sareroo Bourdon Elect ‘Show Bourdon Effect, Restrained and Unrestrained Pipes id Ts START-PROF automatically takes into account the following effects associated with internal pressure in the piping + Bourdon Effect in Unrestrained Pipes + Bourdon Effect in Restrained Pipes + Partially Restrained Pipe + Bourdon Effect Modeling in PASS/START-PROF + Bourdon Effect Modeling in Expansion Joints Bourdon Effect in Unrestrained Pipes Unrestrained pipe elongation of pipe from pressure consists of two parts, First part is elongation due to pressure load on end cap. The second part is pipe shortening due to Hook’s law. Pipe elongation prom pressure load on end cap is: NL an-5 L = Pipe Length E ~ Modulus of Elasticity Pie cross-section area is 2 2 a wooo ato. ae D ~ Pipe Outer Diameter t ~ Pipe Wall Thickness WN ~ Axial Force in the Pipe ‘Axial force is equal to the force acting on cap N= Pr(D —2t)?/4® 0.55, -A P ~ Internal Pressure Pipe elongation will be ‘Sh - Hoop Stress in the Pipe According to Hooke's law the axial deformation of the pipe under axial stress is: rtp Ju truboprovad lkbaseldoc/stardWebHelp_en/MethacPressure.him 182727020 Bourdon Effect P (28)? WE DE (D = 2D? ED? — (D— 2t) Poisson's Ratio Pipe shortening due to internal pressure: PL (0-2)? wagyh PON e958 a YE DE (Daye hE eal Total pipe elongation from pressure load is, AL = AL, + AL? =(1—2) yee oa ® (05 —v)5; E PSM ED?—(D-20)? "Ee If we add thermal expansion elongation the equation will be neeearea ay 2 ATL +(05S—W)S, = = ATL + (1 — WS Sa TL + (0.5 VS, = E D2 —(D—2t)? NE AT ~ Temperature Difference between Installation and Operation temperature « ~ Coefficient of thermal expansion Longitudinal stress caused by internal pressure is N_,_@=20* 4 D2 -(D—2t)? ifthe left end is connected to pressure vessel nozzle or rotary equipment, then axial force in the equipment nozzle will be N as calculated above. But when equipment manufacturers calculate allowable loads, they assume that nozzle has end cap and vessel is under pressure. This means that axial stress caused by pressure is already included into allowable loads and should not be considered twice. 5, © O5Sp aE TITTTTT TTT Titi F ecsisiiisiiisi isi I SP This means that we must exclude the pressure thrust load from axial force to calculate the support load that can be compared to allowable load on nozzle. To do this we must assume that pipe has two caps on the both ends. In this case the support load R will be equal to internal force WV minus thrust force on the end cap, i.e, zero hitpsseduruboprovod.rukbaseldocistar/WebHelp_er/MothosPressure.him 20sareroo Bourdon Elect r(D~ 20)? was Some codes use following strength criterion for unrestrained pipe is: Sa S Sattow (D-202 P(D-8) _ PD 2 # D2 —(D—2%)? a at If we add here bending stress M/Z and axial stress N/A from loads other than pressure, we get S, If we want to add torsion stress, we should calculate equivalent stress: V (Sq)? +2(S,)? $ Sattow Sallow - Allowable stress Thermal expansion has no effect on unrestrained piping systems, i.e. this equation usually used for sustained and occasional stress check in piping systems from pressure, weight and other force-based loads The code equations were created for manual calculation. But now most of pipe stress analysis software can consider Bourdon effect. This means that code equations should be modified to match the current level of technology. Axial force N in START-PROF is always calculated considering Bourdon effect, thus we should subtract (PD/4t)A value from axial force otherwise it will be included twice: PD _M _N- (PD/4t)4 | aa TZ A Sattow 5, Bourdon Effect in Restrained Pipes pedbbieeses cis For a restrained pipe with two anchors on both ends, thermal and pressure expansion should be zero AL=0 The axial force required to compress the pipe back to its original length can be calculated from this equation RL AL=— EA Therefore support load should be: AL: EA L After substitution the AL equation we got final support load for restrained pipe: R= a@ATEA+(1—2v)A BOL BN? |ATEA + (0.5 —v)5,°A =a ~ awa wa 5 YS, + D?—(D— 28 n The value of axial force can be obtained from the equilibrium conditions near the anchor. Axial force is equal to reaction in anchor subtract the pressure thrust force that is received by anchor and doesn’t acting on the pipe: mP(D — 2t)? Wek Final equation for axial force in restrained pipe is hitpsseduruboprovod.rukbaseldocistar/WebHelp_er/MothosPressure.him aesareroo Bourdon Elect mP(D —2t)? aATEA + 2v————_ © “a ATEA +5, "A N ‘Axial stress in the restrained pipe will be P(D— 2t)* D? — (D- 22)? N a = B= ~aATE +2y ® GATE + Sq strength criterion for totally restrained pipe is: Sq = —W@ATE +VSq S Ssuow If we add here bending stress M/Z and axial stress N/A from loads other than pressure, we get MON Sq = GATE + VS, +747 $ Sanow If we want also consider torsion and hoop stress, we should use the equivalent stress equations like described for unrestraint pipes. If axial force N is calculated using software that considers Bourdon effect, then we should subtract “Sn value: M N-VvS,A Sq = —a@ATE + v5, ++ WN A Santew Partially Restrained Pipe If we add flexible spring instead of rigid anchor on the right end of the pipe, we will get the third pipe condition ~ partially restrained We will pass the derivation of equations process and just show the final equations in table below. ‘aresvained pipe = 0 ‘Restrained pipe k= o> ally resale’ pipe oh Rabe spring eaTEA (G20 ya ton2? a a mearea +2 Pom # seep tot Reo DB a He elas lied TEA (08-054 Ein Bs HORT TEA om (0-20)? " trace HO= oa 4 w =-asren + 2y PED 2 : (ome? & Doo laF Asia Stes pee eons, Aare + SE 0-205 P-O-® saat 498, M otaTE (08-5, 955 Poa" ro-207 1 a= caren ght (as ) inane | SUBPLOT E oa) Ee waste +(05— VE ( _ A 1 ) z =(care+s-95,5)(—9 ENE ‘The strength criteria for partially restrained pipes should be from sustained primary loads: Sq 5h From occasional primary loads Sa SkSh From both primary and secondary loads acting simultaneously Sq S$ 0.8Sy..L0Sy Primary - are force driven not self-limiting loads like weight, pressure, relief vaive thrust, wind, etc. hpsed ruboprovd ubaseldocstardWebHelp_entethoePressuehim aesareroo Bourdon Elect Secondary - are displacement driven self-limiting loads like thermal expansion, anchor movements, support or soil settlement, etc. Unrestrained and fully restrained pipe conditions can be easily calculated manually, but third condition require using of pipe stress analysis software, because spring stiffness k depends on connected pipes. Bourdon Effect Modeling in PASS/START-PROF PASS/START-PROF software considers pressure Bourdon effect in arbitrary piping model. START-PROF model the pressure loads consist of two parts. Firstly, START-PROF adds pressure thrust foree Neao = Pat(D — 2t)*/4 on each end ofthe pipe Neng: Nee Neap igs Neng 4 “Lo + aa Ney Nene FR, ‘ap Meg ‘Neoy om . 7 & & Secondly, START-PROF adds axial deformation for each pipe. It equal to pipe thermal elongation minus pressure shortening, also known as Bourdon effect. Pipe total axial expansion will be PL (D—2t)* Ei AL = a ATL 2v- > W TL — vq E D?—(D—2t) E The combination of these two loads allows correct modeling any type of piping: unrestrained, restrained, and partially restrained. Bourdon effect makes a significant contribution to the support loads, displacements, and stresses for + High pressure piping + Plastic piping (PE, PP, PB, PVC) + FRP/GRP/GRE piping START-PROF always preforms analysis with Bourdon effect. Bourdon Effect Modeling Expansion Joints Internal pressure creates unbalanced forces acting on caps and convolutions of bellows (a), causing stretch in unrestrained pipelines (b). If the piping is restrained between supports, it cannot expand and passes thrust force onto supports (c). htpssedu truboprovod rukbaseldocistar/WebHe riMethodPressure him sesareroo Bourdon Elect a) Fig. 3. Thrust force passed onto supports in pipelines with axial expansion joints Thrust force passed onto supports in a straight pipe ("cap pressure") is equal to Po Fy Thrust force passed onto supports in a not pressure balanced axial expansion joint is equal to P Ey Pipe with expansion bellows (assuming that bellows stifiess is zero) P(E ~Fey) Err, Suppont Load R=P-Fy aD = 2? ‘Axial Force (Rep) = Pep 0.855 <4 Axial Stress EO OF JPET ss, - pe-(- 2 A Elongation AL = aATL + (05 —v)5,—— a = aaTl + (05 ~v)S,5— 4 Thrust force passed onto supports in a pressure balanced axial expansion joint is equal to 0 START-PROF axial expansion joint model is shown in following figure. Pipe pressure balances part of thrust force in a not pressure balanced axial expansion joint; therefore, during analysis loads equal to the thrust force difference for the pipe and axial expansion joint are applied to nodes on either side of the axial expansion joint. hitpsseduruboprovod.rukbaseldocistar/WebHelp_er/MothosPressure.him oesareroo Bourdon Elect Pgh SUV eer OY oe, a - Thrust force in piping with axial expansion joint, b - START-PROF model, c+ Thrust force from expansion joint acts on anchors Rotai n Effect in Bends Bourdon effect is the straightening of a bend with initial ovalization due to internal pressure. This affects resulting displacements and loads on supports. Bourdon effect appears only when the ovalization factor is a > 0. To model Bourdon effect, bending moments M, acting in the bend plane are automatically applied to bends. Their value is calculated based on formulas deduced according to [1] and [2]: where ao - ovalization factor, % kp - bend yield factor, Kk, - factor describing the effect of cross-section ellipticity on bend axis skewing, R - bend axis radius. References hitpsseduruboprovod.rukbaseldocistar/WebHelp_er/MothosPressure.him 78sareroo Bourdon Elect 1. Kostovetsky D.L, Pipe stress of power piping. St. Petersburg, 1973 2, Zverkov V.B., Kostovetsky D.L., Kats Sh.N., Boyaji K.I, Pipe stress analysis handbook, St. Petersburg, 1979 hitpsseduruboprovod.rukbaseldocistar/WebHelp_er/MothosPressure.him ae