490 d 256 and 640

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Lowest common multiple (LCM)

The LCM is the smallest number that is common to the mulƟplicaƟon tables of two or more numbers.

Write down the mulƟples of the numbers and stop once you Įnd the lowest common mulƟple.
Find the lowest common mulƟple for these pairs of numbers

(i) 2 and 5
2#2 4 # 2 6 # 2

MulƟples of 2: 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ,... List some mulƟples of the Įrst number

1 # 2 3 # 2 5 # 2 7 # 2
2 # 5

MulƟples of 5: 5 , 10 ,... List the mulƟples of the second number unƟl there is a match

1 # 5
` The LCM for 2 and 5 is: 10

(ii) 6 and 8
MulƟples of 6: 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 30 ,... List some mulƟples of the Įrst number

MulƟples of 8: 8 , 16 , 24 ,... List the mulƟples of the second number unƟl there is a match

` The LCM for 6 and 8 is: 24

We can use the list of prime factors for larger numbers to Įnd the LCM by looking at the diīerences.
Find the LCM for these pairs of larger numbers

(i) 30 and 100

Prime factors of 30: 2 , 3 , 5 List all the prime factors for both numbers

Prime factors of 100: 2 , 2 , 5 , 5 Circle all the diīerent factors in the smaller number

` The LCM for 30 and 100 is: 1 0 0 #3 = 3 0 0 MulƟply the larger number by the diīerent factor

(ii) 24 and 388

Prime factors of 24: 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 List all the prime factors for both numbers

Prime factors of 388: 2 , 2 , 97 Circle all the diīerent factors in the smaller number

` The LCM for 15 and 388 is: 3 8 8 # 2 #3 = 2 3 2 8 MulƟply the larger number by the diīerent factors

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Lowest common multiple (LCM) T I P L E * L O

UM L

W
N O M M O C T S E
1 Find the lowest common mulƟple for these pairs of numbers.

N O M M C
LCM
s

O
a 3 and 9 b 5 and 10 ..../.....
/20...

T S
M
O L L U

E W
* E L P I T

c 4 and 6 d 5 and 6

e 6 and 7 f 12 and 16

2 Use the prime factors to Įnd the LCM for these larger numbers.

a 60 and 108 b 42 and 150

c 168 and 180 d 210 and 385

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What elsecan
canyou
youdo?
do? Whole
WholeNumbers
Numbers

Pascal’s triangle

This amazing triangle developed in 1653 by French mathemaƟcian Blaise Pascal uses the addiƟon of two
whole numbers to create it.
The number paƩern forms the shape of a triangle and contains many mathemaƟcal applicaƟons.

To create Pascal’s triangle, each number on the line is obtained by adding the two numbers above it.
The Įrst seven lines of Pascal’s Triangle

1
0+1 1+0

1 1
0+1 1+1 1+0

1 2 1
0+1 1+2 2+1 1+0

1 3 3 1
0+1 1+3 3+3 3+1 1+0

1 4 6 4 1
0+1 1+4 4+6 6+4 4+1 1+0

1 5 10 10 5 1
0+1 1+5 5 + 10 10 + 10 10 + 5 5+1 1+0

1 6 15 20 15 6 1

The paƩern conƟnues in the same fashion for each added row of numbers

The second diagonal of Pascal’s triangle contains all the counƟng numbers

CounƟng numbers CounƟng numbers

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

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Here are some more paƩerns found within Pascal’s triangle.

The third diagonal of Pascal’s triangle contains triangular numbers

Triangular numbers
1 Triangular numbers
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1

Triangular numbers are formed by creaƟng equilateral triangles using dot diagrams starƟng from 1 dot

, , , , ,...
1 3 6 10 15

A very well known number paƩern which occurs frequently in nature is the Fibonacci Sequence.
The Fibonacci sequence is also within Pascal’s triangle and is found by adding terms along the lines shown

1
1
1+1= 2
1+2= 3 1
1+3+1= 5
3+4+1= 8 1 1
SunŇowers contain a
1 + 6 + 5 + 1 = 13 Fibonacci sequence
1 2 1

1 3 3 1

1 4 6 4 1

1 5 10 10 5 1

1 6 15 20 15 6 1

Each number in a Fibonacci Sequence is found mathemaƟcally by adding the two numbers before it

1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 ,...
0+1 1+1 1+2 2+3 3+5 5+8 8 + 13

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Pascal’s triangle
Another special paƩern is called the Sierpinkski Triangle. This is a special fractal paƩern made using triangles.
Each dark equilateral triangle is split into four smaller equilateral triangles at every step.

This paƩern can be reproduced using Pascal’s triangle by simply separaƟng the odd and even numbers.
In Pascal’s triangle below, colour in all the odd numbered hexagons to see this paƩern emerge!

1 1
G L E * P A
A N
1 2 1 1

C S
I R
1
1 2 1

S’ L A
1

T
1 3 3 1 ..../...

S’ L A
../20...

T
A

I R
1 4 6 4 1 A P
* E L G N

C S
1 5 10 10 5 1

1 6 15 20 15 6 1

1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1

1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1

1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 140 1

1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12 1

1 13 78 286 715 1287 1716 1716 1287 715 286 78 13 1

1 14 91 364 1001 2002 3003 3432 3003 2002 1001 364 91 14 1

1 15 105 455 1365 3003 5005 6435 6435 5005 3003 1365 455 105 15 1

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Applications of Pascal’s triangle

Pascal’s triangle can oŌen be useful when solving problems like the ones shown here.
Each number in Pascal’s triangle represents the number of paths that can be taken to get to that point.
Show all the diīerent downward paths that can be taken to get to the circled number in the triangle

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1

The number circled is 3, so there are 3 diīerent downward paths leading to this point

1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1
Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

The total number of diīerent paths to the boƩom of a Pascal triangle is found by adding the numbers across.
For this four-line Pascal triangle:

(i) How many diīerent paths can be taken to reach the boƩom of the triangle below?

1
1 1
The total number of diīerent paths = 1 + 3 + 3 + 1
1 2 1
= 8
1 3 3 1

(ii) How many paths to reach the boƩom if one more line was added?

1
1 1
1 2 1 The total number of diīerent paths = 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1
= 1 6
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

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Applications of Pascal's triangle

1 Write down how many diīerent downward paths there are to each of the points circled on this triangle.

A
B

C D

E F

Number of downward pathways to:

A = B = C =

D = E = F =

2 Show the six diīerent downward paths that lead to the circled point on this triangle from the top.
Start

6
Start Start Start

Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Start Start Start

Path 4 Path 5 Path 6

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Applications of Pascal's triangle

3 The ant nest below has a tunnel system that leads down to a main chamber.
AŌer one ant enters the tunnel from the top, how many diīerent ways
can it get to the main chamber if it only travels downwards the enƟre way?
?
e

m
r
e
b

m
e

m
e
R

Hint: Fill in Pascal’s triangle values.

Main Chamber

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 Cheat Sheet Whole Numbers

Here is a summary of the important things to remember for whole numbers.

Hu and san nds

a
ou ou us
ds
Th f th tho
Place value

f
ns s o
• WriƟng numbers using words, name using groups of three digits.

nd s
ns s
Te red

Te red
Hu ns
• To write in expanded form, mulƟply each number by the place value

o
s
o
nd

es
illi
and add together.

On
M
• The place value of a numeral in a large number is found by N U M B E R S
mulƟplying the numeral by the matching posiƟon value.

× 1 000 000
× 100 000
× 10 000
× 1000
× 100
× 10
×1
Adding and subtracƟng large numbers
When adding or subtracƟng large numbers, make sure the
place values are lined up correctly Įrst.

Long mulƟplicaƟon
• Make sure the place values are lined up correctly Įrst.
• Add zeros on each line to match the place value of the number you are mulƟplying by.
• Add together the new numbers formed aŌer mulƟplying.

Short and long division

• Keep all place values lined up neatly.
• Be careful and methodical with each step.
• Always write the remainder as a fracƟon.

Index notaƟon for numbers

Index notaƟon is used to show how many Ɵmes a number is mulƟplied by itself.
3 #3 #3 #3 #3 = 3 5

Square and cube roots

• The square root or cube root of a number is the opposite operaƟon to squaring or cubing.
• The symbols used are for square root and 3 for cube root.
9 = 3 because 3 # 3 = 9 and 3 2 7 = 3 because 3 # 3 # 3 = 2 7

Factor trees
These are used to write any composite number as the product of prime number factors only.

Highest common factor (HCF)

The HCF is the largest number that divides exactly into two or more composite numbers.

Lowest common mulƟple (LCM)

The LCM is the smallest number that is common to the mulƟplicaƟon tables of two or more numbers.

Pascal’s triangle
• Each number in Pascal’s triangle is the sum of the two numbers above it.
• Each number is the number of diīerent downward paths that can be taken to get to that point.
• The number of diīerent downward paths to the boƩom of a Pascal’s triangle is found by adding
together all the values across the boƩom.

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 Whole Numbers Notes

40 H 3 Whole Numbers
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