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6 ENGR2403 Statics & Dynamics Ch4b PDF

This document summarizes key concepts in statics and dynamics including the moment of a couple, simplification of force and couple systems, and reduction of distributed loadings. It discusses how to determine the moment of a couple, simplify complex systems into equivalent single forces and couples, and reduce distributed loads on structures to equivalent single forces and their points of application. Examples are provided to demonstrate these analytical techniques.

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Bobby Bobberson
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156 views54 pages

6 ENGR2403 Statics & Dynamics Ch4b PDF

This document summarizes key concepts in statics and dynamics including the moment of a couple, simplification of force and couple systems, and reduction of distributed loadings. It discusses how to determine the moment of a couple, simplify complex systems into equivalent single forces and couples, and reduce distributed loads on structures to equivalent single forces and their points of application. Examples are provided to demonstrate these analytical techniques.

Uploaded by

Bobby Bobberson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGR 2403 Statics and Dynamics

Ch 4b Force System Resultant

Dr. Zhengwen “Zane” Zeng


Associate Professor

Petroleum Engineering
University of Texas of Permian Basin
Tasks
• Review on Ch 3
• Ch 4 Force System Resultants
– Moment of a Force–Scalar Formulation
– Cross Product
– Moment of a Force–Vector Formulation
– Principle of Moments
– Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
– Moment of a Couple
– Simplification of a Force and Couple System
– Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
– Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Section 4.6 MOMENT OF A COUPLE
Objectives:
Students will be able to
a) define a couple, and,
b) determine the moment of a couple.
MOMENT OF A COUPLE

A couple is defined as two


parallel forces with the same
magnitude but opposite in
direction separated by a
perpendicular distance “d.”

The moment of a couple is defined as


MO = F d (using a scalar analysis), or as
MO = r  F (using a vector analysis).
Here r is any position vector from the line of action of F to
the line of action of -F.
MOMENT OF A COUPLE (continued)

The net external effect of a couple is that


the net force equals zero and the
magnitude of the net moment equals F *d.

Since the moment of a couple


depends only on the distance
between the forces, the moment of a
couple is a free vector. It can be
moved anywhere on the body and
have the same external effect on the
body.
Moments due to couples can be added
together using the same rules as adding
any vectors.
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example_04_13

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example_04_13
(continued)
4.7 & 4.8 SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE
SYSTEMS

Objectives:
Students will be able to:
a) Determine the effect of moving a
force.
b) Find an equivalent force-couple system
for a system of forces and couples.
APPLICATIONS

What are the resultant effects on the person’s hand


when the force is applied in these four different ways?
Why is understanding these differences important
when designing various load-bearing structures?
SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM

When a number of forces and couple


moments are acting on a body, it is
easier to understand their overall effect
on the body if they are combined into a
single force and couple moment having
the same external effect.
The two force and couple systems are
called equivalent systems since they
have the same external effect on the
body.
MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION

Moving a force from A to B, when both points are on the


vector’s line of action, does not change the external effect.
Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector. (But the
internal effect of the force on the body does depend on where
the force is applied).
MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION

When a force is moved, but not along its line of action, there is
a change in its external effect!
Essentially, moving a force from point A to B (as shown above)
requires creating an additional couple moment. So moving a
force means you have to “add” a new couple.
Since this new couple moment is a “free” vector, it can be
applied at any point on the body.
SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM

When several forces and couple


moments act on a body, you can move
each force and its associated couple
moment to a common point O.
Now you can add all the forces and
couple moments together and find one
resultant force-couple moment pair.
SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
(continued)

WR = W1 + W2
(MR)o = W1 d1 + W2 d2

If the force system lies in the x-y plane (a 2-D case), then the
reduced equivalent system can be obtained using the following
three scalar equations.
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example_04_16

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example_04_16
(continued)
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE
SYSTEM (4.8)

= =

If FR and MRO are perpendicular to each other, then the system


can be further reduced to a single force, FR , by simply moving
FR from O to P.

In three special cases, concurrent, coplanar, and parallel systems


of forces, the system can always be reduced to a single force.
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Section 4.9 REDUCTION OF A SIMPLE DISTRIBUTED LOADING

There is a bundle (called a bunk) of


2” x 4” boards stored on a storage
rack. This lumber places a
distributed load (due to the weight
of the wood) on the beams holding
the bunk.
=
To analyze the load’s effect on the
steel beams, it is often helpful to
reduce this distributed load to a
single force. How would you do
this?
APPLICATIONS (continued)

The uniform wind pressure


is acting on a triangular
sign (shown in light
brown).

To be able to design the joint


between the sign and the sign
post, we need to determine a
single equivalent resultant force
and its location.
DISTRIBUTED LOADING
In many situations, a surface area
of a body is subjected to a
distributed load. Such forces are
caused by winds, fluids, or the
weight of items on the body’s
surface.
We will analyze the most common
case of a distributed pressure
loading. This is a uniform load
along one axis of a flat rectangular
body.
In such cases, w is a function of x
and has units of force per length.
MAGNITUDE OF RESULTANT FORCE

Consider an element of length dx.


The force magnitude dF acting on it is
given as
dF = w(x) dx

The net force on the beam is given by


+  FR = L dF = L w(x) dx = A
Here A is the area under the loading
curve w(x).
LOCATION OF THE RESULTANT FORCE

The force dF will produce a moment of


(x)(dF) about point O.
The total moment about point O is
given as
+ MRO = L x dF = L x w(x) dx

Assuming that FR acts at 𝑥 , it will produce


the moment about point O as
+ MRO = (𝑥 ) (FR) = 𝑥
L w(x) dx
LOCATION OF THE RESULTANT FORCE (continued)

Comparing the last two equations,


we get

You will learn more detail later, but


FR acts through a point “C,” which is
called the geometric center or
centroid of the area under the
loading curve w(x).
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example_04_22

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example_04_23

continued on next slide


example_04_23
(continued)
Summary
• Moment of a Couple
• Simplification of a Force and Couple System
• Further Simplification of a Force and Couple
System
• Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

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